BASIC FIRST AID MANUAL

first
aid
 GOALS
• Develop in students skills and abilities
in basic first aid, relying on didactic,
intuitive and friendly technological
tools.

• Develop an interactive tool that

supports the development of the first aid
course.
WHAT IS FIRST AID

□ First aid is care immediate,

and provisional measures that can be provided to an injured person
at the scene where the accident occurs, include:
A primary evaluation of the degree of injury.
A intervention
temporary while the injured person is transferred to a
healthcare center.
They could be administered by anyone and are likely to be
temporary. However, it is important that before acquiring

□ First aid
any notion you understand that the
purpose is to try to provide immediate
and appropriate help, and this includes
knowing the local emergency number.

first aid HE
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID

•The basic principles to take into account when applying first aid

❖ Call a doctor or an ambulance.

are: ❖ Stay calm and collected.
❖ Inspire confidence
❖ Determine possible dangers at the accident scene and place the
victim in a safe place, providing emotional and physical safety.
❖ Keep curious people away; In addition to vitiating the environment
with their comments, they can further worry the injured person.
❖ Loosen tight clothing.

•Always give priority to life-threatening injuries such as: a.

hemorrhages,
b. absence of pulse and/or breathing,
c. poisoning and
d. shock or shock
 EBO DO

□ Check if you have a pulse, yes

you breathe and how you do it, if the
respiratory tract (nose or mouth) is not
obstructed by
secretions, tongue or
strange objects

□ Observe if he bleeds, if he has convulsive

movements , among others.

about
mo
□ The pulse can easily be taken at the
radial artery in the wrist, (or the carotid
artery in the neck).

□ Using the pads of your index and

middle fingers, locate the area on the
wrist next to the extensor tendon of
the thumb
(approximately 2cm above the wrist). Do
not press so hard that you obstruct the
flow, do not use your thumb because
your own pulse will be high.
would be the measurement. Count
the pulses for 15 seconds and multiply
by 4.
= ■ 60-80 adults,
■ 100-120 children and 140 newborns.
 □ Do not lift the person unless it is strictly
necessary, if so try to immobilize the neck and spine as much as possible.

□ Place the patient in

comfortable position, do not give
nothing to eat or drink,

keeping him warm and if necessary

placing a cushion under his legs. In case
of vomiting, bleeding from the mouth or
nose or secretions

place your head to one side.

□ Control bleeding if there is any, elevating the segment and applying pressure.

□ Control the casualty's breathing, counting its frequency

• 15-20 per minute in adults,

• 26-30 in children
• 30-40 in newborns

Intermittent output. Continuous Output. blood outflow in

Bright red blood. Dark red blood, small amount.

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PRI*L
CARDIORESPIRATORY ARREST
□ Cardiorespiratory arrest is the sudden and simultaneous interruption of
breathing and heart function. Under certain circumstances, respiratory
arrest may occur and the heart will function for 3 to 5 minutes, then cardiac
arrest occurs. It can also begin in cardiac arrest, in which case respiratory
arrest occurs almost simultaneously.

• Absence of pulse and breathing

• Pale, sweaty and cold skin, sometimes cyanotic (blueish skin due
to lack of oxygen).

• Déreliela dle eonArimienFA rae concoc m en o

• Partially dilated pupils.

 Performing CPR is vital for the person's survival in the event of cardiorespiratory arrest
and the general indications are:

1. Are you
OK?
Evaluate the state of Consciousness. To do this,
stimulate the person tactilely and auditorily, gently
taking them by the shoulders and asking them if they
are okay. If there is no answer, turn it but
stabilizing
previously the head.

2. Call the emergency room, ask someone to call and

do not leave the injured person alone.

3. Perform hyperextension of the Airways. That is,

extend your head and neck gently backwards so that
your mouth opens and encourages air flow. Observe
chest movement, listen to respiratory sounds, and
feel for air escape.
4. Perform Respiratory Arrest Diagnosis if there are no respiratory signs.

