Maths STD 10th Chapterwise Question Bank Nodia 2024

CBSE 2025
MATHS STANDARD
Including Competency Based Questions
CLASS 10
Chapter-wise Question Bank

Based on Previous 20 Years 63 Papers
NODIA AND COMPANY

CBSE Maths Standard Question Bank Class 10
Edition June 2024
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CONTENTS
CHAP 1. Real Numbers 5-26
CHAP 2. Polynomials 27-56
CHAP 3. Pair of Linear Equation in Two Variables 57-102
CHAP 4. Quadratic Equations 103-153
CHAP 5. Arithmetic Progression 154-203
CHAP 6. Triangles 204-236
CHAP 7. Co-ordinate Geometry 237-274
CHAP 8. Introduction of Trigonometry 275-312
CHAP 9. Some Applications of Trigonometry 313-366
CHAP 10. Circle 367-407
CHAP 11. Areas Related to Circles 408-437
CHAP 12. Surface Areas and Volumes 438-479
CHAP 13. Statistics 480-537
CHAP 14. Probability 538-584
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Chap 1 Real Numbers Page 5
CHAPTER 1
Real Numbers
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 3. The sum of exponents of prime factors in the prime-

factorisation of 196 is
(a) 3 (b) 4
1. If two positive integers p and q can be expressed as (c) 5 (d) 2
p = 18a2 b 4 and q = 20a3 b2 , where a and b are prime
Sol : [Board 2022 Term 1 Basic]
numbers, then LCM (p, q) is
Prime factors of 196,
(a) 2a2 b2 (b) 180a2 b2
196 = 4 # 49
(c) 12a2 b2 (d) 180a3 b 4
= 22 # 72
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
The sum of exponents of prime factor is 2 + 2 = 4 .
LCM is the product of the greatest power of each
prime factor involved in the numbers. Thus (b) is correct option.
Writing p and q in prime factorization form 4. The values of x and y in the given figure are
p = 18ab2
= 2#3#3#a#a#b#b#b#b
q = 20a3 b2
= 2#2#5#a#a#a#b#b
LCM(p , q ) = LCM ^18a2 b 4, 20a3 b2h
= 2#2#3#3#5#
#a # a # a # b # b # b # b (a) 7, 13 (b) 13, 7
3 4
= 180a b (c) 9, 12 (d) 12, 9
Thus (d) is correct option. Sol : [Board 2022 Term 1 Standard]
1001 = x # 143 & x = 7

2. If p2 = 32 then p is a/an
50 143 = y # 11 & y = 13
(a) whole number (b) integer
Hence x = 7 , y = 13
(c) rational number (d) irrational number
Thus (a) is correct option.
5. The total number of factors of prime number is
We have p2 = 32 = 16 (a) 1 (b) 0
50 25
16 = 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
p =
25 5
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
p
Since p is in form of where q ! 0 , p is a rational There are only two factors (1 and number itself) of
q
number. any prime number.
Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.
Page 6 Real Numbers Chap 1
6. The HCF and the LCM of 12, 21, 15 respectively are = 2 # 32 # 11

(a) 3, 140 (b) 12, 420 HCF(144, 198) = 2 # 32 = 2 # 9 = 18
(c) 3, 420 (d) 420, 3 Thus (b) is correct option.
10. 225 can be expressed as
We have 12 = 2 # 2 # 3
(a) 5 # 32 (b) 52 # 3
21 = 3 # 7
(c) 52 # 32 (d) 53 # 3
15 = 3 # 5
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
HCF(12, 21, 15) = 3 By prime factorization of 225, we have
LCM (12, 21, 15) = 2 # 2 # 3 # 5 # 7 = 420 225 = 3 # 3 # 5 # 5
Thus (c) is correct option. = 32 # 52 or 52 # 32
Thus (c) is correct option.
7. The LCM of smallest two digit composite number and
smallest composite number is 11. 2 3 is
(a) 12 (b) 4 (a) an integer (b) a rational number
(c) 20 (d) 44 (c) an irrational number (d) a whole number
Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard] Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
Smallest two digit composite number is 10 and Let us assume that 2 3 is a rational number.
smallest composite number is 4. Now 2 3 = r where r is rational number
LCM (10, 4) = 20
or 3 =r
Thus (c) is correct option. 2
Now, we know that 3 is an irrational number, So,
8. HCF of two numbers is 27 and their LCM is 162. If r
2 has to be irrational to make the equation true.
one of the numbers is 54, then the other number is This is a contradiction to our assumption. Thus, our
(a) 36 (b) 35 assumption is wrong and 2 3 is an irrational number.
(c) 9 (d) 81 Thus (c) is correct option.
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic] 12. The product of a non-zero rational and an irrational
Let y be the second number. number is
Since, product of two numbers is equal to product of (a) always irrational (b) always rational
LCM and HCM,
(c) rational or irrational (d) one
54 # y = LCM # HCF
Sol :
54 # y = 162 # 27
Product of a non-zero rational and an irrational
y = 162 # 27 = 81 number is always irrational i.e., 34 # 2 = 3 4 2 which
54 is irrational.
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.
9. HCF of 144 and 198 is 13. If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x3 y2
(a) 9 (b) 18 and b = xy3 , where x , y are prime numbers, then
(c) 6 (d) 12 HCF â, b h is
(a) xy (b) xy2
Using prime factorization method, (c) x3 y3 (d) x2 y2
144 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 Sol : [Board Term-1 2014, 2011]

3 2
= 2 4 # 32 We have a = x y = x#x#x#y#y
and 198 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 11 b = xy3 = x # y # y # y

HCF(a , b ) = HCF ^x3 y3, xy3h 16. If p1 and p2 are two odd prime numbers such that
2 p1 > p2 , then p 12 - p 22 is
= x # y # y = xy
(a) an even number (b) an odd number
HCF is the product of the smallest power of each
common prime factor involved in the numbers. (c) an odd prime number (d) a prime number
Thus (b) is correct option. Sol :
14. If two positive integers p and q can be expressed as p 12 - p 22 is an even number.
p = ab2 and q = a3 b ; where a , b being prime numbers, Let us take p1 = 5
then LCM ^p, q h is equal to
and p2 = 3
(a) ab (b) a2 b2
Then, p 12 - p 22 = 25 - 9 = 16
(c) a3 b2 (d) a3 b3
16 is an even number.
Sol : [Board 2010]
We have p = ab2 = a # b # b
17. The number 313 - 310 is divisible by
and q = a3 b = a # a # a # b
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 3 and 10
LCM(p , q ) = LCM âb2, a3 b h (c) 2, 3 and 10 (d) 2, 3 and 13
= a#b#b#a#a
Sol :
= a3 b2
313 - 310 = 310 (33 - 1) = 310 (26)
LCM is the product of the greatest power of each
= 2 # 13 # 310
prime factor involved in the numbers.
Thus (c) is correct option. Hence, 313 - 310 is divisible by 2, 3 and 13.
Thus (d) is correct option.
15. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers
from 1 to 10 (both inclusive) 18. 1. The L.C.M. of x and 18 is 36.
(a) 10 (b) 100 2. The H.C.F. of x and 18 is 2.
(c) 504 (d) 2520 What is the number x ?
(a) 1 (b) 2
Sol : [Board Term-1 2016, 2015]
(c) 3 (d) 4
Factor of 1 to 10 numbers
1 =1 Sol : [Board Term-1 2013]
LCM # HCF = First number # second number

2 = 1#2
Hence, required number = 36 # 2 = 4
3 = 1#3 18
4 = 1#2#2
19. If a = 23 # 3 , b = 2 # 3 # 5 , c = 3n # 5 and
5 = 1#5
LCM (a, b, c) = 23 # 32 # 5, then n is
6 = 1#2#3 (a) 1 (b) 2
7 = 1#7 (c) 3 (d) 4
8 = 1#2#2#2 Sol :
9 = 1#3#3 Value of n must be 2.
10 = 1 # 2 # 5 Thus (b) is correct option.
LCM(1 to 10) = LCM ^1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10h 20. The least number which is a perfect square and is
= 1#2#2#3#3#5#7 divisible by each of 16, 20 and 24 is
(a) 240 (b) 1600
= 2520
(c) 2400 (d) 3600
Sol : 15 = 3 # 5
The LCM of 16, 20 and 24 is 240. The least multiple
HCF(12, 21, 15) = 3
of 240 that is a perfect square is 3600 and also we can
easily eliminate choices (a) and (c) since they are not LCM (12, 21, 15) = 2 # 2 # 3 # 5 # 7 = 420
perfect square number. 1600 is not multiple of 240.
Thus (d) is correct option. PRACTICE
 Find the HCF and the LCM of 36, 63, 90.

21. Assertion : The HCF of two numbers is 5 and their
[Board 2014 Foreign]
product is 150, then their LCM is 30
Ans : 9 and 1260
Reason : For any two positive integers a and b,
HCF â, b h + LCM â, b h = a # b . 24. Explain why 13233343563715 is a composite number?
Sol : [Board Term-1 2016]
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion The number 13233343563715 ends in 5. Hence it is a
(A). multiple of 5. Therefore it is a composite number.
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but 25. Find the LCM of smallest two digit composite number
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of and smallest composite number.
assertion (A). Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. Smallest two digit composite number is 10 and
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. smallest composite number is 4.
Sol : (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. LCM (10, 4) = 20
We have,
26. Express 225 in prime factorization.
LCM â, b h # HCF â, b h = a # b
LCM # 5 = 150 By prime factorization of 225, we have
LCM = 150 = 30 225 = 3 # 3 # 5 # 5
5
Thus (c) is correct option. = 32 # 52 or 52 # 32
PRACTICE
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
 Express 420 in prime factorization.
22. What is the sum of exponents of prime factors in the [Board 2009]
prime-factorisation of 196 ? Ans : 22 # 3 # 5 # 7

27. HCF of two numbers is 27 and their LCM is 162.
Prime factors of 196, If one of the numbers is 54, then what is the other
196 = 4 # 49 number ?
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
= 22 # 72
Let y be the second number. Since, product of two
The sum of exponents of prime factor is 2 + 2 = 4 . numbers is equal to product of LCM and HCM,
PRACTICE 54 # y = LCM # HCF
 What is the sum of exponents of prime factors in 54 # y = 162 # 27
the prime-factorisation of 1764 ?
y = 162 # 27 = 81
[Board 2013 OD] 54
Ans : 6
PRACTICE
23. Find the HCF and the LCM of 12, 21 and 15.  1. The L.C.M. of x and 18 is 36.
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] 2. The H.C.F. of x and 18 is 2.
We have 12 = 2 # 2 # 3 What is the number x ?
[Board 2006, 2014 Foreign]
21 = 3 # 7
Ans : 4
28. Find the HCF and LCM of 90 and 144 by the method Sol : [Board Term -1 2012]
of prime factorization. We have 1001 = x # 143 & x = 7

Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] 143 = y # 11 & y = 13
We have 90 = 9 # 10 = 9 # 2 # 5 Hence x = 7 , y = 13
2
= 2#3 #5
and 144 = 16 # 9 31. If HCF(336, 54) = 6 , find LCM(336, 54).
= 2 4 # 32 Sol : [Board 2019 OD]
HCF # LCM = Product of number

HCF = 2 # 32 = 18
6 # LCM = 336 # 54
LCM = 2 4 # 32 # 5 = 720
LCM = 336 # 54
PRACTICE 6
 Find HCF of 144 and 198. = 56 # 54
[Board 2020 Delhi Basic] = 3024
Ans : 18 Thus LCM of 336 and 54 is 3024.
29. If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x3 y2 32. a and b are two positive integers such that the least
and b = xy3 , where x , y are prime numbers, then find prime factor of a is 3 and the least prime factor of b
HCF â, b h . is 5. Then calculate the least prime factor of (a + b).
Sol : [Board Term -1 2014]

Here a and b are two positive integers such that the

We have a = x3 y2 = x # x # x # y # y
least prime factor of a is 3 and the least prime factor
b = xy3 = x # y # y # y of b is 5. The least prime factor of (a + b) would be 2.
HCF(a , b ) = HCF ^x3 y2, xy3h 33. What is the HCF of the smallest composite number
= x # y # y = xy2 and the smallest prime number?
HCF is the product of the smallest power of each Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2018]
common prime factor involved in the numbers. The smallest prime number is 2 and the smallest
composite number is 4 = 22 .
PRACTICE
Hence, required HCF is (22, 2) = 2 .
 If two positive integers p and q can be expressed
as p = ab2 and q = a3 b ; where a , b being prime 34. Calculate the HCF of 33 ×5 and 32 ×52 .
numbers, then what is the LCM of ^p, q h ? Sol : [Board 2007]
[Board Term -1 2014] 3 2
Ans : a3 b2 We have 3 × 5 = 3 ×5 # 3
3 2 × 5 2 = 3 2 ×5 # 5
30. What are the values of x and y in the given figure ? HCF (33 ×5, 32 ×52) = 32 ×5 = 9×5 = 45
35. If HCF (a, b) = 12 and a # b = 1, 800 , then find LCM

(a, b).
Sol :
We know that
HCF (a, b) # LCM (a, b) = a×b
Substituting the values we have
12 # LCM (a, b) = 1800
1, 800
or, LCM (a, b) = = 150
12
36. Find the smallest natural number by which 1200 Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
should be multiplied so that the square root of the We have y = 5 # 13 = 65

product is a rational number. and x = 3 # 195 = 585
Sol : [Board Term-1 2016, 2015]
We have 1200 = 12 # 100 TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

= 4 # 3 # 4 # 25
41. Prove that 5 - 2 3 is an irrational number. It is
= 42 # 3 # 52
given that 3 is an irrational number.
Here if we multiply by 3, then its square root will
be 4 # 3 # 5 which is a rational number. Thus the Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
required smallest natural number is 3. Assume that 5 - 2 3 is a rational number. Therefore,

we can write it in the form of qp where p and q are
37. Can two numbers have 15 as their HCF and 175 as co-prime integers and q ! 0 .
their LCM? Give reasons. p
Now 5-2 3 =
q
where q ! 0 and p and q are integers.
LCM of two numbers should be exactly divisible by
their HCF. Since, 15 does not divide 175, two numbers Rewriting the above expression as,
cannot have their HCF as 15 and LCM as 175. p
2 3 = 5-
q
38. Find the least number that is divisible by all numbers 5q - p
between 1 and 10 (both inclusive). 3 =
2q
5q - p
Sol : [Board 2010] Here 2q is rational because p and q are co-prime
The required number is the LCM of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, integers, thus 3 should be a rational number. But 3
7, 8, 9, 10, is irrational. This contradicts the given fact that 3 is
irrational. Hence 5 - 2 3 is an irrational number.
LCM = 2 # 2 # 3 # 2 # 3 # 5 # 7
= 2520 42. Show that the number 5 # 11 # 17 + 3 # 11 is a
composite number.
39. Find HCF of the numbers given below: Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
k, 2k, 3k, 4k and 5k, , where k is a positive integer.
5 # 11 # 17 + 3 # 11 = 11 ^5 # 17 + 3h
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] = 11 # ^85 + 3h
Here we can see easily that k is common factor = 11 # 88
between all and this is highest factor Thus HCF of
= 11 # 8 # 11
k, 2k, 3k, 4k and 5k, is k .
= 23 # 112
40. Complete the following factor tree and find the As we can see 5 # 11 # 17 + 3 # 11 can be factorised
composite number x . as 23 # 112 . It means it has factors other than 1. Thus
5 # 11 # 17 + 3 # 11 is a composite number
43. Show that 6n cannot end with digit 0 for any natural
number n .
If the number 6n for any n, were to end with the digit

five, then it would be divisible by 5.
That is, the prime factorization of 6n would contain
the prime 5. This is not possible because the only
prime in the factorization of 6n = (2 # 3) n are 2 and
3. The uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic guarantees that there are no other primes
in the factorization of 6n . Since there is no prime
factor 5, 6n cannot end with the digit five.
44. Find the HCF and LCM of 72 and 120. greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite
number. For example, 5 is prime because the only
ways of writing it as a product, 1 # 5 or 5 # 1,
By Prime Factorisation, we get
involve 5 itself. However, 6 is composite because it
72 = 23 # 32 is the product of two numbers (2 # 3) that are both
120 = 23 # 31 # 51 smaller than 6. Every composite number can be
written as the product of two or more (not necessarily
HCF (72, 120) = 23 # 31 distinct) primes.
= 8 # 3 = 24 3 # 12 # 101 + 4 = 4 (3 # 3 # 101 + 1)
3 2
LCM (72, 120) = 2 # 3 # 5 = 4 (909 + 1)
= 8 # 9 # 5 = 360 = 4 (910)
Thus, HCF and LCM of 72 and 120 are 24 and 360 = 2 # 2 # (10 # 7 # 13)
respectively.
= 2 # 2 # 2 # 5 # 7 # 13
45. Find the HCF and LCM of 26, 65 and 117, using
= a composite number
prime factorisation.
Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard] 48. Given that HCF (306, 1314) = 18. Find LCM
Using prime factorization, (306, 1314)
26 = 2 # 13 Sol : [Board Term-1 2013]
65 = 5 # 13 We have HCF (306, 1314) = 18
117 = 32 # 13 LCM (306, 1314) = ?

Let a = 306 and b = 1314 , then we have
HCF(26, 65, 117) = 13
LCM (a, b) # HCF (a, b) = a # b
LCM (26, 65, 117) = 2 # 5 # 32 # 13
Substituting values we have
= 1170
LCM (a, b) ×18 = 306 # 1314
46. Explain why (7 # 13 # 11) + 11 and LCM (a, b) = 306 # 1314
(7 # 6 # 5 # 4 # 3 # 2 # 1) + 3 are composite 18
numbers. LCM (306, 1314) = 22, 338
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] 49. Complete the following factor tree and find the
(7 # 13 # 11) + 11 = 11 # (7 # 13 + 1) composite number x .
= 11 # (91 + 1)
= 11 # 92
and
(7 # 6 # 5 # 4 # 3 # 2 # 1) + 3
= 3 (7 # 6 # 5 # 4 # 2 # 1 + 1)
= 3 # (1681) = 3 # 41 # 41
Since given numbers have more than two prime
factors, both number are composite.
47. Explain whether 3 # 12 # 101 + 4 is a prime number

or a composite number.
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number

greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying
two smaller natural numbers. A natural number
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015, 2014] [Board Term-1 2013]
We complete the given factor tree writing variable y Ans : M = 32760, N = 16380, O = 3,
and z as following. P = 7 and Q = 13
 Complete the following factor tree and find the

composite number x .
We have z = 161 = 23
7
[Board Term-1 2015]
y = 7 # 161 = 1127 Ans : x = 585 and y = 65
Composite number, x = 2 # 3381 = 6762
PRACTICE  Complete the following factor tree and find the
 Complete the factor-tree and find the composite composite number x
number M .
[Board Term-1 2015]

Ans : x = 11130, y = 5565 and z = 53
 Find the missing numbers a, b, c and d in the given

factor tree:
51. Show that 5 6 is an irrational number.

Let 5 6 be a rational number, which can be expressed

as ab , where b ! 0; a and b are co-primes.
Now 5 6 =a
b
6 = a
5b
or, 6 = rational
But, 6 is an irrational number. Thus, our assumption
is wrong. Hence, 5 6 is an irrational number.
52. Write a rational number between 2 and 3.

We have 2 = 200 and 3 = 300

100 100
We need to find a rational number x such that
1 200 < x < 1 300
10 10
[Board Term-1 2012] Choosing any perfect square such as 225 or 256 in
Ans : c = 11, b = 7 , c = 13 and d = 11. between 200 and 300, we have
x = 225 = 15 = 5
50. Check whether 4n can end with the digit 0 for any 100 10 3
natural number n . Similarly if we choose 256, then we have
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] 256 = 16 = 8
x =
n
If the number 4 , for any n, were to end with the digit 100 10 5
zero, then it would be divisible by 5 and 2.
53. Show that 571 is a prime number.
That is, the prime factorization of 4n would contain
the prime 5 and 2. This is not possible because the Sol :
only prime in the factorization of 4n = 22n is 2. So, the Let x = 571
uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
guarantees that there are no other primes in the x = 571
factorization of 4n . So, there is no natural number Now 571 lies between the perfect squares of ^23h2 = 529
n for which 4n ends with the digit zero. Hence 4n and ^24h2 = 576 . Prime numbers less than 24 are 2, 3,
cannot end with the digit zero. 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23. Here 571 is not divisible by any
of the above numbers, thus 571 is a prime number.
PRACTICE
 Check whether (15) n can end with digit 0 for any 54. If two positive integers p and q are written as p = a2 b3
n ! N. and q = a3 b, where a and b are prime numbers than
[Board Term-1 2012] verify LCM (p, q) # HCF (q, q) = pq
Ans : No Sol : [Sample Paper 2017]
2 3
n
 Show that 7 cannot end with the digit zero, for We have p = a b = a#a#b#b#b
any natural number n . and q = a3 b = a # a # a # b
[Board Term-1 2012]
Ans : Proof Now LCM (p, q) = a # a # a # b # b # b
= a3 b3
 Show that numbers 8n can never end with digit 0
of any natural number n . and HCF (p, q) = a # a # b
[Board Term-1 2015] = a2 b
Ans : Proof
LCM (p, q) # HCF (p, q) = a3 b3 # a2 b where p and q are co-primes and q ! 0 .

5 4
=a b Now p =q 2
2 3 3
= a b #a b Squaring both the sides, we have
= pq p2 = 2q2
Thus 2 is a factor of p2 and in result 2 is also a factor
55. Prove that 3 + 5 is an irrational number.
of p .
Sol : [Board 2010] Let p = 2c where c is some integer, then we have
Assume that 3 + 5 is a rational number, then we
p2 = 4c2
have
Substituting p = 2q2 we have
p
5 = , q!0
3+ 2q2 = 4c2
q
p q2 = 2c2
5 = -3
q
Thus 2 is a factor of q2 and in result 2 is also a factor
p - 3q
5 = of q .
q
Thus 2 is a common factor of p and q . But this
Here 5 is irrational and p -q 3q is rational. But rational
contradicts the fact that p and q are co-primes.
number cannot be equal to an irrational number.
Thus, our assumption that 2 is rational number is
Hence 3 + 5 is an irrational number.
wrong. Hence 2 is irrational.
56. Show that any positive even integer can be written in
58. In a teachers’ workshop, the number of teachers
the form 6q, 6q + 2 or 6q + 4, where q is an integer.
teaching French, Hindi and English are 48, 80 and
Sol : [Board Term1, 2016] 144 respectively. Find the minimum number of rooms
Let a be any positive integer, then by Euclid’s division required if in each room the same number of teachers
algorithm, a can be written as are seated and all of them are of the same subject.
= = bq + r Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
Take b = 6 , then 0 # r < 6 because 0 # r < b, The number of rooms will be minimum if every room
has maximum number of participants.
Thus a = 6q, 6q + 1, 6q + 2, 6q + 3, 6q + 4, 6q + 5
Number of teachers in each room must be HCF of 48,
Here 6q, , 6q + 2 and 6q + 4 are divisible by 2 and so 80 and 144.
6q, 6q + 2 and 6q + 4 are even positive integers.
48 = 2 4 # 3
Hence a is always an even integer if
80 = 2 4 # 5
a = 6q, 6q + 2, 6q + 4
144 = 2 4 # 32
PRACTICE HCF (48, 80, 144) = 2 4 = 16
 Show that any positive odd integer is of the form In each room, 16 teachers can be seated.
4q + 1 or 4q + 3, where q is some integer. Minimum number of rooms required
[Board 2019, 2017]
Ans : Proof = 48 + 80 + 144
16
= 17
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Thus minimum number of rooms are 17.
57. Prove that 2 is an irrational number. 59. Given that 5 is irrational, prove that 2 5 - 3 is an
irrational number.
Assume that 2 is a rational number. Therefore, we Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
p
can write it in the form of q where p and q are co- Assume that 2 5 - 3 is a rational number. Therefore,
prime integers and q ! 0 . we can write it in the form of qp where p and q are
Assume that 2 be a rational number then we have co-prime integers and q ! 0 .
p p
2 = , Now 2 5 -3 =
q q
where q ! 0 and p and q are co-prime integers. 61. Write the smallest number which is divisible by both
Rewriting the above expression as, 306 and 657.
p Sol :
2 5 = +3 [Board 2019 OD]
q
The smallest number that is divisible by two numbers
p + 3q
5 = is obtained by finding the LCM of these numbers
2q
p + 3q Here, the given numbers are 306 and 657.
Here 2q is rational because p and q are co-prime
integers, thus 5 should be a rational number. But 5 306 = 6 # 51 = 3 # 2 # 3 # 17
is irrational. This contradicts the given fact that 5 657 = 9 # 73 = 3 # 3 # 73
is irrational. Hence 2 5 - 3 is an irrational number.
LCM(306, 657) = 2 # 3 # 3 # 17 # 73
PRACTICE
= 22338
 Given that 3 is irrational, prove that 2 3 - 5 Hence, the smallest number which is divisible by 306
is an irrational number. and 657 is 22338.
[Board 2008, 2015]
Ans : Proof 62. 144 cartons of Coke cans and 90 cartons of Pepsi cans
are to be stacked in a canteen. If each stack is of
60. Given that 2 is irrational, prove that (5 + 3 2 ) is the same height and if it equal contain cartons of the
an irrational number. same drink, what would be the greatest number of
cartons each stack would have?
Sol : [Board 2018]
Assume that (5 + 3 2 ) is a rational number. Sol : [Board Term-1 2011]
Therefore, we can write it in the form of qp where p The required answer will be HCF of 144 and 90.
and q are co-prime integers and q ! 0 . 144 = 2 4 # 32
p
Now 5+3 2 = 90 = 2 # 32 # 5
q
where q ! 0 and p and q are integers. HCF(144, 90) = 2 # 32 = 18
Rewriting the above expression as, Thus each stack would have 18 cartons.
p
3 2 = -5 Three bells toll at intervals of 9, 12, 15 minutes
q 63.
p - 5q respectively. If they start tolling together, after what

2 = time will they next toll together?
3q
p - 5q
Here 3q is rational because p and q are co-prime Sol : [Board Term-1 2011]
integers, thus 2 should be a rational number. But The required answer is the LCM of 9, 12, and 15
2 is irrational. This contradicts the given fact that minutes.
2 is irrational. Hence ^5 + 3 2 h is an irrational
Finding prime factor of given number we have,
number.
9 = 3 # 3 = 32
PRACTICE
12 = 2 # 2 # 3 = 22 # 3
 Given that 3 is irrational, prove that (5 + 2 3 )
15 = 3 # 5
is an irrational number.
[Board 2020 Delhi Basic] LCM(9, 12, 15) = 22 # 32 # 5
Ans : Proof = 150 minutes
 Prove that 2 + 5 3 is an irrational number, The bells will toll next together after 180 minutes.
given that 3 is an irrational number.
[Board 2019 OD] 64. Find HCF and LCM of 16 and 36 by prime factorization
Ans : Proof and check your answer.
Sol : [Board 2009]
 Prove that 2 +5 3 is an irrational number, given
that 3 is an irrational number. Finding prime factor of given number we have,
[Board 2019 Delhi] 16 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 2 4
Ans : Proof
36 = 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 = 22 # 32 FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

HCF(16, 36) = 2 # 2 = 4
66. If p is prime number, then prove that p is an
LCM (16, 36) = 2 4 # 32 irrational.
= 16 # 9 = 144 Sol : [Board Term-1 2013]
Let p be a prime number and if possible, let p be
Check :
rational
HCF(a, b) ×LCM(a, b) = a # b
Thus p =m,
or, 4×144 = 16×36 n
where m and n are co-primes and n ! 0 .
576 = 576
Squaring on both sides, we get
Thus LHS = RHS 2
p = m2
PRACTICE
n
or, pn2 = m2 ...(1)
 Find the HCF and LCM of 510 and 92 and
verify that HCF × LCM = Product of two given Here p divides pn2 . Thus p divides m2 and in result
numbers. p also divides m .
[Board Term-1 2011] Let m = pq for some integer q and putting m = pq
Ans : 2, 23460 in eq. (1), we have
pn2 = p2 q2
 Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify
or, n2 = pq2
that HCF # LCM = Product of the two given
numbers. Here p divides pq2 .Thus p divides n2 and in result p
[Board 2018] also divides n .
Ans : 4, 9696
[ p is prime and p divides n2 & p divides n ]
Thus p is a common factor of m and n but this
65. The length, breadth and height of a room are 8 m contradicts the fact that m and n are primes. The
50 cm, 6 m 25 cm and 4 m 75 cm respectively. Find contradiction arises by assuming that p is rational.
the length of the longest rod that can measure the Hence, p is irrational.
dimensions of the room exactly.
67. Prove that 3 is an irrational number.
Sol : [Board Term-1 2016] Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
Here we have to determine the HCF of all length Assume that 3 is a rational number. Therefore, we
which can measure all dimension. can write it in the form of ab where a and b are co-
Length, l = 8 m 50 cm = 850 cm prime integers and q ! 0 .
= 50 # 17 = 2 # 52 # 17 Assume that 3 be a rational number then we have
Breadth, b = 6 m 25 cm = 625 cm 3 =a,

b
= 25 # 25 = 52 # 52 where a and b are co-primes and b ! 0 .
Height, h = 4 m 75 cm = 475 cm Now a =b 3
= 25 # 19 = 52 # 19 Squaring both the sides, we have
HCF(l, b, h) = HCF (850, 625, 475) a2 = 3b2

Thus 3 is a factor of a2 and in result 3 is also a factor
= HCF (2 # 52 # 17, 52, 52 # 19)
of a .
= 52 = 25 cm Let a = 3c where c is some integer, then we have
Thus 25 cm rod can measure the dimensions of the a2 = 9c2
room exactly. This is longest rod that can measure Substituting a2 = 3b2 we have
exactly.
3b2 = 9c2
b2 = 3c2
Thus 3 is a factor of b2 and in result 3 is also a factor 69. Find HCF and LCM of 378, 180 and 420 by prime
of b . factorization method. Is HCF × LCM of these numbers
Thus 3 is a common factor of a and b . But this equal to the product of the given three numbers?
contradicts the fact that a and b are co-primes. Thus, Sol : [Board 2009]
our assumption that 3 is rational number is wrong. Finding prime factor of given number we have,
Hence 3 is irrational. 378 = 2 # 33 # 7
 Prove that 5 is an irrational number. 180 = 22 # 32 # 5
[Board 2020 OD Standard]
Ans : Proof 420 = 22 # 3 # 7 # 5
HCF(378, 180, 420) = 2 # 3 = 6
 Prove that 2 is an irrational number.
[Board Term-1 2011]
LCM(378, 180, 420) = 22 # 33 # 5 # 7
Ans : Proof = 22 # 33 # 5 # 7 = 3780
68. Prove that 5 is an irrational number and hence HCF×LCM = 6 # 3780 = 22680
show that 2 - 5 is also an irrational number. Product of given numbers
Sol : [Board Term-1 2011] = 378 # 180 # 420
Assume that 5 be a rational number then we have
= 28576800
5 =a, (a ,b are co-primes and b ! 0 )
b Hence, HCF × LCM ! Product of three numbers.
a =b 5
70. State Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic. Find LCM
Squaring both the sides, we have of numbers 2520 and 10530 by prime factorization.
a2 = 5b2 Sol : [Board Term-1 2016]
Thus 5 is a factor of a2 and in result 5 is also a factor The fundamental theorem of arithmetic (FTA), also
called the unique factorization theorem or the unique-
of a . prime-factorization theorem, states that every integer
Let a = 5c where c is some integer, then we have greater than 1 either is prime itself or is the product
of a unique combination of prime numbers.
a2 = 25c2
OR
Substituting a2 = 5b2 we have
Every composite number can be expressed as the
5b2 = 25c2
product powers of primes and this factorization is
b2 = 5c2 unique.
Thus 5 is a factor of b2 and in result 5 is also a factor Finding prime factor of given number we have,
of b .
2520 = 20 # 126 = 20 # 6 # 21
Thus 5 is a common factor of a and b . But this
contradicts the fact that a and b are co-primes. Thus, = 23 # 32 # 5 # 7
our assumption that 5 is rational number is wrong. 10530 = 30 # 351 = 30 # 9 # 39
Hence 5 is irrational.
= 30 # 9 # 3 # 13
Let us assume that 2 - 5 be rational equal to a ,
then we have = 2 # 3 4 # 5 # 13
2- 5 =a LCM(2520, 10530) = 23 # 3 4 # 5 # 7 # 13
2-a = 5 = 294840
Since we have assume 2 - a is rational, but 5 is
71. Can the number 6n , n being a natural number, end
not rational. Rational number cannot be equal to an
with the digit 5 ? Give reasons.
irrational number. Thus 2 - 5 is irrational.
 Prove that 3 is an irrational number. Hence, n
show that 7 - 2 3 is also an irrational number. If the number 6 for any n, were to end with the digit
five, then it would be divisible by 5.
[Board Term-1 2012]
Ans : Proof That is, the prime factorization of 6n would contain
the prime 5. This is not possible because the only Sol :

prime in the factorization of 6n = (2 # 3) n are 2 and Here we have to find HCF of 32 and 48.
3. The uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of 32 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2
Arithmetic guarantees that there are no other primes
48 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 3
in the factorization of 6n . Since there is no prime
factor 5, 6n cannot end with the digit five. HCF (32, 48) = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 16
Area of construction paper = 32 # 48 cm2
72. State Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic. Is it
possible that HCF and LCM of two numbers be 24 Area of square = 16 # 16 cm2
and 540 respectively. Justify your answer. 74. When the marbles in a bag are divided evenly between
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] two friends, there is one marble left over. When the
Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic : Every integer same marbles are divided evenly among three friends,
greater than one ither is prime itself or is the product there is one marble left over. When the marbles are
of prime numbers and that this product is unique. Up divided evenly among five friends, there is one marble
to the order of the factors. left over.
LCM of two numbers should be exactly divisible by (i) What is the least possible number of marbles in
their HCF. In other words LCM is always a multiple the bag?
of HCF. Since, 24 does not divide 540 two numbers (ii) What is another possible number of marbles in
cannot have their HCF as 24 and LCM as 540. the bag?
HCF = 24
LCM = 540
LCM = 540 = 22.5 not an integer
HCF 24
COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS
73. You have a piece of construction paper that measures

