Wireless Channel

Wireless Channel
MULTIPATH PROPAGATION
ENVIRONMENT
• The wireless propagation channel contains objects (particles)
which randomly scatter the energy of the transmitted signal. The
scattered signals arrive at the destination receiver out of step.
These objects (particles) are referred to as scatterers.
• Scatterers introduce a variety of channel impairments including

fading, multipath delay spread, Doppler spread, attenuation, etc..
and the inherent background noise.
• Background noise can be approximated as thermal noise and

treated as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Digital
transmission over practical wireless channels is mainly limited by
interference and distortion other than AWGN.
• Time dispersion: If the maximum differential
delay spread is small compared with the
symbol duration of the transmitted signal, the
channel is said to exhibit flat fading. If the
differential delay spread is large compared
with the symbol duration, the channel exhibits
frequency-selective fading.
• Fading: When the delay diifferences among various
distinct propagation paths are very small compared
with the symbol interval in digital transmission, the
multipath components are almost indistinguishable at
the receiver. These multipath components can add
constructively or destructively. depending on the
carrier frequency and delay differences. In addition, as
the mobile station moves, the position of each
scatterer, with respect to the transmitter and receiver
may change. The overall effect is that the rcceived
signal level fluctuates with time is a phenomenon
called fading.
• The channel fading can be classified as long-term

fading and short-term fading. Based on instantaneous
signal level with respect to local average.
• In summary, multipath propagation in the
wireless mobile environment results in a
fading dispersive channel. The signal
propagation environment changes as the
mobile station move, and/or as any
surrounding scatters move. Therefore. the
channel is time varying and can be modeled as
a linear time-variant (LTV) system.
Doppler effect
• Doppler Shift: In general, the output signal of an LTI system does
not have frequency components different from those of the input
signal. That is, an LTl system does not introduce frequency shifts to
its input signal.
• On the other hand, both nonlinear and time-varying systems

introduce new frequency components other than those existing in
the input signal.
• For a wireless propagation environment, due to the mobility of

mobile users and/or the surrounding scatterer, the channel is linear
but time variant. As a result, a wireless channel introduces
frequency shift to the transmitted signal. a phenomenon called the
Doppler effect and the introduced frequency shift called the
Doppler shifts.
LARGE-SCALE PATH LOSS AND
SHADOWING
• The channel functions in a wireless environment
are random processes and are very difficult to
characterize.
• In the following, we will study the channel from a
different point of view: At any instant (or
distance) , the channel impulse response is a
random variable. We are interested in describing
the channel at any time t (or distance) using a
probability density function (pdf) under some
assumptions.
• Consider a flat fading channel where the
multipath delay spread is very small
compared with the symbol interval of the
transmitted signal. The channel impulse
response can be approximated by
• In addition to the delay tau bar, the channel provides a
time-varying gain g(t) to the transmitted signal. In general,
the channel gain can be decomposed into a small-scale (or
short-term) fading component, Z(t) and a path loss with
large-scale (or long-term) shadowing component (repre-
senting the local mean) as depicted in the following Figure
• The short- tem fading is due to multipath propagation and

i.e, independent of the distance between the transmitter
and receiver. It can be characterized by a Rayleigh, Rician or
Nakagami distribution. The path loss represents the local
mean of the channel gain and is therefore dependent on
the distance between the transmitter and receiver. It also
depends on the propagation environment. A path loss
model is important for determination of the base station
(cell) Coverage area. Various path loss models have been
proposed, mainly based on field measurement.
Free Space Propagation Model
• When the distance between the transmitting

antenna and receiving antenna is much larger
than the wavelength of the transmitted wave
and the largest physical linear dimension of
the antennas, the power Pr at the output of
the receiving antenna is given by
Propagation Over Smooth Plane
• Free space propagation does not apply in a mobile radio
environment and the propagation path loss depends not only
on the distance and wavelength, but also on the antenna
heights of the mobile station and the base station, and the
local terrain characteristics such as buildings and hill.
• A simple two-path model can be used to illustrate the effect

of transmitting and receiving antenna heights.
Log-Distance Path Loss with Shadowing
Small scale fading

Wireless Channel

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Wireless Channel

• Scatterers introduce a variety of channel impairments including

• Background noise can be approximated as thermal noise and

• The channel fading can be classified as long-term

• On the other hand, both nonlinear and time-varying systems

• For a wireless propagation environment, due to the mobility of

• The short- tem fading is due to multipath propagation and

• When the distance between the transmitting

• A simple two-path model can be used to illustrate the effect

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