Connections

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5.

CONNECTIONS

1
Introduction
• Every structure is an assemblage of individual parts or members which must be fastened together,
usually at the ends of its members.
• Connections are structural elements used for joining different members of a framework.
• Connections are needed to join:
– Members together in trusses and lattice girders
– Plates together to form built-up members
– Beams to beams, beams, trusses, bracing, etc to columns in structural frames; and
– Columns to foundations
• Connections in steel structures are normally made by
– Bolting and
– Welding

2
Some typical connections are shown

3
Welded vs. Bolted Connection in Steel Structures:
• Bolted and welded connections are two common methods of joining
structural steel members in design and construction.

• When designing and assembling these structures, one crucial decision


to make is whether to use a welded or bolted connection.

• Each method has its own set of advantages and drawbacks, and
choosing the right one can significantly impact the safety, cost, and
efficiency of your project.

4
Welded Connection:
• Welding is the process of fusing two pieces of steel using heat and sometimes the
addition of a filler material.
Welded connections have several advantages
1.Strength: Welded connections create a continuous and seamless joint, ensuring design strength and
stability. This makes them ideal for critical load-bearing components in a structure.
2.Aesthetics: Welded connections can provide a sleek and seamless appearance, as they do not require
additional visible components like bolts.
3.Space Efficiency: Welded connections typically occupy less space compared to bolted connections,
which can be beneficial in tight spaces or when aesthetics are important.
4.Durability: Properly executed welds can provide excellent resistance to corrosion and weathering,
ensuring the longevity of the structure.
5.Efficient Load Transfer: Welded connections distribute loads evenly, reducing stress concentrations in
critical areas.

5
• However, there are a few things to consider when using welded
connections.
• Skilled Labor is highly important to execute welding operations. Proper welding
requires skilled and certified personnel, which can increase labor costs.
• The welded connection is not flexible. Once welded, connections are difficult to
disassemble or modify, limiting the structure’s adaptability for future changes
and modification.
• Welded connections are costly compared to bolted connections.

6
Bolted Connection
• Bolted connection involves using bolts, nuts, and washers to join steel components.
It have their own set of advantages:-
1.Strength and Design ability: Any steel connection can be designed using the bolted connection,
whether it is a moment or a shear connection. The design strength can be achieved through bolted
connections.
2.Ease of Installation: Bolted connections are relatively easy to install, requiring less specialized labor.
3.Reusability: Bolts can be easily removed and reused, allowing for modifications and disassembly when
necessary.
4.Inspection: Bolts are visible, making it easier to inspect their condition and ensure the integrity of the
connection.
• However, bolted connections also come with their considerations:
• In some architectural projects, bolts create aesthetic issues.

7
Design consideration:
• When designing structural steel connections, several factors need to be
considered, such as
• the type and magnitude of loads,
• the geometry and alignment of members,
• the serviceability and reliability of the structure, and
• the applicable codes and standards.
• You also need to balance the cost and benefits of bolted and welded
connections and evaluate their suitability for your project objectives and
constraints.

8
Cont’d…
Connections depends on:
► Type of loading
► Strength and stiffness
► Economy
► Difficulty or ease of erection

9
Can have various configuration depending on the structural members they connect:
► Beam-Beam Connections
► Beam-Column Connections
► Column to Footing Connections
► are typical cases as well as column splices

Fig. Beam-Beam Connections 10


Fig. Beam-Column Connections
11
Fig. Beam-Column Connections

12
Fig. Column to Footing Connections
13
Fig. typical cases as well as column splices
14
Mechanical Fasteners
13
Mechanical fasteners are generally realized by means of bolts, pins and rivets, which make possible the erection of the
skeleton frame in a much reduced time frame, especially when compared with the one required when site welds are employed.

They are generally composed of one or more washers,


a nut
a bolt when necessary.

15
Bolted Connections
• These are connections whose components are fastened by bolts.
• Bolts are manufactured from mild steel or high strength steel.
• Bolt consists of a head and a shank.
• The lengths of the shank are different to suit different jobs.
• The size of the bolt is the diameter
of the shank.
• The shank is threaded at the end
to receive nut.