32 cm by 48 cm. You want to cut it into squares of
equal size.
(i) What will be the dimensions of the largest possible
square?
Sol :
(ii) How many squares will you have?
(i) In all three case one marble is left after division.
Thus total marble will be one more than LCM of
numbers.
LCM(2, 3, 5) = 2 # 3 # 5 = 30
Thus 31 marbles are in bag.
(ii) If we add one in multiple of 30, we will get another
possible number of marble. These are 61, 91, 121....
75. An online shopping website sells 10 types of items

which are packed into various sizes of cartons which
are given below.
Carton type Inner Dimensions (L # W)cm2
Small 6 # 8
Medium 12 # 24
Large 24 # 36
Extra large 36 # 48
XXL 48 # 96
The company places supporting thermocol sheets (ii) How many times we have to use container for
inside every package along the edges. The company both tanker to fill ?
thought of procuring same sized sheets for all types
of cartons.
(i) What should be the maximum size of the sheet
that fits into all type of cartons?
(ii) How many such sheet sizes are possible?
(iii) The company later introduced a new size of carton
called semi large whose measurements are 14 # Sol :
15. Whether the existing maximum size sheet fits The maximum capacity of the required container has
this shape? to measure both the tankers in a way that the count
(iv) What should have been the size of the semi large is an exact number of times. So its capacity is exactly
carton (which is larger than medium carton but divisible by both the tankers. So we have to find the
smaller than large carton) so that the maximum HCF of 825 and 675.
sized sheet remains same? First we find prime factorization of 825 and 675.
675 = 3 # 3 # 3 # 5 # 5
825 = 3 # 5 # 5 # 11
HCF(675, 825) = 3 # 5 # 5
= 75
(i) Thus the maximum capacity of the required
container is 75 litres.
75 = 11
(ii) Therefore, the first tanker will require 825
times to fill it and 2nd tanker will require 67575 = 9
times to fill it.
77. Last year my grand mother was admitted to Fortis

hospital due to a small accident. She was prescribed
a pain medication to be given every 4 hr and an
Sol : antibiotic to be given every 5 hr. Bandages applied
(i) To find dimension of maximum size sheet which to the my grand mother’s external injuries needed
can be fitted in all carton, it is required that we should changing every 12 hr. The nurse changed the bandages
find HCF of length of all different sized cartons that and gave my grand mother both medications at 6:00
is HCF(6, 12, 24, 36, 48) = 6 and HCF of width of all AM Monday morning.
cartons that is HCF(8, 24, 36, 48, 96) = 4. (i) How many hours will pass before the grand mother
Thus maximum size of the sheet is 6 by 4. is given both medications and has her bandages
(ii) Because HCF of certain numbers is always unique changed at the same time?
so only one sized sheet is possible. (ii) What day and time will this be?
(iii) 14 is not multiple of 6 and 15 is not multiple of 4
so it is not possible to have a carton with dimension
14 # 15.
(iv) 18 is the only multiple of 6 between 12 and 24
for length of semi sized carton and there are choices
for width of semi sized cartons from 28 and 32, so
possible answers are 18 # 28 and 18 # 32.
76. Two oil tankers contain 825 litres and 675 litres of
kerosene oil respectively.
(i) Find the maximum capacity of a container which
can measure the kerosene oil of both the tankers
when used an exact number of times.
Sol : (i) What is the greatest number of cards, Taniya can

Here we have to find LCM of 4, 5, and 12. First we put on a page?
have to find prime factorization of 4, 5, and 12. (ii) How many pages will Taniya need for each sport?
4 = 2#2
5 =5
12 = 2 # 2 # 3
LCM(4, 5, 12) = 2 # 2 # 5 # 3
= 60
(i) The shortest length of before all are done at the
same time is 60 hours i.e. 2 days 12 hours,
(ii) 2 days 12 hours after 6:00 AM. Monday morning. Sol :
Thus Wednesday at 6 PM. Each page of the binder should have cards from a
32 # 48 single sport, and there should be the same number of
Number of square in construction paper = 16 # 16 = 6 cards on each page. Here we have to find HCF of 54,
(i) The dimension of largest possible square is 16 cm 63 and 72.
(ii) 6 square will be possible in construction paper. 54 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 3
78. Tina has 39 pairs of headphones and 13 music players. 63 = 3 # 3 # 7

Tina wants to sell all of the headphones and music 72 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3
players in identical packages. What is the greatest HCF (54, 63, 72) = 3 # 3 = 9
number of packages Tina can make? (i) Thus Taniya can put 9 card on a page.
(ii) For football, 549 = 6 , for volleyball 729 = 8 and for
basketball 639 = 7 pages are needed.
80. A tile floor is to be made from 10 inch, 12 inch, and 15

inch square tiles. A design is made by alternating rows
with different size tiles. The first row uses only 10 inch
tiles, the second row uses only 12 inch tiles, and the
third row uses only 15 inch tiles. Neglecting the grout
seams, what is the shortest length of floor space that
can be covered evenly by each row?
Sol :
In order to know how many packages Tina can make,
we need a number that is a factor of 39 and 13, so that
the 39 pairs of headphones and the 13 music players
can be divided up evenly. To find the greatest number
of identical packages, we have to find the HCF of 39
and 13
First we have to find prime factorization of 13 and 39.
Sol :
13 = 13 In order to know the shortest length of floor space
39 = 3 # 13 that can be covered evenly by each row, we have to
find LCM of 10, 12, and 15. First we have to find
HCF (13, 39) = 13
prime factorization of 10, 12, and 15.
Tina can make 13 identical package.
10 = 2 # 5
79. Taniya have 54 football cards, 72 volleyball cards, and 12 = 2 # 2 # 3
63 basketball cards and she want to put them in a
15 = 3 # 5
binder. Each page of the binder should have cards
from a single sport, and there should be the same LCM(10, 12, 15) = 2 # 2 # 3 # 5 = 60
number of cards on each page. The shortest length of floor space is 60 inch.
81. In a morning walk, three persons step off together. Sol :

Their steps measure 75 cm, 80 cm and 90 cm In order to know the minimum number of hours
respectively. What is the minimum distance each required for them to be aligned again, we have to
should walk so that all can cover the same distance in find LCM of 6, 8, 10, and 15. First we find prime
complete steps? factorization of 6, 8, 10, and 15.
Now 6 = 2#3
8 = 2#2#2
10 = 2 # 5
15 = 3 # 5
LCM(6, 8, 10, 15) = 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 5
= 120 hours
It will take 120 hours or 5 days for the satellites to be
aligned again.
83. Mercury, Venus, and Earth revolve around the Sun

approximately once every 3 months, 7 months, and
12 months, respectively. If the planets begin lined up,
what is the minimum number of months required for
Sol : them to be aligned again? (Assume that the planets
The distance required by each of them is same as well lie roughly in the same plane.)
as minimum, thus we have to find the least common
multiple (LCM). First we find prime factorization of
75, 80 and 90.
Now 75 = 3 # 5 # 5
80 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 5
90 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 5
LCM(75, 80, 90) = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 # 5 # 5
= 3600 cm
So the required minimum distance is 3600 cm.
Sol :
82. Four satellites revolve around the earth once every In order to know the minimum number of months
6, 8, 10, and 15 hr, respectively. If the satellites are required for them to be aligned again, we have to
initially lined up, how many hours must pass before find LCM of 3, 7, and 12. First we have to find prime
they will again be lined up? factorization of 3, 7, and 12.
3 =3
7 =7
12 = 2 # 2 # 3
LCM(2, 7, 12) = 3 # 7 # 2 # 2
= 84
It will take 84 months or 7 years for the planets to be
aligned again.
84. The traffic lights at three different road crossings

change after every 48 seconds, 72 seconds and 108
seconds respectively. If they change simultaneously at
7 AM, at what time will they change simultaneously
again?
that can divide 12 and 16 evenly. That is the highest

common factor of 12 and 16.
12 = 2 # 2 # 3
16 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2
HCF (12, 16) = 2 # 2 = 4
Hence, Lina can prepare is 4 plates maximum.
86. At a train station, the blue line has a train leaving

every 15 minutes, the green line has a train leaving
every 24 minutes, and the red line every 10 minutes. If
Sol : the first train on each line leaves at the same time, how
The traffic lights at three different road crossings change often will there be trains on all three lines departing
after every 48 seconds, 72 seconds and 108 seconds the train station at the same time?
respectively. As these lights change simultaneously at
7 AM. So the minimum time required to change these
lights again. As there is a word simultaneously so you
have to find the LCM of 48, 72 and 108. First we find
prime factorization of 48, 72 and 108.
48 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 3
72 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3
108 = 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 # 3
LCM(48, 72, 108) = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 # 3
= 432 second
So after 432 seconds or 7 min 12 seconds, all the traffic
lights will change simultaneously 7 min 12 seconds
past 7 AM.
85. Lina is preparing dinner plates. She has 12 pieces of Sol :

chicken and 16 rolls. If she wants to make all the In order to know how often will there be trains on
plates identical without any food left over, what is the all three lines departing the train station at the same
greatest number of plates Lina can prepare ? time, we need a number that is a factor of 10, 15 and
24. Here we have to find LCM of 10, 15, and 24. First
we have to find prime factorization of 10, 15, and 24.
10 = 2 # 5
15 = 3 # 5
24 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 3
LCM(10, 15, 24) = 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 5
= 120
Train will depart on all three lines at the same time
after every 120 minutes or 2 hours.
87. Jasmin is completing an art project. She has two pieces

of construction paper. The first piece is 44 centimeters
wide and the second piece is 33 centimeters wide.
Sol : Jasmin wants to cut the paper into strips that are
To make all the plates identical and find the greatest equal in width and are as wide as possible. How wide
number of plates, we have to find the greatest number should Jasmin cut each strip?
Shalvi in class. Now she asked some questions to the

students as given below.
(i) How many students are in the class?
(ii) What is the highest prime number used by
student?
(iii) What is the least prime number used by students ?
(iv) Which prime number has been used maximum
times ?
(v) Which prime number has been used minimum
times ?
Sol :
Sol : (i) Prime factorization of 173250,
In order to know how wide Jasmin should cut each 173250 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 5 # 5 # 5 # 7 # 11
strip, we need a number that is a factor of 44 and 33, It includes 8 numbers. Number 2 has been used by
so that the piece that is 44 centimeters wide and the Shalvi. Remaining 7 numbers have been by 7 students.
piece that is 33 centimeters wide can be cut into equal
(ii) Highest prime factor included in factorization of
strips. To find the greatest width possible, we want to
173250 is 11.
find the HCF of 44 and 33.
(iii) Least prime factor included in factorization of
173250 is 2. But 2 is used by Shalvi, thus next least
33 = 3 # 11 prime number used by students is 3.
44 = 2 # 2 # 11 (iv) Number 5 has been used 3 times which is
maximum.
HCF (33, 44) = 11
(v) Number 7 has been used only one time.
Jasmin should cut 11 cm wide strip.
89. Amar, Akbar and Anthony are playing a game. Amar
88. Shalvi is a tuition teacher and teaches mathematics climbs 5 stairs and gets down 2 stairs in one turn.
to some kids at her home. She is very innovative and Akbar goes up by 7 stairs and comes down by 2 stairs
always plan new games to make her students learn every time. Anthony goes 10 stairs up and 3 stairs
concepts. down each time.
Doing this they have to reach to the nearest point

of 100th stairs and they will stop once they find it
impossible to go forward. They can not cross 100th
Today, she has planned a prime number game. She stair in anyway.
announce the number 2 in her class and asked the
first student to multiply it by a prime number and (i) Who reaches the nearest point?
then pass it to second student. Second student also (ii) How many times can they meet in between on
multiplied it by a prime number and passed it to third same stair ?
student. In this way by multiplying to a prime number (iii) Who takes least number of steps to reach near
the last student got 173250. He told this number to hundred?
(iv) What is the first stair where any two out of three
will meet together?
(v) What is the second stair where any two out of
three will meet together?
Sol :
(i) Amar will reach up to 93th stairs then he will go
for 5 stairs up and 2 stairs down hence covering 96
stairs. Since 100th stair is final, so he will not cover
more stairs. Akbar will reach up to 95th stair, since
100th stair is final, so he will not cover more stairs.
Anthony will reach up to 91th stairs, since 100th stair
is final, so she will not cover more stairs. Thus amar
reaches the nearest point.
(ii) We find the LCM of 3, 5, and 7.
LCM (3, 5, 7) =105th stair. (i) How many maximum guests Lavanya can invite?
Since, total stairs are 100, they all cannot meet in (ii) How many apples and bananas will each guest
between on same stair. get?
(iii) Amar will take ( 1003 = 33.33) 32 steps to reach to (iii) Lavanya decide to add 42 mangoes also. In this
96th stair, Akbar will take ( 1005 = 20) 19 steps to reach case how many maximum guests Lavanya can
to 9th stairs and Anthony will take ( 1007 = 14.22) 13 invite ?
steps to reach 91th stairs. (iv) How many total fruits will each guest get?
(iv) Since LCM(3, 5)=15 ; LCM(5, 7)=35 ; LCM(3,
7)=21. Since, 15 is the smallest so Amar and Akbar (v) If Lavanya decide to add 3 more mangoes and
will meet for the first time on 15th stair. remove 6 apple in total fruits, in this case how
many maximum guests Lavanya can invite ?
(v) As already calculated in (iii), LCM(3, 7) =21
Sol :
90. Lavanya wants to organize her birthday party. She (i) In this case we need to calculate
is very happy on her birthday. She is very health HCF (36, 60) =12.
conscious, thus she decided to serve fruits only in her
Thus fruits will be equally distributed among 12
birthday party.
guests.
(ii) Out of 36 apples, each guest will get 1236 = 3
apples and out of 60 bananas, each guest will get
5 = 12 bananas.
60
(iii) In this case we need to calculate HCF (36, 42,

60) =6.
Thus fruits will be equally distributed among 6 guests.
(iv) Out of 36 apples, each guest will get 366 = 6
apples and out of 42 mangoes, each guest will get
6 = 7 mangoes, out of 60 bananas, each guest
42
will get 606 = 10 bananas. Thus each guest will get

6 + 7 + 12 = 25 fruits.
(v) Now Lavanya has 30 apples, 60 bananas, and 45
mangoes. HCF (30, 45, 60) = 15. Thus Lavanya can
invite 15 guest.
She has 36 apples and 60 bananas at home and decided 91. The Republic Day parade, first held in 1950, has
to serve them. She wants to distribute fruits among been a yearly ritual since. The parade marches from
guests. She does not want to discriminate among the Rashtrapati Bhawan along the Rajpath in New
guests, so she decided to distribute fruits equally Delhi. Several regiments of the army, navy, and air
among all. force, along with their bands, march to India Gate.
The parade is presided over by the President of India, Sol :

who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed (i) We will find the HCF (624, 32) = 16
Forces. As he unfurls the tricolour, the national anthem (ii) We will find the HCF (228, 468) = 12.
is played. The regiments of the Armed Forces then According to the question, we have to find out
start their march past. Prestigious awards like Kirti
HCF(624, 32, 228, 468) = 4
Chakra, Ashok Chakra, Paramvir Chakra and Vir
(iii) Alternatively we can find,
Chakra are given out by the President. Nine to twelve
different regiments of the Indian Army, in addition HCF (16, 12) = 4
to the Navy and Air Force march toward India Gate (iv) Maximum number of column of army troop is 16.
along with their bands. Contingents of paramilitary But 228 and 468 are not divisible by 16. If we subtract
forces and other civil forces also participate in the 4 from 228 and 468, both(224 and 464) are divisible
parade. by 16.
(v) Maximum number of column of army troop is 16.
But 228 and 468 are not divisible by 16. If we add 12
in 228 and 468, both(240 and 480) are divisible by 16.
92. Ashish supplies bread and jams to a hospital and a

school. Bread and jam are supplied in equal number
of pieces. Bread comes in a packet of 8 pieces and Jam
comes in a pack of 6 pieces.
On 71th republic day parade, captain RS Meel is

planing for parade of following two group:
(a) First group of Army troops of 624 members
On a particular day, Ashish has supplied x packets
behind an army band of 32 members.
of bread and y packets of jam to the school. On the
(b) Second group of CRPF troops with 468 soldiers same day, Ashish has supplied 3x packets of bread
behind the 228 members of bikers. along with sufficient packets of jam to hospital. It is
These two groups are to march in the same number known that the number of students in the school are
of columns. This sequence of soldiers is followed by between 500 and 550.
different states Jhanki which are showing the culture
(i) How many students are there in school?
of the respective states.
(ii) How many packets of bread are supplied in the
(i) What is the maximum number of columns in
school?
which the army troop can march?
(iii) How many packets of jams are supplied in the
(ii) What is the maximum number of columns in
school?
which the CRPF troop can march?
(iv) How many packets of bread are supplied in the
(iii) What is the maximum number of columns in
hospital?
which total army troop and CRPF troop together
can march past? (v) How many packets of jams are supplied in the
hospital?
(iv) What should be subtracted with the numbers of
CRPF soldiers and the number of bikers so that Sol :
their maximum number of column is equal to the (i) First we will find LCM (8, 6) =24. Now we will
maximum number of column of army troop? find a multiple of 24 in between 500 and 550 i.e., 504
(v) What should be added with the numbers of or 528. Thus there 504 students in school.
CRPF soldiers and the number of bikers so that (ii) For equal distribution of bread among each
their maximum number of column is equal to the student, we need 504 pieces of bread. Hence, we need
8 = 63 i.e. 63 packets of bread.
504
maximum number of column of army troop?
(iii) For equal distribution of jam pieces among each (iii) 539 chairs are already arranged in pair of 11’s.
student, we need 504 pieces of jam. Hence, we need On adding 1 extra chair, that 1 chair will be left only.
6 = 84 i.e. 84 packets of jam.
504
(iv) 539 is divisible by 7 and remainder is zero, so
(iv) For hospital, we need 3x packets of bread i.e. arranging chairs in pair of 7’s, no chair will be left.
3 # 63 = 189 packets of bread. (v) If 539 is divided by 9, remainder is 8, so arranging
(v) Since, number of bread pieces are 189 # 8 = 1512 chairs in pair of 9’s, 8 chair will be left.
, so we need same number of jam pieces. Hence
1512
= 252 packets of jam are distributed in the hospital.
6
***********
93. Mahesh works as a manager in a hotel. He has to
arrange chairs in hall for a function. The hall has a
certain number of chairs. Guests want to sit in different
groups like in pairs, triplets, quadruplets, fives and
sixes etc. Mahesh want to arrange chairs in such a way
that there are no chair left after arrangement.
When Mahesh arranges chairs in such pattern like in

2’s, 3’s, 4’s 5’s and 6’s then 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 chairs are
left respectively. But when he arranges in 11’s, no
chair will be left.
(i) In the hall, how many chairs are available?
(ii) If one chair is removed, which arrangement is
possible now?
(iii) If one chair is added to the total number of chairs,
how many chairs will be left when arranged in
11’s.
(iv) How many chairs will be left in original arrangement
if same number of chairs are arranged in 7’s?
(v) How many chairs will be left in original
arrangement if same number of chairs will be
arranged in 9’s?
Sol :
(i) By dividing all the options by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11,
we will get that 539 is the only option which leaves
remainder 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0 respectively.
(ii) After removing 1 chair, we are left with 538 chairs.
On arranging chairs in pair of 3’s, 4’s, 5’s, 6’s, 11’s ;
1, 2, 3 ,4, 10 chairs are left. So, only pair of 2 chairs
is possible now.
Chap 2 Polynomials Page 27
CHAPTER 2
Polynomials
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 5
1 + 1 = a + b = 6 =- 5
a b ab - 46 4
Thus (b) is correct option.
1. The zeroes of a polynomial x2 + px + q are twice the
zeroes of the polynomial 4x2 - 5x - 6 . The value of 3. The number of quadratic polynomials having zeroes
p is - 5 and - 3 is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) - 5 (b) 5
2 2
(c) 3 (d) more than 3
(c) - 5 (d) 10
2 Let the zeroes of polynomial be a = - 5 and b = - 3
Let a and b are zeroes of 4x - 5x - 6 , then zeroes of
x2 + px + q will be 2a and 2b The general form of polynomial with a and b as the
zeroes is given by
From 4x2 - 5x - 6 we have,
p (x) = k 8x2 - â + b h x + abB
^- 5h 5
Now a + b =-b =- = where k is any real number.
a 4 4
Now p (x) = k 8x2 - â + b h x + abB
and ab = c = - 6
a 4 = k 6x2 - ^- 8h x + ^15h@
From x2 + px + q we have,
= k ^x2 + 8x + 15h
Now 2a + 2b = - b = - p Here k can have any value. Hence, more than 3
a
2 (a + b) = - p polynomials can have the zeroes – 5 and – 3.
Submitting a + b = 5
we have
4
2 # 5 =- p 4. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 - 1,

4 then the value of (a + b) is
p =- 5 (a) 2 (b) 1
2
Thus (a) is correct option. (c) –1 (d) 0
2. If a , b are the zeroes of the polynomial 6x2 - 5x - 4 , Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard]
then 1 + 1 is equal to Comparing x2 - 1, with ax2 + bx + c we get b = 0 .

a b
(a) 5 (b) - 5 Thus a + b =-b = 0
4 4 c
(c) 4 (d) 5
5 24
5. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
x2 + â + 1h x + b are 2 and - 3 , then
We have p (x) = 6x2 - 5x - 4
(a) a = - 7 , b = - 1 (b) a = 5 , b = - 1
If a and b are zeroes of p (x) = 6x2 - 5x - 4 , then
(c) a = 2 , b = - 6 (d) a = 0 , b = - 6
^- 5h 5
a + b =-b =- = Sol :
a 6 6 [Board 2023 OD Standard]
and ab = c = - 4 We have p (x) = x + â + 1h x + b

2
...(i)
a 6
Quadratic polynomial having zeros 2 and - 3 , will be
Page 28 Polynomials Chap 2
p (x) = x2 - ^2 - 3h x + (2) (- 3) (- 13)

Sum of zeroes a + b = - b = - = 13
2 a 2 2
= x +x-6
Comparing with x + â + 1h x + b we get
2
a+1 = 1 & a = 0 9. If one zero of a quadratic polynomial (kx2 + 3x + k) is

2, then the value of k is
b =- 6
(a) 5 (b) - 5
Thus (d) is correct option. 6 6
If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (c) 6 (d) - 6

6. 5 5
kx2 + 2x + 3k is equal to their product, then k equals Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
(a) 1 (b) - 1 We have p (x) = kx2 + 3x + k

3 3
2 Since, 2 is a zero of the quadratic polynomial
(c) (d) - 2
3 3 p (2) = 0
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic] 2
k (2) + 3 (2) + k = 0
We have p (x) = kx2 + 2x + 3k
4k + 6 + k = 0
Comparing it byax2 + bx + c , we get a = k , b = 2
and c = 3k . 5k = - 6 & k = - 6
5
Sum of zeroes, a + b =-b =- 2 Thus (d) is correct option.
a k
Product of zeroes, ab = =c 3 k =3
a 10. The maximum number of zeroes a cubic polynomial
k
can have, is
According to question, we have
(a) 1 (b) 4
a + b = ab
(c) 2 (d) 3
- 2 = 3 & k =- 2
k 3 Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
Thus (d) is correct option. A cubic polynomial has maximum 3 zeroes because
its degree is 3.
7. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 2x + 1,
then a1 + 1b is equal to Thus (d) is correct option.
(a) - 2 (b) 2 11. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 3x + k is
(c) 0 2, then the value of k is
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic] (a) 10 (b) - 10
Since a and b are the zeros of polynomial x2 + 2x + 1, (c) - 7 (d) - 2
Sum of zeroes, a + b =- 2 =- 2 Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
1
2
1 We have p (x) = x + 3x + k
and product of zeroes, ab = = 1
1 If 2 is a zero of p (x), then we have
Now, 1 + 1 = a + b =- 2 =- 2
a b ab 1 p (2) = 0
2
Thus (a) is correct option. (2) + 3 (2) + k = 0
8. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial 4+6+k = 0

2x2 - 13x + 6 , then a + b is equal to 10 + k = 0 & k = - 10
(a) - 3 (b) 3 Thus (b) is correct option.
(c) 13 (d) - 13 The quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is
2 2 12.
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic] - 5 and their product is 6, is

We have 2
p (x) = 2x - 13x + 6 (a) x2 + 5x + 6 (b) x2 - 5x + 6
Comparing it with ax2 + bx + c we get a = 2 , b = - 13 (c) x2 - 5x - 6 (d) - x2 + 5x + 6
and c = 6
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] Sol :

Let a and b be the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial, Both expression ^x - 1h^x + 1h and ^x - 1h^x - 1h
then we have have 1 as zero. This both vanish if x = 1.
a + b =- 5 Thus (d) is correct option.
and ab = 6 16. If a and b are zeroes and the quadratic polynomial
Now 2
p (x) = x - (a + b) x + ab f ^x h = x2 - x - 4 , then the value of 1 + 1 - ab is
a b
= x2 - (- 5) x + 6 (a) 15 (b) - 15
4 4
= x2 + 5x + 6
(c) 4 (d) 15
Thus (a) is correct option. Sol :
13.
2
If one zero of the polynomial (3x + 8x + k) is the We have f ^x h = x2 - x - 4
reciprocal of the other, then value of k is
a + b = - - 1 = 1 and ab = - 4 - 4
(a) 3 (b) - 3 1 1
1 1 a+b
(c) 1 (d) - 1 Now + - ab = - ab
3 3 a b ab
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic] = - 1 + 4 = 15
4 4
Let the zeroes be a and 1 . Thus (a) is correct option.
a
Product of zeroes, a$ 1 = constant
a coefficient of x2 17. The value of the polynomial x8 - x5 + x2 - x + 1 is
1 =k & k =3 (a) positive for all the real numbers
3
Thus (a) is correct option. (b) negative for all the real numbers
(c) 0
14. The zeroes of the polynomial x2 - 3x - m (m + 3) are
(d) depends on value of x
(a) m, m + 3 (b) - m, m + 3
Sol :
(c) m, - (m + 3) (d) - m, - (m + 3)
We have f (x) = x8 - x5 + x2 - x + 1
f (x) is always positive for all x > 1
2
We have p (x) = x - 3x - m (m + 3)
For x = 1 or 0, f ^xh = 1 > 0
Substituting x = - m in p (x) we have
For x < 0 each term of f (x) is positive, thus f (x) > 0
2
p (- m) = (- m) - 3 (- m) - m (m + 3) . Hence, f (x) is positive for all real x .
= m 2 + 3m - m 2 - 3m = 0 Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus x = - m is a zero of given polynomial. 18. Lowest value of x2 + 4x + 2 is

Now substituting x = m + 3 in given polynomial we (a) 0 (b) - 2
have (c) 2 (d) 4
2
p (x) = (m + 3) - 3 (m + 3) - m (m + 3)
Sol :
= (m + 3) [m + 3 - 3 - m] x2 + 4x + 2 = ^x2 + 4x + 4h - 2
= (m + 3) [0] = 0 = ^x + 2h2 - 2
Thus x = m + 3 is also a zero of given polynomial. Here ^x + 2h2 is always positive and its lowest value
Hence, - m and m + 3 are the zeroes of given is zero. Thus lowest value of ^x + 2h2 - 2 is - 2 when
polynomial. x + 2 = 0.
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
15. The value of x , for which the polynomials x2 - 1 and 19. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial
x2 - 2x + 1 vanish simultaneously, is f ^x h = 2x3 - 3kx2 + 4x - 5 is 6, then the value of k is
(a) 2 (b) - 2 (a) 2 (b) - 2
(c) - 1 (d) 1 (c) 4 (d) - 4
Sol : Sol :
Sum of the zeroes, 6 = 3k We have a = - 3 and b = 4 .
2
12 Sum of zeros a + b =- 3 + 4 = 1
k = =4
3 Product of zeros, a $ b = - 3 # 4 = - 12
Thus (c) is correct option. So, the quadratic polynomial is
20. If the square of difference of the zeroes of the quadratic x2 - â + b h x + ab = x2 - 1 # x + ^- 12h
polynomial x2 + px + 45 is equal to 144, then the value = x2 - x - 12
of p is 2
= x -x -6
(a) ! 9 (b) ! 12 2 2
(c) ! 15 (d) ! 18 Thus (c) is correct option.
Sol : 23. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

x2 + â + 1h x + b are 2 and - 3 , then
We have f ^x h = x2 + px + 45
-p (a) a = - 7, b = - 1 (b) a = 5, b = - 1
Then, a+b = =- p
1 (c) a = 2, b = - 6 (d) a = 0, b = - 6
and ab = 45 = 45 Sol :
1
According to given condition, we have If a is zero of the polynomial, then f â h = 0 .
Here, 2 and - 3 are zeroes of the polynomial
â - b h2 = 144
x2 + â + 1h x + b
â + b h2 - 4ab = 144 So, f ^2 h = ^2 h2 + â + 1h (- 3) + b = 0
^- p h - 4 ^45h = 144
2
4 + 2a + 2 + b = 0
p2 = 144 + 180
6 + 2a + b = 0
= 324 & p = ! 18
2a + b = - 6 ...(1)
21. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial Again, f ^- 3h = ^- 3h + â + 1h 2 + b = 0
2
^k - 1h x2 + kx + 1 is - 3 , then the value of k is 9 - 3 â + 1h + b = 0

(a) 4 (b) - 4
3 3 9 - 3a - 3 + b = 0
(c) 2 (d) - 2 6 - 3a + b = 0
3 3
Sol : - 3a + b = - 6
If a is zero of quadratic polynomial f ^x h , then 3a - b = 6 ...(2)

f â h = 0 Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
So, f ^- 3h = ^k - 1h^- 3h2 + ^- 3h k + 1 5a = 0 & a = 0

Substituting value of a in equation (1), we get
0 = ^k - 1h^9 h - 3k + 1
b =- 6
0 = 9k - 9 - 3k + 1
Hence, a = 0 and b = - 6 .
0 = 6k - 8
k =8 =4
6 3 24. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 99x + 127
Thus (a) is correct option. are
(a) both positive
22. A quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are - 3 and 4,
is (b) both negative
(a) x2 - x + 12 (b) x2 + x + 12 (c) one positive and one negative
2
(c) x - x - 6 (d) 2x2 + 2x - 24 (d) both equal
2 2
Sol : Hence, a and b cannot both positive.

Let f ]x g = x2 + 99x + 127 Thus (a) is correct option.
Comparing the given polynomial with ax2 + bx + c, we
get a = 1, b = 99 and c = 127 . 26. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c,
where c ! 0 , are equal, then
Sum of zeroes a + b = - b = - 99 (a) c and a have opposite signs
a
Product of zeroes c
ab = = 127 (b) c and b have opposite signs
a
(c) c and a have same sign
Now, product is positive and the sum is negative, so
both of the numbers must be negative. (d) c and b have the same sign
Alternative Method : Sol :
Let f ^x h = x2 + 99x + 127 Let f ^x h = ax2 + bx + c
2
Comparing the given polynomial with ax + bx + c, we Let a and b are zeroes of this polynomial
get a = 1, b = 99 and c = 127 .
Now by discriminant rule, Then, a + b =-b
a
D = b2 - 4ac and ab = c
a
= ^99h2 - 4 # 1 # 127 Since a = b , then a and b must be of same sign i.e.
= 9801 - 508 = 9293 either both are positive or both are negative. In both
case
= 96.4
ab > 0
So, the zeroes of given polynomial,
c >0
2
x = - b ! b - 4ac a
2a Both c and a are of same sign.
= - 99 ! 96.4 Thus (c) is correct option.
2
Now,as 99 > 96.4 27. If one of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial of the
form x2 + ax + b is the negative of the other, then it
So, both zeroes are negative.
(a) has no linear term and the constant term is
negative.
25. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + kx + k (b) has no linear term and the constant term is
where k ! 0 , positive.
(a) cannot both be positive (c) can have a linear term but the constant term is
(b) cannot both be negative negative.
(c) are always unequal (d) can have a linear term but the constant term is
(d) are always equal positive.
Sol : Sol :
Let f ^x h = x2 + kx + k , k ! 0 Let f ^x h = x2 + ax + b
Comparing the given polynomial with ax2 + bx + c, we and let the zeroes of f ^x h are a and b ,
get a = 1, b = k and c = k . As one of zeroes is negative of other,
Again, let if a, b be the zeroes of given polynomial sum of zeroes a + b = a + ^- ah = 0 ...(1)
then,
and ab = a $ ^- ah = - a ...(2)
2
a + b =- k
Hence, the given quadratic polynomial has no linear
ab = k term and the constant term is negative.
Case 1: If k is negative, then ab is negative. It means Thus (a) is correct option.
a and b are of opposite sign.
28. Which of the following is not the graph of a quadratic
Case 2: If k is positive, then a + b must be negative
polynomial?
and ab must be positive and a and b both negative.
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Sol :
The highest power of x in the polynomial
p (x) = 14x3 - 2x2 + 8x 4 + 7x - 8 is 4. Degree of p ^x h
is 4. So, A is incorrect but R is correct.
31. Assertion : ^2 - 3 h is one zero of the quadratic

polynomial then other zero will be ^2 + 3 h .
Reason : Irrational zeros (roots) always occurs in
pairs.
Sol :
As the graph of option (d) cuts x -axis at three points.
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
So, it does not represent the graph of quadratic (A).
polynomial.
29. Assertion (A): If the graph of a polynomial touches assertion (A).
x-axis at only one point, then the polynomial cannot (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
be a quadratic polynomial.
Reason (R): A polynomial of degree n ^n > 1h can
have at most n zeroes. Sol :
(a) Both, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and As irrational roots/zeros always occurs in pairs
Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion therefore, when one zero is ^2 - 3 h then other will
(A) be 2 + 3 . So, both A and R are correct and R
explains A.
(b) Both, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
but Reason (R) is not correct explanation for Thus (a) is correct option.
Assertion (A)
32. Assertion : If one zero of poly-nominal
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false p _x i = ^k2 + 4h x2 + 13x + 4k is reciprocal of other,
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true then k = 2 .
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard] Reason : If ^x - ah is a factor of p ^x h , then p âh = 0
The quadratic polynomials have at most two zeros i.e. a is a zero of p _x i .
but not exactly two zeroes. When the graph line of a (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
polynomial intersects the x axis at only one point, it reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
implies that the polynomial has two equal roots where (A).
discriminant = 0. Therefore, the graph can represent (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
a quadratic polynomial. Hence assertion is not true reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
but reason is correct statement. assertion (A).
Thus (d) is correct option. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
30. Assertion : p ^x h = 14x - 2x + 8x + 7x - 8 is a
3 2 4 (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
polynomial of degree 3. Sol :
Reason : The highest power of x in the polynomial Let a, 1 be the zeroes of p ^x h , then
p ^x h is the degree of the polynomial. a
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and a $ 1 = 24k
a k +4
(A). 1 = 24k
k +4
k2 - 4k + 4 = 0 ONE MARK QUESTIONS

^k - 2h = 0 & k = 2
2
Assertion is true Since, Reason is not correct for 35. If the sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic
Assertion. polynomial are 3 and - 10 respectively, find the
Thus (b) is correct option. quadratic polynomial.
33. Assertion : x3 + x has only one real zero.
Sum of zeroes, a+b = 3
Reason : A polynomial of n th degree must have n
real zeroes. and product of zeroes, ab = - 10
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and Quadratic polynomial,
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion p (x) = x2 - (a + b) + ab
(A).
= x2 - 3x - 10
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of PRACTICE
assertion (A).
 Find the quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. zeroes is - 5 and their product is 6.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
Ans : x2 + 5x + 6
Sol :
A polynomial of n th degree at most can have n real
zeroes. Thus reason is not true. 36. If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
kx2 + 2x + 3k is equal to their product, then what is
Again, x + x = x ^x + 1h
3 2
the value of k ?
which has only one real zero because x2 + 1 ! 0 for
all x ! R . Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
2
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. We have p (x) = kx + 2x + 3k
Thus (c) is correct option. Comparing it byax2 + bx + c , we get a = k , b = 2
and c = 3k .
34. Assertion : If both zeros of the quadratic polynomial
Sum of zeroes, a + b =-b =- 2
x2 - 2kx + 2 are equal in magnitude but opposite in a k
sign then value of k is ½. c 3 k
Product of zeroes, ab = = =3
Reason : Sum of zeros of a quadratic polynomial a k
ax2 + bx + c is -ab According to question, we have
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and a + b = ab
- 2 = 3 & k =- 2
(A). k 3
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but 37. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of 2x2 - 13x + 6 , then what is the value of a + b ?
assertion (A).
2
We have p (x) = 2x - 13x + 6
Comparing it with ax2 + bx + c we get a = 2 , b = - 13
Sol : and a = 6 .
As the polynomial is x2 - 2kx + 2 and its zeros are
Sum of zeroes a + b = - b
equal but opposition sign, sum of zeroes must be zero. a
sum of zeros = 0 (- 13)
=- = 13
2 2
- ^- 2k h
=0 & k =0
1 38. If one zero of a quadratic polynomial (kx2 + 3x + k) is
Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. 2, then the what is the value of k ?

