Evolution of wireless

standards from 1G to 5G
Team members Roll Number Contribution(slides)

Niharika Mahajan 20UEC084 6

Shubhangi Sinha 20UEC128 6

Sumant Kumar Pandey 20UEC134 6

Aditya Raj 20UEC007 6

Introduction to Mobile
Phones and Wireless
Networks:
Mobile wireless communication system has gone
through several evolution stages in the past few
decades after the introduction of the first-generation
mobile network in the early 1980s.

Due to huge demand for more connections

worldwide, mobile communication standards
advanced rapidly to support more users
 History of wireless technology

1) Marconi, an Italian inventor, transmitted Morse code signals using radio waves
wirelessly to a distance of 3.2 KMs in 1895.

2) It was the first wireless transmission in the history of science. Since then, engineers and
scientists have been working on efficiently communicating using RF waves.

3) The telephone became popular during the mid of 19th century.

4) Due to wired connection and restricted mobility, engineers started developing a device
that doesn’t require a wired connection and transmits voice using radio waves.
 Evolution of wireless networks
1) Wireless mobile networks have undergone a long period
of development since the first 1G systems were
introduced in 1981 .

2) The symbol ''G'' stands for Generation. The names 1G,

2G, 3G, 4G, 5G are generations and versions of mobile
network technology.

3) Increasing numbers mean the network is more upgraded

and newest. Over the past 40 years, mobile network
technology has evolved through many generations of
network technology from 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G.
 1G
● 1G, or the first generation of mobile communication systems,
marked the beginning of widespread mobile phone usage.
● Developed in the late 1970s and deployed in the early 1980s,
it used analog technology for voice transmission.

POPULAR 1G SYSTEMS:

● Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS): Widely deployed

in North America, AMPS was one of the earliest cellular
systems.
● Nordic Mobile Phone System (NMTS): Introduced in Nordic
countries, NMTS was another significant 1G system.
● Total Access Communication System (TACS) and European
Total Access Communication System (ETACS): Deployed in
the UK and Europe, these systems provided coverage in those
regions.
 KEY FEATURES OF 1G TECHNOLOGY

Modulation: Employed
Frequency: Operated in Bandwidth: Typically Technology: Used
Frequency Modulation
the frequency bands had a bandwidth of 10 analog switching for
(FM) for transmitting
around 800 MHz and MHz, supporting a call routing and voice
voice signals.
900 MHz. limited number of transmission.
channels.

Mode of Service: Access Technique: Utilized

Initially supported voice Frequency Division Multiple
calls only. Access (FDMA) to divide
the frequency spectrum
into channels for multiple
users.
 DISADVANTAGES OF 1G TECHNOLOGY

Poor Voice Quality:

Security Concerns: Calls could be
Analog signals were Limited Battery Life: Bulky Devices: Mobile
susceptible to intercepted and decoded using
Early mobile phones phones of this era were
interference, resulting in relatively simple equipment,
had large power large and heavy, making
degraded voice quality. posing privacy risks.
consumption, leading to them inconvenient to
short battery life. carry.

Limited Capacity and No Roaming: Roaming

Coverage: 1G networks could between different 1G
support only a limited number networks was not possible,
of users per cell, and the limiting the mobility of
coverage area was relatively users outside their home
small compared to later
network areas.
generations.
 2G
1) 2G, or the Second Generation of wireless technology, was a revolutionary leap forward compared to
1G.

2) It was introduced in the early 1990s and allowed data transfer speeds up to 64 Kbit/s.

3) 2G also enabled the first digital mobile phones and text messaging. 2G allowed users to make voice
calls and send text messages, but it was limited to those two features.

4) This standard was capable of supporting up to 14.4 to 64kbps (maximum) data rate, which is
sufficient for SMS and email services.

5) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems developed by Qualcomm were also introduced and
implemented in the mid-1990s.