16
Bolt Grades
The nominal values of the yield strength fyb and ultimate tensile strength fub to be adopted as
characteristic values in calculation are given below:

17
Modes of failures for bolted connections
• A shear joint can fail in the following four ways:
1) by shear on the bolt shank
2) by bearing on the member or bolt
3) by tension in the member and
4) by shear at the end of the member

18
Resistance of Bolted Connections:
Design of connections is generally based on simplified models that require in many cases only hand
written calculations.
The distribution of forces in the connection may, hence, be arbitrarily determined in whatever
rational way is best, provided that:
►the assumed internal forces are balanced with the applied design forces and moments;
►each part of the connection is able to resist the applied forces and moments;
►the deformations imposed by the chosen distribution are within the deformation capacity of
the fasteners, welds and the other key parts of the connection.

19
Resistance of Bolted Connections:
Connections
15 can be classified on the basis of the acting loads as follows:
► connections in shear;
► connections in tension;

► connections simultaneously in tension and shear.

20
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear
16

A connection is affected by shear when the plates connected via bolts are loaded by forces parallel to the contact planes.

The bolt can be considered to be a


simply supported beam loaded at its
midspan.

Different responses are expected, depending on two different modes to transfer the shear load, which make possible the
distinction between
► Bearing connections and ,
► Slip-resistant connections.

21
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Bearing connections
17It is required that the plates must be connected to each other achieving a firm contact and no tightening of the bolt is required.

ΔL

Failure of the shear connection can be


Where, due to one of the following mechanisms:
► A is unthreaded area,
► Ares is threaded area a) bolt failure;
► V is the total shear force on the bolt and, b) plate bearing;
► n is the number of shear planes c) tension failure of the plate;
d) shear failure of the plate .

22
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Bearing connections
18It is required that the plates must be connected to each other achieving a firm contact and no tightening of the bolt is required.

ΔL

Failure of the shear connection can be


due to one of the following mechanisms:
a) bolt failure;
b) plate bearing;
c) tension failure of the plate;
d) shear failure of the plate .

23
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Bearing connections
In particular, bearing pressure between bolt and plate can be approximated
with reference to the mean value of the bearing stress, σbear :

Where,
► V is the acting shear force per shear plane,
► t is the minimum thickness of connected plates
► d is the bolt diameter.

Typical deformation holes due to a bearing.

24
Resistance of Bolted Connections:
Connections in Shear - Slip Resistant Connection or Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints
20

Pre-loading of bolts can be explicitly required for slip resistance, seismic connections, fatigue resistance, execution purposes
or as a quality measure (e.g. for durability).

C T

ΔL≈0

Thus, once the bolt is tightened, the joint is loaded by self-balanced stresses associated with the bolt in tension and the
compression in the plates and with the torsion of the bolt and plate/bolt friction.

25
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Slip Resistant Connection
or Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints

Tightening increases joint performance, mainly with reference to serviceability limit states. Furthermore, it should be noted that:.
► in shear joints, tightening prevents plate slippage and, therefore, inelastic settlements in the structure;
► in tension joints, tightening prevents plate separation (reducing corrosion dangers) and significantly improves fatigue
resistance.
However, tightening must not exceed a certain limit, to avoid attaining joint ultimate capacity.

The load increases from zero but no relative


displacement is observed; force transmission is
due to friction between the plates until friction Curve (c) is related to a connection with a
limit of the joint is reached, which depends on pre-load degree greater than the one of
the degree of preload. case (b);

26
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Slip Resistant Connection or
Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints

22

The value of the force at which slippage occurs depends upon:.

► bolt tightening,
► surface treatment, and
► number of surfaces in contact (nf ).

The maximum value of the force transferred by friction, FLim , can be estimated as:.
Where,
►  is the friction coefficient.

27
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Slip Resistant Connection
or Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints- Stress Distribution
23

As the deformation capacity of plates is generally much higher than the deformation capacity of the bolts, it is strongly
recommended to design the connection such that yielding of the plates in bearing occurs before yielding of the bolts in shear,
in order to guarantee a ductile failure rather than a brittle failure.

Distribution of the stress in the


plate of a bearing connection in
elastic (a) and plastic (b) range.