42. If the square of difference of the zeroes of the quadratic
2
We have p (x) = kx + 3x + k polynomial x2 + px + 45 is equal to 144, then what is
Since, 2 is a zero of the quadratic polynomial the value of p ?
p (2) = 0 Sol : [Board Term-1 Foreign 2014]
k (2) 2 + 3 (2) + k = 0 We have f ^x h = x + px + 45

2
4k + 6 + k = 0 -p
Then, a+b = =- p
1
5k = - 6 & k = - 6 and ab = 45 = 45
5 1
PRACTICE According to given condition, we have
 If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 3x + k â - b h2 = 144
â + b h2 - 4ab = 144
is 2, then the what is the value of k ?
[Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
Ans : - 10 ^- p h2 - 4 ^45h = 144
p2 = 144 + 180
39. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
^k - 1h x2 + kx + 1 is - 3 , then what is the value of k ? = 324 & p = ! 18
Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2013]
Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are - 3
If a is zero of quadratic polynomial f ^x h , then
43.
and 4 ?
f â h = 0
Sol : [Board 2010]
So, f ^- 3h = ^k - 1h^- 3h2 + ^- 3h k + 1
We have a = - 3 and b = 4 .
0 = ^k - 1h^9 h - 3k + 1
Sum of zeros a + b =- 3 + 4 = 1
0 = 9k - 9 - 3k + 1 Product of zeros, a $ b = - 3 # 4 = - 12
0 = 6k - 8 So, the quadratic polynomial is
k =8 =4 x2 - â + b h x + ab = x2 - 1 # x + ^- 12h
6 3
= x2 - x - 12
PRACTICE 2
 Find the value of k if - 1 is a zero of the polynomial = x -x -6

2 2
p ^x h = kx2 - 4x + k .
[ Board Term-1 2012] 44. The graph of a polynomial is shown in Figure. What
Ans : - 2 is the number of its zeroes?
40. If one zero of the polynomial (3x2 + 8x + k) is the

reciprocal of the other, then what is the value of k ?
Let the zeroes be a and 1 .

a
Product of zeroes,
a$ 1 = constant
a coefficient of x2
1 =k & k =3
3
41. What is the value of x , for which the polynomials
x2 - 1 and x2 - 2x + 1 vanish simultaneously? Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2011] Since, the graph cuts the x -axis at 3 points, the
Both expression ^x - 1h^x + 1h and ^x - 1h^x - 1h number of zeroes of polynomial p (x) is 3.
have 1 as zero. This both vanish if x = 1.
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 The graph of y = p (x), where p (x) is a polynomial  If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial
in variable x , is as follows. x2 + 2x + 1, then what is the value of a1 + 1b ?
[Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
Ans : - 2
46. What is the lowest value of x2 + 4x + 2 ?

Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2013]
We have x + 4x + 2 = ^x + 4x + 4h - 2
2 2
= ^x + 2h2 - 2
Here ^x + 2h is always positive and its lowest value
2
is zero. Thus lowest value of ^x + 2h2 - 2 is - 2 when

x + 2 = 0.
The number of zeroes of p (x) is .......... .
[Board 2020 SQP Standard] 47. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial
Ans : 5 f ^x h = 2x3 - 3kx2 + 4x - 5 is 6, then what is the value
of k
 In given figure, the graph of a polynomial p (x) is Sol : [Board Term-1 2016]
shown. Calculate the number of zeroes of p (x).
Sum of the zeroes, 6 = 3k
2
k = 12 = 4
3
48. Calculate the zeroes of the polynomial

p ^x h = 4x - 12x + 9.
2

2
p (x) = 4x - 12x + 9
= 4x2 - 6x - 6x + 9
= 2x (2x - 3) - 3 (2x - 3)
= (2x - 3) (2x - 3)
Substituting p (x) = 0 , and solving we get x = 32 , 3
2
x = 3, 3
2 2
Hence, zeroes of the polynomial are 32 , 32 .
49. If sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

[Board Term-1 2013]
3x2 - kx + 6 is 3, then find the value of k .
Ans : 1
Sol : [Board 2009]
2
45. If a and b are zeroes of the quadratic polynomial We have p (x) = 3x - kx - 6
f ^x h = x2 - x - 4 , then what is the value of a1 + b1 - ab?
Sum of the zeroes = 3 = - coefficient of x2
coefficient of x
^- k h
We have f ^x h = x - x - 4
2
Thus 3 =- & k =9
3
a + b = - - 1 = 1 and ab = - 4 - 4 50. If - 1 is a zero of the polynomial f (x) = x2 - 7x - 8 ,
1 1
1 1 a+b then calculate the other zero.
Now + - ab = - ab
a b ab
Sol : [Board Term-1 Foreign 2015]
= - 1 + 4 = 15 We have f ^x h = x - 7x - 8
2
4 4
Let other zero be k , then we have = m 2 + 3m - m 2 - 3m = 0
Sum of zeroes, - 1 + k = -b - 7 l = 7 Thus x = - m is a zero of given polynomial.

1
Now substituting x = m + 3 in given polynomial we
or k =8
have
51. If zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 4x + 2a are a and 2 , p (x) = (m + 3) 2 - 3 (m + 3) - m (m + 3)
a
then find the value of a . = (m + 3) [m + 3 - 3 - m]
Sol : [Board Term-1 2016] = (m + 3) [0] = 0
Product of (zeroes) roots,
Thus x = m + 3 is also a zero of given polynomial.
c = 2a = a 2
a 1 #a =2 Hence, - m and m + 3 are the zeroes of given
polynomial.
or, 2a = 2
a =1
Thus
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
52. Find all the zeroes of f ^x h = x - 2x .
2

56. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
3 x2 - 8x + 4 3 .
We have f ^x h = x2 - 2x
Sol : [ Board Term-1 2013]
= x ^x - 2h
We have p ^x h = 2
3 x - 8x + 4 3
Substituting f (x) = 0 , and solving we get x = 0, 2
Hence, zeroes are 0 and 2. = 3 x2 - 6x - 2x + 4 3
53. Find the condition that zeroes of polynomial = 3 x ^x - 2 3 h - 2 ^x - 2 3 h

p ^x h = ax2 + bx + c are reciprocal of each other. = ^ 3 x - 2h^x - 2 3 h
Sol : [ Board Term-1 2012] Substituting p (x) = 0 , we have
We have p ^x h = ax + bx + c
2
^ 3 x - 2h^x - 2 3 h p (x) = 0
Let a and 1 be the zeroes of p ^x h , then Solving we get x = 2
, 2 3
a 3
Product of zeroes, Hence, zeroes are 2 and 2 3 .

c =a 1 c 3
a # a = 1 or a = 1
57. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of
So, required condition is, c = a whose zeroes are 6 and 9 respectively. Hence find the
zeroes.
54. Find the values of a and b , if they are the zeroes of
polynomial x2 + ax + b . Sol : [ Board Term-1 2016]

Sol : [ Board Term-1 2013]
Product of zeroes ab = 9
We have p (x) = x2 + ax + b
2
Now p (x) = x - (a + b) x + ab
Since a and b , are the zeroes of polynomial, we get,
Thus = x2 - 6x + 9
Product of zeroes, ab = b & a = 1
Thus quadratic polynomial is x2 - 6x + 9 .
Sum of zeroes, a + b = - a & b = - 2a = - 2
Now p (x) = x2 - 6x + 9
What are the zeroes of the polynomial
= ^x - 3h^x - 3h
55.
x2 - 3x - m (m + 3) ?
Substituting p (x) = 0 , we get x = 3, 3
Hence zeroes are 3, 3.
We have p (x) = x2 - 3x - m (m + 3)
Substituting x = - m in p (x) we have 58. Form a quadratic polynomial p ^x h with 3 and - 2 as
5
p (- m) = (- m) 2 - 3 (- m) - m (m + 3) sum and product of its zeroes, respectively.

If a and b are the zeroes of x2 - 4 3 x + 3 , then
^- 4 3 h
Sum of zeroes, a + b =-b =-
Product of zeroes ab = - 2 a 1
5
Now 2
p (x) = x - (a + b) x + ab or, a+b = 4 3
Product of zeroes ab = c = 3
= x2 - 3x - 2 a 1
5
or, ab = 3
= 1 ^5x2 - 15x - 2h
5 Now a + b - ab = 4 3 - 3 .
The required quadratic polynomial is 15 ^5x2 - 15x - 2h
61. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
PRACTICE f ^x h = 14x2 - 42k2 x - 9 is negative of the other, find
the value of ‘k ’.
 Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum and
product of the zeroes are 21 and 5 respectively. Sol : [ Board Term-1 2012]
8 16
[ Board Term-1 2012] We have f ^x h = 14x - 42k x - 9
2 2
^16x - 42x + 5h
1 2
Ans : 16 Let one zero be a , then other zero will be - a .
Sum of zeroes a + ^- ah = 0 .
59. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial Thus sum of zero will be 0.
f (x) = 5x2 - 7x + 1 then find the value of ` ab + ab j
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic] Sum of zeroes 0 = - Coefficient of x2
Coefficient of x
Since, a and b are the zeroes of the quadratic 2
polynomial f (x) = 5x2 - 7x + 1, 0 = - 42k = - 3k2

14
Thus k = 0 .
Sum of zeros, a + b = -b - 7 l = 7 ...(1)
5 5
If one zero of the polynomial 2x2 + 3x + l is 1
, find
ab = 1
62.
Product of zeros, ...(2) 2
5 the value of l and the other zero.
2
a + b = a + b = (a + b) - 2ab
2 2
Now, Sol : [ Board Term-1 2012]
b a ab ab
^5h - 2 # 5
7 2 1 Let, the zero of 2x + 3x + l be 1 and b .
2
2
= 1
5
Product of zeroes c , 1b = l
- a 2 2
= 49 2 # 5 = 39
5 5 or, b =l
PRACTICE b
and sum of zeroes - , + b = - 3
1
a 2 2
 If m and n are the zeroes of the polynomial 3 1
or b =- - =- 2
3x2 + 11x - 4 , find the value of m + n . 2 2
n m
[ Board Term-1 2012] Hence l = b =- 2
Ans : - 145 Thus other zero is - 2 .
12
 If p and q are the zeroes of polynomial 63. Find the value of k such that the polynomial
f ^x h = 2x2 - 7x + 3 , find the value of p2 + q2 . x2 - ^k + 6h x + 2 ^2k + 1h has sum of its zeros equal to
[ Board Term-1 2012] half of their product.
37
Ans : 4 Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi]
Let a and b be the roots of given quadratic equation

60. If a and b are the zeroes of a polynomial x2 - 4 3 x + 3, x2 - ^k + 6h x + 2 ^2k + 1h = 0
then find the value of a + b - ab .
- ^k + 6h
Sol : Now sum of roots,. a + b =-
[ Board Term-1 2015] 1
We have p (x) = x2 - 4 3 x + 3 = k+6
2 ^2k + 1h 2 ^2k - 1h
Product of roots, ab = Thus k+6 =
1 2
= 2 ^2k + 1h or, k - 6 = 2k - 1
According to given condition, k =- 5
a + b = 1 ab Hence the value of k is - 5 .
2
k + 6 = 1 62 ^2k + 1h@ PRACTICE
2
 If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial
k + 6 = 2k + 1 & k = 5 f ^x h = x2 - 6x + k , find the value of k , such that
Hence, the value of k is 5. a2 + b2 = 40 .
[ Board Term-1 2015]
64. If the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + px + q are double
Ans : - 2
in value to the zeroes of 2x2 - 5x - 3 , find the value
of p and q .
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012 ]
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
We have f ^x h = 2x2 - 5x - 3 66. Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are
reciprocals of the zeroes of the polynomial
Let the zeroes of polynomial be a and b , then
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c , a ! 0 , c ! 0 .
Sum of zeroes a+b = 5 Sol :
2 [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
Let a and b be zeros of the given polynomial

Product of zeroes ab = - 3
2 ax2 + bx + c .
According to the question, zeroes of x2 + px + q are
2a and 2b . a + b = - b and ab = c
a a
-p Let a1 and 1b be the zeros of new polynomial then we
Sum of zeros, 2a + 2b =
1 have
2 â + bh = - p b+a
Sum of zeros, s = 1 +1 =
Substituting a + b = 52 we have a b ab
= -c a = - b
b
2 # 5 =- p c
2 a
or p =- 5 Product of zeros, p = 1 $ 1 = 1 = a
a b ab c
q
Product of zeroes, 2a2b = Required polynomial,
1
4ab = q g (x) = x2 - sx + p
Substituting ab = - 32 we have g (x) = x2 + b x + a
c c
4 # -3 = q
2 cg (x) = cx2 + bx + a
-6 = q gl (x) = cx2 + bx + a
Thus p = - 5 and q = - 6 .
67. Verify whether 2, 3 and 12 are the zeroes of the
65. If a and b are zeroes of x - ^k - 6h x + 2 ^2k - 1h , find
2
polynomial p ^x h = 2x3 - 11x2 + 17x - 6 .
the value of k if a + b = 12 ab . Sol : [ Board Term-1 2013 ]
Sol : [Board Term-1 2013] 1
If 2, 3 and 2 are the zeroes of the polynomial p (x),
We have p (x) = x2 - ^k - 6h x + 2 ^2k - 1h then these must satisfy p (x) = 0
Since a , b are the zeroes of polynomial p (x), we get (1) 2, p ^x h = 2x2 - 11x2 + 17x - 6
a + b = - 8- ^k - 6hB = k - 6 p ^2 h = 2 ^2 h3 - 11 ^2 h2 + 17 ^2 h - 6
ab = 2 ^2k - 1h = 16 - 44 + 34 - 6
= 50 - 50
Now a + b = 1 ab
2 or p ^2 h = 0
(2) 3, p ^3 h = 2 ^3 h3 - 11 ^3 h2 + 17 ^3 h - 6
7 # 1 = 2k + 1
= 54 - 99 + 51 - 6 = 105 - 105 9 1
or p ^3 h = 0 7 - 1 = 2k
3
p b 1 l = 2 b 1 l - 11 b 1 l + 17 b 1 l - 6
3 2
(3) 1 4 = 2k & k = 2
2 2 2 2 2 3 3
= 1 - 11 + 17 - 6 70. Quadratic polynomial 2x2 - 3x + 1 has zeroes as a
4 4 2
and b . Now form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes
or pb 1 l = 0 are 3a and 3b .
2
Hence, 2, 3, and 1
2 are the zeroes of p ^x h . Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
We have f ^x h = 2x - 3x + 1
2
68. If the sum and product of the zeroes of the polynomial
ax2 - 5x + c are equal to 10 each, find the value of 'a' If a and b are the zeroes of 2x2 - 3x + 1, then
and 'c' . Sum of zeroes a + b = -b = 3
a 2
Sol : [Board Term-1 2011] c 1
Product of zeroes ab = =
We have f ^x h = ax - 5x + c
2 a 2
New quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 3a and
Let the zeroes of f ^x h be a and b , then,
3b is,
Sum of zeroes a + b =--5 = 5
a a p (x) = x2 - ^3a + 3bh x + 3a×3b
c
Product of zeroes ab =
a = x2 - 3 â + bh x + 9ab
According to question, the sum and product of the
zeroes of the polynomial f ^x h are equal to 10 each. = x2 - 3 b 3 l x + 9 b 1 l
2 2
Thus 5 = 10 ...(1) 2 9 9
a = x - x+
2 2
c = 10 1
and
a
...(2) = ^2x2 - 9x + 9h
2
Dividing (2) by eq. (1) we have Hence, required quadratic polynomial is 12 ^2x2 - 9x + 9h
c =1 &c=5
5 71. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial
Substituting c = 5 in (2) we get a = 12 f (x) = x2 - 4x - 5 then find the value of a2 + b2
Hence a = 1
2 and c = 5 . Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
2
69. If one the zero of a polynomial 3x2 - 8x + 2k + 1 is We have p (x) = x - 4x - 5
seven times the other, find the value of k . Comparing it by ax2 + bx + c , we get a = 1, b = - 4
Sol : [ Board Term-1 2011] and c = - 5
We have f ^x h = 3x - 8x + 2k + 1
2 Since, given a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial,
Let a and b be the zeroes of the polynomial, then Sum of zeroes, a + b =-b
a
b = 7a - (- 4)
= =4
1
Sum of zeroes, a + b = - b- 8 l
3 and product of zeroes, ab = c = - 5 = - 5
8 a 1
a + 7a = 8a =
3 Now, 2 2 2
a + b = (a + b) - 2ab
So a = 1
3 = (4) 2 - 2 (- 5)
Product of zeroes, a # 7a = 2k + 1 = 16 + 10 = 26
3
7a2 = + 1
2 k 72. Find the quadratic polynomial, the sum and product
3 of whose zeroes are - 3 and 2 respectively. Hence find
7b l = + 1
1 2 k
2
the zeroes.
3 3

74. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
Sum of zeroes a + b =- 3 ...(1) x2 + â + 1h x + b are 2 and - 3 , then find the value
and product of zeroes ab = 2 of a and b .
Thus quadratic equation is Sol : [ Board Term-1 2013]
If a is zero of the polynomial, then f â h = 0 .

x2 - (a + b) x + ab = 0
Here, 2 and - 3 are zeroes of the polynomial
x2 - (- 3) x + 2 = 0 x2 + â + 1h x + b
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 So, f ^2 h = ^2 h2 + â + 1h (- 3) + b = 0
Thus quadratic equation is x + 3x + 2 = 0 .
2
4 + 2a + 2 + b = 0
Now above equation can be written as
6 + 2a + b = 0
x2 + 2x + x + 2 = 0
2a + b = - 6 ...(1)
x (x + 2) + (x + 2) = 0
Again, f ^- 3h = ^- 3h + â + 1h 2 + b = 0
2
(x + 2) (x + 1) = 0
9 - 3 â + 1h + b = 0
Hence, zeroes are - 2 and - 1.
9 - 3a - 3 + b = 0
6x2 - 3 - 7x and verify the relationship between the 6 - 3a + b = 0
zeroes and the coefficients. - 3a + b = - 6
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic] 3a - b = 6 ...(2)
2
We have p (x) = 6x - 3 - 7x Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
For zeroes of polynomial, p (x) = 0 , 5a = 0 & a = 0
2
6x - 7x - 3 = 0 Substituting value of a in equation (1), we get
2
6x - 9x + 2x - 3 = 0 b =- 6
3x (2x - 3) + 1 (2x - 3) = 0 Hence, a = 0 and b = - 6 .
(2x - 3) (3x + 1) = 0
75. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial 6y2 - 7y + 2,
Thus 2x - 3 = 0 and 3x + 1 = 0 find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are a1 and 1b .
Hence x = 3 and x = - 1 Sol : [ Board Term-1 2011]
2 3
Therefore a = 32 and b = - 13 are the zeroes of the We have p ^y h = 6y - 7y + 2
2
given polynomial.
Sum of zeroes a + b = - b- 7 l = 7
Verification : 6 6
2 1
Sum of zeroes, a + b = 3 + b- 1 l = 3 - 1 = 7 Product of zeroes ab = =
6 3
2 3 2 3 6
Sum of zeroes of new polynomial g (y)
= - coefficient of x2
coefficient of x 1 +1 = a+b =
7
6
=7
and product of zeroes a b ab 2
6
2
ab = b 3 lb- 1 l = - 1 and product of zeroes of new polynomial g (y),

2 3 2
1 1 = 1 =1=3
= cons tan t term a#b ab 1
3
coefficient of x2 The required polynomial is
PRACTICE
g (x) = y2 - 7 y + 3 = 1 62y2 - 7y + 6@
2 2
 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
x2 + 7x + 10 , and verify the relationship between
76. Show that 12 and -23 are the zeroes of the polynomial
the zeroes and the coefficients.
4x2 + 4x - 3 and verify relationship between zeroes
and coefficients of the polynomial.
Ans : - 2 and - 5

Sum of zeroes = - 2 + 2 = - 8
We have p ^x h = 4x + 4x - 3
2 5 5
If 12 and -23 are the zeroes of the polynomial p (x), Product of zeroes = ^- 2h # b 2 l = - 4
5 5
then these must satisfy p (x) = 0
Now from polynomial we have
pb 1 l = 4b 1 l + 4b 1 l - 3
2 4 2 Sum of zeroes - b = - Coefficient of x2 = - 8
a Coefficient of x 5
= 1+2-3 = 0
Product of zeroes c = Constan term 2 = - 4
and p b- 3 l = 4 b 9 l + 4 b- 3 l - 3 a Coefficient of x 5
2 2 2
Hence Verified.
= 9-6-3 = 0
PRACTICE
Thus 1 , - 3 are zeroes of polynomial 4x2 + 4x - 3 .
2 2  Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
Sum of zeroes = 1 - 3 = - 1 = - 4 x2 - 2 2 x and verify the relationship between
2 2 4
the zeroes and the coefficients of the polynomial.
=- Coefficient of x
[Board Term-1 2015]
Coefficient of x2
Ans : 0 and 2 2
Product of zeroes = b 1 lb- 3 l = - 3
2 2 4
= Constan term 2 Verified 79. If a and b are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial
Coefficient of x
such that a + b = 24 and a - b = 8 . Find the
77. A teacher asked 10 of his students to write a polynomial quadratic polynomial having a and b as its zeroes.
in one variable on a paper and then to handover the Sol : [Board 2009]
paper. The following were the answers given by the We have a + b = 24 ...(1)
students :
2x + 3 , 3x2 + 7x + 2 , 4x3 + 3x2 + 2 , x3 + 3x + 7, a-b = 8 ...(2)
7x + 7 , 5x3 - 7x + 2 , 2x2 + 3 - x5 , 5x - 12 , Adding equations (1) and (2) we have
3 2
ax + bx + cx + d , x + x .
1
2a = 32 & a = 16
Answer the following question : Subtracting (1) from (2) we have
(i) How many of the above ten, are not 2b = 16 & b = 8
polynomials? Hence, the quadratic polynomial
(ii) How many of the above ten, are quadratic polyno-
mials? p (x) = x2 - â + bh x + ab
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] = x2 - ^16 + 8h x + ^16h^8h

(i) x3 + 3x + 7, 2x2 + 3 - 5 and x + 1 are not poly- = x2 - 24x + 128
x x
nomials.
80. If a, b and g are zeroes of the polynomial
(ii) 3x2 + 7x + 2 is only one quadratic polynomial.
6x3 + 3x2 - 5x + 1, then find the value of
78. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial a-1 + b-1 + g-1 .
5x2 + 8x - 4 and verify the relationship between the Sol : [Board 2010]
zeroes and the coefficients of the polynomial. 3 2
We have p (x) = 6x + 3x - 5x + 1
Since a, b and g are zeroes polynomial p (x), we have
We have p ^x h = 5x2 + 8x - 4 = 0
a + b + g =-b =- 3 =- 1
= 5x2 + 10x - 2x - 4 = 0 c 6 2
c 5
= 5x ^x + 2h - 2 ^x + 2h = 0 ab + bg + ga = = -
a 6
= ^x + 2h^5x - 2h and abg = - d = - 1
a 6
Substituting p (x) = 0 we get zeroes as - 2 and 25 .
Now 1 + 1 + 1 = ab + bg + ga
Verification : a b g abg
- 56 4 3 2
= -5 # 6 = 5
= g ^x h = 4x - 5x 2- 39x - 41x - 10
- 16 6 -1 ^x - 3x - 5h
-1 -1 -1
Hence a + b + g = 5 . Hence, g ^x h = 4x2 + 7x + 2
81. When p ^x h = x2 + 7x + 9 is divisible by g ^x h , we 84. If the squared difference of the zeroes of the quadratic
get ^x + 2h and - 1 as the quotient and remainder polynomial f ^x h = x2 + px + 45 is equal to 144, find
respectively, find g ^x h . the value of p .
Sol : [Board Term-1 2011] Sol : [Board 2008]
We have p ^x h = x + 7x + 9
2
We have f ^x h = x + px + 45
2
q ^x h = x + 2 Let a and b be the zeroes of the given quadratic

polynomial.
r ^x h = - 1
Sum of zeroes, a + b =- p
Now p ^x h = g ^x h q ^x h + r ^x h
Product of zeroes ab = 45
x2 + 7x + 9 = g ^x h^x + 2h - 1
Given, â - bh = 144
2
2
or, g ^x h = x + 7x + 10 â + bh - 4ab = 144
2
x+2
^x + 2h^x + 5h Substituting value of a + b and ab we get
= = x+5
^x + 2h ^- p h2 - 4 # 45 = 144
Thus g ^x h = x + 5 p2 - 180 = 144
82. Find the value for k for which x 4 + 10x3 + 25x2 + 15x + k p2 = 144 + 180 = 324
is exactly divisible by x + 7 .
Thus p = ! 324 = ! 18
Sol : [Board Term 2010]
Hence, the value of p is ! 18 .
We have f ^x h = x 4 + 10x3 + 25x2 + 15x + k
If x + 7 is a factor then - 7 is a zero of f ^x h and
x = - 7 satisfy f ^x h = 0 .
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
Thus substituting x = - 7 in f (x) and equating to
zero we have, 85. Polynomial x 4 + 7x3 + 7x2 + px + q is exactly divisible
^- 7h4 + 10 ^- 7h3 + 25 ^- 7h2 + 15 ^- 7h + k = 0 by x2 + 7x + 12 , then find the value of p and q .
2401 - 3430 + 1225 - 105 + k = 0 Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
4 3 2
3626 - 3535 + k = 0 We have f (x) = x + 7x + 7x + px + q
91 + k = 0 Now x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
k = - 91 x2 + 4x + 3x + 12 = 0
x ^x + 4h + 3 ^x + 4h = 0
83. On dividing the polynomial 4x 4 - 5x3 - 39x2 - 46x - 2
by the polynomial g ^x h , the quotient is x2 - 3x - 5 ^x + 4h^x + 3h = 0
and the remainder is - 5x + 8 . Find the polynomial x = - 4, - 3
g ^x h . Since f (x) = x 4 + 7x3 + 7x2 + px + q is exactly divisible
Sol : [Board 2009] by x2 + 7x + 12 , then x = - 4 and x = - 3 must be its
Dividend = ^Divisor # Quotienth + Remainder zeroes and these must satisfy f (x) = 0
So putting x = - 4 and x = - 3 in f (x) and equating
4x 4 - 5x3 - 39x3 - 46x - 2
to zero we get
= g ^x h^x2 - 3x - 5h + ^- 5x + 8h f ^- 4h : ^- 4h4 + 7 ^- 4h3 + 7 ^- 4h2 + p ^- 4h + q = 0
2 3 2
4x - 5x - 39x - 46x - 2 + 5x - 8 256 - 448 + 112 - 4p + q = 0
= g ^x h^x - 3x - 5h
2
- 4p + q - 80 = 0
4x - 5x - 39x - 41x - 10 = g ^x h^x2 - 3x - 5h
4 3 2
4p - q = - 80 ...(1)
f (- 3) : ^- 3h4 + 7 ^- 3h3 + 7 ^- 3h2 + p ^- 3h + q = 0 (3y - 2) (7y + 1) = 0

81 - 189 + 63 - 3p + q = 0 y = 2 , -1
3 7
- 3p + q - 45 = 0 Hence, zeros of given polynomial are,
3p - q = - 45 ...(2) y = 2 and y = - 1
3 7
Subtracting equation (2) from (1) we have
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
p = - 35 we get a = 21, b = - 11 and c = - 2
Substituting the value of p in equation (1) we have
Now, sum of roots, a + b = 2 + b- 1 l
4 ^- 35h - q = - 80 3 7
- 140 - q = - 80 = 2 - 1 = 11
3 7 21
- q = 140 - 80 Thus a + b =- b Hence verified
a
or - q = 60
and product of roots, ab = 2 # b- 1 l = - 2
3 7 21
q = - 60
Thus ab = c Hence verified
Hence, p = - 35 and q = - 60 . a
88. If a and b are the zeroes of polynomial
If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial
p ^x h = 3x2 + 2x + 1, find the polynomial whose zeroes
86.
p ^x h = 2x2 + 5x + k satisfying the relation, 1-b
2 2
a + b + ab = 4 , then find the value of k .
21 are 1 - a and .
1+a 1+b
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] Sol : [Board Term-1 2010, 2012]
We have p ^x h = 2x + 5x + k
2 We have p ^x h = 3x2 + 2x + 1
Since a and b are the zeroes of polynomial 3x2 + 2x + 1
Sum of zeroes, a + b = - b = -b 5 l
a 2 , we have
Product of zeroes ab = c = k a + b =- 2
a 2 3
According to the question,
and ab = 1
3
a2 + b2 + ab = 21
4 Let a 1 and b 1 be zeros of new polynomial q (x).
a2 + b2 + 2ab - ab = 21 Then for q (x), sum of the zeroes,
4
1-b
a1 + b1 = 1 - a +
(a + b) 2 - ab = 21 1+a 1+b
4
Substituting values we have ^1 - a + b - abh + ^1 + a - b - abh
=
-5 2 k 21 ^1 + ah^1 + bh
b 2 l -2 = 4 2 - 23
2 - 2ab
= =
k = 25 - 21 1 + a + b + ab 1 - 23 + 13
2 4 4 4
k =4=1 = 3
2 =2
3
2 4 For q (x), product of the zeroes,
Hence, k = 2 1-b
a 1 b 1 = :1 - a D;
1 + a 1 + bE
7y2 - 113 y - 23 and verify the relationship between the ^1 - ah^1 - bh
=
zeroes and the coefficients. ^1 + ah^1 + bh
Sol : 1 - a - b + ab
[Board 2019 OD] =
1 + a + b + ab
11 2
1 - â + bh + ab
2
We have 7y - y - = 0
3 3 =
2
21y - 11y - 2 = 0 ...(1) 1 + â + bh + ab
1 + 23 + 13 6
21y2 - 14y + 3y - 2 = 0 = = 3
=3
1 - 23 + 13 2
3
7y (3y - 2) + (3y - 2) = 0
Hence, Required polynomial Sol : [Board 2007]

2
We have p (x) = 2x - 4x + 5
q (x) = x2 - (a 1 + b 1) 2x + a 1 b 1
If a and b are then zeroes of p (x) = 2x2 - 4x + 5 ,
= x2 - 2x + 3
then
- ^- 4h
PRACTICE
a + b =-b = =2
a 2
 If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial
x2 + 4x + 3 , find the polynomial whose zeroes are and ab = c = 5
a 2
1 + ab and 1 + ab .
(i) a2 + b2 = â + bh2 - 2ab
[Board Term-1 2013]
Ans : 13 ^3x2 - 16x + 16h = 22 - 2 # 5
2
= 4 - 5 =- 1
89. If b and 1b are zeroes of the polynomial
â + a h x + 61x + 6a . Find the value of b and a . 1 +1 = a+b = 2 = 4
2 2
(ii)
a b ab 5
2
5
Sol :
(iii) â - bh2 = â - bh2 - 4ab
We have p ^x h = â2 + a h x2 + 61x + 6
Since b and are the zeroes of polynomial, p ^x h
1 = 22 - 4 # 5
b 2
Sum of zeroes, b + 1 = - 261 4 - 10 = - 6
b a +a
a2 + b2 -1 -4
(iv) 12 + 12 =
2
b +1
= - 61 2 = 5 2 = 25
âbh
or, ...(1)
b a2 + a a b ^2h
Product of zeroes b 1 = 26a (v) â3 + b3h = â + bh3 - 3ab â + bh
b a +a
or, 1 = 6 = 23 - 3 # 5 # 2 = 8 - 15 = - 7
a+1 2
a+1 = 6 91. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial
a =5 p (x) = 6x2 - 5x + k such that a - b = 16 , Find the
value of k.
Substituting this value of a in (1) we get
b2 + 1 Sol : [Board 2007]
= - 61 = - 61
b 52 + 5 30 We have p ^x h = 6x - 5x + k
2
2
30b + 30 = - 61b Since a and b are zeroes of
p ^x h = 6x2 - 5x + k ,
2
30b + 61b + 30 = 0
- 61 ! ^- 61h2 - 4 # 30 # 30 Sum of zeroes, a + b = -b - 5 l = 5 ...(1)
Now b 6 6
2 # 30
Product of zeroes ab = k ...(2)
= - 61 ! 3721 - 3600 6
60
- 61 " 11 Given a-b = 1 ...(3)
6
60 Solving (1) and (3) we get a = 2 and b = 3 and
1 1
Thus b = - 5 or - 6 substituting the values of (2) we have

6 5
ab = k = 1 # 1
Hence, a = 5, b = - 5 , - 6 6 2 3
6 5 Hence, k = 1.
90. If a and b are the zeroes the polynomial 2x2 - 4x + 5,
find the values of PRACTICE
(i) a2 + b2 (ii) 1 + 1  If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial

a b f ^x h = x2 - x - k , such that a - b = 9 , find k .
(iii) â - bh2
(iv) 12 + 12 [ Board Term-1 2013 ]
a b Ans : 20
(v) a2 + b2
COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS (iv) S (x) = 6x2 + 4x - 12