5. Perform 2 mouth-to-mouth insufflations, first press

the nostrils until they are occluded, then seal the
injured person's mouth with your mouth and exhale
directly, withdraw and allow the air to escape
through the nose, do it again.

6. Perform Cardiorespiratory Arrest Diagnosis, take the

pulse radially on the wrist or on the carotid artery in
the neck, if you do not perceive the pulse, declare
the arrest and start compressions to stimulate the
heart, continue with the insufflations .
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
(CPR)
 Kneel to side
of the victim

Straight back
and arms

Open you go Compression

respiratory Relaxation
If you don't breathe

If there is no pulse temperature

 Use your body weight to do the
compression
TALON BE LA
HAND on the
Sternum.
Keep your ARMS Kneel on one
back straight REMAIN side of the
S ■
) victim.
 PROPER POSITION
□ In the adult, place the heel of your hand with the
fingers raised on the point previously located,
interlace the fingers of the hands. For a child, use
only one hand.

□ For a Baby, use only the index and middle fingers

in the center of the chest in the middle of the
nipples. Compress the chest down and gently
repeat the procedure as explained below. Do not
remove your hands from the victim's chest
 In babies and children over one year
15 compressions for 2 ventilations and
old, 5 compressions and a breath are
continue at this rate to repeat the cycle.
performed and this is continued until
(The massage speed is 80
the victim
Recover
circulation and breathing
to 100 compressions by
minutes).
or until obtained
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION WITH

A HELPER:

Step 1 . Check the status of

Step 2. If you are conscious, open Step 3. See if there is a victim's pulse. If conscious, shake viaa é rea (r h a .) and check
ue b es i for a few 10 sec . But
gently to the victim and ask h a y resp i ration . If you don't breathe , h a y, start he mass j e

yes that's fine. If you do not respond, notify do it at all car di aco
112 (single emergency number) and breathing ( mouth to mouth ).
Begin resuscitation maneuvers.
CARDIO RESUSCITATION

HELPERS:
 SIGNS
' - IESTON
FRACTURES IUXATIONS ESFUINGES DEBGARRI8
SEÑAIS ~
located in the injured area, it located in the joint; increases Located in the joint; Sudden pain with pulling

PAIN increases with movement. with movement and to the

increases sensation.

inflammation touch.
WOÍ GUM Inability to move. Impossibility of Relation to the Great capacity.
FUNCTIONAL movement. degree of sprain.
NFLAMATION
At the site of the injury, produced by the accumulation of fluids (plasma) in response to the team ReiaWo ai type of tear. |
EIROJECTION Bruising or redness of the injured area.

CREPIIATION Clicking (noise produced by the rae

of bone fragments.
WESTERN-MUSCULAR INJURIES WITHOUT WOUNDS
□ Sprain or strain □ Dislocation or dislocation.
when the ligaments that hold a joint together are A dislocation occurs when the bones that make
torn or lengthened due to abnormal movement. up a joint shift from their normal position.

•Elevate the affected

segment and apply ice.

bandage for Dislocatio

Normal Joint n
immobilize and avoid
inflammation (do not tighten
too much or leave it too •Immobilize the affected area,
loose),
Ligament
torn
•Go to a health service •NEVER try to place the bones in
their normal position,

•Urgently transfer
to a health center.
 FRACTURES
•Immobilize the segment A fracture is the breakage of an affected person (encompassing the
Fractures are recognized by the presence of intense
bone, which may be: upper and lower joints).
pain, inability to move the affected limb, deformity of
less than fracture • Open : when there is a
shape and hematoma in the affected area. When you
produced), using slats, wound because the broken bone has
suspect that there may be a fracture, you should act
cardboard, handkerchiefs, bandages, torn skin. etc
as if you were certain that said fracture exists.
• Closed: when it does not exist

•DO NOT move the injured region. affected because we

can cause complications.

•DO NOT try to place

bones properly, as bone fragments could
cause tears.