Plastic redistribution at failure occurs with a uniform stress distribution and this justifies the use in design of a mean value of
stress, assumed for sake of simplicity constant in elastic range and conventionally considered equal to:
Where,
► V is the shear force.
► An is the net area of the cross-section of the plate
(i.e. gross area reduced for the presence of the hole.
28
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Slip Resistant Connection or
Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints- Stress Distribution
24

In connections with more than one bolt, a correct evaluation of the resistant area for the plates could become complex,
NOTE 1:

depending on the ultimate load for tension and shear as a function of the possible failure path

the main rules for estimating an appropriate value of the


reduced area have already been introduced for tension
member verification

To minimize the weakness of cross-section for the presence of holes, it is


possible to increase the number of the holes from the end to the center of
the connection, as shown.

It is worth noting that this causes an increase in the dimension


of the joint.

29
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear - Slip Resistant Connection
or Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints- Stress Distribution

25As it happens in some practical cases dealing with joints, the design load Fv can be eccentric with reference to the centroid of the
fasteners, the result of this is the connection is subject to shear and torsion.
NOTE 2:

Using the superimposition principle

The actual response of this connection is quite


difficult to be predicted.

Where,
► nf is the number of shear resisting plane per bolt
and n is the number of the bolts.
► ai is the distance between the centroid of all the
bolts and that of the single i-bolt.

30
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Tension
26

Tension occurs when the plates connected via bolts are loaded by a force normal to the contact plane; that is parallel to the
bolt axis.
As in case of bearing connection, the response of a connection in tension is quite difficult to predict.

If the flange is sufficiently stiff if the flange is more flexible,


► its deformation can be ► the presence of prying forces, Q.
disregarded, ► increases the value of the axial
► The bolts can be assumed load transferred via bolts.
to be in pure tension ► Connection failure may be due
► Connection failure is to bolts, flange or to both
expected to be due to components.
failure of the bolts.

31
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Tension
27

In order to better appraise the tightening effects, reference can be made to the response of the tension connection presented
below, which is realized by one bolt.
Relationships between the applied external load Relationships between the applied external load
N to the connection and bolt elongation ΔL N is plotted versus the axial force acting in
the bolt shank Nb
curve a - related to the case of non-tightened bolt
curve b - related to the case of tightened bolt

32
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Tension
28

In case of tension force applied on the centroid of the bolts, it is assumed that the design load is balanced by forces equal on
NOTE 1:

each bolt. Otherwise, if a bending moment also acts, the evaluation of the bolt forces is usually based on the assumption of
stiff plate.

Angle legs on the plane b


► subjected to shear
Angle legs on the plane a
force and bending
► subjected to shear force
moment (tension force)
and torsion moment

Equilibrium condition dictates

33
Resistance of Bolted Connections: Connections in Shear and Tension
29

The approaches previously introduced for the case of sole shear force and sole tension force on the connection can be
combined to each other in order to be used for the more general case of shear and tension.
More details about the requirements for verification are presented in the following parts, in accordance with European Norms.
Summary

34
Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to-European Practice for Fastener Assemblages
3Chapter 8 (Mechanical fastenings) of the EN 1090-2 (Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 2:
Technical requirements for steel structures) deals with mechanical fasteners, giving important and useful information on
assembly techniques of site bolted connections.

Bolts Nuts Washers


► The minimum nominal fastener diameter ► It is required that nuts run freely on their ► Washers are not required when non-
used for structural bolting is 12 mm partnering bolt, which is easily checked preloaded bolts are used in normal
(M12 bolt), except for thin gauge during hand assembly. round holes, but recommended
components and sheeting. ► Nuts have to be assembled so that their anyway to avoid damage to steel
► For non-preloaded bolts, at least one full designation markings are visible for painting.
thread (in addition to the thread run out) inspection afterwards. ► If used, it must be specified as to
are required to remain clear between whether washers must be placed
the bearing surface of the nut and the under the nut or the bolt head
unthreaded part of the shank. (whichever is rotated) or both.
► For preloaded bolts according to EN
14399-3 and EN 14399-7, at least four
full threads (in addition to the thread run
out) have to remain clear between the
bearing surface of the nut and the
unthreaded part of the shank.

35
Design in Accordance with European Practice:

Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications - Bolt Designations


32

The yield strength fyb and the ultimate tensile strength fub for bolt classes 4.6 to 10.9 are given in Table 3.1. of EN:1993-1-1.
These values should be adopted as characteristic values in design calculations.

