rol metho

C.-M. You ng
C.-C. Liu
C.-H. Liu

Indexing term: Inverters, Two-phase induction motors

X,,, X,, = primary and auxiliary-winding mutual

Abstract: A simple inverter circuit is proposed for reactances
driving symmetrical and unsymmetrical two- R,, R, = primary and auxiliary-winding stator
phase induction motors. The inverter provides resistances
two-phase independently controlled variable- R:, RK = primary and auxiliary-winding rotor
frequency variable voltages to the primary and resistances referred to the rotor
auxiliary windings of an induction motor. The
dynamic model of the two-phase induction motor NJN, = primary-to-auxiliary winding turn ratio
driven by the inverter is established. An or
ob, = base speed and rotor shaft speed of the
experimental prototype, which consists of a motor
single-chip microprocessor-based controller, the = generated motor torque and load torque
inverter, and the motor and load, is constructed.
T,, T,
Both computer simulation and experimental J, B = equivalent moment of inertia and viscous
results show the effectiveness of the proposed coefficient
inverter-driven motor in achieving higher vif = input voltage-to-frequency ratio
performance, such as less torque and speed P = differential operator
pulsation and reduced vibration and noise, than
the conventional motors. 1 Introduction
In small power applications unsymmetrical two-phase
induction motors fed by single-phase supply have been
List of symbols widely used in home appliances and industrial tools.
The motors are usually used in fixed speed drives. In
LS = source inductance situations where variable speed is required, various
C, C1, C, = filter capacitance mechanical or electrical techniques, such as gears,
4 = AC supply current tapped windings, or pole switching, are needed. These
methods normally do not achieve continuous control of
Vc, Vel, Ifc2 = voltages across capacitor motor speed. As the input voltage and frequency are
s q ~ , sd$ = sinusoidal signals for SPWM fixed irrespective of different operating conditions, the
= triangular signal for SPWM resultant drive performance may also be degraded. In
Tr
recent years, several methods that use inverters for the
v;s, v2s = quadrature and direct-axis stator variable speed control of single-phase induction motors
voltages have been proposed. In [l] an inverter with four
i;, 6 s = quadrature and direct-axis stator switching transistors is proposed for driving two-phase
currents induction motors. The performance of a two-phase
i&!, i$ = quadrature and direct-axis rotor induction motor driven by the inverter is discussed in
currents referred to the stator detail in [I], which motivates the inverter design
proposed in this paper. Although the inverter in [l] can
xss, xss = primary and auxiliary-winding stator achieve the variable speed control of two-phase
self reactances induction motors, it is operated by fixed-frequency
Xr, -KRR =primary and auxiliary-winding rotor square wave, and is supplied by a DC voltage source.
self reactances referred to the stator No relationship between the utility and the DC voltage
0IEE, 1996 source is discussed. [2] and [3] use the same inverter
IEE Proceedings online no. 19960526
circuit as in [l]. To achieve variable-frequency control,
the methods of phase-difference angle control and the
Paper first received 18th September 1995
selected harmonic elimination PWM technique are
C.-M. Young and C . 4 . Liu are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, used. The advantage of this approach is that the
No. 1, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China commutation angles of the PWM output voltages are
C.-H. Liu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National fixed in the entire variable-frequency range. However,
Taiwan Institute of Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sectioii 4, Taipei, under the phase-difference angle control, the generated
Taiwan, Republic of China motor torque of the two-phase symmetrical induction
458 IEE Proc -Electr Power A p p l , Vol 143, No 6 November 1996
motor studied in [2] and [3] contains double-frequency inverter, the induction motor, and load is developed to
pulsation torque component, which induces vibration aid the design of the drive control system. To evaluate
and noise in the drive assembly. In [4] a conventional the performance of the proposed approach, computer
three-phase inverter is proposed for driving two-phase simulation is presented in Section 3. The performance
unsymmetrical induction motors, in which six power evaluation is based the steady-state torque and speed
transistors are used. In [5] an inverter circuit composed ripples. The simulation results show improved perform-
of eight power transistors is proposed for driving two- ance of the proposed drive as compared to the existing
phase induction motors. Compared to the inverter drives. An experimental prototype, presented in Section
circuits presented in [4, 51, the inverter in [l] has 4, is further constructed to verify the actual perform-
simpler circuit structure, lower component cost, and ance. The implemented system consists of a single-chip
the simplest switching control method. In [6] a method microprocessor-based controller and an inverter with
is proposed for the variable speed control of a single- IGBT modules. The experimental results also show
phase induction motor. The main motor winding is improved performance of the proposed method.
supplied from the utility and the auxiliary winding is
energised by a fixed-frequency, variable-voltage,
a
l,
0 3C, winc ma