= 6 # 3 # 3 + 4 # 3 - 12 square unit
92. Box : For the box to satisfy certain requirements, its
length must be three unit greater than the width, and = 54 square unit
its height must be two unit less than the width. C = 100 # 54 = 5400 `
93. Cubic Coating : Frozen specimens are stored in a cubic

metal box that is x inches on each side. The box is
surrounded by a 2 inch thick layer of foam insulation.
(i) Find a polynomial function V (x) that gives the
total volume in cubic inches for the box and
insulation.
(ii) Find the total volume if x is 10 inches.
(iii) Use the remainder theorem to find the total
(i) If width is taken as x , find the polynomial that volume when x is 10 inches.
represent volume of box.
Sol :
(ii) Find the polynomial that represent the area of
paper sheet used to make box. (i)Since 2 inches of foam is added all around the box,
(iii) If it must have a volume of 18 unit, what must be the sides are now x + 4 inches each.
its length and height ? Volume of a cube of side x + 4 ,
(iv) If box is made of a paper sheet which cost is Rs V (x) = (x + 4) 3 = (x + 4) (x 2 + 8x + 16)
100 per square unit, what is the cost of paper?
= x (x 2 + 8x + 16) + 4 (x 2 + 8x + 16)
Sol :
(i) If x represent width, length and height will be V (x) = x 3 + 12x 2 + 48x + 64
x + 3 and x - 2 . (ii) The total volume if x is 10 inches,
Volume, V (x) = WLH V (10) = 103 + 12 # 102 + 48 # 10 + 64
= x (x + 3) (x - 2) = 2744 in3
= x (x2 + x - 6) = x3 + x2 - 6x
94. Swimming Pool : The volume of water in a
(ii) Surface Area, rectangular, in-ground, swimming pool is given by
S (x) = 2 ^LW + WH + HL h V (x) = x3 + 11x2 + 24x where V (x) is the volume in
cubic feet when the water is x ft high.
= 2 [x (x + 3) + (x + 3) (x - 2) + x (x - 2)]
(i) Find the dimension of base of pool.
= 2 [x2 + 3x + x2 + x - 6 + x2 - 2x] (ii) Use the remainder theorem to find the volume
= 2 (3x2 + 2x - 6) = 6x2 + 4x - 12 when x = 3 ft.
(iii)We have V ^x h = x3 + x2 - 6 (iii) If the volume is 100 ft 3 of water, what is the
height x ?
18 = x3 + x2 - 6x (iv) If the maximum capacity of the pool is 520 ft 3
x3 + x2 - 6x - 18 = 0 what is the maximum depth?
There is only one positive zero to this equation,
because there is one change of sign.
Substituting x = 3 in above equation we have
3 3 + 32 - 6 # 3 - 18 = 0
27 + 9 - 18 - 18 = 0
36 - 36 = 0
Thus by hit and trial we get that 3 is zero of above
polynomial. Thus width is 3 unit.
Length = x + 3 = 6 unit
Height = x - 2 = 3 - 2 = 1 unit
Sol :
g
x2 + 16x + 104
3 2
(i) We have V (x) = x + 11x + 24x x - 5 x3 + 11x2 + 24x - 520
= x (x2 + 11x + 24) x3 - 5x2
= x (x + 3) (x + 8) 16x2 + 24x - 520
If x represent height, the dimension of base will be 16x2 - 80x
x + 3 and x + 8 . 104x - 520
(ii) Here we have to find V (3) using the remainder 104x - 520
theorem. we divide V (x) = x3 + 11x2 + 24x by x - 3 . 0
Remainder will be value of V (3). (iii) Here we have to find V (10) using the remainder
theorem. we divide V (x) = x 3 + 12x 2 + 48x + 64 by
g
x2 + 14x + 66
x - 3 x3 + 11x2 + 24x x - 10 . Remainder will be value of V (10).
g
x3 - 3x2 x2 + 22x + 268
x - 10 x3 + 12x2 + 48x + 64
14x2 + 24x
x3 - 10x2
14x2 - 42x
22x2 + 48x + 64
66x
22x2 - 220x
66x - 198
268x + 64
198
268x - 2680
Here remainder is 198. Thus V (3) = 198
2744
Hence volume is 198 ft3 at x = 3 ft. Remainder is 2744, thus V (10) = 2744 in.3
(iii) If the volume is 100 ft 3 of water,
95. Overflow Pan : A metalworker makes an overflow pan
100 = x 3 + 11x 2 + 24x by cutting equal squares with sides of length x from
0 = x 3 + 11x 2 + 24x - 100 the corners of a 30 cm by 20 cm piece of aluminium,
as shown in the figure. The sides are then folded up
There is only one positive solution to this equation, and the corners sealed.
because there is one change of sign. By hit and trial
we find the x = 2 is the only positive solution.
volume of the pan.
g
x2 + 13x + 50 (ii) Find the volume of the pan if the height is 6 cm.
x - 2 x3 + 11x2 + 24x - 100
Use remainder theorem.
x3 - 2x2
13x2 + 24x - 100
13x2 - 26x
50x - 100
50x - 100
0
Thus height is 2 ft.
(iv) If the maximum capacity of the pool is 520 ft 3 , Sol :

(i) Since x is taken off of both sides of the rectangle,
520 = x 3 + 11x 2 + 24x
the sides are 20 - 2x and 30 - 2x .
0 = x 3 + 11x 2 + 24x - 520 V (x) = x (20 - 2x) (30 - 2x)
There is only one positive zero to this equation,
= x (4x 2 - 100x + 600)
because there is one change of sign. By inspection we
find the x = 5 may be the only positive solution. V (x) = 4x 3 - 100x 2 + 600x
(ii) Here we have to find V (6) using the remainder
theorem. we divide V (x) = 4x 3 - 100x 2 + 600x by
x - 6 . Remainder will be value of V (6).
g
4x2 - 76x + 144
x - 6 4x3 - 100x2 + 600x
4x3 - 24x2
- 76x2 + 600x
- 76x2 + 456x
144x
144x - 864
864
Here remainder is 864. Hence volume is 864 cm3 at
x = 6 cm.
96. Square Pan : Suppose that the pan in previous

example is formed from a square piece of aluminium
that is 30 cm on each side.
volume in cubic cm.
(ii) The cost is Rs 5 per square cm of aluminium used
in the finished pan. Find a polynomial function
C (x) that gives the cost.
Sol :
(i) Since x is taken off of both sides of the square, the
sides are 30 - 2x and 30 - 2x .
V (x) = x (30 - 2x) (30 - 2x) Sol :
2
= x (4x - 120x + 900) (i) V = b 3 - 6b2 + 9b
V (x) = 4x 3 - 120x 2 + 900x = b (b2 - 6b + 9)
(ii) The area of the bottom of the pan is = b (b - 3) (b - 3)
(30 - 2x) (30 - 2x) or 4x 2 - 120x + 900 . The area of
If b is height, (b - 3) is the length of each side of the
the 4 sides is 4 (x) (30 - 2x) or 120x - 8x 2. So the total
square bottom.
area is - 4x 2 + 900 square cm. Multiply by Rs 5 per
square cm to get the function C (x) = - 20x2 + 4500 , (ii) Volume of a cage with a height of 18 inches,
which gives the cost in rupees. V (18) = b 3 - 6b2 + 9b
= b (b - 3) (b - 3)
= 18 (18 - 3) (18 - 3)
= 18 # 15 # 15 = 4050 in2
(iii) Here we have to find V (15) using the remainder
theorem. we divide b 3 - 6b2 + 9b by b - 15 . Remainder
97. Volume of a Bird Cage. A company makes rectangular will be value of V (15).
shaped bird cages with height b inches and square
g
b2 + 9b + 144
bottoms. The volume of these cages is given by the b - 15 b3 - 6b2 + 9b
function V = b 3 - 6b2 + 9b .
b3 - 15b2
(i) Find an expression for the length of each side of
9b2 + 9b
the square bottom.
(ii) Use the function to find the volume of a cage with 9b2 - 135b
a height of 18 inches. 144b
(iii) Use the remainder theorem to find the volume of 144b - 2160
a cage with a height of 15 inches. 2160
(iv) Verify the result of (iii) using function ? Here remainder is 2160. Thus V (15) = 2160 in3
g
x2 + 13x + 56 (ii) Original volume of bin,
x - 2 x3 + 11x2 + 30x - 112 V = 2 # 3 # 4 = 24
3 2
x - 2x Since volume of new bin must be 5 times of old bin,
13x2 + 30x - 112 we have
13x2 - 26x 24 # 5 = x 3 + 9x 2 + 26x + 24
56x - 112 120 = x 3 + 9x 2 + 26x + 24
56x - 112
0 = x 3 + 9x 2 + 26x - 96
0
Thus thickness should be 2 inch. There is only one positive solution to this equation,
because there is one change of sign. By hit and trial
100. A bulk dog food storage bin with dimensions 2 feet by we find the x = 2 is the only positive solution.
3 feet by 4 feet needs to be increased in size to hold
g
x2 + 11x + 48
five times as much food as the current bin. Assume x - 2 x3 + 9x2 + 26x - 96
each dimension is increased by the same amount.
x3 - 2x2
11x2 + 26x - 96
11x2 - 22x
48x - 96
48x - 96
0
Thus x = 2 feet is increased in all dimensions. New
dimension of bin will be 4 feet, 5 feet and 6 feet.
101. The discharge rate of a river is a measure of the river’s

water flow as it empties into a lake, sea, or ocean.
The rate depends on many factors, but is primarily
influenced by the precipitation in the surrounding
area and is often seasonal.
(i) Let x be the amount by which dimension is

increased. Write a function that represents the
volume of the new bin.
(ii) Find the dimensions of the new bin.
Suppose the discharge rate of the
Sol : Brhamputra River was modelled by
(i) Let all dimension is increased by x . The new D (m) = - m 4 + 22m 3 - 147m2 + 317m + 150 w h e r e
dimension of box are x + 2 , x + 3 and x + 4 . The D (m) represents the discharge rate in thousands of
volume of box is, cubic meters of water per second in month m .
V (x) = (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) ( m = 1 " Jan, m = 2 " Feb )
= (x + 2) (x 2 + 7x + 12) (i) What was the discharge rate in June (summer
heat)?
= x 3 + 9x 2 + 26x + 24 (ii) Is the discharge rate higher in June or October?
Sol :
(i) To find the discharge rate in June, we find D at
m = 6 using remainder theorem. For this we divide
- m 4 + 22m 3 - 147m2 + 317m + 150 by m - 6 .
g
- m3 + 16m2 - 51m + 11
m - 6 - m 4 + 22m3 - 147m2 + 317m + 150
- m 4 + 6m3
16m3 - 147m2 + 317m + 150
16m3 - 96m2
- 51m2 + 317m + 150
- 51m2 + 306m
11m + 150
11m - 66
Sol :
216
Since Profit = Revenue - Cost , we have
Here remainder is 216, thus D (6) is 216 thousand
cubic meter per second. P (x) = R (x) - C (x)
(i) To find the discharge rate in October, we find D at = - x2 + 326x - 7463 - 16x - 63
m = 10 using remainder theorem. For this we divide
= - x2 + 310x - 7400
- m 4 + 22m 3 - 147m2 + 317m + 150 by m - 10 .
(i) Thus profit function is P (x) = - x2 + 310x - 7400
g
- m3 + 12m2 - 27m + 47
m - 10 - m 4 + 22m3 - 147m2 + 317m + 150 Now P (x) = - x2 + 310x - 7400
- m 4 + 10m3 = - x2 + 310x - 1552 + 1552 - 7400
12m3 - 147m2 + 317m + 150 = - (x2 - 310x + 1552) + 16625
12m3 - 120m2 = - (x - 155) 2 + 16625
2
- 27m + 317m + 150 From above equation it is clear that P (x) is maximum
- 27m2 + 270m at x = 155 and this minimum value is 16625.
47m + 150 (ii) For maximum profit 155 thousand bottle must
47m - 470 be sold.
620 (iii) The maximum profit is Rs 16625.
(iv) To find profit at x = 245 using remainder theorem
Here remainder is 620, thus D (10) is 620 thousand
we divide P (x) = - x2 + 310x - 7400 by x - 245 .
cubic meter per second. The discharge rate during the
g
- x + 65
fall rains in October is much higher.
x - 245 - x2 + 310x - 7400
102. Cost of Production : The cost to produce bottled - x2 + 245x
spring water is given by C (x) = 16x - 63 where x is 65x - 7400
the number of thousands of bottles. The total income 65x - 15925
(revenue) from the sale of these bottles is given by the
8525
function R (x) = - x2 + 326x - 7463 . When 245 thousand bottles are sold, profit is Rs 8525.
(i) Since Profit = Revenue - Cost , find the profit
function. 103. Selection of Bridesmaids : A bride-to-be has many
(ii) How many bottles sold will produce the maximum girlfriends, but she has decided to have only five
profit? bridesmaids, including the maid of honour. The
number of different ways n girlfriends can be chosen
(iii) What is the maximum profit?
and assigned a position, such as maid of honour, first
(iv) Find the profit when 245 thousand bottles are
bridesmaid, second bridesmaid, and so on, is given by
sold. Use remainder theorem
the polynomial function
S (n) = n5 - 10n 4 + 35n 3 - 50n2 + 8n n $ 5
Sol : 106. The Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in

(i) Volume of original solid, Emergency Situations Fund was created on 28 March
VO (x) = x (x + 1) (x + 2) 2020, following the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The
fund will be used for combating, and containment and
= x (x2 + 3x + 2)
relief efforts against the coronavirus outbreak and
= x3 + 3x2 + 2x similar pandemic like situations in the future.
Volume of solid to be cut,
Vs (x) = 2 (x - 2) (x - 2)
= 2 (x2 - 4x + 4)
= 2x2 - 8x + 8
Volume of remaining solid,
V (x) = Vo (x) - Vs (x)
= x3 + 3x2 + 2x - 2x2 + 8x - 8
= x3 + x2 + 10x - 8
(ii) To find V (8) using remainder theorem we divide
V (x) = x3 + x2 + 10x - 8 by x - 8 .
g
x2 + 9x + 82 The allotment officer is trying to come up with a
x - 8 x3 + x2 + 10x - 8 method to calculate fair division of funds across various
x3 - 8x2 affected families so that the fund amount and amount
9x2 + 10x - 8 received per family can be easily adjusted based on
daily revised numbers. The total fund allotted for a
9x2 - 72x village is x3 + 6x2 + 20x + 9 . The officer has divided
82x - 8 the fund equally among families of the village and
82x - 656 each family receives an amount of x2 + 2x + 2 . After
648 distribution, some amount is left.
Since remainder is 648, V (8) = 648 . Thus volume of (i) How many families are there in the village?
remaining solid is 648 cubic inch at x = 8 inch.
(ii) If an amount of < 1911 is left after distribution,
(iii) V (8) = 8 3 + 82 + 10 # 8 - 8 what is value of x ?
= 82 (8 + 1) + 80 - 8 (iii) How much amount does each family receive?
= 8 # 9 + 72
2
(iv) What is the amount of fund allocated?
= 72 (8 + 1) (v) How many families are there in the village?
= 72 # 9 = 648 cubic inch Sol :
(iv) To find V (10) using remainder theorem we divide (i) To get number of families we divide x3 + 6x2 + 20x + 9
V (x) = x3 + x2 + 10x - 8 by x - 10 . by x2 + 2x + 2 .
g
x+4
g
x2 + 11x + 120
x - 10 x3 + x2 + 10x - 8 x2 + 2x + 2 x3 + 6x2 + 20x + 9
3
x - 10x 2 x3 + 2x2 + 2x
11x2 + 10x - 8 4x2 + 18x + 9
11x2 - 110x 4x2 + 8x + 8
120x - 8 10x + 1
Number of families are x + 4 .
120x - 1200
(ii) Amount left = 10x + 1
1192
Since remainder is 1192, V (8) = 1192 . Thus volume 10x + 1 = 1911
of remaining solid is 1192 cubic inch at x = 10 inch.
x = 1910 = 191
Both results are same. 10
(iii) Since, x = 191 , amount received by each family is Sol :

(i) V ^y h = 3y3 + 18y2 + 27y
x2 + 2x + 2 = (191) 2 + 2 (191) + 2
= 3y ^y2 + 6y + 9h = 3y ^y + 3h2
= 36865
If y represent height, then comparing its volume with
(iv) Since x = 191 , allotted fund,
standard volume, we have
x3 + 6x2 + 20x + 9 = (x2 + 2x + 2) (x + 4) + 10x + 1 2
h a = 3y ^y + 3h2
3
= 36865 (191 + 4) + 1911
2
= 69, 72, 846 y a = 3y ^y + 3h2
3
(v) No. of families = x + 4 = 191 + 4 = 195 a2 = 9 ^y + 3h2
107. Pyramid, in architecture, a monumental structure a = 3 ^y + 3h

constructed of or faced with stone or brick and having (ii) a2 = 576 & a = 24 unit
a rectangular base and four sloping triangular sides (iii) At a = 24 meter,
meeting at an apex. Pyramids have been built at
various times in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, western 24 = 3 ^y + 3h
Asia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, India, Thailand, Mexico, 8 = y+3
South America, and on some islands of the Pacific
y = 5 metre
Ocean. Those of Egypt and of Central and South
America are the best known. (iv) We have a = 24 and y = 5 .
a = 24
y 5
(v) We have S = a2 + 2a ^ a2 h + h2
2
We have a = 24 and y = 5 .
Thus S = 242 + 2 # 24 ^ 242 h + 52
2
= 2 # 24 (12 + 122 + 52 )
= 48 (12 + 13) = 1200 m2
108. SBL Fabricators has got a order for making a frame

for machine of their client. For which, they are
using a AutoCAD software to create a constructible
model that includes the relevant information such as
dimensions of the frame and materials needed.
The volume and surface area of a pyramid with a
square base of area a2 and height h is given by
V = 3 and S = a2 + 2a ^ a2 h + h2
ha2 2
A pyramid has a square base and a volume of

3y 3 + 18y2 + 27y cubic units.
(i) If its height is y , then what polynomial represents
the length of a side of the square base ?
(ii) If area of base is 576 metre, what is the side of
base?
(iii) What is the height of pyramid at above area of
base ? The frame will have a solid base and will be cut out of
(iv) What is the ratio of length of side to the height ? a piece of steel. The final area of the frame should be
54 sq m. The digram of frame is shown below.
(v) What is surface area of pyramid ?
109. An barrels manufacturer can produce up to 300

barrels per day. The profit made from the sale
of these barrels can be modelled by the function
P (x) = - 10x2 + 3500x - 66000 where P (x) is the
profit in rupees and x is the number of barrels made
and sold.
In order to input the right values in the AutoCAD

software, the engineer needs to calculate some basic
values.
(i) What are the dimensions of the outer frame ?
(ii) A metal sheet of minimum area is used to make
the frame. What should be the minimum area of
metal sheet before cutting ?
(iii) What is the area of required final metal frame ?
(iv) If the area of the frame is 54 sq m, what is the
value of x ?
(v) What is the perimeter of the frame?
Based on this model answer the following questions:
Sol :
(i) When no barrels are produce what is a profit loss?
(i) Length = ^10 + x + x h = ^10 + 2x h
(ii) What is the break even point ? (Zero profit point
Breadth = ^5 + x + x h = ^5 + 2x h cm
is called break even)
(ii) Length of steel plate, l = ^10 + 2x h (iii) What is the profit/loss if 175 barrels are produced
Breadth of steel plate, b = ^5 + 2x h
(iv) What is the profit/loss if 400 barrels are produced
Area of steel plate, A = lb
(v) What is the maximum profit which can
= ^10 + 2x h^5 + 2x h manufacturer earn?
= 50 + 10x + 20x + 4x 2 Sol :
= 50 + 30x + 4x 2 (i) When no barrels are produced, x = 0
A = 4x2 + 30x + 50 P (x) = 0 + 0 - 66000
(iii) Area of frame to be cut = 10 # 5 = 50 m2 P (x) = - 66000 Rs
Area of frame left = 4x 2 + 30x + 50 - 50 (ii) At break-even point P (x) = 0 , thus
= 4x 2 + 30x m2 0 = - 10x2 + 3500x - 66000
2
(iv) Here, area of frame = 54 m
x2 + 350x + 6600 = 0
2
4x + 30x = 54
x2 - 330x - 20x + 6600 = 0
2
2x + 15x - 27 = 0
x (x - 330) - 20 (x + 330) = 0
2
2x + 18x - 3x - 27 = 0
(x - 330) (x - 20) = 0
(x + 9) (2x - 3) = 0
x = 20 , 330
x = 1.5 or - 9 2
(iii) P (175) = - 10 (175) + 3500 (175) - 66000
(v) Perimeter of frame,
= 240250
=Perimeter of Outside Rectangle
(iv) P (400) = - 10 (400) 2 + 3500 (400) - 66000
= 2 ^10 + 2x + 5 + 2x h = 2 ^15 + 4x h
= - 266000 Rs
= 2 ^15 + 4 # 1.5h = 42 m
(v) Rearranging the given equation we have = - 4 [(t - 2) 2 - 9]

P (x) = - 10x2 + 3500x - 66000 = - 4 (t - 2) 2 + 36
= - 10 (x2 - 350x + 6600) Height is maximum, at t = 2 , thus
= - 10 [(x - 175) 2 - 30625 + 6600] hmax = 0 + 36 = 36 m
= - 10 [(x - 175) 2 - 24025] (iii) When ball hits the ground, h = 0 , thus
= - 10 (x - 175) 2 + 240250 - 4t 2 + 16t + 20 = 0
From above equation it is clear that maximum value t 2 - 4t - 5 = 0

of P (x) is Rs 240250. (t - 5) (t + 1) = 0
Thus t = 5 or t = - 1. Since, time cannot be negative,
110. Lavanya throws a ball upwards, from a rooftop, which
is 20 m above from ground. It will reach a maximum the t = 5 seconds is correct answer.
height and then fall back to the ground. The height of (iv) Since, h = - 4t 2 + 16t 2 + 20
the ball from the ground at time t is h , which is given 32 = - 4t 2 + 16t 2 + 20
by h = - 4t2 + 16t + 20 .
8 = - t 2 + 4t 2 + 5
t 2 - 4t + 3 = 0
t 2 + 3t - t + 3 = 0
(t - 1) (t - 3) = 0 & t = 3, 1
(v) From (iii) at t = 5 we have h = 0 . Thus it will hit
ground, then after that ball will rebound.
111. Underground water tank is very popular in India. It is

usually used for large water tank storage and can be
built cheaply using cement-like materials. Underground
water tank are typically chosen by people who want to
save space. The water in the underground water tank
is not affected by extreme weather conditions. The
underground water tank maintain cool temperatures
in both winter and summer.
(i) What is the height reached by the ball after 1

second?
(ii) What is the maximum height reached by the ball?
(iii) How long will the ball take to hit the ground?
(iv) What are the two possible times to reach the ball
at the same height of 32 m?
(v) Where is the ball after 5 seconds ?
Sol :
(i) Height is given by,
h = - 4t 2 + 16t + 20
At t = 1 second,
h = - 4 (1) 2 + 16 (1) + 20 = 32 m
A builder wants to build a tank to store water in an
(ii) Rearranging the given equation, by completing apartment. The volume of the rectangular tank will
the square, be modelled by V (x) = x3 + x2 - 4x - 4 .
h = - 4 (t2 - 4t - 5) (i) He planned in such a way that its base dimensions
= - 4 (t2 - 4t + 4 - 4 - 5) are (x + 1) and (x + 2) . How much he has to dig?
(ii) If x = 4 meter, what is the volume of the water

tank?
(iii) If x = 4 and the builder wants to paint the entire
inner portion on the water tank, what is the total
area to be painted ?
(iv) If the cost of paint is Rs. 25/ per square metre,
what is the cost of painting ?
(v) What is the storage capacity of this water tank ?
Sol :
(i) We have,
V (x) = x3 + x2 - 4x - 4
= x2 (x + 1) - 4 (x + 1)
= (x + 1) (x2 - 4)
= (x + 1) (x - 2) (x + 2)
If (x + 1) and (x + 2) are two dimension, 3rd
dimension will be (x - 2) . Thus he has to dig (x - 2) .
(ii) V ^x h = ^x + 1h^x - 2h^x + 2h
V ^4 h = ^4 + 1h^4 - 2h^4 + 2h
= 5 # 2 # 6 = 60 m3
(iii) Three dimension of tank are
x+1 = 4+1 = 5
x+2 = 4+2 = 6
x-2 = 4-2 = 2
S = 2 ^5 # 2 + 2 # 6 + 6 # 5h
= 2 ^10 + 12 + 30h
= 2 ^52h = 104 m2
(iv) C = 104 # 25 = 2600 `
(v) 1 m can store 1000 litre, thus 60 m3 can store
3
60000 litre.
***********
Chap 3 Pair of Linear Equation in Two Variables Page 57
CHAPTER 3
Pair of Linear Equation in Two Variables
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 5 chairs and 3 tables cost `2,100

5x + 3y = `2100
1. In the given figure, graphs of two linear equations are
shown. The pair of these linear equations is: 3. The 2 digit number which becomes 56 th of itself when
its digits are reversed. The difference in the digits of
the number being 1, then the two digits number is
(a) 45 (b) 54
(c) 36 (d) None of these
Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 SQP STD]
If the two digits are x and y , then the number is

10x + y .
Now 5 (10x + y) = 10y + x
6
Solving, we get 44x + 55y
(a) consistent with unique solution. x =5
(b) consistent with infinitely many solutions. y 4
(c) inconsistent. Also x - y = 1. Solving them, we get x = 5 and y = 4.
Therefore, number is 54.
(d) inconsistent but can be made consistent by
extending these lines.
4. In a number of two digits, unit’s digit is twice the tens
digit. If 36 be added to the number, the digits are
These two lines are not parallel and will cut on a
reversed. The number is
point. Thus pair of these linear equations is consistent
(a) 36 (b) 63
with unique solution.
Thus (a) is correct option. (c) 48 (d) 84
2. 3 chairs and 1 table cost `900; whereas 5 chairs and Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 SQP Basic]
3 tables cost `2,100. If the cost of 1 chair is `x and Let x be units digit and y be tens digit, then number
the cost of 1 table is `y , then the situation can be will be 10y + x
represented algebraically as Then, x = 2y ...(1)
(a) 3x + y = 900 , 3x + 5y = 2100 If 36 be added to the number, the digits are reversed,
(b) x + 3y = 900 , 3x + 5y = 2100 i.e number will be 10x + y .
(c) 3x + y = 900 , 5x + 3y = 2100 10y + x + 36 = 10x + y
(d) x + 3y = 900 , 5x + 3y = 2100 9x - 9y = 36
Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard] x-y = 4 ...(2)

Cost of one chair is x and cost of one table is y . Solving (1) and (2) we have x = 8 and y = 4 .
3 chairs and 1 table cost `900, thus Thus number is 48.
3x + y = `900 Thus (c) is correct option.
Page 58 Pair of Linear Equation in Two Variables Chap 3
5. If 3x + 4y : x + 2y = 9 : 4 , then 3x + 5y : 3x - y is equal (a) 2 (b) 3

to (c) 5 (d) 15
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4
Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 Basic]
(c) 7 : 1 (d) 1 : 7
Let the fraction be x ,
Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 STD]
y
x + 1 = 4 & x = 4y + 3 ...(1)
3x + 4y
=9 y+1
x + 2y 4
and x - 1 = 7 & x = 7y - 6 ...(2)
Hence, 12x + 16y = 9x + 18y y-1
or 3x = 2y Solving (1) and (2), we have x = 15 , y = 3 ,
x = 2y
3
8. For which value(s ) of p , will the lines represented by
Substituting x = 2 y in the required expression we the following pair of linear equations be parallel
3
have 3x - y - 5 = 0 and 6x - 2y - p = 0
3x 23 y + 5y 7y
= = 7 = 7: 1 (a) all real values except 10 (b) 10
3x 23 y - y y 1
(c) 5/2 (d) 1/2
6. The pair of equations 3x + y = 81, 81x - y = 3 has We have, 3x - y - 5 = 0
(a) no solution
and 6x - 2y - p = 0
(b) unique solution
Here, a1 = 3 , b1 = - 1, c1 = - 5
(c) infinitely many solutions
and a2 = 6 , b2 = - 2 , c2 = - p
(d) x = 2 1 , y = 1 7
8 8 Since given lines are parallel,
Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 Basic] a1 = b1 ! c1
Given, 3x + y = 81 a2 b2 c2
-1 ! -5
3x + y = 3 4 -2 -p
x+y = 4 ...(1) p ! 5 # 2 & p ! 10
x-y
and 81 =3
9. x and y are 2 different digits. If the sum of the two
3 4^x - y h = 31 digit numbers formed by using both the digits is a
perfect square, then value of x + y is
4 ^x - y h = 1
(a) 10 (b) 11
x-y = 1 ...(2) (c) 12 (d) 13
4
Adding equation (1) and (2), we get Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 STD]
2x = 4 + 1 = 17 The numbers that can be formed are xy and yx .

4 4 Hence, (10x + y) + (10y + x) = 11 (x + y). If this is a
x = 17 =2 1 perfect square than x + y = 11.
8 8
From equation (1), we get 10. The value of k for which the system of linear equations
x + 2y = 3 , 5x + ky + 7 = 0 is inconsistent is
y = 15 = 1 7
8 8 (a) - 14 (b) 2
3 5
(c) 5 (d) 10
7. A fraction becomes 4 when 1 is added to both the Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]
numerator and denominator and it becomes 7 We have x + 2y - 3 = 0

when 1 is subtracted from both the numerator and
and 5x + ky + 7 = 0
denominator. The numerator of the given fraction is
If system is inconsistent, then
a1 = b1 ! c1 13. The pair of equations x + 2y + 5 = 0 and

a2 b2 c2 - 3x - 6y + 1 = 0 has
From first two orders, we have (a) a unique solution
1 = 2 & k = 10 (b) exactly two solutions
5 k
Thus (d) is correct option. (c) infinitely many solutions
(d) no solution
11. The value of k for which the system of equations
x + y - 4 = 0 and 2x + ky = 3 , has no solution, is Sol : [Board Term-1 Foreign 2012]
(a) - 2 (b) ! 2 Given,equations are

(c) 3 (d) 2 x + 2y + 5 = 0
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] and - 3x - 6y + 1 = 0
We have x+y-4 = 0 Here, a1 = 1,b1 = 2 , c1 = 5
and 2x + ky - 3 = 0 and a2 = - 3 , b2 = - 6 , c2 = 1
Here, a1
= , b1 = 1 and c1 = - 4 = 4
1
a1 = - 1 , b1 = - 2 = - 1 , c1 = 5
a1 2 b2 k c2 -3 3 Now
a2 3 b2 6 3 c2 1
Since system has no solution, we have
Now, we observe that
a1 = b1 ! c1
a2 b2 c2 a1 = b1 ! c1
a2 b2 c2
1 =1 !4
2 3 Hence, the pair of equations has no solution.
k
k = 2 and k ! 3
4
14. If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the
lines will be
12. The pair of linear equations 2kx + 5y = 7 , 6x - 5y = 11 (a) parallel
has a unique solution, if (b) always coincident
(a) k !- 3 (b) k ! 2 (c) intersecting or coincident
3
(c) k ! 5 (d) k ! 2 (d) always intersecting
9
Sol : [Board Term-1 SQP 2012]
Given the pair of linear equations are Condition for a consistent pair of linear equations
2kx + 5y - 7 = 0 a1 ! b1
a2 b2
and 6x - 5y - 11 = 0 [intersecting lines having unique solution]
On comparing with a1 = b1 = c1
and [coincident or dependent]
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 a2 b2 c2
and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
we get, a1 = 2k , b1 = 5 , c1 = - 7 15. The pair of equations y = 0 and y = - 7 has
(a) one solution
and a2 = 6 , b2 = - 5 , c2 = - 11
(b) two solutions
For unique solution,
(c) infinitely many solutions
a1 ! b1
a2 b2 (d) no solution
2k ! 5
6 -5 Sol : [Board Term-1 SQP 2017]
k =! - 1 The pair of both equations are parallel to x -axis and

3 we know that parallel lines never intersects. So, there
is no solution of these lines.
k !- 3
16. For what value of k , do the equations 3x - y + 8 = 0 a1 = b1 ! c1 ...(i)

and 6x - ky = - 16 represent coincident lines ? a2 b2 c2
(a) 1 (b) - 1 Here, a1 = 3 ,b1 = 2k ,c1 = - 2

2 2
and a2 = 2 ,b2 = 5 ,c2 = 1
(c) 2 (d) - 2
From equation (i), we have
3 = 2k ! - 2
Given, equations, 2 5 1
3x - y + 8 = 0 3 = 2k 3 -2
Considering,
2 5 : 2 ! 1 in any caseD
and 6x - ky + 16 = 0
Condition for coincident lines is k = 15
4
a1 = b1 = c1 ...(1) Thus (c) is correct option.
a2 b2 c2
Here, a1 = 3 ,b1 = - 1,c1 = 8 19. The value of c for which the pair of equations
cx - y = 2 and 6x - 2y = 3 will have is
and a2 = 6 ,b2 = - k ,c2 = 16
(a) 3 (b) - 3
From equation (1),
(c) - 12 (d) no value
3 = -1 = 8
6 -k 16 Sol : [Board Term-1 SQP 2014]
1 =1 3 8 1 The given lines are, cx - y = 2

k 2 :since 6 = 16 = 2D
and 6x - 2y = 3
k =2 Condition for infinitely many solutions,
Thus (c) is correct option. a1 = b1 = c1 ...(i)
a2 b2 c2
17. The pair of equations x = a and y = b graphically
Here, a1 = c , b1 = - 1, c1 = - 2
represents lines which are
(a) parallel and a2 = 6 , b2 = - 2 , c2 = - 3
(b) intersecting at (b, a) From equation (i), c = - 1 = - 2
6 -2 -3
(c) coincident
Here, c =1
(d) intersecting at (a, b) 6 2
and c =2
6 3
The pair of equations
c =3
x =a
and c =4
and y =b
Since, c has different values.
Graphically represents lines which are intersecting at Hence, for no value of c the pair of equations will have
(a, b). infinitely many solutions.
Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.
18. If the lines given by 3x + 2ky = 2 and 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 20. One equation of a pair of dependent linear equations
are parallel, then the value of k is - 5x + 7y = 2 The second equation can be
(a) - 5 (b) 2 (a) 10x + 14y + 4 = 0
4 5
15 (b) - 10x - 14y + 4 = 0
(c) (d) 3
4 2
(c) - 10x + 14y + 4 = 0
(d) 10x - 14y = - 4
We have 3x + 2ky - 2 = 0
and 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 For dependent linear equation,
Condition for parallel lines is a1 = b1 = c1
a2 b2 c2
Checking for option (a): x + y = 50 ...(1)