36
Design inAccordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications - Clearances for Bolts and Pins

33The definition of the nominal hole diameter combined with the nominal diameter of the bolt to be used in the hole determines
whether the hole is ‘normal’ or ‘oversize’.
The terms ‘short’ and ‘long’ applied to slotted holes refer to the two types of holes used for the structural design of preloaded
bolts, which may be used also to designate clearances for non-preloaded bolts.

No indications are given in EN 1993-1-8 on the nominal clearance for bolts and pins, which are reported in the table below
and are derived directly from EN 1090-2, where this topic is dealt with.

Nominal clearances for bolts and pins (values in millimetres).

37
Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications – Category of Bolt
Connections
34

Part 1–8 of Eurocode 3, that is EN 1993-1-8 (Design of Steel Structures – Part 1–8: Design of Joints) deals with connections
that are divided in two groups depending on the type of loading:
► Shear and
► Tension connections.
Connections Loaded in Shear Connections Loaded in Tension
Category A – Bearing type:
No preloading required. Category D – tension connection non-preloaded:
Bolt classes from 4.6 to 10.9 may be used. This category must not be used where the
connections are frequently subjected to variations
Category B – Slip resistant at serviceability limit states: of the tensile force.
However, they may be used in connections
The design serviceability shear load should not exceed the
design slip resistance. designed to resist normal wind loads.
The design ultimate shear load should not exceed either the
design shear resistance or the design bearing resistance Category E – tension connection preloaded:
preloaded 8.8 and 10.9 bolts with controlled
Category C – Slip resistant at ultimate limit states: tightening are used.
The design ultimate shear load should not exceed either the This category shall be used in connections designed
design slip resistance or the design bearing resistance. to resist to seismic loads.
38
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications - Partial Material Factors
3Part 1–8 of Eurocode 3, that is EN 1993-1-8 (Design of Steel Structures – Part 1–8: Design of Joints) provides the following
partial safety factors.

39
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance

36

► Table 3.4 of EN 1993-1-8 gives the different checks required for individual fasteners subjected to shear and/or tension.

► Checks need to be carried out for a number of possible failure modes:


 Tension Resistance
 Shear resistance per shear plate
 Bearing Resistance
 Combined shear and tension .

40
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance
37

Bolted Joints-Tension Resistance


The tension resistance per bolt at ultimate limit states, Ft,Rd , is defined as:
Where,
► As is the tensile stress area of the bolt.
► γM2 = 1.25
► fub is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
► k2 = 0.63 for countersunk bolt, otherwise k2 = 0.9
Punching shear resistance Bp,Rd of the plate is defined as:
Where,
► fu is the ultimate tensile strength.
► tp is the thickness of the plate
► dm is the minimum between the nut diameter and
the mean value of the bolt head.

41
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance

38

Bolted Joints-Shear Resistance per Shear Plane


Shear resistance per shear plane for ordinary bolts where the shear plane passes through the threaded portion of the bolt:
Where,
► As is the tensile stress area of the bolt.
► γM2 = 1.25
► fub is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
► αv

Shear resistance per shear plane for ordinary bolts where the shear plane passes through the unthreaded portion of the
bolt:
Where,
► As is the tensile stress area of the bolt.
► γM2 = 1.25
► fub is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt

42
Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance
39

Bolted Joints-Bearing Resistance


Bearing resistance for ordinary bolts::
Where,
► d is the bolt diameter .
► γM2 = 1.25
► t is the thickness
► fu is the ultimate tensile strength
A reduction of the bearing resistance, Fb,Rd , has to be considered ► αb In case of bolts in the direction of load: for edge bolts:
in the following cases:
► Bolts in oversized holes, for which a bearing resistance of
0.8Fb,Rd (reduction of 20% with reference to the case of ► αb for internal bolts:
normal holes) has to be considered;

► k1 In case of bolts in the direction of load: for edge bolts:


► Bolts in slotted holes, where the longitudinal axis of the slotted
hole is perpendicular to the direction of the force transfer, for
which a bearing resistance of 0.6Fb,Rd (reduction of 40% with
reference to the case of normal holes) has to be considered. ► k1 for internal bolts:

43
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance

40

Bolted Joints-Combined Shear and Tension Resistance


If the bolt is subjected to combined design shear, Fv,Ed and tension, Ft,Ed , the resistance of the bolt is defined as:

Where,
►Fv,Rd is the design shear resistance per bolt, and
►Ft,Rd is design tension resistance per bolt.