variable-phase-angle voltage source. The resultant

operating speed range is quite limited. In [7] the torque
and slip behaviour of a single-phase induction motor
driven from a variable-frequency supply is studied.
Although useful information of operating single-phase
induction motors under variable-frequency voltage ~

source is provided, the results are based on the

condition that the input power to the motor main
winding is supplied not by an inverter but by a
synchronous generator.
For a two-phase induction motor driven by an Fig. 1 Schematic diagram ofproposed inverter
inverter, the conventional devices such as centrifugal
switches, starting, and run capacitors can all be 2 Inverter design
eliminated. The advantages are the increasing motor
reliability due to the elimination of mechanical devices, Fig. 1 shows the inverter circuit diagram proposed in
increasing system efficiency, and better dynamic this paper. The inverter consists of-,a single-phase
performance due to variable-speed operation. Another voltage-doubler rectifier, two filter capadtors in series,
benefit is the reduction of acoustic noise and torque two pairs of power transistors, and an input inductor
pulsation effects. In a conventional two-phase which is used for improving the power factor of the ac
induction motor, in order to obtain good starting and source. The centrepoints of the two pairs of power
running performance and to operate the motor from a transistors are connected, respectively, to each one of
single-phase source, the motor is usually designed to the terminals of the main and auxiliary windings. The
have unsymmetrical two-phase windings. The resultant rest two terminals of the main and auxiliary windings
torque consists of an average developed torque and a are connected together to the centre-tap of the series
pulsating torque which induces mechanical vibration capacitors. In terms of the number of circuit elements,
and audible acoustic noise in the motor and load the proposed circuit in Fig. 1 has the same number of
assembly [8]. By varying the frequencies and switching elements as those proposed in [l-31 on the
magnitudes of the two-phase stator voltages, the torque inverter side and fewer switching elements than those
pulsation and noise effects can be reduced. An example of the circuits of [4, 51. The rectifying circuits were not
is the inverter-driven control of a room air conditioner addressed in [1-4]. In [5] a full-wave bridge rectifier is
191. used, which has two more diodes than the one in
This paper presents the design and implementation of Fig. 1. The trade-off is that, under the same loading
an inverter-driven two-phase induction motor drive. conditions and capacitance values, the voltage ripples
The proposed method is applicable to both of the capacitors in Fig. 1 are larger than those of the
symmetrical and unsymmetrical-type two-phase full-wave bridge rectifier. As can be seen from Fig. 1,
induction motors. the common terminals of the two motor windings are
The design of the inverter, presented in Section 2, is connected directly to the source. The return currents of
based on the considerations that it has a minimum the two windings are fedback to the source, whose
number of power devices and it has the potential of frequencies are different from the source, since the
being fabricated into an control-and-power integrated current frequencies of the two windings are varied by
circuit (IC) [lo] for use in practical applications. To aid the inverter. However, the source current flows only
the design and to evaluate the performance of the pro- when the rectifying diodes are conducting. The
posed inverter-driven motor drive, state-space equa- conduction time of the rectifying diodes is fairly short
tions describing the motor dynamics are formulated. when compared to the period of the input supply [l 11.
The control of the inverter is based on the constant Vlf To assess the effects of motor return current on the
strategy. The inverter generates two-phase, variable fre- source, the circuit performance of Fig. 1 is compared to
quency, variable voltages to the motor. The magnitude that of the circuit shown in Fig. 2, which consists of a
and phase difference between the two phase voltages full-wave diode-bridge rectifier, a filter capacitor, and
are controlled so as to reduce the torque pulsation two sets of full-bridge single-phase inverters. The two
effect. A conventional sinusoidal pulsewidth modula- inverters in Fig. 2 provide separate variable-frequency,
tion (SPWM) is used to modulate the two phase volt- variable-voltage source to the primary and auxiliary
age waveforms. A simulation model consisting of the windings of the motor. The circuit shown in Fig. 2 has
IEE Proc -Electr. Power AppL, Vol. 143, No. 6, November 1996 459
far more circuit elements than those in Fig. 1, it serves with a phase difference of 90", to a triangular carrier
as a basis for performance comparison with the circuit wave Tr(t). At any instant of time, when Sqs(t) is
of Fig. 1. The performance of the circuits in both Fig. greater than Tr(t),Ql is ON and Q2 is OFF in Fig. 1,
1 and Fig. 2 is evaluated using computer simulation. while (Qi, a)
are ON and (Q;, Qi) are OFF in Fig. 2.
When Sq,(t) is less than Tr(t),the turn-on and turn-