-5 ! 7 Also, x # 1 + y # 2 = 75
10 14
a1 ! b1 So, option (a) is rejected. x + 2y = 75 ...(2)
a2 b2 Subtracting equation (1) form equation (2), we get
Checking for option (b): (x + 2y) - (x + y) = 75 - 50
-5 ! 7
- 10 - 14 y = 25
So, option (b) is also rejected. From equation (i), x = 75 - 2x (25)
Checking for option (c): Then, x = 25
-5 = 7 ! -2
- 10 14 4 Thus (d) is correct option.
So, option (b) is also rejected 23. The father’s age is six times his son’s age. Four years
Checking for option (d): hence, the age of the father will be four times his son’s
-5 = 7 = -2 age. The present ages (in year) of the son and the
10 - 14 4 father are, respectively.
Thus (d) is correct option. (a) 4 and 24 (b) 5 and 30
21. If x = a and y = b is the solution of the equations (c) 6 and 36 (d) 3 and 24
x - y = 2 and x + y = 4 , then the values of a and b Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2016]
are, respectively
Let the present age of father = x years
(a) 3 and 5 (b) 5 and 3
and the present age of son = y years
(c) 3 and 1 (d) - 1 and - 3
Four years hence, it has relation by given condition
Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2015] (x + 4) = 4 (y + 4)
Since, x = a and y = b is the solution of the equations
x - 4y = 12 ...(1)
x - y = 2 and x + y = 4 , then these values will satisfy
that equation As the father’s age is six times his son’s age, so we
have
a-b = 2 ...(1)
x = 6y ...(2)
and a+b = 4 ...(2)
Putting the value of x from equation (2) in equation
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
(1), we get
2a = 6
6x - 4y = 12
a =3
2y = 12
Substituting a = 3 in equation (2),we have
y =6
3+b = 4 & b = 1
From equation (1), x = 6 # 6
Thus a = 3 and b = 1.
Then, x = 36
Hence, present age of father is 36 year and age of son
22. Aruna has only < 1 and < 2 coins with her. If the total is 6 year.
number of coins that she has is 50 and the amount of Thus (c) is correct option.
money with her is < 75, then the number of < 1 and
< 2 coins are, respectively 24. Assertion : Pair of linear equations : 9x + 3y + 12 = 0,
(a) 35 and 15 (b) 35 and 20 8x + 6y + 24 = 0 have infinitely many solutions.
(c) 15 and 35 (d) 25 and 25 Reason : Pair of linear equations a1 x + b1 y + c1
= 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 have infinitely many solu-
Sol :
tions, if a1 = b1 = c1
[Board Term-1 OD 2016]
Let number of < 1 coins = x a2 b2 c2

and number of < 2 coins = y
Now, by given conditions, (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but a1 = b1 ! c1
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of a2 b2 c2
assertion (A). From first two orders, we have
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. 1 = 2 & k = 10
5 k
27. Find the value of k for which the system of equations
Sol :
x + y - 4 = 0 and 2x + ky = 3 , has no solution.
From the given equations, we have
9 = 3 = 12
18 6 24 We have x+y-4 = 0
1 = 1 = 1 i.e., a1 = b1 = c1 and 2x + ky - 3 = 0
2 2 2 a2 b2 c2
Here, a1 = 1 , b1 = 1 and c1 = - 4 = 4
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason a1 2 b2 k c2 -3 3
(R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A). Since system has no solution, we have
Thus (a) is correct option. a1 = b1 ! c1
a2 b2 c2
25. Assertion : x + y - 4 = 0 and 2x + ky - 3 = 0 has no
solution if k = 2 . 1 =1 !4
2 k 3
Reason : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are
k = 2 and k ! 3
consistent if a1 ! k1 . 4
a2 k2
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and PRACTICE
(A).  For what value of k , the system of equations
kx + 3y = 1, 12x + ky = 2 has no solution.
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but [Board Term-1 2011]
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Ans : k = - 6
assertion (A).
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. 28. For which value(s ) of p , will the lines represented by
the following pair of linear equations be parallel ?
Sol :
3x - y - 5 = 0 , 6x - 2y - p = 0
For assertion, given equation has no solution if
1 = 1 ! - 4 i.e. 4
2 k -3 3 We have, 3x - y - 5 = 0
1 ! 4 holds
k = 2 :2 3 D and 6x - 2y - p = 0
Assertion is true. Here, a1 = 3 , b1 = - 1, c1 = - 5
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason and a2 = 6 , b2 = - 2 , c2 = - p
(R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
Since given lines are parallel,
a1 = b1 ! c1
a2 b2 c2
ONE MARK QUESTIONS -1 ! -5
-2 -p
p ! 5 # 2 & p ! 10
26. Find the value of k for which the system of linear
equations x + 2y = 3 , 5x + ky + 7 = 0 is inconsistent. 29. The 2 digit number which becomes 56 th of itself when
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] its digits are reversed. If the difference in the digits of
the number being 1, what is the two digits number?
We have x + 2y - 3 = 0
and 5x + ky + 7 = 0 Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2011]
If the two digits are x and y , then the number is

If system is inconsistent, then
10x + y .
Now 5 (10x + y) = 10y + x 33. x and y are 2 different digits. If the sum of the two
6 digit numbers formed by using both the digits is a
Solving, we get 44x + 55y perfect square, then what is the value of x + y ?
x =5 Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2013]
y 4
The numbers that can be formed are xy and yx .
Also x - y = 1. Solving them, we get x = 5 and y = 4.
Hence, (10x + y) + (10y + x) = 11 (x + y). If this is a
Therefore, number is 54.
perfect square than x + y = 11.
30. In a number of two digits, unit’s digit is twice the tens
34. If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the
digit. If 36 be added to the number, the digits are
lines will be intersecting or coincident. Justify.
reversed. What is the number ?
Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2016] Sol : [Board 2008]
Let x be units digit and y be tens digit, then number Condition for a consistent pair of linear equations
will be 10y + x a1 ! b1
a2 b2
Then, x = 2y ...(1)
[intersecting lines having unique solution]
If 36 be added to the number, the digits are reversed,
i.e number will be 10x + y . and a 1
= b1 = c1 [coincident or dependent]
a2 b2 c2
10y + x + 36 = 10x + y
35. The pair of equations y = 0 and y = - 7 has no
9x - 9y = 36
solution. Justify.
x-y = 4 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) we have x = 8 and y = 4 . The given pair of equations are
Thus number is 48. y = 0 y =- 7
31. If 3x + 4y : x + 2y = 9 : 4 , then find the value of The pair of both equations are parallel to x -axis and
3x + 5y : 3x - y . we know that parallel lines never intersects. So, there
is no solution of these lines.
3x + 4y 36. If the equations kx - 2y = 3 and 3x + y = 5 represent

We have =9
x + 2y 4 two intersecting lines at unique point, then the value
Hence, 12x + 16y = 9x + 18y of k is ........... .
or 3x = 2y Sol : [Board Term-1 2011]
For unique solution

x = 2y a1 ! b1
3
a2 b2
Substituting x = 2 y in the required expression we
3 Here, a1 = k , b1 = - 2 , a2 = 3 and b2 = 1
have
3x 23 y + 5y 7y Now k !- 2
= = 7 = 7: 1 3 1
3x 23 y - y y 1
or, k !- 6
32. A fraction becomes 4 when 1 is added to both the
numerator and denominator and it becomes 7 37. Find whether the pair of linear equations y = 0 and
when 1 is subtracted from both the numerator and y = - 5 has no solution, unique solution or infinitely
denominator. What is the numerator of the given many solutions.
fraction ? Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2011]
The given variable y has different values. Therefore
Let the fraction be ,x
y the pair of equations y = 0 and y = - 5 has no
x + 1 = 4 & x = 4y + 3 solution.
...(1)
y+1
x - 1 = 7 & x = 7y - 6 38. If am = bl, then find whether the pair of linear
and ...(2) equations ax + by = c and lx + my = n has no
y-1
Solving (1) and (2), we have x = 15 , y = 3 , solution, unique solution or infinitely many solutions.

43. Find the value(s) of k so that the pair of equations
Since, am = bl , we have x + 2y = 5 and 3x + ky + 15 = 0 has a unique solution.
a = b !c Sol : [Board 2019 OD]
1 m n
We have x + 2y - 5 = 0 ...(1)
Thus, ax + by = c and lx + my = n has no solution.
and 3x + ky + 15 = 0 ...(2)
39. If ad ! bc, then find whether the pair of linear Comparing equation (1) with a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , and
equations ax + by = p and cx + dy = q has no solution, equation (2) with a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 , we get
unique solution or infinitely many solutions. a1 = 1, a2 = 3 , b1 = 2 , b2 = k , c1 = - 5 and c2 = 15
Since, given equations have unique solution, So,
Since ad ! bc or ! a b
c d a1 ! b1
a2 b2
Hence, the pair of given linear equations has unique
i.e. 1 !2
solution. 3 k
40. Two lines are given to be parallel. The equation of one k !6
of the lines is 4x + 3y = 14 , then find the equation of Hence, for all values of k except 6, the given pair of
the second line. equations have unique solution.
Sol : [Board 2007]
The equation of one line is 4x + 3y = 14. We know that PRACTICE
if two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0  For what value of p does the pair of linear
are parallel, then equations given below has unique solution ?
a1 = b1 ! c1 4x + py + 8 = 0 and 2x + 2y + 2 = 0 .
a2 b2 c2 [Board Term-1 2012]
Ans : p ! 4
or 4 = ! c1 & a2 = 4 = 12
3
a2 b2 c2 b2 3 9
Hence, one of the possible, second parallel line is
12x + 9y = 5. 44. If 2x + y = 23 and 4x - y = 19 , find the value of
(5y - 2x) and ^ yx - 2h .
41. Find whether the lines represented by 2x + y = 3 and
4x + 2y = 6 are parallel, coincident or intersecting.
We have 2x + y = 23 ...(1)
4x - y = 19 ...(2)
Here a1 = 2, b1 = 1, c1 = - 3 and a1 = 4, b2 = 2, c2 =- 6
a1 = b1 = c1 Adding equation (1) and (2), we have
If
a2 b2 c2 6x = 42 & x = 7
then the lines are parallel. Substituting the value of x in equation (1), we get
Clearly 2 =1=3 14 + y = 23
4 2 6
Hence lines are coincident. y = 23 - 14 = 9
Hence, 5y - 2x = 5 # 9 - 2 # 7
42. Given the linear equation 3x + 4y = 9 . Write another
linear equation in these two variables such that the = 45 - 14 = 31
geometrical representation of the pair so formed is: y
and - 2 = 9 - 2 = 9 - 14 = - 5
(1) intersecting lines x 7 7 7
(2) coincident lines.
45. Find whether the following pair of linear equation is
consistent or inconsistent:
(1) For intersecting lines a1 ! b1 3x + 2y = 8 , 6x - 4y = 9
a2 b2
So, one of the possible equation 3x - 5y = 10 Sol : [Board Term-1 2016]
(2) For coincident lines a1 = b1 = c1 3 ! 2
a2 b2 c2 We have
6 -4
So, one of the possible equation 6x + 8y = 18
i.e., a1 ! b1 48. Solve the following pair of linear equations by

a2 b2 substitution method:
Hence, the pair of linear equation is consistent. 3x + 2y - 7 = 0 , 4x + y - 6 = 0
46. Is the system of linear equations 2x + 3y - 9 = 0 and Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
4x + 6y - 18 = 0 consistent? Justify your answer. We have 3x + 2y - 7 = 0 ...(1)

Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] 4x + y - 6 = 0 ...(2)
For the equation 2x + 3y - 9 = 0 we have From equation (2), y = 6 - 4x ...(3)
a2 = 2, b1 = 3 and c1 = - 9 Putting this value of y in equation (1) we have
and for the equation, 4x + 6y - 18 = 0 we have 3x + 2 ^6 - 4x h - 7 = 0
a2 = 4, b2 = 6 and c2 = - 18 3x + 12 - 8x - 7 = 0
Here a1 = 2 = 1 5 - 5x = 0
a2 4 2
5x = 5
b1 = 3 = 1
b2 6 2 Thus x =1
and c1 = - 9 = 1 Substituting this value of x in (2), we obtain,
c2 - 18 2
y = 6-4#1 = 2
Thus c1 = b1 = c1
c2 b2 c2 Hence, values of x and y are 1 and 2 respectively.
Hence, system is consistent and dependent.
PRACTICE
47. For what value of k , the pair of linear equations
 Solve the following system of linear equations by
kx - 4y = 3, 6x - 12y = 9 has an infinite number of
substitution method:
solutions ?
2x - y = 2
x + 3y = 15
We have kx - 4y - 3 = 0
[Board Term-1 2012]
and 6x - 12y - 9 = 0
Ans : x = 3 and y = 4
where, a1 = k, b1 = 4, c1 = - 3
a2 = 6, b2 = - 12, c2 - 9
49. Solve : 99x + 101y = 499 , 101x + 99y = 501
Condition for infinite solutions:
a1 = b1 = c1
a2 b2 c2 We have 99x + 101y = 499 ...(1)
k = -4 = 3 101x + 99y = 501 ...(2)
6 - 12 9
Adding equation (1) and (2), we have
Hence, k =2
200x + 200y = 1000
PRACTICE
x+y = 5 ...(3)
 For what value of k, 2x + 3y = 4 and Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1), we get
^k + 2h x + 6y = 3k + 2 will have infinitely many
solutions ? - 2x + 2y = - 2
[Board Term-1 2012] x-y = 1 ...(4)
Ans : k = 2
Adding equations (3) and (4), we have
 Find the value(s) of k for which the pair of 2x = 6 & x = 3
linear equations kx + y = k2 and x + ky = 1 have Substituting the value of x in equation (3), we get
infinitely many solutions.
[Board Term-1 2017] 3+y = 5 & y = 2
Ans : k = ! 1
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS 52. Solve graphically : 2x - 3y + 13 = 0 ; 3x - 2y + 12 = 0

50. Solve the following system of linear equations We have 2x - 3y + 13 = 0

algebraically : and 3x - 2y + 12 = 0
2x + 5y = - 4 ; 4x - 3y = 5 Now 2x - 3y = - 13
Sol :
y = 2x + 13
3
We have 2x + 5y = - 4 ...(1)
4x - 3y = 5 ...(2) x 0 - 6.5 1
Multiplying equation (1) by 2, we get y 4.3 0 5
4x + 10y = - 8 ...(3)
and 3x - 2y = - 12
Now subtracting (2) from (3), we get
10y + 3y = - 13 y = 3x + 12
2
y =- 1 x 0 -4 -2
Submitting the value of y in equation (1), we get
y 6 0 3
2x + 5 ^- 1h = - 4
These lines intersect each other at point (- 2, 3)
2x = 1 Hence, x = - 2 and y = 3 .
x =1
2
51. The sum of the digits of a 2-digit number is 14. The

number obtained by interchanging its digits exceeds
the given number by 18. Find the number.
Let the tenth digit be x and ones digit be y . The

number will 10x + y . Since sum of digits of two digit
number is 14, we have
x + y = 14 ...(1)
Number obtained by interchanging its digits exceeds
the given number by 18. Thus
10y + x = 10x + y + 18
9y = 9x + 18
y = x+2 (2)
Substituting the value of y in equation (1), we get
x + ^x + 2h = 14
PRACTICE
2x + 2 = 14
 Solve the pair of equations graphically :
2x = 12
4x - y = 4 and 3x + 2y = 14
x =6 [Board Term-1 2014]
Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we get Ans : x = 2 and y = 4 .

y = 6+2 = 8
Required number = 10x + y 53. Solve graphically : 2x + 3y = 2 , x - 2y = 8
= 10 ^6 h + 8 Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
= 68 We have 2x + 3y = 2 ...(1)
and x - 2y = 8 ...(2)
Taking equation (1), y = 2 - 2x and 2x - 10y = 12 or x = 5y + 6

3
x 1 4 -2 x 6 1 -4
y 0 -2 2 y 0 -1 -2
and x - 2y = 8 Plotting the above points and drawing lines joining

them, we get the following graph.
Taking equation (2), y = x-8 Since the lines are coincident, so the system of linear
2
equations is consistent with infinite many solutions.
x 0 8 4
y -4 0 -2 56. Determine the values of m and n so that the following
system of linear equation have infinite number of
Plotting the above points and drawing the lines solutions :
^2m - 1h x + 3y - 5 = 0
joining them, we get the graph of above equations.
Two obtained lines intersect at point P (4, - 2). 3x + ^n - 1h y - 2 = 0
Hence, Solution of the given equation is x = 4 , y = - 2
54. A fraction becomes 13 when 2 is subtracted from the We have ^2m - 1h x + 3y - 5 = 0 ...(1)
numerator and it becomes 12 when 1 is subtracted
Here a1 = 2m - 1, b1 = 3, c1 = - 5
from the denominator- Find the fraction.
3x + ^n - 1h y - 2 = 0 ...(2)
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi]
Here a2 = 3, b2 = ^n - 1h, c2 = - 2
Let the fraction be x . According to the first condition,
y For a pair of linear equations to have infinite number
x-2 = 1 of solutions,
y 3
a1 = b1 = c1
3x - 6 = y a2 b2 c2
y = 3x - 6 ...(1) 2m - 1 = 3 = 5
3 n-1 2
According to the second condition,
or 2 ^2m - 1h = 15 and 5 ^n - 1h = 6
x =1
y-1 2 Hence, m = 17 , n = 11
4 5
2x = y - 1
y = 2x + 1 ...(2) PRACTICE
From equation (1) and (2), we have  Find the values of a and b for which the following
3x - 6 = 2x + 1 & x = 7 pair of linear equations has infinite number of
solutions : 2x + 3y = 7; 2ax + â + bh y = 28 .
Substitute value of x in equation (1), we get
[Board Term-1 2011]
y = 3 ^7 h - 6 Ans : a = 4 , and b = 8
= 21 - 6 = 15
Hence, fraction is 7 . For what value of p will the following system of
15 57.
equations have no solution ?
55. Represent the following pair of linear equations ^2p - 1h x + ^p - 1h y = 2p + 1; y + 3x - 1 = 0
graphically and hence comment on the condition of
consistency of this pair.
x - 5y = 6 and 2x - 10y = 12 . We have ^2p - 1h x + ^p - 1h y - ^2p + 1h = 0
Here a1 = 2p - 1, b1 = p - 1 and c1 = - ^2p + 1h
We have x - 5y = 6 or x = 5y + 6 Also 3x + y - 1 = 0
x 6 1 -4 Here a2 = 3, b2 = 1 and c2 = - 1
y 0 -1 -2 The condition for no solution is
a1 = b1 ! c1 59. Solve the following pair of linear equations :

a2 b2 c2 8x + 5y = 9 , 3x + 2y = 4
2p - 1 p-1 2p + 1
= ! Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
3 1 1
From equation (2), we have
2p - 1 p-1
From = we have 3x = 4 - 2y
3 1
3p - 3 = 2p - 1 4 - 2y
or, x = ...(3)
3
3p - 2p = 3 - 1
Substituting this value of y in equation (3) in (1), we
p =2 get
p-1 2p + 1 4 - 2y
8b
3 l
From
1
!
1
we have + 5y = 9
p - 1 ! 2p + 1 or 2p - p ! - 1 - 1 32 - 16y + 15y = 27
p !- 2 - y = 27 - 32
2p - 1 2p + 1 Thus y =5
From ! we have
3 1 Substituting this value of y in equation (3)
2p - 1 ! 6p + 3 4 - 2 ^5 h
x = = 4 - 10 = - 2
4p !- 4 3 3
p !- 1 Hence, x = - 2 and y = 5 .
Hence, system has no solution when p = 2 60. Solve for x and y :
PRACTICE x + 1 + y - 1 = 9 ; x - 1 + y + 1 = 8.
2 3 3 2
 Find the value of k for which the following pair of
equations has no solution :
x + 2y = 3, ^k - 1h x + ^k + 1h y = ^k + 2h . We have x+1+y-1 = 9
2 3
[Board Term-1 2011]
Ans : k = 3 3 ^x + 1h + 2 ^y - 1h = 54
3x + 3 + 2y - 2 = 54
3x + 2y = 53 (1)
58. Solve for x and y : x-1+y+1 = 8
x + 2y = - 1 and x - y = 3 and
3 2
2 3 3
2 ^x - 1h + 3 ^y + 1h = 48
2x - 2 + 3y + 3 = 48
We have x + 2y = - 1
2 3 2x + 3y = 47 (2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 we have
3x + 4y = - 6 ...(1)
9x + 6y = 159 (3)
and x -y =3
1 3 Multiplying equation (2) by 2 we have
3x - y = 9 ...(2) 4x + 6y = 94 (4)
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1), we have
5x = 65
5y = - 15 & y = - 1
or x = 13
Substituting y = - 3 in eq (1), we get Substitute the value of x in equation (2),
3x + 4 ^- 3h = - 6 2 ^13h + 3y = 47
3x - 12 = - 6 3y = 47 - 26 = 21
3x = 12 - 6 & x = 2
y = 21 = 7
Hence x = 2 and y = - 3. 3
Hence, x = 13 and y = 7
61. Given the linear equation 2x + 3y - 8 = 0 , write 63. Find whether the following pair of linear equations
another linear equation in two variables such that the has a unique solutions. If yes, find the solution :
geometrical representation of the pair so formed is : 7x - 4y = 49, 5x - 6y = 57 .
(a) intersecting lines
(b) parallel lines
We have 7x - 4y = 49 (1)
(c) coincident lines.
5x - 6y = 57 (2)
Given, linear equation is 2x + 3y - 8 = 0 ...(1) Comparing with the equation a1 x + b1 y = c1 ,
(a) For intersecting lines, a1

! b1 a1 = 7, b1 = - 4, c1 = 49
a2 b2
To get its parallel line one of the possible equation a2 = 5, b2 = - 6, c2 = 57
may be taken as Since, a1 = 7 and b1 = 4
a2 5 b2 6
5x + 2y - 9 = 0 (2)
a1 ! b1
(b) For parallel lines, a1 = b1 ! c1 a2 b2
a2 b2 c2
So, system has a unique solution.
One of the possible line parallel to equation (1) may
be taken as Multiply equation (1) by 5 we get
6x + 9y + 7 = 0 35x - 20y = 245 (3)

Multiply equation (2) by 7 we get
(c) For coincident lines, a1 = b1 = c1
a2 b2 c2
35x - 42y = 399 (4)
To get its coincident line, one of the possible equation
may be taken as Subtracting (4) by (3) we have
4x + 6y - 16 = 0 22y = - 154
y =- 7
62. Solve for x and y :
Putting the value of y in equation (2),
ax + by = a + b and 3x + 5y = 4
2
5x - 6 ^- 7h = 57
5x = 57 - 42 = 15
We have ax + by = a + b
2
x =3
or 2ax + 2by = a + b ...(1)
Hence x = 3 and y = - 7 .
and 3x + 5y = 4 ...(2)
10ax + 10by = 5a + 5b ...(3)
Multiplying equation (2) by 2b , we have
64. For what value of k , which the following pair of linear
6bx + 10by = 8b ...(4) equations have infinitely many solutions:
Subtracting (4) from (3) we have 2x + 3y = 7 and ^k + 1h x + ^2k - 1h y = 4k + 1
(10a - 6b) x = 5a - 3b Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi]
We have 2x + 3y = 7
or x = 5a - 3b = 1
10a - 6b 2 and ^k + 1h x + ^2k - 1h y = 4k + 1
Substitute x = 1 in equation (2), we get a1 = 2 , b1 = 3
2 Here
1 a2 k + 1 b2 ^2k - 1h
3 # + 5y = 4
2 c1 = -7 7
and =
5y = 4 - 3 = 5 c2 - ^4k + 1h ^4k + 1h
2 2
For infinite many solutions
y = 5 =1 a1 = b1 = c1
2#5 2
a2 b2 c2
Hence x = 1 and y = 1 .
2 2
For a1 = c1 we have 66. Determine graphically the coordinates of the vertices

a2 c2 of triangle, the equations of whose sides are given by
2 = 7 2y - x = 8 , 5y - x = 14 and y - 2x = 1.
k+1 4k + 1
2 ^4k + 1h = 7 ^k + 1h
We have 2y - x = 8
8k + 2 = 7k + 7
L1 : x = 2y - 8
k =5
Hence, the value of k is 5, for which the given equation y 0 4 5
have infinitely many solutions. x = 2y - 8 -8 0 2
PRACTICE 5y - x = 14
 For what value of k , will the following pair of L2 : x = 5y - 14
equations have infinitely many solutions:
2x + 3y = 7 and ^k + 2h x - 3 ^1 - k h y = 5k + 1 y 3 4 2
[Board 2019 OD]
x = 5y - 14 1 6 -4
Ans : k = 4
and y - 2x = 1
65. Find c if the system of equations L3 : y = 1 + 2x
cx + 3y + ^3 - c h = 0; 12x + cy - c = 0 has infinitely
many solutions? x 0 1 2
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] y = 1 + 2x 1 3 5
We have cx + 3y + ^3 - c h = 0 Plotting the above points and drawing lines joining
12x + cy - c = 0 them, we get the graphical representation:
Here, a1 = c , b1 = 3 , c1 = 3 - c Hence, the coordinates of the vertices of a triangle
a2 12 b2 c c2 -c ABC are A (1, 3), B (2, 5) and C (- 4, 2).
For infinite many solutions,
a1 = b1 = c1 67. Determine graphically whether the following pair of
a2 b2 c2 linear equations :
3x - y = 7 and 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 has :
For a1 = c1 we have,
a2 c2 (a) unique solution
c = 3-c (b) infinitely many solutions or
12 -c
(c) no solution.
- c2 = 36 - 12c
- c2 + 12c - 36 = 0 We have 3x - y = 7
2
c - 12c + 36 = 0 or 3x - y - 7 = 0 (1)
2
c - 6c - 6c + 36 = 0 Here a1 = 3, b1 = 1, c1 = - 7
c ^c - 6h - 6 ^c - 6h = 0 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 (2)
^c - 6h^c - 6h = 0 & c = 6 Here a2 = 2, b2 = 5, c2 = 1
a1 = 3 , b1 = - 1
and for b1 = c1 , Now
a2 2 b2 5
b2 c2
3 = 3-c Since 3 ! - 1 , thus a1 ! b1
c -c 2 5 a2 b2
- 3c = 3c - c2 Hence, given pair of linear equations has a unique
solution.
c2 - 6c = 0
Now line (1) y = 3x - 7
c ^c - 6h = 0 & c = 6 or c ! 0
x 0 2 3
Hence, the value of c is 6, for which the given equations
y -7 -1 2
have infinitely many solutions.
and line (2) or, x - 3y = 6 (2)

2x + 5y + 1 = 0 From equation(1) x - 7y = - 42
or, y = - 1 - 2x x 0 7 14
5
y = x + 42 6 7 8
x 2 -3 7
y -1 1 From equation (2) x - 3y = 6
Plotting the above points and drawing lines joining
them, we get the following graph. x 6 12 18
y = x-6 0 2 4
3

Two lines obtained intersect each other at ^42, 12h

Hence, father’s age = 42 years
and daughter’s age = 12 years
Clearly, the two lines intersect at point ^2, - 1h .
Hence x = 2 and y = - 1 69. For Uttarakhand flood victims two sections A and B of
class contributed Rs. 1,500. If the contribution of X-A
68. Aftab tells his daughter, ‘7 years ago, I was seven was Rs. 100 less than that of X-B, find graphically the
times as old as you were then. Also, 3 years from now, amounts contributed by both the sections.
I shall be three times as old as you will be.’ Represent
this situation algebraically and graphically.
Let amount contributed by two sections X-A and X-B
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] be Rs. x and Rs.y .
Let the present age of Aftab be x years and the age of x + y = 1, 500 ...(1)
daughter be y years.
y - x = 100 ...(2)
7 years ago father’s(Aftab) age = ^x - 7h years
From (1) y = 1500 - x
7 years ago daughter’s age = ^y - 7h years
x 0 700 1,500
According to the question,
y 1,500 800 0
^x - 7h = 7 ^y - 7h
or, ^x - 7y h = - 42 (1) From (2) y = 100 + x
After 3 years father’s(Aftab) age = ^x + 3h years x 0 700
After 3 years daughter’s age = ^y + 3h years y 100 800
According to the condition, Plotting the above points and drawing lines joining
x + 3 = 3 ^y + 3h
Clearly, the two lines intersect at point ^3, 3h .

(a) These lines intersect each other at point ^3, 3h .
Hence x = 3 and y = 3
(b) The vertices of triangular region are ^3, 3h , ^- 1, 0h
and ^7, 0h .
(c) Area of T = 1 ×8×3 = 12
2
Hence, Area of obtained T is 12 sq unit.
71. The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1kg of grapes on a day

was found to be Rs. 160. After a month, the cost of
4kg of apples and 2kg of grapes is Rs. 300. Represent
Clearly, the two lines intersect at point (700, 800) the situations algebraically and geometrically.
Hence X-A contributes 700 Rs and X-B contributes Sol : [Board Term-1 2013]
800 Rs. Let the cost of 1 kg of apples be Rs.x and cost of 1 kg
of grapes be Rs. y .
70. Solve graphically the pair of linear equations :
The given conditions can be represented given by the
3x - 4y + 3 = 0 and 3x + 4y - 21 = 0
following equations :
Find the co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangular
2x + y = 160 ...(1)
region formed by these lines and x -axis. Also,
calculate the area of this triangle. 4x + 2y = 300 ...(2)
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] From equation (1) y = 160 - 2x
We have 3x - 4y + 3 = 0 x 50 45
or, y = 3x + 3 y 60 70
4
x 3 7 -1 From equation (2) y = 150 - 2x
y 3 6 0 x 50 40
and 3x + 4y - 21 = 0 y 50 70
or, y = 21 - 3x Plotting these points on graph, we get two parallel
4
line as shown below.
x 3 7 11
y 3 0 -2
72. Solve for x and y : Clearly, the two lines intersect at point D ^2, 3h .
2x - y + 3 and 3x - 5y + 1 = 0 Hence, x = 2 and y = 3 is the solution of the
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] given pair of equations. The line CD intersects the
We have 2x - y + 3 = 0 ...(1) x -axis at the point E ^4, 0h and the line AB intersects
the x -axis at the points F ^- 1, 0h . Hence, the co-
3x - 5y + 1 = 0 ...(2) ordinates of the vertices of the triangle are D ^2, 3h ,
Multiplying equation (1) by 5,and subtracting (2) E ^4, 0h and F ^- 1, 0h .
from it we have
74. Solve the following pair of linear equations graphically:
7x = - 14
x + 3y = 12, 2x - 3y = 12
x = - 14 = - 2 Also shade the region bounded by the line 2x - 3y = 2
7
Substituting the value of x in equation (1) we get and both the co-ordinate axes.
2x - y + 3 = 0 Sol : [Board Term-1 2013, 2012]
2 ^- 2h - y + 3 = 0 We have x + 3y = 6 & y = 6 - x ...(1)

3
-4 - y + 3 = 0
x 3 6 0
-y - 1 = 0
y 1 0 2
y =- 1
Hence, x = - 2 and y = - 1. and 2x - 3y = 12 & y = 2x - 12
3
73. Draw the graphs of the equations x - y + 1 = 0 and x 0 6 3
3x + 2y - 12 = 0. Determine the co-ordinates of the y -4 0 -2
vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the
X-axis and shade the triangular region.
We have x-y+1 = 0 ...(1)
x 0 4 2
y = x+1 1 5 3
and 3x + 2y - 12 = 0 ...(2)
x 0 2 4
y = 12 - 3x 6 3 0
2
The two lines intersect each other at point B ^6, 0h .

Again DOAB is the region bounded by the line
2x - 3y = 12 and both the co-ordinate axes.
75. Solve the following pair of linear equations graphically:

x - y = 1, 2x + y = 8
Also find the co-ordinates of the points where the lines
represented by the above equation intersect y - axis.
We have x-y = 1 & y = x-1

x 2 3 -1
y 1 2 -2
and 2x + y = 8 & y = 8 - 2x
x 2 4 0
y 4 0 8

them, we get the following graph. 76. Draw the graph of the following equations:
2x - y = 1, x + 2y = 13
Find the solution of the equations from the graph and
shade the triangular region formed by the lines and
the y -axis.
We have 2x - y = 1 & y = 2x - 1
x 0 1 3
y -1 1 5
and x + 2y = 13 & y = 13 - x
2
x 1 3 5
y 6 5 4
The two lines intersect each other at point A ^3, 2h .

Thus solution of given equations is x = 3, y = 2 .
Again, x - y = 1 intersects y - axis at ^0, - 1h
and 2x + y = 8 y - axis at ^0, 8h .
PRACTICE
 Draw the graphs of the pair of linear equations :

x + 2y = 5 and 2x - 3y = - 4
Also find the points where the lines meet the x -
axis.
[Board Term-1 2015]
Ans : ^5, 0h and ^- 2, 0h
Clearly two obtained lines intersect at point A ^3, 5h . 78. Solve x + y = 5 and 2x - 3y = 4 by elimination
Hence, x = 3 and y = 5 method and the substitution method.
ABC is the triangular shaded region formed by the Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
obtained lines with the y -axis. By Elimination Method :

We have, x+y = 5 ...(1)
PRACTICE
and 2x - 3y = 4 ...(2)
 Solve the following pair of linear equations
graphically: Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and adding in (2) we
2x + 3y = 12 and x - y = 1 have
Find the area of the region bounded by the two 3 ^x + y h + ^2x - 3y h = 3 # 5 + 4
lines representing the above equations and y -axis.
or, 3x + 3y + 2x - 3y = 15 + 4
[Board Term-1 2012]
Ans : x = 3 and y = 2 , 7.5 square unit 5x = 19 & x = 19
5
Substituting x = 19 in equation (1),
77. Solve the following pair of equations graphically: 5
2x + 3y = 12, x - y - 1 = 0 . 19 + y = 5
Shade the region between the two lines represented by 5
the above equations and the X -axis. y = 5 - 19 = 25 - 19 = 6
5 5 5
Sol :
[Board Term-1 2013]
5 5
We have 2x + 3y = 12 & y = 12 - 2x By Substituting Method :
3
x 0 6 3 We have, x+y = 5 ...(1)
y 4 0 2 and 2x - 3y = 4 ...(2)
also x-y = 1 & y = x-1 From equation (1), y = 5 - x ...(3)
Substituting the value of y from equation (3) in
x 0 1 3
equation (2),
y -1 0 2
2x - 3 ^5 - x h = 4
2x - 15 + 3x = 4
5x = 19
x = 19
5
Substituting this value of x in equation (3), we get
y = 5 - 19 = 6
5 5
Hence x = 19 and y = 6
5 5
PRACTICE
 Solve 3x - 5y - 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7 by
elimination method and the substitution method.
Ans : x = 9 and y = - 5
13 13
 Solve for x and y :

The two lines intersect each other at point (3, 2), 3x + 4y = 10
Hence, x = 3 and y = 2. 2x - 2y = 2
DABC is the region between the two lines represented [Board Term-1 2015]
by the given equations and the x -axis. Ans : x = 2 and y = 1
79. For what values of a and b does the following pair For coincident lines,
of linear equations have infinite number of solution ? a1 = b1 = c1
2x + 3y = 7, a ^x + y h - b ^x - y h = 3a + b - 2 a2 b2 c2
2 = 3 = 7
Sol :
4 ^p + q h + 1
[Board Term-1 2015]
p+q+1 p + 2q + 2
We have 2x + 3y - 7 = 0 3 7
From = we have
Here a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = - 7 p + 2q + 2 4 ^p + q h + 1
7p + 14q + 14 = 12p + 12q + 3
and a ^x + y h - b ^x - y h = 3a + b - 2
5p - 2q - 11 = 0 ...(1)
ax + ay - bx + by = 3a + b - 2
â - b h x + â + b h y - ^3a + b - 2h = 0 From 2 = 7 we have
p+q+1 4 ^p + q h + 1
Here a2 = a - b, b2 = a + b, c2 = - ^3a + b - 2h 8 ^p + q h + 2 = 7p + 7q + 7
For infinite many solutions 8p + 8q + 2 = 7p + 7q + 7
a1 = b1 = c1
a2 b2 c2 p+q-5 = 0 ...(2)
2 = 3 = -7 Multiplying equation (2) by 5 we have
a-b a + b ^3a + b - 2h
5p + 5q - 25 = 0 ...(3)
From 2 = 7 we have
a-b 3a + b - 2 Subtracting equation (1) from (3) we get
2 ^3a + b - 2h = 7 â - b h 7q = 14
6a + 2b - 4 = 7a - 7b q =2
a - 9b = - 4 ...(1) Hence, p = 3 and q = 2 .
From 3 = 7 we have
a+b 3a + b - 2
3 ^3a + b - 2h = 7 â + b h WORD PROBLEMS
9a + 3b - 6 = 7a + 7b
81. In an election contested between A and B, A obtained
2a - 4b = 6 votes equal to twice the no. of persons on the electoral roll
a - 2b = 3 ...(2) who did not cast their votes and this later number was
equal to twice his majority over B. If there were 1,8000
Subtracting equation (1) from (2),
persons on the electoral roll. How many votes for B.
- 7b = - 7
b =1 Let x and y be the no. of votes for A and B respectively.
Substituting the value of b in equation (1), The no. of persons who did not vote is 18000 - x - y .
a =5 We have x = 2 ^18000 - x - y h
Hence, a = 5, b = 1. 3x + 2y = 36000 ...(1)

and ^18000 - x - y h = 2 ^x - y h
80. Find the value of p and q for which the system of
equations represent coincident lines 2x + 3y = 7 , or 3x - y = 18000 ...(2)
^p + q + 1h x + ^p + 2q + 2h y = 4 ^p + q h + 1 Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1),
Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2012] 3y = 18000
We have 2x + 3y = 7 y = 6000
^p + q + 1h x + ^p + 2q + 2h y = 4 ^p + q h + 1 Hence vote for B is 6000.
Comparing given equation to ab + by + c = 0 we have
a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = - 7 82. Sum of the ages of a father and the son is 40 years. If
father’s age is three times that of his son, then find
a2 = p + q + 1, b2 = p + 2q + 2, c2 = - 4 ^p + q h - 1
their respective ages.