44
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance

41

Bolted Joints-Slip-Resistant Connection


In case of slip-resistant connection, the design pre-loading force for high strength class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt, Fp,Cd , has to be
to thighten:
How much slip By how much

taken, as recommended in EN 1090-2, as: Where,


► µ is the friction coefficient
► γM3 = 1.1
► γM7 = 1.1
► ks accounts for the type of holes and assumes
force it can
resist:

The design slip resistance, F S,Rd , of a preloaded class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt
the following values:
is:
= 1 for bolts in normal holes
= 0.85 for bolts in either oversized holes or short
slotted holes with the axis of the slot
perpendicular to the direction of load transfer
The design pre-loading force F p,C , (in equation = 0.7 for bolts in long slotted holes with the axis of
above) is defined as: the slot perpendicular to the direction of load
transfer
= 0.76 for bolts in short slotted holes with the axis of
the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer
= 0.63 for bolts in long slotted holes with the axis of
the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer.

45
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance

42

Bolted Joints-Long Joints


Where the distance Lj between the centres of the end fasteners in a joint, measured in the direction of force transfer, is
more than 15d, the design shear resistance Fv,Rd of all the fasteners has to be reduced by multiplying it by a reduction
factor βLf defined as:

with the limitation βLf ≤ 1.0 and βLf ≥ 0.75.


46
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance

43

Summary

47
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Design Resistance

44

Summary

48
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Position of Holes
45Bolted Joints-Position of Holes
Table 3.3 of EN 1993-1-8 gives the maximum and minimum spacing, end and edge distances

49
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Position of Holes

46

Bolted Joints-Position of Holes


Table 3.3 of EN 1993-1-8 gives the maximum and minimum spacing, end and edge
distances normal holes staggered holes

slotted holes

staggered holes for compression members tension member

50
Worked Example: Example on Verification of a Bearing Connection According to EC3

Example 6.1. Verify, according to EC3, the connection shown in the figure below (all dimensions are in millimetres).
It is a single lap bearing type joint with one shear plane. Ultimate design load, NSd , is 140 kN. Bolts have a 16
mm diameter, class 8.8, not preloaded and the threaded portion of the shank is located in the bearing length. Holes
have 18 mm (0.709 in.) diameter. Plates to be connected by bolts are 150mm wide and 5mm thick. The steel of the
plates is S235
Procedure
The verification of this bearing type bolted connection goes through the following steps:
Step1: Check the positioning of the holes (spacing and end and edge distances);
Step2: Evaluation of shear design force for each shear plane of each bolt (VEd )
Step3: Evaluation of the design shear resistance for each shear plane (Fv.Rd )
Step4: Evaluation of the design bearing resistance (Fb.Rd )
Step5: Evaluation of design ultimate tensile resistance of the connected plate net cross-
section at holes (Nu,Rd )

51
48

Example 6.2. Evaluate shear design resistance, according to EC3, of connection illustrated in the Figure below (all
dimensions are in millimetres). The connection is category C slip-resistant at an ultimate limit state. Bolts have a 20
mm diameter, class 10.9, preloaded. Holes have a 22 mm diameter. Each bolt has two friction surfaces. Elements to
be connected and cover plates are made of S235 steel. Friction surfaces are in class A (surfaces blasted with shot or
grit with loose rust removed, not pitted).
Procedure
Connection design resistance is computed with the following steps::
Step1: Check of positioning of the holes (spacing and end and edge distances);
Step2: Evaluation of minimum bolt preloading force (Fp.C )
Step3: Evaluation of design slip resistance at ultimate limit states (Fs,Rd )
Step4: Evaluation of the design bearing resistance (Fb,Rd )
Step5: Evaluation of design ultimate tensile resistance of cover plate net cross-section at
holes (Fd,u,Rd )

52
Welded Connections
50
► Welding is an assembling process that allows us to permanently join two
metallic elements causing fusion of the adjoining parts.
► When comparing welded connections to bolted, nailed or riveted ones, it is
apparent that the former are inherently monolithic and are at the same time
stiffer and less complicated, allowing more freedom to the designer.

