OSI Layers

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-3

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, STUDENT(S) MUST be able to:

Identify OSI layers

Enumerate and explain different OSI layers.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 INTRODUCTION

All People Seem To Need Data Processing is not only a fact of life, it’s also a
reminder to help computer network technicians remember the OSI model and
help isolate problems when troubleshooting networks.
Even though the OSI model utilizes the TCP/IP protocol, the model was
originally designed by the Open Systems Interconnection group to promote the
OSI protocol in its attempt to create a standardized network architecture for
network communications. Unfortunately, though the OSI protocol supported
more virtual addresses, its complexity made the TCP/IP protocol the more
popular choice among network technicians. Ironically, the simplicity of the
TCP/IP protocol has led to IPv4 address exhaustion and its newer IPv6
protocol very much resembles the original OSI protocol in complexity.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference
Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered
communications and computer network protocol design. It was
developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative.
In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into seven
layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation,
Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers. It is
therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 APPLICATION LAYER

The application layer is the user interface

that internet users interact with to send or
receive data through email, online games, peer
to peer file transfer, and other applications.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 Clicking on a link on an internet browser is akin to a
customer dialing on their phone to order a pizza.

Common protocols associated with the application

layer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS),
Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH), File Transfer Protocol
(FTP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol
3 (POP3), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), Network
Time Protocol (NTP).

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 PRESENTATION LAYER

The presentation layer translates the commands

received from the application layer into universal,
well-known networking formats. Think of the
presentation layer as a more effective version of
Google Translate but for networks. This is the
layer where data encryption and character set
conversion occur.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 Common protocols: Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG), Graphics Interchange Format
(GIF),(Tagged Image Format File (TIFF), Moving Picture
Experts Group (MPEG), American Standards Code for
Information Interchange [ASCII], Extended Binary
Coded Decimal Interchange Code [EBCDIC], Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL), Hyperxt Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
HyperText MarkUp Language (HTML), File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) AppleTalk Filing Protocols, JAVA

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 SESSION LAYER

In order for a packet to reach its destination, the

session layer establishes a “mechanism for
opening, closing and managing a session
between end-user application processes and
responses”. The session layer makes it possible
to establish an open communication line to send
the requested packets.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 This layer can be compared to making a phone
call and having the other person pick up the
phone. Without another party on the line, no
food-related or network-related conversation
would occur.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 TRANSPORT LAYER

The transport layer not only defines how data

is sent, but also provides validation and
firewall security.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 You can think of the transport layer
as quality control. Suspicious
packets will not make it past a
Other Functions:
firewall. Similarly, suspicious looking
pizzas will not go out for delivery. • Flow control
• Error detection
• Correction
Common protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), Sequenced Packet
Exchange (SPX), Name-
Binding Protocol (NBP)

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 NETWORK LAYER

The network layer seeks for the best-known

path to route information to reach its
destination similar to searching for an address
on a GPS.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 In the same way that the network layer
determines the best way to route information,
our pizza delivery person will rely on a GPS to
map out a customer’s location.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 DATA LINK LAYER

The Data Link Layer ensures that a

transmission occurs without any errors. The
Data Link Layer consists of two sub-layers, One of the major
Logical Link Control (LLC) and the Media functions of the data link
Access Control (MAC), that ensure a successful layer is to provide a
transmission across different mediums. physical MAC address so
that requested
information can find its
destination. Without a
physical address, our
pizza delivery man would
not be able to complete
his delivery.

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 Preparing network layer packets for delivery:

Common protocols:
Ethernet, Token Ring,
Fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI), and
Point-to-Point Protocol
(PPP), Frame Relay, and
Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detect
(CSMA/CD)

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
 PHYSICAL LAYER

The physical layer consists of the physical The physical layer comprises of the
components in a Local Area Network (LAN) physical hardware components in a
such as networking hardware and Ethernet network. In this final step, our now
cables. Cabling issues in the physical layer starving customer will receive her
sometimes emerge due to the wrong types of delivery.
cables (straight through vs. cross over cables)
used or faulty cables. Common protocols: Fast
Ethernet, RS232, and
ATM

www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
www.facebook.com/itsmeismael
www.facebook.com/itsmeismael