Thus x = 1000 and y = 100
Let age of father and son be x and y respectively.
Fixed charge and cost of food per day are Rs. 1,000
x + y = 40 ...(1) and Rs. 100.
x = 3y ...(2)
85. The present age of the father is twice the sum of the
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get ages of his 2 children. After 20 years, his age will be
x = 30 and y = 10 equal to the sum of the ages of his children. Find the
age of the father.
Ages are 30 years and 10 years. Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
Let the sum of the ages of the 2 children be x and the

83. Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose
age of the father be y years.
length is 4 m more then its width, is 36 m. Find the
dimensions of garden. Now y = 2x
Sol : [Board Term-1 2013] 2x - y = 0 ...(1)

Let the length of the garden be x m and its width be and 20 + y = x + 40
y m.
x - y = - 20 ...(2)
Perimeter of rectangular garden
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
p = 2 ^x + y h
x = 20
Since half perimeter is given as 36 m,
From(1), y = 2x = 2 # 20 = 40
x + y = 36 ...(1)
Hence, the age of the father is 40 years.
Also, x = y+4
86. In the figure, ABCDE is a pentagon with BE z CD
or x-y = 4 ...(2)
and BC z DE . BC is perpendicular to CD. AB = 5 cm,
Now adding eq (1) and (2) we have AE = 5 cm, BE = 7 cm, BC = x - y and CD = x + y.
40 If the perimeter of ABCDE is 27 cm. Find the value
2x = 40 & x = 2 = 20 of x and y , given x , y ! 0 .
Subtracting eq (2) from (1) we have
32
2y = 32 & x = 2 = 16
Hence, length is 20 m and width is 16 m.
84. A part of monthly hostel charge is fixed and the

remaining depends on the number of days one has
taken food in the mess. When Swati takes food for
20 days, she has to pay Rs. 3,000 as hostel charges
whereas Mansi who takes food for 25 days Rs. 3,500
as hostel charges. Find the fixed charges and the cost
of food per day. Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
Sol : [Board Term-1 2016, 2015] We have redrawn the given figure as shown below.
Let fixed charge be x and per day food cost be y
x + 20y = 3000 ...(1)
x + 25y = 3500 ...(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2) we have
5y = 500 & y = 100
Substituting this value of y in (1), we get
x + 20 ^100h = 3000
x = 1000
We have CD = BE Adding equation (1) and (3) we obtain,

x+y = 7 ...(1) 2x = 44 & x = 44 = 22
2
Also, perimeter of ABCDE is 27 cm, thus
Substituting value of x in equation (1) we have
AB + BC + CD + DE + AE = 27
22 + y = 30
5 + (x - y) + (x + y) + (x - y) + 5 = 27
y = 30 - 22 = 8
3x - y = 17 ...(2)
x = 22 cm and y = 8 cm
Adding equation (1) and (2) we have
4x = 24 & x = 6 PRACTICE
Substituting x = 6 in equation (1) we obtain  In the figure given below, ABCD is a rectangle.
y = 7-x = 7-6 = 1 Find the values of x and y .
Thus x = 6 and y = 1.
PRACTICE
 In the figure below ABCDE is a pentagon with

BE | | CD and BC | | DE. BC is perpendicular to
DC. If the perimeter of ABCDE is 21 cm, find
the values of x and y .
[Board Term-1 2012]

Ans : x = 19 and y = 3.
88. Seven times a two digit number is equal to four times

the number obtained by reversing the order of its
digits. If the difference of the digits is 3, determine
the number.
Let the ten’s and unit digit by y and x respectively,

So the number is 10y + x
[Board 2010]
The number when digits are reversed becomes 10x + y
Ans : x = 5 and y = 0 .
Thus 7 ^10y + x h = 4 ^10x + y h
70y + 7x = 40x + 4y
87. In Figure, ABCD is a rectangle. Find the values of
70y - 4y = 40x - 7x
x and y .
2y = x ...(1)
or x-y = 3 ...(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
y = 3 and x = 6
Hence the number is 36.
89. 4 chairs and 3 tables cost Rs 2100 and 5 chairs and

Sol : [Board 2018] 2 tables cost Rs 1750. Find the cost of one chair and
Since ABCD is a rectangle, we have one table separately.
AB = CD and BC = AD Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
Now x + y = 30 ...(1) Let cost of 1 chair be Rs x and cost of 1 table be Rs

y According to the question,
x - y = 14 ...(2)
4x + 3y = 2100 ...(1) 5 = 9 -1 = 1
x 12 2 4
5x + 2y = 1750 ...(2)
x = 20
Multiplying equation (1) by 2 and equation (2) by 3,
Substituting the value of x in equation (1), we have
8x + 6y = 4200 ...(3) 1 +1 = 1
15x + 6y = 5250 ...(iv) 20 y 12
1 = 1 - 1 = 5-3
Subtracting equation (3) from (4) we have y 12 20 60
7x = 1050 1 = 2 = 1 & y = 30
y 60 30
x = 150
Hence, time taken to fill the pool by the larger
Substituting the value of x in (1), y = 500 and smaller diameter pipe are 20 hrs and 30 hrs
Thus cost of chair and table is Rs 150, Rs 500 respectively.
respectively.
92. A man can row a boat downstream 20 km in 2 hours
90. A chemist has one solution which is 50 ~ acid and a and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find his speed of
second which is 25 ~ acid. How much of each should rowing in still water. Also find the speed of the stream.
be mixed to make 10 litre of 40 ~ acid solution.
Let x be the speed of the boat in still water and y be
Let 50 ~ acids in the solution be x and 25 ~ of other the speed of the stream.
solution be y .
Relative Speed of boat in upstream will be (x - y) and
Total volume in the mixture relative speed of boat in downstream will be (x + y).
x + y = 10 ...(1) 1 According to question, we have
and 50 x + 25 y = 40 10 20 = 2
100 100 100 # x+y
2x + y = 16 ...(2) 1 x + y = 10 ...(1)
Subtracting equation (1) from (2) we have 4 =2
and
x =6 x-y
x-y = 2 ...(2)
Substituting this value of x in equation (1) we get
Adding equation (1) and (2), we have
6 + y = 10 2x = 12 & x = 6 km/hr
y =4 Substituting the value of x is equation (1) we have,
Hence, x = 6 and y = 4 . 6 + y = 10 & y = 10 - 6 = 4 km/hr
Thus speed of a boat in still water is 6 km/hr and
91. It can take 12 hours to fill a swimming pool using two
speed of the stream 4 km/hr.
pipes. If the pipe of larger diameter is used for four
hours and the pipe of smaller diameter for 9 hours, 93. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed.
only half of the pool can be filled. How long would it If the train would have been 10 km/hr scheduled time.
take for each pipe to fill the pool separately? And, if the train were slower by 10 km/hr, it would
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] have taken 3 hr more than the scheduled time. Find
Let x be time taken to fill the pool by the larger the distance covered by the train.
diameter pipe and y be the time taken to fill the pool Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2012]
by the smaller diameter pipe. Let the actual speed of the train be s and actual time
According to question, taken t .
1+1 = 1 Distance = Speed × Time
...(1)
x y 12 = st km
and 4+9 =1 ...(2)
x y 2 According to the given condition, we have
Multiplying equation (1) by 9 and subtracting from st = ^s + 10h^t - 2h
equation (2), we get st = st - 2s + 10t - 20
2s - 10t + 20 = 0 Same Direction :

s - 5t = - 10 (1) Distance covered by car I
and st = ^s - 10h^t + 3h = 150 +(distance covered by car II)
st = st + 3s - 10t - 30 15x = 150 + 15y
3s - 10t = 30 ...(2) 15x - 15y = 150
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and subtracting x - y = 10 ...(1)

equation (2) from equation (1), Opposite Direction :
3 # ^s - 5t h - ^3s - 10t h = - 3 # 10 - 30 Distance covered by car I + distance covered by car II
- 5t = - 60 = 150 km
t = 12
x + y = 150 ...(2)
Substituting value of t equation (1),
Adding equation (1) and (2), we have x = 80 .
s - 5 # 12 = - 10
Substituting x = 80 in equation (1), we have y = 70 .
s = - 10 + 60 = 50
Speed of the car I from A = 80 km/hr and speed of
Hence, the distance covered by the train the car II from B = 70 km/hr.
= 50 # 12 = 600 km. 96. If 2 is subtracted from the numerator and 1 is added
to the denominator, a fraction becomes 12 , but when
94. The ratio of incomes of two persons is 11:7 and the
4 is added to the numerator and 3 is subtracted from
ratio of their expenditures is 9:5. If each of them
the denominator, it becomes 32 . Find the fraction.
manages to save Rs 400 per month, find their monthly
incomes. Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] Let the fraction be x then we have

y
Let the incomes of two persons be 11x and 7x . x-2 = 1
y+1 2
Also the expenditures of two persons be 9y and 5y .
2x - 4 = y + 1
11x - 9y = 400 ...(1)
2x - y = 5 ...(1)1
and 7x - 5y = 400 ...(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 5 and equation (2) by 9 Also, x+4 = 3
y-3 2
we have
2x + 8 = 3y - 9 ]
55x - 45y = 2000 ...(3)
2x - 3y = - 17 ...(2) 1
and 63x - 45y = 3600 ...(4)
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1),
Subtracting, above equation we have
- 8x = - 1600 2y = 22 & y = 11
- 1, 600 Substituting this value of y in equation (1) we have,

or, x = = 200
-8 2x - 11 = 5
Hence Their monthly incomes are 11 # 200 = Rs
2200 and 7 # 200 = Rs 1400. x =8
Hence, Fraction = 8
95. A and B are two points 150 km apart on a highway. 11
Two cars start A and B at the same time. If they
PRACTICE
move in the same direction they meet in 15 hours. But
if they move in the opposite direction, they meet in 1  A fraction become 119 if 2 is added to both
hours. Find their speeds. numerator and denominator. If 3 is added to both
numerator and denominator it becomes 56 . Find
the fraction.
Let the speed of the car I from A be x and speed of [Board Term-1 2012]
the car II from B be y . Ans : 7
9
97. If a bag containing red and white balls, half the number Substituting this value of x in equation (1),
of white balls is equal to one-third the number of red
3 ^17h - 5y = 6
balls. Thrice the total number of balls exceeds seven
times the number of white balls by 6. How many balls 5y = 51 - 6
of each colour does the bag contain ? y =9
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] Hence, perimeter = 2 ^x + y h = 2 ^17 + 9h = 52 units.
Let the number of red balls be x and white balls be y .
According to the question, 99. The students of a class are made to stand in rows. If
y 3 students are extra in a row, there would be 1 row
= 1 x or 2x - 3y = 0 ...(1) less. If 3 students are less in a row, there would be 2
2 3
rows more. Find the number of students in the class.
and 3 ^x + y h - 7y = 6
or 3x - 4y = 6 ...(2)
Let the number of students in a row be x and the
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by we
number of rows be y . Thus total will be xy .
have
6x - 9y = 0 ...(3)
Now ^x + 3h^y - 1h = xy
xy + 3y - x - 3 = xy
6x - 8y = 12 ...(4)
- x + 3y - 3 = 0 ...(1)
and ^x - 3h^y + 2h = xy
y = 12
xy - 3y + 2x - 6 = xy
Substituting y = 12 in equation (1),
2x - 3y - 6 = 0 ...(2)
2x - 36 = 0
Multiply equation (1) 2 we have
x = 18 - 2x + 6y - 6 = 0 ...(3)
Hence, number of red balls = 18 Adding equation (2) and (3) we have
and number of white balls = 12 3y - 12 = 0
y =4
98. The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units,
if its length is reduced by 5 units and the breadth Substitute y = 4 in equation (1)
is increased by 3 units. The area is increased by 67 - x + 12 - 3 = 0
square units if length is increased by 3 units and
breadth is increased by 2 units. Find the perimeter of x =9
the rectangle. Total students xy = 9 # 4 = 36
Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2012] Total students in the class is 36.
Let length of given rectangle be x and breadth be y ,
then area of rectangle will be xy . 100. The ages of two friends ani and Biju differ by 3 years.
According to the first condition we have Ani’s father Dharam is twice as old as ani and Biju
is twice as old as his sister Cathy. The ages of Cathy
^x - 5h^y + 3h = xy - 9 and Dharam differ by 30 year. Find the ages of Ani
or, 3x - 5y = 6 ...(1) and Biju.
According to the second condition, we have Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
^x + 3h^y + 2h = xy - 67 Let the ages of Ani and Biju be x and y , respectively.

or, 2x + 5y = 61 ...(2) According to the given condition,
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 5 x - y =! 3 ...(1)
and then adding, Also, age of Ani’s father Dharam = 2x years
9x - 15y = 18 y
And age of Biju’s sister = years
10x + 15y = 305 2
According to the given condition,
x = 323 = 17
19
y or, 2y = 340
2x - = 30
2
y = 170
4x - y = 60 ...(2)
Hence, the amount of their respective capitals are 40
Case I : When x - y = 3 ...(3) and 170.
Subtracting equation (3) from equation (2),
102. At a certain time in a deer, the number of heads and
3x = 57 the number of legs of deer and human visitors were
counted and it was found that there were 39 heads
x = 19 years
and 132 legs.
Putting x = 19 in equation (3), Find the number of deer and human visitors in the
19 - y = 3 park.
y = 16 years
Let the no. of deer be x and no. of human be y .
Case II : When x - y = - 3 ...(4) According to the question,
Subtracting equation (iv) from equation (2), x + y = 39 ...(1)
3x = 60 + 3 and 4x + 2y = 132 ...(2)
3x = 63 Multiply equation (1) from by 2,
x = 21 years 2x + 2y = 78 ...(3)
Subtracting equation (4), we get Subtract equation (3) from (2),
21 - y = - 3 2x = 54
y = 24 years x = 27
Hence, Ani’s age = 19 years or 21 years Biju age = 16 Substituting this value of x in equation (1)
years or 24 years. 27 + y = 39
101. One says, “Give me a hundred, friend! I shall then y = 12
become twice as rich as you.” The other replies, “If So, No. of deer = 27 and No. of human = 12
you give me ten, I shall be six times as rich as you.”
Tell me what is the amount of their (respective) 103. The length of the sides of a triangle are
capital. 2x + y2 , 53x + y + 12 and 23 x + 2y + 52 . If the triangle is
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] equilateral , find its perimeter.
Let the amount of their respective capitals be x and Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
y. For an equilateral T,
According to the given condition, y
2x + = 5x + y + 1 = 1 x + 2y + 5
x + 100 = 2 ^y - 100h 2 3 2 2 2
x - 2y = - 300 ...(1) 4x + y 10x + 6y + 3
Now =
2 6
and 6 ^x - 10h = y + 10 12x + 3y = 10x + 6y + 3
6x - y = 70 ...(2)
2x - 3y = 3 ...(1)
y
12x - 2y = 140 ...(3) Again, 2x + = 2 x + 2y + 5
2 3 2
Subtracting (1) from equation (3) we have 4x + y 4x + 12y + 15
=
2 6
11x = 440
12x + 3y = 4x + 12y + 15
x = 40
8x - 9y = 15 ...(2)
Substituting x = 40 in equation (1),
40 - 2y = - 300
6x - 9y = 9 ...(1)
Subtracting it from (2) we get Sol : [Board Term-1 2013]
Let x be the distance of the place where breakdown

2x = 6 & x = 3
occurred and y be the original speed,
Substituting this value of x into (1), we get
x + 30 - x = 5
2 # 3 - 3y = 3 y y
2
x + 60 - 2x = 5
or, 3y = 3 & y = 1 or
y y
Now substituting these value of x and y x + 60 - 2x = 5y
y
2x + = 2 # 3 + 1 = 6.5 x + 5y = 60 ...(1)
2 2
30 - ^x + 10h
The perimeter of equilateral triangle = side # 3 and x + 10 + =4
y y
2
= 6.5 # 3 = 19.5 cm x + 10 + 60 - 2 ^x + 10h = 4
Hence, the perimeter of T = 19.5 m y y
x + 10 + 60 - 2x - 20 = 4y
104. When 6 boys were admitted and 6 girls left, the - x + 50 = 4y
percentage of boys increased from 60% to 75%. Find
the original no. of boys and girls in the class. x + 4y = 50 (2)
Subtract equation (2) from (1), y = 10 km/hr.
Let the no. of boys be x and no. of girls be y . Now from (2), x + 40 = 50 & x = 10 km
No. of students = x + y Break down occurred at 10 km and original speed was
x 10 km/hr.
Now = 60 ...(1)
x+y 100
106. The population of a village is 5000. If in a year, the
and x+6 = 75 ...(2) number of males were to increase by 5% and that of a
^x + 6h + ^y - 6h 100
female by 3% annually, the population would grow to
From (1), we have
5202 at the end of the year. Find the number of males
100x = 60x + 60y and females in the village.
40x - 60y = 0 Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
2x - 3y = 0 Let the number of males be x and females be y
2x = 3y (3) Now x+y = 5, 000 ...(1)

3y
From (2) we have and x+ 5 x+y+ = 5202
100 100
100x + 600 = 75x + 75y 5x + 3y
+ 5000 = 5202
100
25x - 75y = - 600
5x + 3y = ^5202 - 5000h # 100
x - 3y = - 24 ...(4)
5x + 3y = 20200 (2)
Substituting the value of 3y from (3) in to (4) we
Multiply (1) by 3 we have
have,
3x + 3y = 15, 000 ...(3)
x - 2x = - 24 & x = 24
3y = 24 # 2
2x = 5200 & x = 2600
y = 16
Substituting value of x in (1) we have
Hence, no. of boys is 24 and no. of girls is 16.
2600 - y = 5000 & y = 2400
105. A cyclist, after riding a certain distance, stopped Thus no. of males is 2600 and no. of females is 2400.
for half an hour to repair his bicycle, after which he
completes the whole journey of 30 km at half speed in 107. A father’s age is three times the sum of the ages of
5 hours. If the breakdown had occurred 10 km farther his two children. After 5 years his age will be two
off, he would have done the whole journey in 4 hours. times the sum of their ages. Find the present age of
Find where the breakdown occurred and his original the father.
speed.
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS

Let x be the age of father and y be the sum of the
ages of his children. 109. A coaching institute of Mathematics conducts classes
After 5 years, in two batches I and II and fees for rich and poor
Father’s age = ^x + 5h years children are different. In batch I, there are 20 poor
and 5 rich children, whereas in batch II, there are
Sum of ages of his children = ^y + 10h years 5 poor and 25 rich children. The total monthly
According to the given condition, collection of fees from batch I is `9000 and from batch
x = 3y ...(1) II is `26,000. Assume that each poor child pays `x
per month and each rich child pays `y per month.
and x + 5 = 2 ^y + 10h
or, x - 2y = 15 ...(2)
Solving equation (1) and (2), we have
3y - 2y = 15 & y = 15
Substituting value of y in equation (1), we get
x = 3 # 15 = 45
Hence, father’s present age is 45,
108. Sumit is 3 times as old as his son. Five years later he

shall be two and a half times as old as his son. How
old is Sumit at present?
Based on the above information, answer the following
Sol : [Board 2019 OD]
questions:
Let x be Sumit’s present age and y be his son’s
(i) Represent the information given above in terms of
present age.
x and y.
According to given condition,
(ii) Find the monthly fee paid by a poor child.
x = 3y
(iii) Find the difference in the monthly fee paid by a
After five years, ...(1) poor child and a rich child.
Sumit’s age = x + 5 (iv) If there are 10 poor and 20 rich children in batch
and His son’s age = y + 5 II, what is the total monthly collection of fees
from batch II?
Now, again according to given condition, Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard]
x + 5 = 2 1 (y + 5) (i) Representation in Equation

2
Monthly fees paid by each poor children = ` x
x + 5 = 5 (y + 5) Monthly fees paid by each rich children = `y
2
2 (x + 5) = 5 (y + 5) In batch I, there are 20 poor and 5 rich children. Fees
paid by batch I
2x + 10 = 5y + 25
20x + 5y = 9000 ...(1)
2x = 5y + 15 In batch II, there are 5 poor and 25 rich children. Fees
2 (3y) = 5y + 15 [from eq (1)] paid by batch II
6y = 5y + 15 5x + 25y = 26000 ...(2)
(ii) Monthly fee paid by a poor child
y = 15
Multiply equation (1) by 5 we get
Again, from eq (1)
100x + 25y = 45000 ...(3)
x = 3y
= 3 # 15 = 45
95x = 19000
Hence, Sumit’s present age is 45 years.
x = 19000 = 200
95
Thus, monthly fee paid by poor child is `200.
(iii) Difference in the monthly fee paid by a poor child (i) Fixed cost = 4000
and a rich child, Variable cost for each service = 75
Substitute value of x in equation (1) we have Total cost for x service,
20 # 200 + 5y = 9000 y = 75x + 4000
5y = 9000 - 4000 Charge for per visit = 115
y = 5000 = 1000 Total revenue for x service,
5
Monthly fee paid by Rich child is `1000. y = 115x
Difference in monthly fee paid by poor child and a At breakeven revenue must be equal to cost.
rich child = 1000 - 200 = `800 Thus, 115x = 75x + 4000
(iv) Total monthly collection of fees from batch II, 40x = 4000
Poor children = 10 x = 100
Rich children = 20 Thus, 100 lawns/month are required for breakeven.
Total monthly collection of fees from batch II (ii) Revenue required to break even,
= 10 # 200 + 200 # 800 y = 115 # 100
= 2000 + 16000 = 11500 Rs per month
= `18000 (iii) Revenue for 90 services,
y = 115x
110. Lawn Service : Nitin and his sons run a lawn service,
which includes mowing, edging, trimming, and = 115 # 90 = 1015 Rs
aerating a lawn. His fixed cost includes insurance,
111. Production of Frying Pan : Due to high market
his salary, and monthly payments on equipment, and
demand, a manufacturer decides to introduce a new
amounts to Rs 4000 per month. The variable costs
line of frying pan. By using existing factory space and
include gas, oil, hourly wages for his employees, and
retraining some employees, fixed costs are estimated
miscellaneous expenses, which run about Rs 75 per
at Rs 84000/mo. The components to assemble and
lawn. The average charge for full service lawn care is
test each frying pan are expected to run Rs 450 per
Rs 115 per visit.
unit. If market research shows consumers are willing
(i) How many lawns Nitin must service each month
to pay at least Rs 690 for this product, find
to break even ?
(i) How many units must be made and sold each
(ii) What is the revenue required to break even ?
month to break even ?
(iii) What is the revenue if they get 90 services ?
(ii) What is the revenue required to break even ?
Sol : Sol :
Let x represent the number of service. Break even Let x represent the number of units made. Break
point occur when cost is equal to revenue. Let y even point occur when cost is equal to revenue. Let y
represent both cost and revenue at break even since represent both cost and revenue at break even since
they are equal. they are equal.
(i) Fixed cost = 84000 Rs If 3800 tickets in all were sold,

Variable cost for each unit = 450 Rs a + c = 3800 (3)
Total cost, for making in x unit, Multiply the equation (2) by 13 we have
y = 450x + 84000 13a + 13c = 49400 (4)
Projected Revenue, y = 690x Subtracting (4) from (2) we have
At breakeven revenue must be equal to cost. Thus 5a = 11590
450x + 84000 = 690x
a = 11590 = 2318
45x + 8400 = 69x 5
Substituting a = 2318 in (3) we have
8400 = 24x & x = 350
2318 + c = 3800
Thus, 350 units/month are required for breakeven.
(ii) Revenue required to break even, a = 3800 - 2318 = 1482
y = 690 # 350 Thus 2318 adult tickets and 1482 child tickets were
sold.
= 241500 Rs per month
113. Alumni Contributions : Alumni can help college sustain
112. Theatre Productions : A play is a work of drama, through their donations and voluntary help. Alumni
usually consisting mostly of dialogue between can also be helpful in providing valuable financial,
characters and intended for theatrical performance intellectual and human resource. If a big chunk of
rather than just reading. Comedies are plays which money that institutes require comes from alumni, it
are designed to be humorous. Comedies are often will help those institutes remain competitive.
filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and
strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared
toward different age groups.
At a recent production of a comedy drama, the

Ravindra Rangmanch Theater brought in a total of
Rs 304950 in revenue. If adult tickets were Rs 90 and
children’s tickets were Rs 65, how many tickets of
each type were sold if 3800 tickets in all were sold?
Sol : Alumni association of NIT Kuruskhstra donated Rs
Let a represent the number of adult tickets sold and c 100,000 to his alma mater. The college used the funds
represent the number of child tickets sold. to make a loan to a science student at 7% interest and
Since adult tickets were Rs 90 and children’s tickets a loan to a engineering student at 6% interest. That
were Rs 65, revenue is Rs 304950, thus year the college earned Rs 6350 in interest.
90a + 65c = 304950 (1) (i) How much was loaned to engineering student?
(ii) How much was loaned to science student?
18a + 13c = 60990 (2)
Sol : (i) What is my (Jenish’s) normal walking speed?

Let s represent the loan made to the science student (ii) What was the speed of the walkway in feet per
and n represent the loan made to the engineering second?
student. College earned total Rs 6350 interest, 7%
interest from science student and 6% interest from Sol :
engineering student and. Thus Let w represent the speed of the walkway and j
represent Jenish’s walking speed.
7
100 s + 100
6
n = 6350
(i) In the direction of walkway,
0.07s + 0.06n = 6350 (1)
32 (j + w) = 256
Since total amount was Rs 100,000, we have
j+w = 8 (1)
s + n = 100000 (2)
Opposite direction of walkway,
Substituting s = 100000 - n from (2) in (1) we have
320 (j - w) = 256
0.07 (100000 - n) + 0.06n = 6350
10j - 10w = 8 (2)
7000 - 0.07n + 0.06n = 6350
Multiplying eq (1) with 10 we have
- 0.01n = 6350 - 7000
10j + 10w = 80 (3)
- 0.01n = - 650
Adding eq (2) and (3) we have
n = - 650 = 65000
- 0.01 88
20j = 88 & j = 20 = 4.4 ft/sec
Now substituting n = 65000 in (ii) we have
s = 100000 - 65000 = 35000 (ii) Substituting above value of j in (1) we have
(i) Rs 65000 was loaned to the engineering student. 4.4 + w = 8

(ii) Rs 35000 was loaned to the science student. w = 8 - 4.4 = 3.6 ft/sec
114. Airport Walkways : A moving walkway, also known as 115. Nutrition : Shalvi wants to use milk and orange juice
an autowalk, is a slow-moving conveyor mechanism that to increase the amount of calcium and vitamin A in
transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane her daily diet. An ounce of milk contains 38 milligrams
over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways of calcium and 56 micrograms of vitamin A. An ounce
can be used by standing or walking on them. They are of orange juice contains 5 milligrams of calcium and
often installed in pairs, one for each direction. 60 micrograms of vitamin A. How many ounces of
milk and orange juice should she drink each day to
provide exactly 550 milligrams of calcium and 1,200
micrograms of vitamin A?
As part of an algebra field trip, Jenish takes his

class to the airport to use their moving walkways
for a demonstration. The class measures the longest
walkway, which turns out to be 256 ft long. Using a
stop watch, Jenish shows it takes him just 32 sec to
complete the walk going in the same direction as the
walkway. Walking in a direction opposite the walkway,
it takes him 320 sec (10 times as long!). The next day
in class, Jenish hands out a two question quiz:
Sol : Sol :
Let x represent the number of ounces of milk and y Let x represent the amount of 50% solution and y
represent number of ounces of orange juice. represent amount of 80% solution.
Next we summarize the given information in table. Since 100 millilitres are required, so
x + y = 100 (1)
Milk Orange Juice Total Needed
Since 68% of the 100 millilitres must be acid, so
Calcium 38x 5y 550
0.50x + 0.80y = 0.68 (100)
Vitamin A 56x 60y 1,200
0.50x + 0.80y = 68 (2)
For calcium, 38x + 5y = 550 (1)
Multiplying eq (2) by 2 we have
For Vitamin A, 56x + 60y = 1200 (2)
x + 1.60y = 136 (3)
Multiplying eq (1) by 12 we have
Subtracting eq (1) from (iii) we have
456x + 60y = 6600 (3) 36
0.60y = 36 & y = 0.60 = 60 millilitres
Subtracting eq (2) from (iii) we have
400x = 5400 Substituting y = 60 in (i) we get x = 40 millilitres
5400 Thus chemist must use 40 ml of 50% solution and
x = 400 = 13.5
60 ml of 80% solution.
Substituting x = 13.5 in eq (1) we have
117. Nutrition : Pathmeda village near Sanchore has Gopal
38 # 13.5 + 5y = 550
Govardhan Gaushala, the largest Gaushala in India,
513 + 5y = 550 spread over 200 acres. The gaushala takes care of
5y = 550 - 513 = 37 more than 18,000 cattle.
37
y = 5 = 7.2
Thus Shalvi should drink 13.5 ounce of milk and 7.2
ounce of orange juices
116. CHEMISTRY : When you mix two or more substances

with different levels of concentration, the final solution
does not simply equate to the combined concentration
levels of the original ingredients. It depends on the
concentration of each solution.
Cows of Pathmeda gaushala in an experiment are to

be kept on a strict diet. Each cow is to receive, among
other things, 20 grams of protein and 6 grams of fat.
Rahman works as a chemist in Biolab Pvt Ltd at The laboratory technician is able to purchase two
Jaipur. He has two solutions of hydrochloric acid in food mixes of the following compositions:
stock: a 50% solution and an 80% solution. He want Mix A has 10% protein and 6% fat,
to make 100 milliliters of a 68% solution? How much Mix B has 20% protein and 2% fat.
of each should be used to obtain 100 milliliters of a
How many grams of each mix should be used to obtain
68% solution?
the right diet for a single cow ?
Sol : Since purity of gold must be 14 carat, so

Let x represent number of grams of Mix A and y 12 x + 18 y = 14
represent number of grams of Mix B . Now we prepare 10
24 24 24 #
the following table. 12x + 18y = 140 (2)
Mix A Mix B Total Nutrition Multiplying eq (1) by 18 and subtracting (ii) from it
we have
Protein 0.10x 0.20y 20
6x = 40 & x = 40 = 6 2
Fat 0.06x 0.02y 6 6 3
Now substituting x = 6 3 in eq (1) we have
2
For protein requirement,
6 23 + y = 10
0.1x + 0.2y = 20
y = 10 - 6 23 = 3 13
x + 2y = 200 (1)
Thus 6 23 grams of 12 carat gold and 3 13 grams of 18
For fat requirement,
carat gold is required to make 10 gram of 14 carat
0.06x + 0.02y = 6 gold.
6x + 2y = 600 (2)
119. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS : It costs a small recording
company Rs 176, 800 to prepare a compact disc. This
5x = 400 & x = 80 is a one-time fixed cost that covers recording, package
Substituting x = 80 in eq (1) we have design, and so on. Variable costs, including such
80 + 2y = 200 things as manufacturing, marketing, and royalties, are
Rs 46 per CD.
2y = 200 - 80 = 120 (i) If the CD is sold to music shops for Rs 80 each,
120 how many must be sold for the company to break
y = 2 = 60
even?
Thus 80 grams Mix A and 60 grams Mix B should (ii) What is the break even revenue ?
be used.
118. Gold Mixing : A jeweller has two bars of gold alloy in

stock, one of 12 carats and the other of 18 carats (24
carat gold is pure gold, 12 carat is 1224 pure, 18 carat
gold is 1824 pure, and so on). How many grams of each
alloy must be mixed to obtain 10 grams of 14 carat
gold?
Sol :
Let x represent the number of CD made. Break even
point occur when cost is equal to revenue. Let y
represent both cost and revenue at break even since
they are equal.
Fixed cost = 176800 Rs
Sol : Variable cost for each CD = 46 Rs
Let x represent the grams of 12 carat pure gold and y Total cost, for making in x CD,
represent the grams of 18 carat pure gold. y = 46x + 176800
Since 10 gram of gold is required, so Projected Revenue, y = 80x
x + y = 10 (1) At breakeven revenue must be equal to cost. Thus
46x + 176800 = 80x Since we require 4000 keyboard, thus

176800 = 34x 40x + 20y = 4000
x = 176800 = 5, 200 2x + y = 200 (1)
34
Since we require 4000 screens, thus
Now substituting x = 5200 in y = 80x we have
32x + 32y = 4000
y = 80 # 5200 = 416000 Rs
x + y = 125 (2)
(i) 5200 CDs must be sold for the company to break
even. Subtracting eq (2) from (1) we have
(ii) Break even revenue is Rs 416000. x = 75 hours
Substituting above value of x in (ii) we have
120. Production : Ridhima Electronics Pvt . Ltd is main
supplier for CASIO for electronics component. They 75 + y = 125
manufactures keyboards and screens for graphing y = 125 - 75 = 50 hours
calculators at plants in Bangalore and Bhiwadi. The
hourly production rates at each plant are given in the Thus Bangalore plant should be operated for 75 hours
table. How many hours should each plant be operated and Bhiwadi plant should be operated for 50 hours.
to fill an order for exactly 4,000 keyboards and exactly
4,000 screens? 121. NUTRITION : Orange trees thrive in warm,
Mediterranean climates where there is no threat
Plant Keyboards Screens of frost. This full-sun plant produces the best fruit
Bangalore 40 32 when provided with optimal moisture, light and
nutrition, in the form of fertilization. Orange trees
Bhiwadi 20 32 require fertilization three times per year. You need
to increase fertilizer amounts as the tree ages and
becomes established. Complete nutrition is essential
for a healthy tree.
A fruit grower can use two types of fertilizer in an

orange grove, brand A and brand B. Each bag of
brand A contains 8 pounds of nitrogen and 4 pounds
Sol :
of phosphoric acid. Each bag of brand B contains 7
Let x represent number of hours Bangalore plant is pounds of nitrogen and 7 pounds of phosphoric acid.
operated and y represent number of hours Bhiwadi Tests indicate that the grove needs 720 pounds of
plant is operated. nitrogen and 500 pounds of phosphoric acid.
We summarized production in following table. (i) How many bags of brand A should be used to
provide the required amounts of nitrogen and
Bangalore Bhiwadi Requirement
phosphoric acid?
Keyboards 40x 20y 4000 (ii) How many bags of brand B should be used to
Screens 32x 32y 4000 provide the required amounts of nitrogen and
phosphoric acid?
Sol : Sol :
Let a represent requirement of bag of brand A and b Let x and y be the number of commercial and non-
represent requirement of bag of brand B. commercial orbital launches.
Each bag of brand A contains 8 pounds of nitrogen In 2013 there was a total of 81 commercial and
and 4 pounds of phosphoric acid. Each bag of brand noncommercial orbital launches worldwide. Thus
B contains 7 pounds of nitrogen and 7 pounds of x + y = 81 ...(1)
phosphoric acid.
The number of noncommercial orbital launches was
We summarized production in following table.
twelve more than twice the number of commercial
Brand A Brand B Requirement orbital launches. Thus
Nitrogen 8a 7b 720 y - 2x = 12 ...(2)