31
Q1' off switches are reversed. The same modulation method
-1
is applied to Sds(t)and Tr(t),in which the correspond-
main ing switching elements are Q2 and Q3 in Fig. 1 and (2;
t to Qlin Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the waveforms of S,,(t),
-vc
I- Sdr(t)and Tr(t).The inverter output waveforms, V,,(t)
and Vds(t),are also shown in Figs. 4 and 5. It should
be noted that both inverters have the same output
characteristics, only the input rectifying characteristics
can be used to differentiate the two inverters. To eval-
4 uate the performance of the two inverters on the input
I 1 I I I I I

- 2 Inverter circuit for comparing with Fk. I rectifier side, the performance indices such as the
source total harmonic distortion (THD), the power fac-
tor (PF) and the ripple factor (RF) are employed [12].
The ripple factor is used to evaluate the voltage wave-
form across the capacitors. Table 1 summarises the
simulated results when the inverters are operated at 60,
45, and 30Hz, respectively. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the
respective source current waveforms, is(@ The capaci-
tor voltage waveform, Vcl(t),in Fig. 1 is shown in Fig.
0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 8, while the capacitor voltage waveform, Vc(t),in Fig.
-3 SP WM technique 2 is shown in Fig. 9. Comparing the results given in
Waveforms of Sqs,S,,, and T, Table 1 and Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9, the inverter shown in
Fig. 2 clearly performs better than the proposed
200 1 inverter in this paper. The reason is clear, since the
proposed inverter has fewer power elements than the
inverter of Fig. 2. However, the performance of the
proposed inverter can be improved by incorporating
the power factor correction technique.
two input rectifying diodes in Fig. 1 by two power
-200 I I I I I I I
transistors and employing an appropriate power factor
0.80 0.81 0.82 0 83
correction (PFC) circuit, such as the one given in [13],
SP WM technique the THD, PF and R F can all be improved significantly,
Inverter output V, which are also tabulated in Table 1.

-10 j I I I I 1 I I I
2-00
1- 1 , I 0.80 0.84 0 88 0 92 0 96
0 80 0.81 0.82 0.83 t ,s
t,S Simulation resultsfor Fig. 1: is
.5 SP WM technique
Inverter output Vd

The input source for both circuits in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2

z. The capacitance values are C1 = C2 = C
= 2000pF and the source inductance Ls = ImH. The
motor parameters are given in Table 2, Section 3. Both
inverter circuits use constant V7f control strategy and
sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM). The two- - - o l -
0.80 0.84 0.88 0 92 0 96
phase modulating signals are generated by comparing 1.5
separately the two sinusoidal waves, Sq,(t) and Sds(t), .7 Simulation resultsfor Fig. 2: is