•NO place the

restraints too tight
 BURNS
Damaged Thickness Degree Aspect Evolution
structure
Epidermis Superficial 1° Cure less than 1 (=—
Erythema, dry surface week

5-
................................................................................................................................ Superficial intermediate 2nd superficial Flictena, pain, good Heals in less than 2

to
w
Up Papillary capillary refill weeks
Dermis 2
Up to reticular deep intermediate 2nd deep Red-white,
hypoesthesia Heals in 3-4 weeks
dermis or deepens
f° V)P
) 8,

All skin Total 3° Will not epithelialize

Variable, anesthetic,
inelastic
11111210315 15,*,351077111 Wí 2831250,31151125, 1 11 160.0.05*51 WW 2
11.30.1 V
Total 4° Variable Will not epithelialize
Other deeper gagd-syeg

structures g Tgudan
—■
636*1
 degree
1. Immediately cool the burn with water at a temperature between 10 and 20

2. Drink plenty of fluids if this is very extensive, in the case of those produced by the sun.

Second grade
1. There is a danger of infection if the blister
It bursts by becoming a gateway for microorganisms. You must always wash the
affected area with plenty of water for at least 5 minutes, then, depending on the state of the blisters, you will act in one way or another.
2. Intact blister: put antiseptic on it and cover with a clean cloth or sterile compress.
3. Broken blister: treat as a wound.
Wash trim with clean scissors (if possible again with antiseptic. Place an adhesive tape or
plaster to prevent pain and
of:
Third degree
□ Put out the flames to the injured person, with whatever you have at hand: blankets, dirt, or
by lying on the ground and rolling around. Wash the affected area with plenty of water for
at least 5 minutes.

□ DO NOT remove remnants of clothing.

□ Any blisters that appear should NOT be burst.

□ DO NOT give ointments of any kind.

□ Wrap the affected part with a clean cloth, towels or sheets, moistened with serum,
hydrogen peroxide or water.

□ Transfer the patient urgently to a hospital.

Bumps and
bruises
contusion is the
Recommendations.
crushing and breaking 1. Apply cold (but not ice). Sometimes it is convenient to apply a bandage
blood vessels of a
compressive, but it should not be maintained for a long time (about
tissue, generally at a superficial level
20 minutes. If necessary, after that time the bandage is loosened and
(close to the skin). The cause is 5 minutes later it becomes
always
a violent blow. to put).
Severity depends mostly on where the 2. After
blow was received. the
above,
apply
an anti-

After the first day: a fomentera (heat)

inflammatory and anti-pain ointment, if there is no injury to the skin. You

can also apply a spray product (Reflex type), but always if there are no
wounds or abrasions.
3. If the bruise is significant and occurs on one leg, it will have to be kept
elevated, if possible for a few hours.

4. It should not be massaged or rubbed.

TADAM.
 POLYTRAUMATIZED
ine as
polytraumatized to all
signs :
i
n di v id uo that su f re 1. Bleeding
from the ears, nose,
trauma (blows)

rectum, vagina or vomiting

multiple organs (liver,

blood or blood in the sputum

spleen, lung, etc.) and systems (phlegm after
coughing or spitting). corporal (circulatory,
nervous , respiratory , etc.
), 2.
Contusion of the neck, chest
some of which or the abdomen.
behaves, if only
3. Wounds that have penetrated the skull, chest or
abdomen.

4. Abdominal swelling or pain, often accompanied

by spasm of the abdominal muscles.

potentially a life-threatening risk for the

injured party.
 INTOXICATIONS
• Through the mouth (ingestion poisoning).
• By the respiratory system (inhalation poisoning).
• Through the skin (poisoning by inoculation
By Ingestion:
Toxins can be of the following types: o Alkaline
either acids
Others
Anti-alkaline treatment
(hypochlorite, ammonia, caustic soda, etc.)
• Quickly give a glass of water to dilute the poison.
• Add vinegar or lemon juice to a second glass of water.
• Then we will give it milk, olive oil or egg white.
DO NOT PROVOKE VOMITING!!
Acid treatment
(Acetic, hydrochloric, nitric acid, etc.)
• Quickly give a glass of water to dilute the poison.
• Afterwards, give him a glass of milk or baking soda.
• After this we will give it olive oil or egg white
;; NCi DPnunrAD ci NIANI-AII
By inhalation :
The greatest number of poisonings by inhalation are produced
generally due to carbon monoxide, although there are
numerous toxins that are absorbed by the
device
respiratory.