Subtracting eq (2) from eq (1), we get
Phosphoric acid 4a 7b 500
x + y - y + 2x = 81 - 12
(i) Since grove needs 720 pounds of nitrogen, we have
3x = 69 & x = 23
8a + 7b = 720 (1)
Substituting x = 23 in eq (1), we get
Since grove needs 500 pounds of phosphoric acid, we
have y = 81 - x = 81 - 23 = 58
4a + 7b = 500 (2) So, the number of commercial and non-commercial
orbital launches are 23 and 58 respectively.
Subtracting eq (2) from eq (1) we have
4a = 220 123. EARTH SCIENCE : An earthquake emits a primary
wave and a secondary wave. Near the surface of the
a = 55
Earth the primary wave travels at about 5 miles per
Thus 55 bags of brand A is required. second and the secondary wave at about 3 miles per
(ii) Multiplying eq (2) by 2 we have second. From the time lag between the two waves
8a + 14b = 1000 (3) arriving at a given receiving station, it is possible to
estimate the distance to the quake. (The epicenter can
Subtracting eq (1) from eq (iii) we have
be located by obtaining distance bearings at three or
280
7b = 280 & b = 7 = 40 more stations.) Suppose a station measured a time
Thus 40 bags of brand B is required. difference of 16 seconds between the arrival of the two
waves.
122. Orbital Launches : In 2013 there was a total of 81 (i) How long did each wave travel ?
commercial and noncommercial orbital launches (ii) How far was the earthquake from the station ?
worldwide. In addition, the number of noncommercial
orbital launches was twelve more than twice the
number of commercial orbital launches. Determine
the number of commercial and noncommercial orbital
launches in 2013.
Sol :
Let p represent time of primary wave and s represent
time for secondary wave
Since time difference is 16 second
s - p = 16 (1)
Substituting these values in the given equation, we Jyoti travelled 90 km every day to reach her home
have town in Harbin. One day, when she started, after
132 = a + b (2) 2 riding a certain distance, she stopped for some time
to repair his bicycle. After which she completes the
132 = a + 4b (2) whole journey of 90 km at half speed in 12 hours. If
Subtracting eq (1) from (2) we have the breakdown had occurred 10 km farther off, she
- 48 = 3b & b = - 16 would have done the whole journey in 11 hours.
(i) Find where the breakdown occurred.
Now substituting above value of b in (i) we have
(ii) Find her original speed.
180 = a - 16 & a = 196
Sol :
Thus a = 196 and b = - 16 Let x be the distance of the place where breakdown
(ii) The height of the building is represented by s , the occurred and y be the original speed.
distance of the object above the ground, when t = 0 , x + 90 - x = 12
Now
Since from part (i),we now know y y
2
s = 196 - 16t 2 or x + 180 - 2x = 12

y y
From above equation, when t = 0 , s = 196 feet is the x + 180 - 2x = 12y
height of the building. x + 12y = 180 ...(1)
(iii) The object falls until s , its distance above the 90 - ^x + 10h
ground, is zero. Since and x + 10 + = 11
y y
2
s = 196 - 16t 2 x + 10 + 180 - 2 ^x + 10h = 11
y y
Substituting s = 0 we have
x + 10 + 180 - 2x - 20 = 11y
0 = 196 - 16t 2
- x + 170 = 11y
16t 2 = 196
x + 11y = 170 (2)
t 2 = 196 & t = 14 = 3.5 sec Subtract equation (2) from (1), y = 10 km/hr.
16 4
Now from (2), x + 11 # 10 = 170 & x = 60 km
126. Jyoti Kumari is an Indian student from Sirhulli in
the rural Darbhanga district of Bihar. She came to (i) Break down occurred at 60 km.
notice after she bicycled some 1,200 km with her (ii) Her original speed was 10 km/hr.
injured father to reach their home village during
COVID-19 lockdowns in India. This act of bravery 127. At some point, it’s time to kick, or gently ease, kids off
was praised by the Senior Advisor to the President of the parental gravy train. The circle graph shows the
the United States, Ivanka Trump, and Prime Minister percentage of parents who think significant financial
Narendra Modi. She was given a national award, and support should end at various milestones.
a Bollywood film was proposed to record her story.
The difference in the percentage who would end this Sol :

support after completing college and after completing Let x and y be the number of pairs of shoes of both
high school is 6 %. style sold.
Since total of 320 pairs of cross-training shoes were
(i) Find the percentage of parents who would end
sold, we have
financial support after a child completes college.
(ii) Find the percentage of parents who would end x + y = 320 ...(1)
financial support after a child completes high One style sold for Rs 1139 and the other sold for Rs
school. 1459. The total receipts were Rs 420,480. Thus
Sol : 1459x + 1139y = 420480 ...(2)
According to the question, we have Substitution the value of y = 320 - x from (1) in (2),
x + y + 30 + 6 + 14 = 100 we get
x + y + 50 = 100 1139x + 1459 (320 - x) = 420480
or x + y = 50 ...(1) 1139x + 466880 - 1459x = 420480

The difference in the percentage who would end this - 320x = - 46400 & x = 145
support after completing college and after completing Substitution x = 145 in eq (1), we get
high school is 6 %. Thus y = 320 - x
x-y = 6 ...(2)
= 320 - 145 = 175
Adding eq (1) and (2), we get
So, 145 and 175 pairs of shoes of style one and two
2x = 56 & x = 28 were sold.
129. Hostel Life : Banasthali Vidyapith, is a fully residential
y = 50 - x women’s university offering courses from primary
= 50 - 28 = 22 to Ph.D. level. It offers a number of UG, PG, and
(i) 28 % parents would end financial support after a Doctoral level Programs under various Departments.
child completes college. Admission to the same is done on the basis of merit
scored in qualifying examination, however, for some
(ii) 22 % parents would end financial support after a
courses, an aptitude test is also conducted at the
child completes high school.
university level.
128. Cash Register Malfunction : You are the manager of
a shoe store. On Sunday morning you are going over
the receipts for the previous week’s sales. A total of
320 pairs of cross-training shoes were sold. One style
sold for Rs 1135 and the other sold for Rs 1495. The
total receipts were Rs 420,480. The cash register that
was supposed to keep track of the number of each
type of shoe sold malfunctioned. Can you recover the
information? If so, how many of each type were sold?
Swati is doing MSc. in biotechnology from Banastli

Vidyapith and lives in university hostel. A part of
monthly hostel charge is fixed and the remaining
depends on the number of days one has taken food
in the mess. When Swati takes food for 18 days, she
has to pay Rs. 5160 as hostel charges whereas Taniya
who takes food for 23 days Rs. 5760 as hostel charges.
(i) Find the fixed charges of hostel.
(ii) Find the cost of food per day.
Sol : they rowed back downstream to the drop in point in

Let fixed charge be x and per day food cost be y . just 30 min. Use this information to find
x + 18y = 5160 ...(1) (i) Find the speed of the current.
x + 23y = 5760 ...(2) (ii) Find the speed Mohinder and Aslam would be
rowing in still water.
5y = 600 & y = 120
Substituting this value of y in (1), we get
x + 18 # 120 = 5160
x = 5160 - 2160 = 3000
Thus x = 3000 and y = 120
(i) Fixed charges of hostel is Rs 3000.
(ii) Cost of food per day is Rs 120.
130. Uniform motion with current : Sol :

(R + C) t = d With the current Let c represent the speed of the current and s
(R - C) t = d Against the current represent the speed of the boat in still water.
The formula shown can be used to solve uniform To the drop point :
motion problems involving a current, where d (s - c) 2 = 4
represents distance travelled, R is the rate of the
s-c = 2 (1)
object with no current, C is the speed of the current,
and t is the time. Vibhur rows 9 km up river (against Return to the drop point :
the current) in 3 hr. It only took him 1 hr to row 5 km (s + c) 1 = 4
downstream (with the current). 2
s+c = 8 (2)
(i) How fast was the current?
(ii) How fast can he row in still water? Adding eq (1) and (2) we have
2s = 10 & s = 5
Sol :
Substituting s = 5 in (ii) we get c = 3
We have (R + C) t = d With the current
(i) Speed of current is 3 mph
(R - C) t = d Against the current (ii) Speed of boat in still water is 5 mph
Vibhur rows 9 km up river (against the current) in 3
hr. 132. Luxury Cruise : As India’s first domestic cruise liner,
Angriya has made many voyages on the Mumbai-Goa
Thus (R - C) 3 = 9
sea route, along the pristine Konkan Coast. It has
R-C = 3 (1) given India and Indians a sense of pride and happiness,
It took him 1 hr to row 5 km downstream (with the while introducing the travelers to coral diversity and
current). royal sea forts along the way.
Thus (R + C) 1 = 5
R+C = 5 (2)
Adding eq (1) and (2) we have
2R = 8 & R = 4
Substituting R = 4 in (ii) we get C = 1
The current was 1 km/h. He can row 4 km/h in still
water.
131. Canoeing on a stream : On a recent camping trip, it

took Mohinder and Aslam 2 hr to row 4 mi upstream Last year we enjoyed our summer vacation at Angariya
from the drop in point to the camp site. After a cruise. From Mumbai to the Goa, with the current
leisurely weekend of camping, fishing, and relaxation, the trip took 70 hr. After a few days of fun in the sun,
the ship leaves for Mumbai, against the current with t 1 = 1.5t 2
the return trip taking 82 hr. Since there is enough fuel for total fly of 20 hours,
(i) Find the speed of the current.
t 1 + t 2 = 20
(ii) Find the cruising speed of the ship.
1.5t2 + t 2 = 20
Sol :
20
Let c represent the speed of the current and s 2.5t2 = 20 & t2 = 2.5 = 8 hours
represent the cruising speed of the ship. Distance travelled in 8 hour in return fly
Trip to the Goa,
= (150 + 30) # 8
(s + c) 70 = 1435
= 1, 440 miles
2s + 2c = 41 (1)
Return to Mumbai, 134. Computing a Refund : The grocery store we use does
not mark prices on its goods. My wife went to this
(s - c) 82 = 1435
store, purchased three 1-kg packages of almond and
2s - 2c = 35 (2) two 500-gram packages cashew, and paid a total of Rs
Adding eq (1) and (2) we have 1345. Not knowing that she went to the store, I also
went to the same store, purchased two 1-kg packages
4s = 76 & s = 19 kmph
of almond and three 500-gram packages cashew, and
Subtracting eq (2) from (1) we have paid a total of Rs 1145. Now we want to return two
4c = 6 & s = 1.5 kmph 1-kg packages of almond and two 500-gram packages
cashew. How much will be refunded?
133. Point of No Return : The point during a flight at
which an aircraft is no longer capable of returning
to the airfield from which it took off due to fuel
considerations. Beyond this point the aircraft must
proceed to some other destination.
Sol :
Let x and y be the price of 1-kg package of almond
A plane carries enough fuel for 20 hours of flight at and one 500-gram packages cashew.
an airspeed of 150 miles per hour. How far can it fly Since my wife purchased three 1-kg packages of
into a 30 mph headwind and still have enough fuel to almond and two 500-gram packages cashew, and paid
return to its starting point? a total of Rs 1345, we have
Sol : 3x + 2y = 1345 ...(1)
Let t1 represent the time taken in fly. Distance Since I purchased two 1-kg packages of almond and
travelled in fly is (150 - 30) t 1. three 500-gram packages cashew, and paid a total of
Let t2 represent time taken in return. Distance Rs 1145, thus
travelled in return fly is (150 + 30) t 2.
2x + 3y = 1145 ...(2)
Since these both distance is equal,
Multiplying eq (1) by 3 and eq (2) by 2, we get
(150 - 30) t 1 = (150 + 30) t 2
9x + 6y = 4035 ...(3)
120t 1 = 180t 2
4x + 6y = 2290 ...(4)
2t 1 = 3t 2
Subtracting eq (4) from eq (3), we get 10 x + 5 y = 120

100 100
5x = 1745 & x = 349
2x + y = 2400 ...(2)
Substituting x = 34.9 in eq (2), we get
3 # 349 + 2y = 1345
x = 900
2y = 298 & y = 149 Substituting x = 900 in eq (1), we get
Thus price of one 1-kg packages of almond is Rs 349 y = 1500 - 900 = 600
and price of one 500-gram packages cashew is Rs 149.
So, amount invested in AA bond and fixed deposit are
Since we want to return two 1-kg packages of almond
Rs 900 thousand and Rs 600 thousand respectively.
and two 500-gram packages cashew, refunded amount,
(ii) Now the couple requires Rs 140,000 or Rs 140
2x + 2y = 2 # 349 + 2 # 149 = 996 Rs thousand year in income, thus
135. Financial Planning : Planning for retirement starts 10 x + 5 y = 140
100 100
with thinking about your retirement goals and how
long you have to meet them. Then you need to look 2x + y = 2800 ...(3)
at the types of retirement accounts that can help you and rewriting x + y = 1500 ...(1)
raise the money to fund your future. As you save that
money, you have to invest it to enable it to grow.
x = 1300
y = 1500 - 1300 = 200
So, amount invested in AA bond and fixed deposit are
Rs 1300 thousand and Rs 200 thousand respectively.
136. Actual Number of Calories : University of Arkansas

researchers discovered that we underestimate the
number of calories in restaurant meals. The next time
you eat out, take the number of calories you think you
ate and double it.
A recently retired couple needs Rs 120,000 per year

to supplement their Social Security. They have Rs
1,500,000 to invest to obtain this income. They have
decided on two investment options: AA bonds yielding
10% per annum and a fixed deposit yielding 5%.
(i) How much should be invested in each to realize The researchers concluded that this number should
exactly Rs 120,000? be a more accurate estimate. The actual number of
(ii) If, after 2 years, the couple requires Rs 140,000 calories in one portion of hamburger and fries and
per year in income, how should they reallocate two portions of pizza is 4240. The actual number of
their investment to achieve the new amount? calories in two portions of hamburger and fries and
one portion of pizza is 3980.
Sol :
(i) Find the actual number of calories in one portions
Let x and y be the amount invested in AA bonds and
of hamburger and fries.
fixed deposit respectively.
(ii) Find the actual number of calories in one portions
Since they have Rs 1,500,000 or 1500 thousand to
of pizza.
invest, we have
x + y = 1500 ...(1) Sol :
Let number of calories in one portion of hamburger
(i) AA bonds yielding 10% per annum and a fixed
and fries be x and in one portion of pizza be y .
deposit yielding 5% giving Rs 120,000 or Rs 120
thousand exactly, thus The actual number of calories in one portion of
hamburger and fries and two portions of pizza is 4240.
The cost of type A mask is Rs. 15 and of type B mask Alternative :

is Rs. 20. In the month of April, 2020, the store sold Since extra profit is Rs 5 on per mask and total mask
100 masks for total sales of Rs. 1650. sold are 310, thus extra profit = 310 # 5 = 1550 .
(i) How many masks of each type were sold in the
month of April? 139. Wilt Chamberlain : Wilton Norman “Wilt”
Chamberlain was an American basketball player, and
(ii) If the store had sold 50 masks of each type, what
played in the NBA during the 1960s. At 7 feet 1 inch,
would be its sales in the month of April?
he was the tallest and heaviest player in the league
(iii) Due to great demand and short supply, the store
for most of his career, and he was one of the most
has increased the price of each type by Rs. 5 from
famous people in the game for many years. He is the
May 1, 2020. In the month of May, 2020, the store
first and only basketball player to score 100 points in
sold 310 masks for total sales of Rs. 6875. How
an NBA game.
many masks of each type were sold in the month
of May?
(iv) What percent of masks of each type sale was
increased in the month of May, compared with
the sale of month April?
(v) What extra profit did store earn by increasing
price in May month.
Sol :
(i) Let x be the mask of type A sold and y be the
type of mask B sold in April.
Now x + y = 100 ...(1)
and 15x + 20y = 1650 ...(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 15 and subtracting from
(2) we obtain,
5y = 150 & y = 30
x = 100 - 30 = 70
Hence 70 masks of type A, and 30 masks of type B
were sold.
(ii) Total Sales = 50 # 15 + 50 # 20 = 1750
In the 1961–1962 NBA basketball season, Wilt
(iii) Let x be the mask of type A sold and y be the Chamberlain of the Philadelphia Warriors made 30
type of mask B sold in April. baskets. Some of the baskets were free throws (worth
Now, x + y = 310 ...(1) 1 point each) and some were field goals (worth 2
points each). The number of field goals was 10 more
and 20x + 25y = 6875 ...(ii)
than the number of free throws.
Multiplying equation (1) by 20 and subtracting it (i) How many field goals did he make ?
from equation (2), we obtain
(ii) How many free throws did he make?
5y = 675 & y = 135 (iii) What was the total number of points scored?
x = 310 - 135 = 175 (iv) If Wilt Chamberlain played 5 games during this
season, what was the average number of points
(iv) Increase in type A = 175 - 70 # 100 = 150 %
70 per game?
Increase in type B = 105 - 30 100 = 350 % (v) If Wilt Chamberlain played 10 games during this
30 #
season, what was the average number of points
(v) Total sale value in May at old price per game?
= 175 # 15 + 135 # 20 = 5325
Sol :
Total sale value in May at new price = 6875 (i) Let x be the free throw and y be the fixed goal.
Extra Profit = 6875 - 5325 = 1550 As per question
(iv) How much amount collected if 300 children and (iii) What is the exact cost of the notebook?
350 adults visited the park? (iv) What is the exact cost of the pen?
(v) One day total visited children and adults together (v) What is the total cost if they purchase the same
is 750 and the total amount collected is Rs 212500. type of 15 notebooks and 12 pens.
What are the number of children and adults
Sol :
visited the park ?
Sol : (i) Consider the prices mentioned by Ramesh.
(i) Since 480 people visited, we obtain x + y = 480 . If the price of one notebook is Rs. 25 and the price of
one pen is Rs. 2.50 then,
Collected amount is Rs 134500 thus
The cost of 4 notebooks would be : 4 # 25 = 100 Rs
150x + 400y = 134500 & 3x + 8y = 2690
And the cost for 3 pens would be : 3 # 2.5 = 7.5 Rs
(ii) Solving the equations x + y = 480 and
3x + 8y = 2690 we get x = 230 and y = 250 Aditya should have paid 100 + 7.5 = 107.5 Rs.
Number of children attended = 230 But he paid Rs. 110, thus Ramesh’s estimation is
wrong.
Number of adults attended = 250
Now, consider the prices mentioned by Amar.
(iii) Number of adults visited the park = 250
The cost of 4 notebooks, if one is for Rs.16, would be
(iv) Amount = 150 # 300 + 400 # 350 = 185000 Rs
: 4 # 16 = 64 Rs
(v) Solving the equations x + y = 750 and
And the cost for 3 pens, if one is for Rs. 16, would be
150x + 400y = 212500 & 3x + 8y = 4250 we have
: 3 # 16 = 64 Rs
x = 350 and y = 400
Aditya should have paid 64 + 48 = 112 Rs but this is
i.e Number of children = 350 more than the price he paid.
Number of adults = 400. Therefore, Amar’s estimation is also wrong.
142. Dipesh bought 3 notebooks and 2 pens for Rs. 80. His (ii) According to the statement, we have
friend Ramesh said that price of each notebook could 3x + 2y = 80 and 4x + 3y = 110
be Rs. 25. Then three notebooks would cost Rs.75,
(iii) Solving 3x + 2y = 80 and 4x + 3y = 110 we get
the two pens would cost Rs. 5 and each pen could be
x = 20 and y = 10
for Rs. 2.50. Another friend Amar felt that Rs. 2.50
for one pen was too little. It should be at least Rs. 16. Thus cost of 1 notebook is 20 Rs and cost of 1 pen is
Then the price of each notebook would also be Rs.16. 10 Rs
(iv) Cost of 1 pen = Rs. 10
(v) Total cost 15 # 20 + 12 # 10 = 420 Rs
143. Jodhpur is the second-largest city in the Indian state

of Rajasthan and officially the second metropolitan
city of the state. Jodhpur was historically the capital
of the Kingdom of Marwar, which is now part of
Rajasthan. Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination,
featuring many palaces, forts, and temples, set in the
stark landscape of the Thar Desert. It is popularly
known as the “Blue City” among people of Rajasthan
and all over India. The old city circles the Mehrangarh
Fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates. The
city has expanded greatly outside the wall, though,
over the past several decades. Jodhpur is also known
Aditya also bought the same types of notebooks and for the rare breed of horses known as Marwari or
pens as Dipesh. He paid 110 for 4 notebooks and 3 Malani, which are only found here.
pens.
(i) Whether the estimation of Ramesh and Amar is
applicable for Aditya?
(ii) Let the cost of one notebook be x and that of
pen be y . Which of the following set describe the
given problem ?
Last year we visited Jodhpur in a group of 25 friends.

When we went Mehrangarh fort we found following
fare for ride :
Ride Normal Hours Fare Peak Hours Fare

Horse Rs 50 3 Times
Elephant Rs 100 2 Times
Some people choose to ride on horse and rest choose
to ride on elephant.
(i) First day we rode in normal hours and we paid
Rs 1950 for ride. Let x be the number of horses
hired and y be the number elephants hired.
Which of the following is the correct system of
equation that model the problem ?
(ii) How many horses were hired ?
(iii) How many elephant were hired ?
(iv) Next day we rode in peak hours, then how much
total fare was paid by our group?
(v) What was the increase in total fare because of
peak hours ride ?
Sol :
(i) Let x be the number of horses hired and y be the
number of elephant hired, then we have x + y = 25
and 50x + 100y = 1950 & x + 2y = 39
(ii) Solving equations x + y = 25 and x + 2y = 39 we
get x = 11 and y = 14 .
Number of horses hired = 11
(iii) Number of elephant hired = 14.
(iv) For horse riding fare = 3 # 50 # 11 = 1650 Rs.
For elephant ride fare = 2 # 100 # 14 = 2800 Rs
Total fare = 1650 + 2800 = 4450 Rs
(v) Total fare in normal hour = 1950
Total fare in peak hour = 4450
Extra fare = 4450 - 1950 = 2500
***********
Page 104 Quadratic Equations Chap 4
CHAPTER 4
Quadratic Equations
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS and product of zeroes, ab = - 10

Quadratic polynomial,
2
1. If the roots of equation ax + bx + c = 0 , a ! 0 are p (x) = x2 - (a + b) + ab
real and equal, then which of the following relation
= x2 - 3x - 10
is true?
2 Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) a = b (b) b2 = ac
c
2 2 4. If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
(c) ac = b (d) c = b kx2 + 2x + 3k is equal to their product, then k equals
4 a
Sol : OD 2024 (a) 1 (b) - 1
2
3 3
If the roots of equation ax + bx + c = 0 , a ! 0 are
(c) 2 (d) - 2
real and equal then discriminant D must be zero. 3 3
Discriminant D = b2 - 4ac Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
0 = b2 - 4ac We have p (x) = kx2 + 2x + 3k

b2 = 4ac Comparing it byax2 + bx + c , we get a = k , b = 2
and c = 3k .
Sum of zeroes, a + b =-b =- 2
2. If the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real a k
and equal roots, then c is equal to Product of zeroes, ab = =c 3 k =3
a k
(a) - b (b) b According to question, we have
2a 2a
2 2
(c) - b (d) b a + b = ab
4a 4a
Sol : OD 2023 - 2 = 3 & k =- 2
k 3
For equation having real and equal roots,
D = b2 - 4ac
5. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 2x + 1
0 = b2 - 4ac
, then a1 + 1b is equal to
b2 = 4ac (a) - 2 (b) 2
2
c = b (c) 0 (d) 3
4a
Thus (d) is correct option. Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
Since a and b are the zeros of polynomial x2 + 2x + 1,

3. The sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic
polynomial are 3 and - 10 respectively. The quadratic Sum of zeroes, a + b =- 2 =- 2
1
polynomial is 1
and product of zeroes, ab = = 1
(a) x2 - 3x + 10 (b) x2 + 3x - 10 1
1 1 a+b
(c) x2 - 3x - 10 (d) x2 + 3x + 10 Now, + =
a b ab
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic] =- 2 =- 2
1
12. The linear factors of the quadratic equation Sol : [Board Term - 2 Comt. 2012]
2/3 1/3
x2 + kx + 1 = 0 are We have x +x -2 = 0
(a) k $ 2 (b) k # 2 Substituting x 1/3
= y we obtain,
(c) k $- 2 (d) 2 # k #- 2 2
y +y-2 = 0
Sol : [Board Term - 2 SQP 2012] ^y - 1h ^y + 2h = 0 & y = 1 or y = - 2
x1/3 = 1 & x = ^1 h3 = 1
2
We have, x + kx + 1 = 0 Thus
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a = 1, b = k or x1/3 = - 2 & x = ^- 2h3 = - 8
and c = 1.
Hence, the real roots of the given equations are 1,
For linear factors, b2 - 4ac $ 0 -8 .
k2 - 4 # 1 # 1 $ 0 Thus (d) is correct option.
^k2 - 22h $ 0
16. ^x2 + 1h2 - x2 = 0 has
^k - 2h^k + 2h $ 0
(a) four real roots (b) two real roots
k $ 2 and k #- 2
(c) no real roots (d) one real root
Sol : [Board Term - 2 Comt. 2015]
^x + 1h - x = 0
2
13. If one root of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 We have 2 2 2
is the reciprocal of the other, then

x + 1 + 2x2 - x2 = 0
4
(a) b = c (b) a = b
x 4 + x2 + 1 = 0
(c) ac = 1 (d) a = c
^x h + x + 1 = 0
2 2 2
Sol : [Board Term - 2 Comt. 2016]

Let x2 = y then we have
If one root is a , then the other 1 . y2 + y + 1 = 0
a
Product of roots, a$ 1 = c Comparing with ay2 + by + c = 0 we get a = 1, b = 1
a a
and c = 1
1 =c & a =c Discriminant, D = b2 - 4ac
a
= ^1 h2 - 4 ^1 h^1 h = - 3
14. The quadratic equation 2x2 - 5 x + 1 = 0 has Since, D < 0 , y2 + y + 1 = 0 has no real roots.
(a) two distinct real roots i.e. x 4 + x2 + 1 = 0 or ^x2 + 1h2 - x2 = 0 has no real
(b) two equal real roots roots.
(c) no real roots Thus (c) is correct option.
(d) more than 2 real roots 17. The equation 2x2 + 2 ^p + 1h x + p = 0, where p is real,
always has roots that are
Sol :
(a) Equal
We have 2x2 - 5x + 1 = 0
(b) Equal in magnitude but opposite in sign
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a = 2, b = - 5
and c = 1, (c) Irrational
b2 - 4ac = ^- 5 h - 4 # ^2 h # ^1 h (d) Real

2
Now
Sol : [Board Term - 2 Foreign 2011]
= 5 - 8 =- 3 < 0
We have 2x + 2 ^p + 1h x + p = 0,
2
Since, discriminant is negative, therefore quadratic

Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get a = 2 ,
equation 2x2 - 5 x + 1 = 0 has no real roots i.e.,
b = 2 ^p + 1h and c = p .
imaginary roots.
Now b2 - 4ac = 62 ^p + 1h@ 2 - 4 ^2p h
= 4 ^p + 1h2 - 8p
15. The real roots of the equation x2/3 + x1/3 - 2 = 0 are
= 4p2 + 8p + 4 - 8p
(a) 1, 8 (b) - 1, - 8
(c) - 1, 8 (d) 1, - 8 = 4 ^p2 + 1h
23. The quadratic equation 5x2 - 3x + 1 = 0 has 26. The quadratic equation x2 - 4x - 3 2 = 0 has
(a) two distinct real roots (a) two distinct real roots
(b) two equal real roots (b) two equal real roots
(c) no real roots (c) no real roots
(d) more than 2 real roots (d) more than 2 real roots
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] Sol : [Board 2018]
2
We have 5x - 3x + 1 = 0 We have 2
x - 4x - 3 2 = 0
Here a = 5, b = - 3, c = 1 Here a = 1, b = - 4 and c = - 3 2
Now, D = b - 4ac = ^- 3h - 4 ^5 h^1 h
2 2
Now D = b2 - 4ac
= 9 - 20 < 0 = ^- 4h2 - 4 ^1 h^- 3 2 h
Hence, roots of the equation are not real. = 16 + 12 2 > 0
Hence, the given equation has two distinct real roots.
24.
2
The quadratic equation x - 4x + 3 2 = 0 has Thus (a) is correct option.
(a) two distinct real roots
27. The quadratic equation 3x2 + 4 3 x + 4 has
(b) two equal real roots (a) two distinct real roots
(c) no real roots (b) two equal real roots
(d) more than 2 real roots (c) no real roots
Sol : [Board SQP 2018] (d) more than 2 real roots
2
We have x - 4x + 3 2 = 0 Sol :
Here a = 1, b = - 4 and c = 3 2 We have 3x2 + 4 3 x + 4 = 0
Now D = b2 - 4ac = ^- 4h - 4 ^1 h^3 2 h
2
Here, a = 3 , b = 4 3 and c = 4
= 16 - 12 2 D = b2 - 4ac = ^4 3 h - 4 ^3 h^4 h
2
Now
= 16 - 12 # ^1.41h = 48 - 48 = 0
= 16 - 16.92 = - 0.92 Hence, the equation has real and equal roots.
2
b - 4ac < 0 Thus (b) is correct option.
Hence, the given equation has no real roots. 28. Which of the following equations has 2 as a root?
Thus (c) is correct option. (a) x2 - 4x + 5 = 0 (b) x2 + 3x - 12 = 0
25. The quadratic equation x2 + 4x - 3 2 = 0 has (c) 2x2 - 7x + 6 = 0 (d) 3x2 - 6x - 2 = 0
(a) two distinct real roots Sol : [Board Term - 2 SQP 2014]
(b) two equal real roots (a) Substituting, 2
x = 2 in x - 4x + 5 , we get
(c) no real roots ^2 h - 4 ^2 h + 5 = 4 - 8 + 5 = 1 ! 0
2
(d) more than 2 real roots

So, x = 2 is not a root of
Sol : [Board Term - 2 SQP 2015] 2
x - 4x + 5 = 0
2
We have x + 4x - 3 2 = 0
(b) Substituting, x = 2 in x2 + 3x - 12 , we get
Here a = 1, b = 4 and c = - 3 2
^2h2 + 3 ^2h - 12 = 4 + 6 - 12 = - 2 ! 0
D = b - 4ac = ^4 h - 4 ^1 h^- 3 2 h
2 2
Now So, x = 2 is not a root of x2 + 3x - 12 = 0 .
= 16 + 12 2 > 0 (c) Substituting, x = 2 in 2x2 - 7x + 6 , we get
Hence, the given equation has two distinct real roots, 2 ^2 h2 - 7 ^2 h + 6 = 2 ^4 h - 14 + 6
= 8 - 14 + 6
33. Assertion : The roots of the quadratic equation 35. Assertion : The equation 8x2 + 3kx + 2 = 0 has equal
x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 are imaginary. roots then the value of k is ! 83 .
Reason : If discriminant D = b2 - 4ac < 0 then the Reason : The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal
roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are roots if D = b2 - 4ac = 0
imaginary. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(A). (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Sol :
Sol : We have 8x2 + 3kx + 2 = 0
2
We have x + 2x + 2 = 0 Discriminant, D = b2 - 4ac
2
Discriminant, D = b - 4ac
= ^3k h2 - 4 # 8 # 2 = 9k2 - 64
= ^2 h2 - 4 # 1 # 2
For equal roots, D =0
= 4 - 8 =- 4 < 0 2
9k - 64 = 0
Roots are imaginary.
9k2 = 64
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason
(R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A). k2 = 64 & k = ! 8
9 3
(R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
34. Assertion : The equation x2 + 3x + 1 = ^x - 2h2 is a ONE MARK QUESTIONS

quadratic equation.
Reason : Any equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
36. If a and b are the roots of ax2 - bx + c = 0 (a ! 0),
where a ! 0 , is called a quadratic equation.
then calculate a + b .
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion Sol : [Board Term-1 2014]
(A). We know that

(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but Sum of the roots = - coefficient of x2
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of coefficient of x
assertion (A). Thus a + b = -b - b l = b
a a
37. If one root of the equation (k - 1) x2 - 10x + 3 = 0 is
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. the reciprocal of the other then the value of k is .........
Sol : Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
We have, x2 + 3x + 1 = ^x - 2h2 = x2 - 4x + 4 We have (k - 1) x2 - 10x + 3 = 0
x2 + 3x + 1 = x2 - 4x + 4 Let one root be a , then another root will be 1
a
7x - 3 = 0 1 = c 3
Now a$ a = (k - 1)
a
It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
1 = 3
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (k - 1)
Thus (d) is correct option. k-1 = 3 & k = 4
44. What are the real roots of the equation Sol : [Board 2019 OD]
2
x2/3 + x1/3 - 2 = 0 ? We have 2x - 4x + 3 = 0
Sol : [Board Term - 2 2012] Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
2/3 1/3 we get a = 2 b = - 4 , c = 3
We have x +x -2 = 0
1/3
Now D = b2 - 4ac
Substituting x = y we obtain,
= (- 4) 2 - 4 (2) # (3)
y2 + y - 2 = 0
= - 8 < 0 or (- ve)
^y - 1h ^y + 2h = 0 & y = 1 or y = - 2
Hence, the given equation has no real roots.
Thus x1/3 = 1 & x = ^1 h3 = 1
or x1/3 = - 2 & x = ^- 2h3 = - 8 PRACTICE
Hence, the real roots of the given equations are 1,  Find the nature of roots of the quadratic equation
-8 . 5x2 - 3x + 1 = 0 .
[Board Term - 2 2012]
45. If x2 + y2 = 25 , xy = 12 , then what is the value of x ? Ans : No real roots.
Sol : [Board Term - 2 2016]
2 2 48. Find the nature of roots of the quadratic equation
We have x + y = 25
x2 - 4x + 3 2 = 0 .
and xy = 12
x + b 12 l = 25
2
2 2
x We have x - 4x + 3 2 = 0
x 4 + 144 - 25x2 = 0 Here a = 1, b = - 4 and c = 3 2
^x2 - 16h ^x2 - 9h = 0 Now D = b2 - 4ac
Hence, x2 = 16 & x = ! 4 = ^- 4h2 - 4 ^1 h^3 2 h
and x2 = 9 & x = ! 3 = 16 - 12 2 = 16 - 12 # ^1.41h