Operation frequency Proposed inverter Inverter in Fig. 2 Proposed inverter with PFC
f, Hz THD,(%) PF,(%) RF,(%) THD,(%) PF,(%) RF,(%) TWD,(%) PF,(%) RF,(%)
60 120 67.1 1.21 108 71.1 0.89 9.8 99.3 0.97
45 125 60.3 1.91 117 61.3 0.79 11.8 98.7 1.45
30 '1 55 52.6 2.71 134 58.7 0.52 16.2 98.4 1.94

460 IEE Proc -Electr Power Appl, Val 143, No 6, November 1996
 3.2 Control of the inverter
l6Ol The inverter generates two-phase, variable-frequency,
variable-voltages to the primary and auxiliary windings
of the motor. The constant Vlf strategy is used to
determine the output voltage magnitude based on the
input speed (i.e. frequency) command. The two-phase
0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0 96 voltage output waveforms have a phase difference of
t.s 90" and are modulated using the sinusoidal pulse width
Fig.8 Simulation resultsfor Fig. 1: Vci modulation (SPWM). Based on the symmetric
155-
component concept, the condition for the motor to
have zero torque pulsation is to operate the motor with
two-phase excitation having a 90" phase relation and
1 the current amplitude in inverse ratio to the machine
zL1501
2.
145
turns [6]. A further approximation to achieve the
condition of zero torque pulsation is to generate two-
phase voltages having a 90" phase difference and the
0 80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 primary-to-auxiliary voltage-magnitude-ratio is
t.s inversely proportional to the machine turns [6]. Notice
Fig.9 Simulation resultsfor Fig.2: V,
that, for the unsymmetrical two-phase induction motor,
3 Modelling, control and simulation the auxiliary winding has higher voltage level than the
primary winding and, consequently, the primary
3.1 Motor dynamic equations winding has higher current level. This type of operation
The state-space dynamic equations for a two-pole, two- is different from a conventional motor which normally
phase, unsymmetrical induction motor are formulated has balanced two-phase currents. However, the
in the stationary reference frame as [14] proposed approach results in less torque pulsation and
noise. Thus, to apply the proposed inverter to a
conventional motor without altering its original
construction and winding arrangement, the voltage and
current ratings of the motor windings must be carefully
evaluated.
The same inverter can also be applied to a
symmetrical two-phase induction motor with better
performance. Both windings of the motor have the
same level of voltages having a 90" phase difference.
The resultant phase currents are also balanced and a
where the subscripts s, S, r and R denote the smooth generated torque is obtained. This is then
unsymmetrical stator and rotor windings. For the identical to the case of a balanced three-phase
symmetrical case, X,, = Xss and others similarly apply. induction motor driven by a three-phase inverter.
For starting purpose, a capacitor is usually connected
in series with the auxiliary winding of the motor. The 3.3 Computer simulation
term P / O b x , , given in eqn. 1 is replaced by p / O b x , + In many applications employing the two-phase
ob/pXc. Let z = i&/p, which can be augmented with induction motors, the loads usually exhibit nonlinear
eqn. 1 to form a complete set of equations for characteristics, such as the rolling-piston type
describing the motor dynamics with a starting compressor commonly found in a room air conditioner.
capacitor. The generated motor torque is However, the dynamic equations of these nonlinear
loads contain many design parameters which are not
easily obtainable from the manufacturers. The
simulation results presented in this section are all based
and the electromechanical equation is on the constant load torque assumption. Still these
2 results provide an assessment on the effect of the
J-pwT
P
+
Bw, TL = Te + (3) inverter in reducing the motor torque pulsation.
The dynamic equations of the unsymmetrical two- To evaluate in-depth the various characteristics of an
phase induction motor are more complicated than inverter-driven motor drive, several operational modes
those of the symmetrical three-phase induction motor. are chosen for a comparison, which all use the same
The unsymmetrical winding arrangement in the two- induction motor with unsymmetrical two-phase wind-
phase induction motor causes greater torque and speed ings. The motor parameters are tabulated in Table 2
fluctuations. However, both the symmetrical two-phase and the ratings are IlOV, 6OH2, 1/4HP, and four-pole.
and three-phase induction motors have similar In all simulated cases, the load torque is fixed at 1N m.
performance. The operational modes are described in the
Table 2: Induction motor parameters