6) CDMA has more features than GSM regarding spectral efficiency, number of users, and data rate.
 KEY FEATURES OF 2G TECHNOLOGY

Modulation: Gaussian
Frequency: Operated in Data Rate: This standard was Technology: 2G technology
Minimum Shift Keying
the frequency bands capable of supporting up to was based on GSM (Global
(GMSK) is used.
around 900 MHz and 14.4 to 64kbps (maximum) System for Mobile
1800 MHz. data rate, which is sufficient Communications) which
for SMS and email services. allowed for digital encryption
of communications.

2G also made it possible

Mode of Service: First Enhanced security
mobile network for phone networks to Enhanced security
technology to support track the exact location of Encrypted voice transmission
international roaming a user and allowed First internet at a lower data rate
and provided better roaming between different Disadvantages of the 2G system
network coverage than
networks. Low data rate
1G Limited mobility
2.5G and 2.75G system
In order to support higher data rates, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was introduced and
successfully deployed.

GPRS was capable of data rates up to 171kbps (maximum).

EDGE – Enhanced Data GSM Evolution was also developed to improve the data rate for GSM
networks. EDGE was capable of supporting up to 473.6kbps (maximum).

Another popular technology CDMA2000 was also introduced to support higher data rates for CDMA
networks. This technology has the ability to provide up to 384 kbps data rate (maximum).
3G WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
 3G

● 3G, or the third generation of mobile

communication systems, introduced significant
advancements in data speed and capabilities.

● Universal Mobile Terrestrial / Telecommunication

Systems (UMTS) marked the beginning of 3G
technology.
 KEY FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

Mobile App Support: The

Higher Data Rate: UMTS Video Calling: 3G networks Enhanced Security, More
introduction of smartphones
offered data rates of up to enabled video calling for the Users, and Coverage:
facilitated the development and
384 kbps, enabling faster first time on mobile devices, Improved security protocols,
use of various applications for
internet browsing and enhancing communication increased capacity to
multimedia chat, email, social
multimedia applications. experiences. accommodate more users,
media, gaming, and healthcare.
and expanded coverage areas
compared to earlier
generations.
Location Tracking and
Maps: Integration of GPS
Multimedia Message technology enabled Better Web Browsing: Faster data
Support: 3G networks location-based services, speeds and improved browsing
allowed users to send and navigation, and mapping capabilities made web surfing more
receive multimedia applications. convenient and efficient on mobile
messages containing devices.
images, videos, and audio
clips.
3.5G and 3.75G system
HSDPA and HSUPA: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High-Speed Uplink Packet
Access (HSUPA) were introduced to enhance data rates in existing 3G networks.

3.5G: These improvements led to the development of 3.5G networks capable of supporting data rates
of up to 2 Mbps, offering even faster internet speeds.

3.75 System (HSPA+): An improved version of 3G, HSPA+ (High-Speed Packet Access Plus), further
enhanced data speeds and network performance, paving the way for future advancements.
 DISADVANTAGES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

Costly Mobile Devices:

Expensive Spectrum Costly Infrastructure,
3G-compatible smartphones
Licenses: Acquiring Equipment, and
Higher Bandwidth and devices were initially
spectrum licenses for 3G Implementation: Building and
expensive, limiting access for
networks involved maintaining 3G networks Requirements: Supporting
some users.
significant costs for required substantial higher data rates in 3G
telecom operators. investment in infrastructure networks necessitated
and equipment, leading to
greater bandwidth,
higher operational expenses.
increasing network
complexity and costs.
Compatibility Challenges:
Ensuring compatibility with
older 2G systems and
frequency bands posed
technical challenges and
additional costs for
network operators.
 4G
● 4G network can be said to be a mobile network
that is popularizing very quickly and is extremely
popular with users .
● Launched in 2013, after 10 years the 3G network
has become reliable, so the 4G network quickly
became popular and almost all mobile devices
registered to use the 4G network.
● 4G network has many outstanding features such as
extremely fast access speed that can be 20 times
higher than 3G and can reach 1.2 Gbps.
 KEY FEATURES OF 4G TECHNOLOGY

