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Cell Structure and Taxonomy

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11 views

Cell Structure and Taxonomy

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Prokaryotic Prokaryotic

Dispersed genetic material


Lack a defined
nucleus in the cytoplasm.

Plant

Types Cellulose cell wall;


chloroplasts and vacuoles.

of Cells
Animal
Rigid cell wall;
may have flagella.
Eukaryotic
Have a defined
nucleus
Protist
They can have a cell wall,
without differentiated tissues.

Fungal
Chitin Cell Wall;
they are heterotrophs.
Composed of several fundamental components

Ribosome Rough endoplasmic


Cell membrane Nucleus Golgi Apparatus
reticulum.

Lysosome and
Mitochondria Chloroplasts peroxisome Centriole Microtubules
Structure and
basic functions
These components work together to maintain cellular
homeostasis and perform essential life activities.
Cell membrane

The cell membrane surrounds the cell


and is a selective barrier between the
interior and the exterior.

Its primary role lies in regulating the


passage of substances, including
nutrients and waste materials.

Within it, specialized proteins play a


crucial role in facilitating molecular
transport and cellular communication.
Cell nucleus

An organelle that houses DNA, located


in the center of eukaryotic cells.

Its primary function is to store and


safeguard genetic information,
controlling gene expression and DNA
replication.

It also contains the nucleolus, which is


involved in ribosome synthesis.
Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is a gel-like matrix


containing water, salts, proteins, and
other molecules. It occupies the
intracellular space between the cell
membrane and the nucleus.

It plays a crucial role in biochemical


reactions, energy production, and
substance transport. Essential for
cellular metabolism, it provides
structural support to the cell.
Protein Synthesis

Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating biological


processes, and expressing specific characteristics of each organism.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are essential organelles for
cellular functioning and survival.

They synthesize proteins using the


genetic information from messenger
RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for
cellular structure, function, and
regulation.

Ribosomes are located in the


cytoplasm and the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of interconnected membranes that


extends from the nuclear membrane to the
cell membrane. It plays a fundamental role in
the transport, processing, and distribution of
proteins and lipids within the cell.

There are two main types of ER:

• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is


studded with ribosomes and is involved in
the synthesis and modification of proteins.

• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)


specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate
metabolism, and detoxification.
Golgi apparatus

Key in the processing and packaging of


proteins and lipids produced in the
endoplasmic reticulum.

It synthesizes carbohydrates and lipoproteins


and is essential for maintaining the cell's
internal balance and facilitating
communication with the outside.

Composed of a series of flattened sacs called


cisternae, it acts as the 'shipping center' of the
cell, sorting and packaging proteins into
vesicles for transport and distribution.
Energy Supply

To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic processes


essential for the proper functioning of the cell and/or organism.
Mitochondria

Present in eukaryotic animal and plant


cells. Their primary function is energy
generation through cellular respiration
(ATP production).

The double membrane of mitochondria


allows for the organization of various
stages of the respiratory chain, making it
crucial for cellular function and survival.
Chloroplasts
Exclusive to plant cells and
photosynthetic organisms, chloroplasts
carry out photosynthesis, converting
solar energy into chemical energy.

During photosynthesis, they synthesize


glucose and other organic compounds
using carbon dioxide and water,
releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

They are responsible for the crucial


production of oxygen that sustains
the planet.
Cellular Digestion

It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted materials,


enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular maintenance.
Lysosomes Peroxisomes
They contain enzymes that degrade
They contain digestive enzymes that
hydrogen peroxide and toxic
break down molecules and unwanted
compounds, thereby protecting the
cellular materials.
cell from oxidative damage.

They facilitate cellular digestion, by Additionally, they play a role in the


disposing of waste, recycling synthesis and degradation of lipids
nutrients, and defending against and bile acids, regulating lipid
pathogenic invasions. metabolism and overall homeostasis.
Support and
Movement
Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement
and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.
Cytoskeleton

It is composed of protein filaments


(microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments) and provides
support and enables movement in
eukaryotic cells.

Its specific functions encompass stability,


intracellular transport, and contraction.
Furthermore, it regulates cellular shape
and plays a role in division, migration,
and communication.
Flagella and cilia

Specialized structures for movement.


They are elongated and enable
locomotion in liquid environments,
whereas cilia are shorter and create
coordinated flow on the cell surface.

Composed of microtubules in a
'9+2' pattern, they are essential
for sperm motility.
Storage and
Transportation
They manage nutrients, eliminate waste,
and regulate metabolic processes.
Vacuoles

Membrane-bound organelles found in


plant cells and some animal cells. They
store nutrients, water, ions, and waste
materials, regulating turgor pressure
and osmotic balance.

Vacuoles can also be involved in the


digestion of substances and serve as a
defense mechanism against predators
by containing toxins.
Vesicles and endosomes

Membranous vesicles that transport


specific materials between organelles
and the cell membrane.

Vesicles: They transport materials from


the endoplasmic reticulum and the
Golgi apparatus to other destinations.

Endosomes: They capture and


distribute materials for degradation,
recycling, or their incorporation into
metabolic pathways.
Prokaryotic cell

Only the single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are
classified as prokaryotes—pro means before and kary means nucleus.
Prokaryotes

Key Components of Prokaryotic Cells:


• Plama Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• DNA
• Ribosomes
Single-celled organism that lacks a
nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles.
Prokaryotic DNA is found in a central
region of cell called nucleoid.
Bacteria are very diverse in form, so not
every type of bacterium will have all of the
features.
Prokaryotes
Most bacteria are surrounded by a rigid
cell call made out of peptidoglycan.

The cell wall provides an extra layer of


protection, maintains the cell shape and
prevents dehydration.

The capsule is sticky and helps the cell


attach to surfaces in its environment.

Flagella are whip-like structures that act


as rotary motors to help bacteria move.

Fimbriae are hair-like structures that are


used for attachment to host cells and
other surfaces. Others also may also have
rod-like structures known as pili.
Cell Size

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