R, = 2.02 8 R, = 7.14 B R:=4.12 B R+ 5.74 51 RCS= 3 B

Xr== 2.79 B XIS= 3.22 2

! X,,,, = 92.9 S2 X:,= 2.12 P Xk= 2.95 B

XCR=172B RcR=9B J=0.0146kg/m2 NJN,=1.18 XmS=66.8P

XcS = 14.5 P

IEE Proc.-Electr. Power AppL, Vol. 143, No. 6, November 1996 46 1

following: The resultant slips for all the simulated cases are shown
Case 1: The motor is a capacitor-start type with a in Fig. 14. Also, let Amr be the variation between the
centrifugal switch. The input supply is single-phase. peak and the lowest speeds of the steady-state speed
During iiormal running condition, only the primary response in each case. The speed variations for all the
winding is energised. cases are shown in Fig. 15. As shown from the simula-
tion results, the proposed approach, case 5 , shows bet-
Case 2; The motor is a split-phase type and the input
ter performance than the existing motor drives, cases
supply is single-phase. The capacitance of the run 1-3, and has comparable performance to case 4. Case 5
capacitor is 183pF.
has smaller slips and speed variations in the frequency
Case 3: The motor is also a split-phase type. The input range from 45 to 60Hz. As the frequency is reduced
supply is single-phase. The capacitance is 15.4@. from 45 to 30Hz, the slip in case 5 increases to main-
Case 4: The motor is driven by an ideal two-phase tain the rated torque. The corresponding primary line
variable-frequency variable-amplitude sinusoidal current will also increase due to the increase in slip,
voltage source. No start or run capacitors are used. which is shown in Fig. 16. These results are identical to
The phase difference between the two voltages is 90". the ones presented in [7].
This operating mode serves as a reference for 1
comparing with all other cases.
Case 5: The motor is driven by a two-phase variable-
frequency, variable-voltage PWM inverter, shown in
Fig. 1, with the carrier frequency set at 7.2kHz. The
capacitance values are C1 = C2 = 2000pF and the
source inductance L3 = 1mH. No start or run
capacitors are used.

170 172 174 1 76 178 180 Fig. 13 Simulated average speeds for cases 1-5
t.s
-+- case 1, capacitor start
---case 2, capacitor run (CR = 183pF)
Fig. 10 Simulatedspeed responsefor case 3
--
-*- case 3, capacitor run (CR = 15.4pF)
-x-
case 4, two-phase (Sine source)
case 5, two-phase (inverter)
14407

1425 1,
1 70 172 174 176 1 78 180
t.5
Fig. 11 Simulated speed vesporisefor case 4

