CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

SKILLS WITH PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1. Describe an element and the first attempts to classify them
based on the observation of historical-scientific audiovisual
material and the identification of its basic structure.
2. Recognize the importance of the periodic law from the critical
observation of a modern periodic table, the explanation of the
arrangement of the elements and their uses.

CHEMICAL ELEMENT
• It is a PURE substance because it has a defined
 chemical composition and equal properties in
all its parts.
CHARACTERISTICS
• 1. They cannot be decomposed by chemical
means into simpler ones.
• 2. They are made up of a single kind of atoms.
 MORE ABUNDANT ELEMENTS
ELEMENT PERCENTAGE IS FOUND IN:
OXYGEN 49,2% Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins. Etc
SILICON 25,7% As dioxide in sand, clay
ALUMINUM 7.4%
It is not found in pure form in nature, it is
combined in rocks, plants and animals.

IRON 4.7 %
Blood, IS PART OF NUMEROUS MINERALS

CALCIUM 3,4% bones and teeth

SODIUM 2,5% Rocks, soil and diluted in lakes and rivers
POTASSIUM 2,5% Beans, vegetables, milk
MAGNESIUM 1.9%
mainly among nuts: sunflower, sesame,
almonds, pistachio, hazelnuts and walnuts

REMAINING 2,7%
 REPRESENTATION
• ELEMENT for its representation a SYMBOL is used
• ATOMS for its representation its STRUCTURE is used:
Nucleus and shell.
WRITE THE CHEMICAL SYMBOLS OF THE FOLLOWING
ELEMENTS:
Carbon
Silver
Aluminum
Bismuth
Mercury
 NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF THE
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
ELEMENT SYMB REFERENCES REASON FOR YOUR NAME
EITHER OL
Chlorine CL Green color element Characteristics
Californiu CF Discovered in California For the place where it was
m discovered
Gold Au From Latin Aurum From the Latin language

Gallium Ga Discovered in France Discovery place

polonium po Discovered in Poland Where was it discovered
Mendelev MD In tribute to Mendeleev In honor of the scientist who
io discovered it
Einsteiniu Is In homage to Einstein In honor of some scientist
m
Hydrogen h Water producing element Component of a mass
or
Calcium AC Latin calcium From the Latin language
Germaniu Ge Discovered in Germany For the place where it was
 DOBEREINER TRIADS
• German chemist
• YEAR 1817.
• Elements are classified into groups of three
according to very similar physical and chemical
properties.
• The atomic weight of the central element of
each triad had an average weight of the
weights of the other two.
 APPLICATION OF THE TRIAD
ELEMENT WEIGHT TRIAD
CHEMICAL
LITHIUM 7 LITHIUM SODIUM POTASSIUM
SODIUM 23 Find the ratio of weights according to
POTASSIUM 39 Dobereiner

CHLORINE 35 CHLORINE BROMINE IODINE

BROMINE 80 Find the ratio of weights according to
IODINE 127 Dobereiner

CALCIUM 40 CALCIUM STRONTIUM BARIUM

STRONTIUM 87 Find the ratio of weights according to
BARIUM 137 Dobereiner

NEWLANDS OCTAVES
• YEAR: 1864
• Johan Newlands
ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC
• If the elements are arranged according to their atomic
WEIGHT

1
weights, the eighth element counted
LITHIUM Lee from one6,94
of them is a
2
kind of repetition
BERYLLIUM
of the first, like the eighth note in the
Be 9,01
musical scale . "
• 3Classification
BORON
in increasing order b 10,81
of their atomic weights.
• 4I note thatCARBON
the properties ofc the first element 12,011
resembled
5those of NITROGEN
the ninth. That is Nto say, the properties 1,00797 were
6repeated OXYGEN
every 8 elements, hence EITHER its name. 15,999
• 7It was discarded
FLUORINE because from F the third octave
18,998 onwards,
Scandium Sc does not comply with the properties of Boron
8 SODIUM na 22,98
and Aluminum
9 MAGNESIU Mg 24,305
M
10 ALUMINUM To the 26,9815
11 SILICON Yeah 28,088
12 MATCH Q 30,974
13 SULFUR Yes 32,066
14 CHLORINE CL 35,453
15 POTASSIUM K 39,098
 APPLICATION OF OCTAVES OF
NEWLANDS
• MAKE A GROUPS OF ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO
THE NEWLANDS PROPOSAL

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3

LITHIUM BERYLLIUM Boron

SODIUM Magnesium aluminum
POTASSIUM calcium Scandium

MENDELEIEV SYSTEM
• YEAR. 1869
• Classification in increasing order according to
atomic weight.
• It determines that “The physical and chemical
properties of the elements are a periodic function
of their atomic weight.”
• I leave empty spaces for undiscovered chemical
elements
MOSELEY'S PERIODIC LAW
• YEAR: 1913
• He considered that chemical elements are
arranged in increasing order of atomic number.
• He determined “The properties of elements are
periodic functions of atomic numbers.”
 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS

• Atomic number Z = # protons

• Mass number A= # protons +neutrons
• N= #neutrons A= Z+N
• N=AZ
 Periodic Table Timeline
EPOCH THEORY SCIENTIST BASIS
1817 TRIADS DOBEREINER Elements with similar physical and chemical
properties
Atomic weight of the central element is the
average of the extremes
1866 OCTAVES NEWLANDS
Increasing order of their atomic masses, if the
elements are arranged according to their
atomic weights, the eighth element counted
from one of them is a kind of repetition of the
first, like the eighth note in the musical scale

1869 PERIODIC MENDELEIEV Increasing order of its atomic weight The

TABLE physical and chemical properties are a periodic
function of its atomic weight I leave empty
spaces
1913 PERIODIC Moseley
TABLE Increasing order of the atomic number “The
properties of the elements are periodic
functions of the atomic numbers
 CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
CHEMICALS THE PERIODIC TABLE
METALS NO METALS METALLOIDS NOBLE GASES
LOCATION: It is located in the part THEY FORM A SPECIES THEY ARE LOCATED IN
LEFT AND CENTER OF THE RIGHT EXCEPT OF STAIRS THAT THE
LAST COLUMN
PERIODIC TABLE SEPARATE METALS FROM THE RIGHT OF THE
Hydrogen
NON-METALS BOARD
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES
ACE
They have notable They do not have a metallic Have They have in the
shine
They are malleable shine.
They are not very malleable properties last layer 8
They are ductile They are not ductile intermediate electrons.
Are good They are not good drivers metals and not They exist in
heat conductors of heat and electricity. metals. free form in
and electricity They are used as nature.
They are hard and They are soft and brittle semiconductors They don't react
elastic
They have points of They have melting points in transistors, with no other
melting and boiling boiling lower than computers and element, so
tall metals. solar cells. what are they
They are all solid They exist in solid state They are: B, Si, Ge, inert gases
except Hg liquid and gaseous. Tea
 MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
• They are arranged according to the increasing
order of their atomic numbers.
• There are currently 118 chemical elements
• According to the properties they are organized
into:
• Groups in columns
• Periods in rows.
 PERIODIC TABLE
PERIODS • They are located vertically in
• They are located in the 18 columns.
form of horizontal lines. • There are eight groups
marked with Roman
• There are seven of them, numerals.
marked with Arabic
• They indicate the number of
numerals. electrons that the element
• They represent the number carries in its last level.
of levels or layers that an • In the same group there are
element has. elements that have common
• The layers are named with properties and clear
letters KLMNOPQ differences, which is why it
was divided into two
GROUPS
 PERIODIC TABLE
subgroups A and B.
 PERIODS
PERIOD NUMBER OF N ° OF LAYERS MAXIMUM No. of elements
LEVELS NUMBER OF per period
ELECTRONS
(2n2)
1 1 K 2 2
2 2 K.L. 8 8
3 3 KLM 18 8
4 4 KLMN 32 18
5 5 KLMNO 50 18
6 6 KLMNOP 72 22
7 7 KLMNOPQ 98 30
 LOCATION EXERCISES
PERIODS AND GROUPS
S/PERÍ AI IIA IIIA VAT GOES VIA VIIA VIII A
ODOS
GROUP
1
2 C ))4 O )) 6 F))7
3 Na))) 1
4 Ca))))2
5 Te)))))6 I ))))) 7
6
7 Fr))))))))
1
AC It has 4 shells and 2 electrons in the last shell
F It has 2 shells and 7 electrons in the last shell
Fr It has 7 shells and 1 electron in the last shell
Tea It has 5 shells and 6 electrons in the last shell
 Location of groups in the table
periodic

CLUSTER AI IIA IIIA VAT GOES VIA VIIA VIIIA

COLUMN 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

CLUSTER I.B. IIB IIIB IVB V.B. VIB VII B VIIIB

COLUMN 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8-9
10
 Group names
• AI. Alkali metals
• II A. Alkaline earth metals
• III A. Boro Group
• IV A Carbon Group
• VA Nitrogen Group
• VI A Oxygen Group
• VII A Halogens
• VIII A Noble or inert gases
 LANTHANIDES OR RARE EARTH
EARTH
• In period VI there is box 57, from which it goes to
72, it means that the elements with atomic
numbers 58 to 71 are classified outside the table.
• Lanthanum 57 to Lutetium 71. They are called rare
earths or lanthanides.
• They are found in small proportion
• They have similar physical and chemical properties
• They are together and it is difficult to separate
them
 ACTINIDES
ACTINIDES
• 89 Actinium Ac to 109 Meitnerium Mt have similar
properties.
TRANS-URANIC ELEMENTS
• Elements with an atomic number higher than Uranium
92
• They are produced artificially when atomic nuclei are
bombarded.
• They are unstable due to their disintegration
• Consider from Neptunium Np 93 to Meitnerium 109
• The properties of elements 107 to 115 are not
determined
 ADVANTAGES OFFERED BY
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
• Place a box for each chemical element in which it has a
symbol, number and atomic mass.
• Classify the elements in ascending order of their atomic
number: Atomic number 20 box 20
• Establishes 7 periods that indicate how many levels or
orbits it takes
• Establishes groups that indicate the number of
electrons they carry in the last level.
• Delimits the location of elements in blocks: Metal, non-
metals, semimetals, noble gases, rare earths
• Separate groups: A and B with clearly defined
properties.