4G networks are better

4G offers a much more Its improved signal strength 4G technology allows for a
equipped to handle
reliable signal and and data transfer speeds better quality of voice calls,
data-intensive activities like
connection when allow users to enjoy faster as it uses a different type of
gaming, streaming videos, and
compared to previous browsing and streaming voice codec to compress
sending large documents. It
generations. experiences. audio signals.
also supports a variety of
services, including
Location-Based services (LBS),
Reduced latency for Mobile TV, and VoIP.
mission-critical
Much higher data rate up applications Voice over LTE network VoLTE (use
to 1Gbps IP packets for voice)
 DISADVANTAGES OF 4G TECHNOLOGY

Wide Deployment and Upgrade

Expensive Hardware and Costly Spectrum: Acquiring
are Time-Consuming: Rolling
Infrastructure: Building spectrum licenses for
High-End Mobile Devices out 4G networks across large
and maintaining a 4G operating 4G networks can be
geographical areas and
network infrastructure expensive, particularly in Required: To take full
upgrading existing
requires significant countries where frequency advantage of 4G infrastructure to support 4G
investment in hardware, bands are auctioned to the technology, users need technology can be
including base stations, highest bidder
compatible mobile devices time-consuming and
antennas, routers, and that support 4G LTE logistically challenging.
servers.
(Long-Term Evolution)
Battery Drain: 4G connectivity.
technology consumes
more power compared to
older generations, which
can lead to faster battery
drain on mobile devices.
 5G

● 5G represents the fifth generation of mobile

communication systems, promising revolutionary
advancements in speed, capacity, and connectivity.

● Leveraging advanced technologies, 5G aims to

deliver ultra-fast internet and multimedia
experiences to users worldwide.
●
 5 G Deployment Modes

Non-Standalone Standalone
Mode Mode
Initial deployments of 5G networks will operate In standalone mode, 5G networks will have a
in non-standalone mode, utilizing both LTE and dedicated 5G core network and higher bandwidth
5G-NR spectrums together. Control signaling 5G-NR spectrum, enabling enhanced capabilities
will be routed through the existing LTE core and performance.
network.
 KEY FEATURES OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

Higher Security and Reliable

Ultra-Fast Mobile Internet: Low Latency: With latency in Network: Advanced encrypti
Total Cost Reduction for Data: on
5G promises speeds up to milliseconds, 5G is crucial for and security protocols ensu
5G offers cost-efficient data re
10 Gbps, enabling mission-critical applications data privacy and network
plans and network
seamless streaming, like autonomous driving and reliability.
management strategies.
gaming, and downloading. telemedicine.

Forward Compatibility: 5G
Small Cells and Cloud-Based Infrastructure:
networks are designed to
Beamforming: Cloud-based network architecture
accommodate future
Technologies like small enables power efficiency, easy
enhancements and
cells and beamforming maintenance, and hardware
technologies, ensuring
enhance network upgrades, enhancing scalability
long-term compatibility.
efficiency and coverage. and flexibility.
 ADDITIONAL FEATURES

Spectrum Usage in 5G New Radio (NR)

5G Networks and its Functionality
Initial deployments of 5G 5G NR is the global standard
networks will utilize sub-6 GHz for 5G wireless air interface.
spectrum (FR1 ranges) to It enables ultra-fast data
provide coverage and transmission, low latency, and
capacity. efficient connectivity for
To achieve higher data rates, various applications, including
5G technology will leverage Internet of Things (IoT) devices
millimeter waves and and high-definition multimedia
unlicensed spectrums for data streaming.
transmission.
 Conclusion
Wireless technology has come a long way since the introduction of the first generation (1G) in the 1980s. It
has allowed us to stay connected no matter where we are, at home, at work, or on the go. From 1G to 5G,
each new generation of wireless technology has allowed us to do more, faster, and with greater efficiency.

1G brought the first cellular networks, providing basic analogue voice services. 2G came shortly after and
introduced digital voice services, text messages, and data services such as picture messaging. 3G and 4G
further improved data speeds and services, allowing users to access the internet, stream music and videos,
and use advanced applications. Finally, 5G is the most recent generation that promises even faster speeds
and improved stability.

The evolution of wireless technology has been a remarkable journey and with 5G, the possibilities are
seemingly endless.
 References
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