C
1435 1I

1
,
,
1
I I
I I
I I
I 1
14201 , I I , , , , , 35 40 45
f. Hz
50 55 60
170 1 72 1.74 176 1.78 180 Fig. 14 Simulated average slips for cases 1-5
t.s -t- case 1, capacitor start
Fig. 12 ,%udatedspeed responsefor case 5 ---case 2, capacitor run (CR = 183 pF)
-*- case 3, capacitor run (CR = 15.4pF)
-0- case 4, two-phase (Sine source)
-x- case 5 , two-phase (inverter)
For cases 4 and 5, the ratio of primary-to-auxiliary
voltage magnitude is set equal to NJ/NS The input The torque variation, which is defined as the differ-
frequencies are varied from 35 to 60Hz with an ence between the peak (highest) to peak (lowest) torque
increment of 5Hz. F o r f = 50Hz, the speed responses values in a steady-state torque response, is computed
for cases 3, 4, and 5 are shown in Figs. 10, 11 and 12. for each case and is summarised in Fig. 17. Again, the
The average speed, wave, defined as the mean of the torque variation in case 5 is almost identical to that of
peak and lowest speeds of the steady-state speed case 4 and is the smallest as compared to cases 1-3.
response, is calculated for each case and is shown in Finally, the steady-state generated motor torque and
Fig. 13. Define the synchronous speed we = 2zf and the load torque responses for cases 3, 4, and 5 are shown
slip wSl as in Figs. 18, 19 and 20. The proposed approach, case 5,
shown in Fig. 20 reduces the generated torque pulsa-
tion quite effectively as compared to the conventional
462 IEE Proc -Elect7 Power A p p l , Vol 143, No 6,November 1996
approach, case 3. In fact, the responses of case 5 and experimental system is shown in Fig. 21. The motor
case 4 are almost identical. used in the experiments has unsymmetrical two-phase
windings with removable start and run capacitors and
centrifugal switches according to the experimental
needs. The primary-to-auxiliary turn ratio is M.3. The
ratings of the motor are llOV, 60Hz, four-pole, 1/2
HP. The motor is coupled to a 400W DC generator,
which, by adjusting its field voltage, provides variable
load torque to the motor. To measured the torque
responses, a torque sensor is mounted on the same
shaft which couples the induction motor and DC
generator. The shaft speed is also measured using a
tachometer. To further record the effect of torque
pulsation, a portable type accelerometer which can be
magnetically attached to the motor frame is used. The
0 0 accelerometer measures the mechanical vibration and
35 40 45 50 55 60 sends the signal to the HP35665A signal analyser for
f,Hz
Fig. 15 Simulated peak-to-peak speed variationsfor cases 1-5 spectrum analysis. The vibration spectrum provides an
-._
-+-
-*-
case 1, capacitor start
case 2 , capacitor run (CR = 183 pF)
case 3, capacitor run (CR = 15.4 pF)
evaluation of torque pulsation effect. A microphone is
also installed at a distance of 3cm from the motor. The
-0- case 4, two-phase (Sine source)
-x- case 5, two-phase (inverter) noise signals generated from the drive system are sent
to the signal analyser for spectrum analysis.
0
2
E
Z
d
' 1
e
c

Q
c
.4 0
C
E 1.70 1.72 1.?4 1.76 1.78 100
t.5
a Fig. 18 Simulated torque response for case 3, 50Hz

21

35 40 45 50 55 60
f.Hz
Fig. 16 Simulatedprimary stator line currentsfor cases 1-5
-+-
-.-
_ *_
case 1, capacitor start
case 2, capacitor run (CR = 183 pF)
case 3, capacitor run (CR = 15.4 pF) 1.70 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.80
-e case 4, two-phase (Sine source) t. 5
-x- case 5, two-phase (inverter) Fig. 19 Simulated torque response for case 4, 50Hz

E
z
d 1
P
c

I I
1
I I
I I
I I
1.70 1.72 1.7L 1.76 1.78 1.80
t.5
Fig.20 Simulated torque response for case 5, 50Hz

-
v
-
" "
e " L
o r , 1 I
i l r l i
35 40 45 50 55 60
f,Hz
Fig. 17 Simulated torque variationsfor cases 1-5
-.-
-+-
-*-
case 1, capacitor start
case 2, capacitor run (CR = 183 pF)
case 3, capacitor run (CR = 15.4 pF) driving HP35665A torque -
-0- case 4, two-phase (Sine source) signal
-x- case 5, two-phase (inverter) circuit ana,yser meter

4 Implementation and experimental results

To verify the proposed inverter-driven control strategy

for two-phase induction motor drives, an experimental
prototype is implemented. The block diagram of the
IEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl,, Vol. 143, No. 6, November 1996
 The motor is driven by the inverter shown in Fig. 1.
The input AC voltage to the inverter is llOV, 60Hz. 8o 1