Treatment: • Isolate the victim from the toxic

atmosphere and have him breathe air
pure.
• If respiratory arrest is observed, perform resuscitation maneuvers in the
outside environment of the accident site.

By Inoculation
It is generally caused by the bites of animals, snakes, snakes,
insects, etc. Snake Bites and Scorpion Stings and
Scorpions They can cause serious poisoning and even be fatal.

Treatment
• Place a tourniquet, not too tight, over the bite to prevent its spread
through the bite.
• Organism
• Place the bitten part in ice water or place ice packs on the lesions.
• Make an incision in the shape of an
Suck without fear, applying your mouth to the wounds produced, then
spitting out the
blood and venom extracted.
Then place crushed ice or cold water on the wound and
CHOKING MANEUVER
EIMLIC
Cover the fist with the other hand and press
Place the baby face down along the forearm and give him 5 quick,
upward and inward with force strong blows on the back with the heel of the hand.

to lift the victim off the ground

Place two fingers on the middle of the baby 's breast and give 5

mIAN,
quick downward compressions.

Make a fist just above the navel dv - T-don't use

the push button to move towards the abdomen

AAnAM

•/XJ A*N1.
 first
THE BOTIQ [aid
UÍN
1.
Cotton.
2.
Sterile
Gauze.
3.
Sticking
plaster.
4.
Soap.
5.
Antisep
tics.
6.
Sharp

scissors.
7. Band aids.
8. Thermometer.
9. Analgesics. Aspirins.
10. Hydrogen Peroxide and Isodine
11. Povidone Iodine
12. 96° alcohol.
13. Hydrocortisone cream.
14. Ointment with analogues.
15. Sterile and disposable gloves.
16. Elastic bandages of different thicknesses.
17. ice cream sticks
18. 8 cm slats. x 10 cm.
19. Gender triangle 80 cm.
20. Brooches pins hooks
21. Adhesive tape

EMERGENCY BIRTH
CARE
□ THE TIMELY CARE OF A BIRTH SHOULD BE
ATTENDED BY HIGHLY TRAINED
PERSONNEL, UNLESS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO
GET HELP, THE FIRST LIVER MAY TAKE
CHARGE OF CARE.

THREE PERIODS:
Erasure
Where the dilation of the cervix occurs, the
contractions become more intense and regular
and milder, the water bag breaks and the
mucosal tampon ruptures.
Dilatation
Intense contractions, head and body as the RN
passes through the birth canal, begins to move
through the canal with the face facing behind
and then the shoulders connected to the
breast with the umbilical cord.

Expulsion
After 5 to 10 min. Once the child is born, the
uterus contracts again to expel the placenta.
 Stage 1
Initial Phase (Latent) Active Phase

Umbilical cord Umbilical cord

Stage 2

head
EMERGENCY DELIVERY CARE
□ WHAT TO DO
1. Place the parturient in a reclining position (not lying down) in a large, clean
and well-ventilated space.
2. Loosen or remove clothing but keep the parturient warm (e.g. e.g. With a
blanket).
3. Check pulse and breathing.
4. Find clean towels or cloths to receive the baby.
5. Whoever assists the woman in labor should try to wash her hands
beforehand.
6. Quickly send a third party in search of an ambulance or medical assistance
for natural childbirth.

□ WHAT NOT TO DO
1. Do not put the parturient to bed (she should be reclining or squatting).
2. Do not make any sudden or unfounded maneuvers.
3. Do not administer any type of medications.
LET'S NOT
FORGET The occasions that occur for attending a
natural birth on public roads or in a place
not provided for
circumstances are rare. are

□ Faced with this circumstance, the tranquility of the person who attends the birth.

□ Good light, clear exposure of the external

genitalia, to be able to observe what is
happening.

□ Find a clean and clear place.

Ensure peace of mind for both mother and

child

for the mother as well as for

child to have a happy ending.