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Binomial Theorem Expansion

College Algebra Presentation

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14 views7 pages

Binomial Theorem Expansion

College Algebra Presentation

Uploaded by

obonilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Lesson

The Binomial Theorem


The binomial theorem provides a useful method for raising any
binomial to a nonnegative integral power.
Consider the patterns formed by expanding (x + y)n.
(x + y)0 = 1 1 term
(x + y)1 = x + y 2 terms
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 3 terms
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 4 terms
(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4 5 terms
(x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5 6 terms

Notice that each expansion has n + 1 terms.


Example: (x + y)10 will have 10 + 1, or 11 terms.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 2


Consider the patterns formed by expanding (x + y)n.

(x + y)0 = 1
(x + y)1 = x + y
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4
(x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5

1. The exponents on x decrease from n to 0.


The exponents on y increase from 0 to n.
2. Each term is of degree n.
Example: The 5th term of (x + y)10 is a term with x6y4.”

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 3


The coefficients of the binomial expansion are called binomial
coefficients. The coefficients have symmetry.
(x + y)5 = 1x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + 1y5

The first and last coefficients are 1.


The coefficients of the second and second to last terms
are equal to n.
Example: What are the last 2 terms of (x + y)10 ? Since n = 10,
the last two terms are 10xy9 + 1y10.

The coefficient of xn–ryr in the expansion of (x + y)n is written


10
or nCr . So, the last two terms of (x + y) can be expressed
as 10C9 xy9 + 10C10 y10 or as xy 9 + y10.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 4


The triangular arrangement of numbers below is called Pascal’s
Triangle.
1 0th row
1 1 1st row
1+2=3 1 2 1 2nd row
1 3 3 1 3rd row
6 + 4 = 10 1 4 6 4 1 4th row
1 5 10 10 5 1 5th row

Each number in the interior of the triangle is the sum of the two
numbers immediately above it.
The numbers in the nth row of Pascal’s Triangle are the binomial
coefficients for (x + y)n .

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 5


Example: Use the fifth row of Pascal’s Triangle to generate the
sixth row and find the binomial coefficients , , 6C4 and 6C2 .

5th row 1 5 10 10 5 1
6th row 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

6
C0 6
C1 6
C2 C3
6 6
C4 C5
6
C6
6

=6= and 6C4 = 15 = 6C2.

There is symmetry between binomial coefficients.


C = nCn–r
n r

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Example: Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand (2a + b)4.

1 0th row
1 1 1st row
1 2 1 2nd row
1 3 3 1 3rd row
1 4 6 4 1 4th row

(2a + b)4 = 1(2a)4 + 4(2a)3b + 6(2a)2b2 + 4(2a)b3 + 1b4


= 1(16a4) + 4(8a3)b + 6(4a2b2) + 4(2a)b3 + b4
= 16a4 + 32a3b + 24a2b2 + 8ab3 + b4

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 7

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