6
The inverter consists of a half-bridge rectifier, two
series capacitors C1 = C2 = 2000pF and two-pairs of
IGBTs. The inverter provides two-phase, variable-
frequency, vanable-voltages to the primary and
auxiliary windings of the motor. The control of IGBT
switching is determined by a single-chip E-
E
U

microprocessor, the INTEL 80196MC. According to

the constant Vif(= 1.83) strategy, the microprocessor
computes the desired voltage magnitudes based on the
input frequency (i.e. speed) command. The two-phase
voltage output waveforms are modulated, using the
build-in SPWM function in the microprocessor. The
triangular (carrier) frequency for SPWM is set at 35 40 45 f,Hz 50 55 60
4.8 kHz. The magnitude ratio between the two-phase Fig.24 Measured speed responses for cases 1-5
output voltages is the primary-to-auxiliary turn ratio Measured peak-to-peak speed variations
and the phase difference is kept at 90". The primary -.-
-f-

-*-
case 1, capacitor start
case 2, capacitor run (CR = 75p.F)
voltage phasor is d2 x 110 L O"/A,where A = 1.3 is the -&
case 3, capacitor run (CR = 2 0 p )
case 4, two-phase (Sine source)
turn ratio and the auxiliary voltage phasor is d2 x 110 -x- case 5, two-phase (inverter)
L 90".
1

0
35 40 45 50 55
f , Hz
Fig.25 Measuredprimary stator currents for cases 1-5
-.-
-+-
-*_
case 1, capacitor start
case 2,
case 3,
capacitor run (CR = 75pF)
capacitor run (CR = 20p.F)
-0- case 4, two-phase (Sine source)
-x- case 5 , two-phase (inverter)

motor driven by the inverter. In all cases, the operating

frequencies are varied from 35 to 60Hz with an
increment of 5Hz. Fig. 22 shows the measured average
speeds, wave,at the five operating frequencies, in which
cases 4 and 5 have almost the identical performance.
The average slips, defined in eqn. 4, are summarised in
Fig. 23, in which case 5 closely follows case 4. The
peak-to-peak speed variations are shown in Fig. 24, in
which case 5 is closest to case 4. The RMS values of
the primary stator current at steady-state are shown in
Fig. 25, in which cases 4 and 5 have the lowest
currents. The vibration and noise signal levels are
measured and are shown in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27,
I
1 I
I I
I I
I I
I respectively. Fig. 28 shows the measured source
35 40 45 50 55 60 current i, and capacitor voltage Vcl waveforms for case
f, Hz 5 at 50Hz. The experimental results of Fig. 28 and the
Fig.23 Measured speed responsesfor cases 1-5
Measured average slips simulation results given in Figs. 6 and 8 are quite close.
-.-
-+-
-*-
case 1, capacitor start
case 2, capacitor run (CR = 75pF)
case 3, capacitor run (CR = 20fl)
Fig. 29 shows the two winding current waveforms of
the motor, also for case 5 at 50Hz. The speed ripple
-0- case 4, two-phase (Sine source)
-x- case 5, two-phase (inverter) responses for case 3, 4, and 5 at 50Hz are shown in
Fig. 30. All three cases exhibit double frequency
The five cases that are studied in the simulation are (l00Hz) pulsating components, among them case 5 has
also experimentally verified. The DC generator is used smaller pulsating component than that of case 3.
to provides a constant 0.84N m load torque to the Finally, Fig. 31 and 32 show the noise spectrums for
motor. The power source for cases 1 4 is provided by a case 3 and 5 at 50Hz. A high level noise component
programmable AC power supply. Only in case 5 is the can be found at 100Hz in case 3, while the noise
464 IEE Proc.-Electr. Power AppL, Vol. 143, No. 6, November 1996
component of the same frequency in case 5 is mostly digitally controlled. The inverter provides independ-
attenuated. Thus the experiments have clearly shown ently-controlled variable frequency, variable-voltages
that the proposed inverter-driven motor drive can having a 90" phase difference to the primary and auxil-
effectively reduce vibration and noise levels. iary windings of the two-phase induction motor. The
two-phase voltages are independently controlled by the
constant Vlf strategy and are sinusoidal pulse-width-
modulated. Both computer simulation and experimen-
tal results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed
inverter-driven motor drive in reducing torque pulsa-
tion and speed variation as compared to conventional
approaches. The experiments also show that the associ-
ated vibration and noise levels are reduced.