► These advantages are balanced by the need of additional detailing and


fabrication requirements, especially for that which concerns the
assurance and verification of the quality of welded joints, in order to
prevent potential partial loss of strength or stiffness, or possibly brittle
fractures.

► This is the reason why the welding process should always be performed by
qualified welders.

► In welded connections the connected elements are identified as base


material, while the weld material, when applicable, refers to the material
that is added to the joint in its liquid state during the welding process..

53
Welded Connections
51

► A classification of welding processes can be made from:


I. Autogenous processes: the base metal participates to the formation of the
joint by fusion or crystallization with the weld metal, if present.
The most common processes are: oxyacetylene (oxyfuel) welding, arc
welding, submerged arc welding (SAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW),
gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas welding
(MIG), metal active gas welding (MAG), gas tungsten arcwelding (GTAW),
also known as tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), and electroslag welding
(ESW), used mostly for automatic applications for large welds.

II. Heterogeneous processes: in these processes, only the base material is the
weld material used at a temperature lower than the melting temperature of the
base material. A classic example is provided by soldering or brazing
processes.
Metallurgical defects Geometric defects
► As a consequence of the metallurgical phenomena (creation of the Cracks (hot or cold) Excess of weld metal
weld, solidification of the weld pool and thermal effects in the base
material surrounding the weld region, known as heat affected zone – Lamellar tearing Lack of penetration (lack
HAZ), there can be defects in the welded connection. These are of fusion)
classified into metallurgical and geometric defects..
Inclusions Lack of alignment
54
55
56
Cont’d…
52

Lamellar tearing

Cracks

Lack of penetration Lack of alignment

Metallurgical defects Geometric defects


In most instances, welded connections must be inspected in order to
ascertain the presence of defects. Such NDT include: Cracks (hot or cold) Excess of weld metal
Lamellar tearing Lack of penetration (lack
Visual inspections, dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, of fusion)
ultrasonic testing, testing with radiation imaging systems, radiographic
testing and eddy current testing. Inclusions Lack of alignment
57
Cont’d…
The load-resisting elements of a welded joint are the welds.
Based on the relative position of the elements to be joined, there can be

Butt joints Edge joints

Based on the type of weld, there can be:


► Groove welds,
Corner joints T-joints ► Fillet welds,
► Slot welds,
► Plug welds

Lap joints
L-joints
Based on the position of the weld and on the
direction of the force to be transferred, there can be:
longitudinal welds transverse welds inclined welds

58
Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Butt Welds
54

According to the ES-EN:1993-1-8, there can be the following types of join as depicted in EN12345 :
► Fillet welds,
► Fillet weld all round,
► Flare groove welds,
► Plug welds, and
► Butt welds

For Butt welds, for most common cases the design strength can be taken to be equal to the design strength of the weaker
of the connecting members.

59
Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Fillet Welds

55

For fillet welds, after Eurocode 3, the design strength per unit length Fw,Rd can be calculated based on either of the following
methods:
► Directional method,
► Simplified method,

60
Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Fillet Welds
The directional method requires the determination of the state of stress in the
56 effective throat area without rotations, and thus the stresses σ and τ are the
normal and shear stresses in the plane of the effective throat area, respectively.
σ⊥, normal stress, acting perpendicularly to the
effective area;
τ⊥, shearing stress, perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the fillet;
τ//, shearing stress, parallel to the longitudinal

Where, axis of the fillet;


► fu is the nominal tensile strength of the weakest element in the joint
► γM2 = 1.25
► βw is an appropriate correlation coefficient as shown

61
Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8 - Structural Verifications-Fillet Welds
57

The simplified method establishes that the design strength of a fillet weld should be taken, independently on the orientation
of the weld, as:

Where,
►Fw,Ed is the design value of the weld force per unit length
►Fw,Rd is the design resistance per unit length

►fvw,d is the design shear strength of the weld


► a is the effective throat thickness

► fu is the nominal tensile strength of the weakest element in the joint


► γM2 = 1.25
► βw is an appropriate correlation coefficient as shown

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