35 40 45 50 55 60
f , Hz
Fig.26 Meamred vibration signal levels
-.-
-+-
*
_-
case 1, capacitor start
case 2, capacitor run (CR = 75wF)
case 3, capacitor run (CR = 2 0 s )
... . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . .
. . .
-0 case 4, two-phase (Sine source)
-x- case 5, two-phase (inverter) . . .
.. ., ..
.............. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
-40 7 .. .. .. .. .
. .
. .
.
. . . ...... . .
I I

Fig.29 Measured motor winding currents,for case 5 at 50 Hz

(i) Main winding current (5 A/div)
(ii) Auxiliary winding current ( 5 Aidiv)

. . . . .
35 40 45 50 55 60 . . . . .
f, Hz
Fig.27 Measured noise signal levels
-.-
-+-
-*-
case 1, capacitor start
case 2, capacitor run (CR = 7 5 p)
case 3, capacitor run (CR = 20m) t
-0 case 4, two-phase (Sine source) .
.
. . .
. . . . .. . . . .. . .
-x- case 5 , two-phase (inverter)

.. .
.
.
.
.
.
Fig.30 Measured speed ripple responsesfor cases 3-5 at SO Hz
. . . . . . . . (i) Case 3
(ii) Case 4
(iii) Case 5

5
t

-60

(ii) -80
0 100 200 300 400
f , Hz
. . . .. .. . . Fig.31 Memured spectrum of noise signal: Case 3
.. .. .. ..

Fig.28 Measured resultsfor case 5

(i) AC source current is (10 Aidiv)
(ii) Voltage ripple of Vcl ( 5 Vidiv)
9
m -401
5 Conclusions
Ti -60 h *

A simple inverter circuit has been proposed for driving

the two-phase induction motors for both symmetrical 0 100 200 300 400
and unsymmetrical types. The inverter is designed to f, Hz
have a minimal number of circuit components and is Fig.32 Measured spectrum of noise signal: Case 5

IEE Proc-Elect?. Power Appl., Vol. 143, No. 6, November 1996 465
 With the rapid advancement in microelectronics tech- 4 HOLMES, D.G., and KOTSOPOULOS, A.: ‘Variable speed con-
trol of single and two phase induction motors using a three phase
nology, the design of a control-and-power application voltage source inverter’. IEEE Industrial Applications Society
specific IC based on the architecture presented in this annual meeting conference records, 1993, pp. 613-620
paper is feasible. By combining the control-and-power 5 ALEXA. D.: ‘Static frequency converter for supplying an asyn-
chips with the current small-power two-phase induction chronous two-phase motor’, ZEE Proc. B, 134, (I), pp. 57-60
6 COLLINS, E.R., PUTTGEN, H.B., and SAYLE, W.E.: ‘Single-
motors, the drive performance can be greatly phase induction motor adjustable speed drive: direct phase angle
improved. control of the auxiliary winding supply’. IEEE Industrial Applica-
tions Society annual meeting conference records, 1988, pp. 246-
252
6 Acknowledgments 7 COLLINS. E.R.: ‘Torque and slip behavior of single-phase
induction motors driven from variable-frequency supplies’, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., 1992, 28, (3), pp. 710-715
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Science Council, Taiwan, under grants NSC82-0416-E- induction motors and their relation to vibration and noise, Elec-
01 1-096 and NSC83-0416-E-011-001. tric Mach. Power Syst., 1992, 20, pp. 483492
9 YOUNG, C.-M., LIU, C.-C., and LIU, C.-H.: ‘Vibration analy-
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