= 16 - 16.92 = - 0.92
46. Find the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation
4x2 + 4 3x + 3 = 0 . b2 - 4ac < 0

Hence, the given equation has no real roots.
We have 4x2 + 4 3x + 3 = 0 PRACTICE

Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0  Find the nature of roots of the quadratic equation
we get a = 4 , b = 4 3 and c = 3 . x2 + 3x + 2 2 = 0 .
Now, D = b2 - 4ac [Board Term - 2 2014]
2 Ans : Not Real
= (4 3 ) - 4 # 4 # 3
= 48 - 48 = 0
2
49. Find the nature of roots of the quadratic equation
Since, b - 4ac = 0 , then roots of the given equation x2 + 4x - 3 2 = 0 .
are real and equal.
Sol : [Board Term - 2 2016]
PRACTICE 2
We have x + 4x - 3 2 = 0
 Find the nature of roots of the quadratic equation Here a = 1, b = 4 and c = - 3 2
2x2 - 3 2 x + 94 = 0
[Board Term - 2 2013]
Now D = b2 - 4ac
Ans : Real and equal roots = ^4 h - 4 ^1 h^- 3 2 h
2
= 16 + 12 2 > 0
47. Find the nature of roots of the quadratic equation
Hence, the given equation has two distinct real roots.
2x2 - 4x + 3 = 0 .
PRACTICE
x = 2 or x = - 1
3 2  Solve for x : 3 x2 + 10x + 7 3 = 0
2
Hence roots of equation are and - . 1 [Board Term-2 Foreign 2017]
3 2
Ans : - 3 and - 7
3
2
57. Solve for x : 2x + 6 3 x - 60 = 0
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015] 60. Solve for x : 3 x2 - 2 2 x - 2 3 = 0
We have 2x2 + 6 3 x - 60 = 0 Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015, Foreign 2014]
2
2
x + 3 3 x - 30 = 0 We have 3x -2 2x-2 3 = 0
x2 + 5 3 x - 2 3 x - 30 = 0 3 x2 - 63 2 - 2 @x - 2 3 = 0
x ^x + 5 3 h - 2 3 ^x + 5 3 h = 0
2
3x -3 2x+ 2x-2 3 = 0
^x + 5 3 h^x - 2 3 h = 0 3 x2 - 3 3 2x+ 2x- 2 2 3 =0
Thus x = - 5 3 , 2 3 3 x (x - 3 2) + 2 (x - 2 3) = 0
3 x 6x - 6@ + 2 6x - 6@ = 0
PRACTICE
^x - 6 h^ 3 x + 2 h = 0
 Find the roots of the quadratic equation :
15x2 - 10 6 x + 10 = 0 Thus x = 6 =- 2
3
2 2
Ans : 3
, 3
61. Solve for x : x2 - ^ 3 + 1h x + 3 =0

58. Solve the following quadratic equation for x : Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015]
4 3 x2 + 5x - 2 3 = 0 We have
Sol : [Board Term-2 2013, 2012]
x2 - ^ 3 + 1h x + 3 =0
2
We have 4 3 x + 5x - 2 3 = 0 x2 - 3 x - 1x + 3 =0
x ^x - 3 h - 1 ^x - 3h = 0
2
4 3 x + 8x - 3x - 2 3 = 0
4x ^ 3 x + 2h - 3 ^ 3 x + 2h = 0 ^x - 3 h^x - 1h = 0
^ 3 x + 2h^4x - 3 h = 0 Thus x = 3,x = 1
Thus x = - 2 , 3 62. Find the roots of the following quadratic equation :

3 4
1
^x + 3h^x - 1h = 3 bx - 3 l
PRACTICE
 Find the roots of the quadratic equation Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
3 x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 1
We have ^x + 3h^x - 1h = 3 bx - 3 l
[Board Term-2 2012, 2011]
Ans : 3, - 1 x2 + 3x - x - 3 = 3x - 1
3
x2 - x - 2 = 0
59. Find the roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 2x + x - 2 = 0
2 x2 + 7x + 5 2 = 0 x ^x - 2h + 1 ^x - 2h = 0
^x - 2h^x + 1h = 0
2
We have 2 x + 7x + 5 2 = 0 Thus x = 2, - 1
2 x2 + 2x + 5x + 5 2 = 0
Find the roots of the following quadratic equation :
2 x ^x + 2 h + 5 ^x + 2h = 0
63.
2 x2 - x - 3 = 0
^x + 2 h^ 2 x + 5h = 0 5 5
Thus x = - 2 and = - 5
2
 Solve the following quadratic equation for x : 2x ^x - 7h - 3 ^x - 7h = 0

x - 2ax - ^4b - a h = 0
2 2 2
^x - 7h^2x - 3h = 0
[Board Term-2 2015] Thus x = 7 and x = 2 .
Ans : a - 2b, a + 2b 3
PRACTICE
68. Solve for x (in terms of a and b ) :
 Solve for x : 2x + 9 + x = 13
a + b = 2, x ! a, b
x-b x-a
Ans : 8 and 20
a ^x - a h + b ^x - b h
We have =2 71. Find the value of k for which the roots of the quadratic
^x - b h^x - a h equation 2x2 + kx + 8 = 0 will have the equal roots ?
a ^x - a h + b ^x - b h = 2 8x2 - â + b h x + abB
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD Compt., 2017]
ax - a2 + bx - b2 = 2x2 - 2 â + b h x + 2ab We have 2
2x + kx + 8 = 0
2x2 - 3 â + b h x + â + b h2 = 0 2
Comparing with ax + bx + c = 0 we get
2x2 - 2 â + b h x - â - b h x + â + b h2 = 0 a = 2, b = k, and c = 8
82x - â + b hB8x - â + b hB = 0 For equal roots, D = 0
Thus x = a + b, a + b b2 - 4ac = 0
2
k2 - 4 # 2 # 8 = 0
69. If x = 23 and x = - 3 are roots of the quadratic k2 = 64
equation ax2 + 7x + b = 0 , find the values of a and b . k = ! 64
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2016] Thus k = ! 8
2
We have ax + 7x + b = 0 (1)
72. Find k so that the quadratic equation
2
Substituting x = in above equation we obtain ^k + 1h x - 2 ^k + 1h x + 1 = 0 has equal roots.
2
3
4 a + 14 + b = 0 Sol : [Board Term-2 2016]
9 3
^k + 1h x - 2 ^k + 1h x + 1 = 0
2
We have
4a + 42 + 9b = 0
Comparing with Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 we get
4a + 9b = - 42 (2)
A = ^k + 1h, B = - 2 ^k + 1h, C = 1
and substituting x = - 3 in (1) we obtain
If roots are equal, then D = 0 , i.e.
9a - 21 + b = 0
B2 = 4AC
9a + b = 21 (3)
4 ^k + 1h2 = 4 ^k + 1h
Solving (2) and (3), we get a = 3 and b = - 6
k2 + 2k + 1 = k + 1
70. Solve for x : 6x + 7 - ^2x - 7h = 0 k2 + k = 0
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016] k ^k + 1h = 0
We have 6x + 7 - ^2x - 7h = 0 k = 0, - 1
or, 6x + 7 = ^2x - 7h k = - 1 does not satisfy the equation, thus k = 0
Squaring both sides we get 73. If 2 is a root of the equation x2 + kx + 12 = 0 and
6x + 7 = ^2x - 7h 2 the equation x2 + kx + q = 0 has equal roots, find the
6x + 7 = 4x2 - 28x + 49 value of q .
4x2 - 34x + 42 = 0 Sol : [Board Term 2 SQP 2016]

2
2
2x - 17x + 21 = 0 We have x + kx + 12 = 0
2
2x - 14x - 3x + 21 = 0 If 2 is the root of above equation, it must satisfy it.

2
We have 3x - 4 3 x + 4 = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get
81. The sum of two numbers is 15. If the sum of their
a = 3, b = - 4 3 , c = 4 reciprocals is 103 , find the two numbers.
b2 - 4ac = ^- 4 3 h - 4 ^3 h^4 h
2
= 48 - 48 = 0 Let x be first number, then other number will be

Thus roots are real and equal. 15 - x .
Since the sum of their reciprocals is 103 , we have
Roots are b- b l, b- b l or 2 3 , 2 3 1+ 1
2a 2a 3 3 = 3
x 15 - x 10
Find the value of k , for which one root of the quadratic 15 - x + x = 3
x ^15 - x h
79.
10
equation kx2 - 14x + 8 = 0 is six times the other.
15 = 3
Sol : [Board Term-2 2016] x ^15 - x h 10
We have 2
kx - 14x + 8 = 0 5 = 1
x ^15 - x h 10
Let one root be a and other root be 6a . 50 = x ^15 - x h
Sum of roots, a + 6a = 14 50 = 15x - x2
k
14 x2 - 15x + 50 = 0
7a = or a = 2 ...(1)
k k x2 - 10x - 5x + 50 = 0
a (6a) = or 6a = 8 x ^x - 10h - 5 ^x - 10h = 0
Product of roots , 8 2
...(2)
k k
Solving (1) and (2), we obtain ^x - 10h^x - 5h = 0
x = 10 , x = 5
6b 2 l =8
2
k k If first number is 10, then other number will

15 - 10 = 5 . If first number is 5, then other number
6 # 42 =8
k k will 15 - 5 = 10 . Thus required two numbers are 5
3 and 10.
=1
k2 k
82. If a and b are roots of the quadratic equation
3k = k2
x2 - 7x + 10 = 0 , find the quadratic equation whose
3k - k2 = 0 roots are a2 and b2 .
k 63 - k @ = 0 Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard]
k = 0 or k = 3 We have 2
x - 7x + 10 = 0
2
Since k = 0 is not possible, therefore k = 3 . x - 5x - 2x + 10 = 0
x ^x - 5h - 2 ^x - 5h = 0
Solve the quadratic equation ^x - 1h2 - 5 ^x - 1h - 6 = 0
80.
^x - 5h^x - 2h = 0
Sol : [Board Term-2 2015] Thus a = 5 and b = 2
We have ^x - 1h2 - 5 ^x - 1h - 6 = 0 Thus a2 = 25 and b2 = 4
2
x - 2x + 1 - 5x + 5 - 6 = 0 Quadratic equation having roots a2 and b2 will be
x2 - â2 + b2h x + a2 b2 = 0
2
x - 7x + 6 - 6 = 0
x2 - 7x = 0 x2 - ^25 + 4h x + 25 # 4 = 0
x ^x - 7h = 0 x2 - 29x + 100 = 0
Thus x = 0, 7
83. Solve the following equation: 1 - 1 = 3 , x ! 0 , 2
x x-2
a x+a+bx+1 = 0
x2 + x2 + 5x - â + 3hâ - 2h = 0
a+b a
x2 + 6a + 3 - â - 2h@x - â + 3hâ - 2h = 0
x ax + a k + a + b ax + a k = 0
a+b a a+b x2 + â + 3h x - â - 2h x - â + 3hâ - 2h = 0
a a+b
ax + a + b kbx + a l = 0 x 6x + â + 3h@ - â - 2h6x + â + 3h@ = 0
- â + b h 6x + â + 3h@6x - â - 2h@ = 0
Thus x = -a ,
a+b a Thus x = - â + 3h and x = â - 2h
89. Solve for x : Hence, roots of given equations are x = - â + 3h and
1 1 x = a - 2.
+ = 2 ; x ! 1, 2, 3
^x - 1h^x - 2h ^x - 2h^x - 3h 3
PRACTICE
 Solve for x : x2 + 6x - â2 + 2a - 8h
We have 1 + 1 =2
^x - 1h^x - 2h ^x - 2h^x - 3h 3 [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015]
x-3+x-1 Ans : a - 2, - a - 4
=2
^x - 1h^x - 2h^x - 3h 3
2x - 4 =2 91. Solve for x : x2 - (2b - 1) x + (b2 - b - 20) = 0
^x - 1h^x - 2h^x - 3h 3
2 ^x - 2h Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015]
=2
^x - 1h^x - 2h^x - 3h 3 We have x - ^2b - 1h x + ^b - b - 20h = 0
2 2
2 =2 Comparing with Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 we have

^x - 1h^x - 3h 3
3 = ^x - 1h^x - 3h A = 1, B = - (2b - 1), C = ^b2 - b - 20h
2
x2 - 4x + 3 = 3 x = - B ! B - 4AC
2A
x2 - 4x = 0
^2b - 1h ! ^2b - 1h2 - 4 ^b - b - 20h
2
x ^x - 4h = 0 x =
2
Thus x = 0 or x = 4
^2b - 1h ! 4b - 4b + 1 - 4b + 4b + 80
2 2
=
90. Solve for x : x2 + 5x - â2 + a - 6h = 0 2
Sol : [Board 2019 OD, Foreign 2015] ^2b - 1h ! 81 ^2b - 1h ! 9
= =
2 2
We have x3 + 5x - â2 + a - 6h = 0
2 = 2b + 8 , 2b - 10
x = - b ! b - 4ac 2 2
2a
= b + 4, b - 5
-5 ! 25 + 4 â2 + a - 6h
Thus x = Thus x = b + 4 and x = b - 5
2
2
= -5 ! 25 + 4a + 4a - 24
92. Solve the equation for x : 4 - 3 = 5 ; x ! 0, - 3
2 x 2x + 3 2
= -5 ! 4a2 + 4a + 1 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2014]
2
4 -3 = 5
- 5 ! ^2a + 1h We have
x 2x + 3
=
2 4- 5 =3
x 2x + 3
= 2a - 4 , - 2a - 6
2 2 4 ^2x + 3h - 5x
=3
Thus x = a - 2, x = - â + 3h x ^2x + 3h
Alternative : 8x + 12 - 5x = 3x ^2x + 3h
3x + 12 = 6x2 + 9x
We have x2 + 5x - â2 + a - 6h = 0
6x2 + 6x - 12 = 0
x2 + 5x - 6a2 + 3a - 2a - 6@ = 0
x2 + x - 2 = 0
x2 + 5x - 6a â + 3h - 2 â + 3h@ = 0
xb = ya 3x - ^2a + b h = 0
x =y
Thus
a
Hence Proved. x = a + 2b
b 3
98. Solve the following quadratic equation for x : 3x - ^2a + b h = 0
p x + ^p - q h x - q = 0
2 2 2 2 2
x = 2a + b
3
Hence, roots are a + 2b and 2a + b .
We have p x + ^p - q h x - q = 0
2 2 2 2 2
3 3
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get 100. If the roots of the equation
â + b h x - 2 âc + bd h x + ^c + d h = 0 are equal,
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a = p ,b = p - q , c =- q
prove that a = c .
The roots are given by the quadratic formula b d
2
x = - b ! b - 4ac We have â + b h x - 2 âc + bd h x + ^c + d2h = 0
2 2 2 2
2a
^p - q h - 4 ^p h^- q h
- ^ p 2 - q 2h -
2 2 2 2 2
= 2 A = â2 + b2h, B = - 2 âc + bd h, C = ^c2 + d2h
2p
If roots are equal, D = B2 - 4AC = 0
- ^p - q h - p + q 4 - 2p2 q2 + 4p2 q2
2 2 4
= or B2 = 4AC
2p2
- ^p - q h - p + q 4 + 2p2 q2
2 2 4 Now 8- 2 âc + bd hB2 = 4 â2 + b2h^c2 + d2h
=
2p2 4 â2 c2 + 2abcd + b2 d2h = 4 â2 c2 + a2 d2 + b2 c2 + b2 d2h
- ^p2 - q2h - (p2 + q2) 2 a2 c2 + 2abcd + b2 d2 = a2 c2 + a2 d2 + b2 c2 + b2 d2
=
2p2
2abcd = a2 d2 + b2 c2
- ^p2 - q2h ! (p2 + q2)
= 0 = a2 d2 - 2abcd + b2 c2
2p2
- ^p2 - q2h + (p2 + q2) 2q2 q2 0 = âd - bc h2
Thus x = = 2= 2
2p 2 2p p 0 = ad - bc
- ^p2 - q2h - (p2 + q2) - 2p2
and x = = =- 1 Thus ad = bc
2p2 2p2
a =c Hence Proved
q2 b d
Hence, roots are 2 and - 1.
p
99. Solve the following quadratic equation for x : PRACTICE
9x2 - 9 â + b h x + 2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 = 0  Show that if the roots of the following equation
are equal then ad = bc or a = c .
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2016] b d
We have 9x2 - 9 â + b h x + 2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 = 0 x â + b h + 2 âc + bd h x + c2 + d2 = 0
2 2 2
Now 2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 = 2a2 + 4ab + ab + 2b2 [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
Ans : Proof
= 2a 6a + 2b@ + b 6a + 2b@
= â + 2b h^2a + b h
101. Determine the positive value of k for which the
Hence the equation becomes equation x2 + kx + 64 = 0 and x2 - 8x + k = 0 will
9x2 - 9 â + b h x + â + 2b h^2a + b h = 0 both have real and equal roots.
9x2 - 3 63a + 3b@x + â + 2b h^2a + b h = 0 Sol : [Board Term-2 2012, 2014]
9x2 - 3 8â + 2b h + ^2a + b hB x + â + 2b h^2a + b h = 0

2
We have x + kx + 64 = 0
9x2 - 3 â + 2b h x - 3 ^2a + b h x + â + 2b h^2a + b h = 0 Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get
3x 83x - â + 2b hB - ^2a + b h83x - â + 2b hB = 0 a = 1, b = k, c = 64

For real and equal roots, b2 - 4ac = 0
83x - â + 2b hB83x - ^2a + b hB = 0
4 ^c2 + 2c + 1h - 4 ^4c + 4h = 0 PRACTICE
4 ^c2 + 2c + 1 - 4c - 4h = 0  If - 3 is a root of quadratic equation

2x2 + px - 15 = 0 , while the quadratic equation
c2 - 2c - 3 = 0 x2 - 4px + k = 0 has equal roots. Find the value
c2 - 3c + c - 3 = 0 of k .
c ^c - 3h + 1 ^c - 3h = 0
[Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
Ans : 4
^c - 3h^c + 1h = 0
c = 3, - 1
Hence for equal roots c = 3, - 1.
Solve 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 , a + b ! 0. Solve for x : b 2x l + b 2x l - 24 = 0, x ! 5

2
â + b + x h a b x
107. 109.
x-5 x-5
Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2016] Sol : [Board Term-2 2016]
1 = 1+1+1 2x 2
2x
We have
a+b+x a b x We have b x - 5 l + 5 b x - 5 l - 24 = 0
1 -1 = 1+1 Let 2x = y then we have
a+b+x x a b x-5
x - â + b + x h y2 + 5y - 24 = 0
=a+b
x â + b + x h ab
^y + 8h^y - 3h =0
x-a-b-x = +b
a
x â + b + x h ab y = 3, - 8
- â + b h Taking y = 3 we have
=a+b
x â + b + x h ab 2x =3
x â + b + x h = - ab x-5
2x = 3x - 15 & x = 15
x + â + b h x + ab
2
=0
Taking y = - 8 we have
^x + a h^x + b h = 0 2x
x = - a or x = - b =- 8
x-5
2x = - 8x + 40
108. If ^- 5h is a root of the quadratic equation
2x2 + px + 15 = 0 and the quadratic equation 10x = 40 & x = 4
p ^x2 + x h + k = 0 has equal roots, then find the values Hence, x = 15, 4
of p and k .
110. Solve for x : 1 + 2 = 4 x !- 1, - 2, - 4
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2015] x+1 x+2 x+4
We have 2x2 + px - 15 = 0 Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
Since x = - 5 is the root of above equation. It must We have 1 + 2 = 4

x+1 x+2 x+4
satisfy it.
x + 2 + 2 ^x + 1h 4
2 ^- 5h2 + p ^- 5h - 15 = 0 =
^x + 1h^x + 2h x+4
50 - 5p - 15 = 0 3x + 4 = 4
x2 + 3x + 2 x+4
5p = 35 & p = 7
^3x + 4h^x + 4h = 4 ^x2 + 3x + 2h
Now p ^x + x h + k = 0 has equal roots
2
3x2 + 16x + 16 = 4x2 + 12x + 8

or 7x2 + 7x + k = 0
x2 - 4x - 8 = 0
Taking b2 - 4ac = 0 we have
2
72 - 4 # 7 # k = 0 Now x = - b b + 4ac
2a
7 - 4k = 0 - ^- 4h ! ^- 4h2 - 4 ^1 h^- 8h
=
k =7 2#1
4
7
Hence p = 7 and k = . = 4 ! 16 + 32
4 2
116. Solve for x : 4x2 + 4bx - â2 - b2h = 0 Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2016]
(1) For x2 + kx + 64 = 0 to have real roots

k2 - 256 $ 0
We have 4x + 4bx - â - b h = 0
2 2 2
k2 $ 256
k $ 16 or k < - 16
A = 4, B = 4b and C = b2 - a2
2
(2) For x2 - 8x + k = 0 to have real roots
x = - B ! B - 4AC
2A 64 - 4k $ 0
- 4b ! ^4b h - 4.4 ^b - a h
2 2 2
16 - k $ 0
=
2.4
16 $ k
2 2 2
= - 4b ! 16b - 16b + 16a For (1) and (2) to hold simultaneously, k = 16
8
= - 4b ! 4a 119. Find the values of k for which the equation
8
^3k + 1h x + 2 ^k + 1h x + 1 has equal roots. Also find
2
â + b h â - b h the roots.
=- ,
2 2 Sol : [Board Term-2 2014]
â + b h â - b h We have ^3k + 1h x + 2 ^k + 1h x + 1
2
Hence the roots are - and
2 2
117. Write all the values of p for which the quadratic A = (3k + 1), B = 2 (k + 1), C = 1
equation x2 + px + 16 = 0 has equal roots. Find the
If roots are equal, B2 - 4AC = 0
roots of the equation so obtained.
82 ^k + 1hB - 4 ^3k + 1h^1 h = 0
2

4 ^k2 + 2k + 1h - ^12k + 4h = 0
We have x2 + px + 16 = 0 ...(1)
4k2 + 8k + 4 - 12k - 4 = 0
If this equation has equal roots, then discriminant
b2 - 4ac must be zero. 4k2 - 4k = 0
i.e., b2 - 4ac = 0 ...(2) 4k ^k - 1h = 0
2
Comparing the given equation with ax + bx + c = 0 k = 0, 1.
we get a = 1, b = p and c = 16 Substituting k = 0 , in the given equation,
Substituting above in equation (2) we have x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
^x + 1h2 = 0
2
p - 4 # 1 # 16 = 0
p2 = 64 & p = ! 8 x =- 1
When p = 8 , from equation (1) we have Again substituting k = 1, in the given equation,
x2 + 8x + 16 = 0 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
x2 + 2 # 4x + 42 = 0 ^2x + 1h2 = 0
(x + 4) 2 = 0 & x = - 4, - 4 or, x =- 1
2
Hence, roots are - 4 and - 4 .
Hence, roots are - 1, - 1 .
When p = - 8 from equation (1) we have 2
120. If x = - 2 is a root of the equation 3x2 + 7x + p = 0 ,
x2 - 8x + 16 = 0
find the value of k so that the roots of the equation
x2 - 2 # 4x + 42 = 0 x2 + k ^4x + k - 1h + p = 0 are equal.
(x - 4) 2 = 0 & x = 4 , 4 Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015]
Hence, the required roots are either - 4 , - 4 or 4, 4 2
We have 3x + 7x + p = 0
118. Find the positive values of k for which quadratic Since x = - 2 is the root of above equation, it must
equations x2 + kx + 64 = 0 and x2 - 8x + k = 0 both satisfy it.
will have the real roots. Thus 3 ^- 2h + 7 ^- 2h + p = 0
a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - ac - bc = 0 Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2017]

2
We have 5x - 6x - 2 = 0
62a + 2b + 2c - 2ab - 2ac - 2bc@ = 0
1 2 2 2
2
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get
28 â + b - 2ab h + ^b + c - 2bc h + ^c + a - 2ac hB = 0
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
a = 5, b = ^- 6h and c = ^- 2h
2 8â - b h + ^b - c h + ^c - a h B = 0
1 2 2 2
b2 - 4ac = ^- 6h2 - 4 # 5 # - 2
or, â - b h2 + ^b - c h2 + ^c - a h2 = 0
= 36 + 40 = 76 2 0
If a ! b ! c
So the equation has real and two distinct roots.
â - b h2 2 0, ^b - c h2 2 0, ^c - a h2 2 0
5x2 - 6x = 2
If â - b h2 = 0 & a = b
Dividing both the sides by 5 we get
â - c h2 = 0 & b = c x2 - 6 x = 2
^c - a h2 = 0 & c = a 5 5 5
Thus a = b = c Hence Proved x - 2x b l = 2

2 3
5 5
Adding square of the half of coefficient of x
124. If the roots of the quadratic equation
^c - ab h x - 2 â - bc h x + b - ac = 0 in x are equal x2 - 2x b 3 l + 9 = 2 + 9
2 2 2 2
then show that either a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc 5 25 5 25

3 2
19
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2017] bx - 5 l = 25
^c - ab h x - 2 â - bc h x + b - ac = 0
2 2 2 2
We have
x - 3 = ! 19
2 5 5
Comparing with Ax + Bx + C = 0 we get
A = (c2 - ab), B = (a2 - bc), C = (b2 - ac) x = 3 + 19 or 3 - 19
5 5
If roots are equal, B2 - 4AC = 0 Verification :
82 â - bc hB - 4 ^c - ab h^b - ac h = 0
2 2 2 2 2
5 ;3 + 19 E - 6 ;3 + 19 E - 2
4 6a + b c - 2a bc@ - 4 ^b c - c a - ab - a bc h
4 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2
=0 5 5
4 6a 4 + b2 c2 - 2a2 bc - b2 c2 + c3 a + ab3 - a2 bc@ = 0 = 9 + 6 19 + 19 - c 18 + 6 19 m - 2

5 5
4 6a 4 + ac3 + ab3 - 3a2 bc@ = 0
= 28 + 6 19 - 18 + 6 19 - 2
a â3 + c3 + b3 - 3abc h = 0 5 5
a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc = 28 + 6 19 - 18 - 6 19 - 10
5
125. Solve for x : 1 = 1+1+1 =0
a+b+x a b x
where a + b + x ! 0 and a, b, x ! 0 Similarly
2
5 ;3 - 19 E - 6 ;3 - 19 E - 2 = 0
5 5
We have 1 -1 = 1+1
a+b+x x a b Hence verified.
- â + b h
=b+a
x + â + b h x
2 ab
x2 + â + b h x + ab =0 WORD PROBLEMS
^x + a h^x + b h =0
x = - a, x = - b 127. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the
Hence x = - a, - b difference of their perimeter is 24 m, find the sides of
the squares.
126. Check whether the equation 5x2 - 6x - 2 = 0 has real Sol : [Board Term-2 2012, 2011]
roots if it has, find them by the method of completing
Let the side of the smaller square be y and the side of
the square. Also verify that roots obtained satisfy the
the longer square be x . As per question the difference
given equation.
of their perimeter is 24. Thus we have
131. The product of two consecutive positive integers is According to the question we have,
306. Find the integers.
x2 + ^x + 1h2 = 421
Sol : x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 = 421
Let x and x + 1 be two consecutive positive integers.
x2 + x - 210 = 0
According to question, product of x and (x + 1) is
306. x2 + 15x - 14x - 210 = 0
Thus x (x + 1) = 306 x ^x + 15h - 14 ^x + 15h = 0
x2 + x - 306 = 0 ^x + 15h^x - 14h = 0

x2 + 18x - 17x - 306 = 0 x + 15 = 0 or x - 14 = 0
x (x + 18) - 17 (x + 18) = 0 x = - 15 or x = 14
(x + 18) (x - 17) = 0 Rejecting negative value we get x = 14 .

Therefore first number is 14 and consecutive number
x = 17 and - 18
is 15.
Neglecting negative value we get x = 17 . Thus
numbers are 17 and 18. PRACTICE
132. A two digit number is such that product of its digits is  The sum of squares of two consecutive even
14. If 45 is added to the number, the digits interchange numbers is 340. Find the numbers.
their places. Find the number. [Board Term-2 Foreign 2014]
Ans : 12 and 14
Let x be the tens digit and y be the ones digit, then

number will 10x + y .  The sum of squares of two consecutive multiples
of 7 is 637. Find the multiples.
Given, xy = 14 ...(1)
[Board Term-2 Foreign 2014]
If 45 is added to this number the digits get interchanged Ans : 14 and 21
i.e. new number will be 10y + x
Hence, 10x + y + 45 = 10y + x  The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd
9x - 9y + 45 = 0 numbers is 394. Find the numbers.
[Board Term-2 Foreign 2012, 2014]
x-y+5 = 0 ...(2)
Ans : 13 and 15
From equation (1) and (2), we get
x - 14 + 5 = 0
x 134. The denominator of a fraction is one more than twice
2
x - 14 + 5x = 0 its numerator. If the sum of the fraction and its
x2 + 5x - 14 = 0 reciprocal is 2 16
21 , find the fraction.
x2 + 7x + - 2x - 14 = 0 Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2016]
x (x + 7) - 2 (x + 7) = 0 Let numerator be x then fraction will be x

2x + 1
(x + 7) (x - 2) = 0 As per the question we have
Thus x = - 7 and x = 2 x + 2x + 1 = 2 16 = 58
2x + 1 x 21 21
Since, the digits cannot be negative, x = 2
21 8x + ^2x + 1h B = 58 ^2x2 + x h
2 2
Thus, y = 14 = 14 = 7
x 2 or, 11x2 - 26x - 21 = 0
Therefore, number is (10x + y) = 27 11x2 - 33x + 7x - 20 = 0
The sum of the squares of two consecutive naturals is x = 3, - 7 (rejected)

133. 11
421. Find the numbers. We reject x = - 73 , thus x = 3 and fraction will be
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] 3 = 3.
Let the first natural number be x . The second 6+1 7
consecutive natural will be x + 1.
360 - 360 = 48 x (x - 30) + 25 (x - 30) = 0 & x = 30, - 25

x (x + 5) 60
But price cannot be negative, thus x = 30 .
360 - 360 =4
x x+5 5 Hence, the original price of the book is Rs 30.
360 ;x + 5 - x E =4 PRACTICE
x (x + 5) 5
 If the price of a book is reduced by Rs. 5, a person
90 ; 5 =1
x (x + 5)E 5 can buy 5 more book for Rs. 300. Find the original
450 # 5 = x2 + 5x list price of the book.
[Board Term-2 2012]
x2 + 5x - 2250 = 0 Ans : Rs 20
x2 + 50x - 45x - 2250 = 0
x (x + 50) - 45 (x + 50) = 0 140. A person on tour has Rs 4200 for his expenses. If he
extends his tour for 3 days, he has to cut down his
(x + 50) (x - 45) = 0 & x = 45 [x !- 50]
daily expenses by Rs 70. Find the original duration
Hence, original speed of the train is 45 km/h. of the tour.
PRACTICE Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
 A train covers a distance of 480 km at a uniform Let x be the original duration of tour in days.
speed. If the speed had been 8 km/hr less, then it Amount with the person is Rs 4200.
would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same Daily expenses, R1 = 4200
distance. Find the original speed of the train. x
[Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
If tour extended for 3 days, total number of days will
Ans : 40 km/hr be (x + 3).
Now daily expenses, R2 = 4200
(x + 3)
139. If the price of a book is reduced by Rs 5, a person can According to question.
by 4 more books for Rs 600. Find the original price
R1 - R2 = 70
of the book.
4200 - 4200 = 70
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic] x x+3
Let x be the original price of the book. 4200 b 1 - 1 l = 70
x x+3
Number of books bought at original price for Rs 600,
60 ;x + 3 - x E =1
n1 = 600 x (x + 3)
x
60 ; 3
x (x + 3)E
If the price of a book is reduced by Rs 5, then the new =1
price of books is (x - 5). 180 = x2 + 3x
Number of book bought at reduced price for Rs 600,
x2 + 3x - 180 = 0
n2 = 600 x2 + 15x - 12x - 180 = 0
x-5
According to equation, x (x + 15) - 12 (x + 15) = 0
n2 = n1 + 4 (x + 15) (x - 12) = 0
n2 - n1 =4 Thus x = - 15 and x = 12
600 - 600 =4 Since, x cannot be negative, x = 12
x-5 x
Thus, the original duration of the tour is 12 days.
x-x+5
600 < x (x - 5) F =4
141. The sum of ages (in years) of a son and his father is 35
3000 =4 years and product of their ages is 150 years, find their
x2 - 5x ages.
x2 - 5x = 750 Sol : [Board Term-2 2014, 2012]
x2 - 5x - 750 = 0 Let the age of father be x years and age of son be y
x2 - 30x + 25x - 750 = 0 years

146. A car covers a distance of 2592 km with a uniform
Let the number of books bought be x. speed. The number of hours taken for journey is one
As per question we have half the number representing the speed in km/hour.
1200 - 1200 = 20 Find the time taken to cover the distance.
x x + 10
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi Compt 2017]
x2 + 10x - 600 = 0
Let the speed of the car be x km/hr.
^x + 30h^x - 20h = 0
Therefore time taken = x hour
, x = - 30 or x = 20 2
Now Speed = Distance
Since number of books cannot be negative, x = 20 Time
Thus number of books bought is 20. 2592
x = x
2
145. A fast train takes 3 hours less than a slow train for
a journey of 60 km. If the speed of the slow train is x2 = 2592 # 2 = 5184
10 km/h less than that of the fast train, find the speed x = 5184 = 72
of each train.
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] Hence the time taken 72 = 36 hours.
2
Total distance of a journey = 600 km
Let x be the speed of fast train then speed of slow 147. Speed of a boat in still water is 15 km/hour. It goes
will be (x - 10) . 30 km up stream and returns back at the same point
in 4 hours 30 minutes. Find the speed of the stream.
60
Time taken by fast train, t1 = x
60 Let the speed of the Stream be x km/hr.
Time taken by slow train, t2 = -
x 10
Speed of boat up stream = 15 - x
According to questions, we have
and speed of boat down stream = 15 + x
t2 - t1 =3
According to the question we get
600 - 600 d
x - 10 x
=3 :t = s D 30 + 30 = 4 1
15 - x 15 + x 2
600 ; x - x + 10
(x - 10) x E 30 ^15 + x h + 30 ^15 - x h
=3
=9
6000 152 - x2 2
=3
x2 - 10x 900 # 2 = 9 ^152 - x2h
x2 - 10x - 2000 =0 9x2 = 2025 - 1800 = 225
2
x - 50x + 40x - 2000 = 0 x2 = 25
x (x - 50) + 40 (x - 50) = 0 x =! 5
(x - 50) (x + 40) = 0 x = 50, - 40 Hence, the speed of the stream = 5 km/hr
But negative speed can not be possible. Thus, the
speed of fast train is 50 km/hr, and the speed of slow 148. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 1 78 hours.
train is 50 - 10 = 40 km. The tap with longer diameter takes 2 hours less than
the tap with smaller one to fill the tank separately.
PRACTICE Find the time in which each tap can fill the tank
 A journey of 192 km from a town A to town B separately.
takes 2 hours more by an ordinary passenger train Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi]
than a super fast train. If the speed of the faster Let t be the time taken by the smaller diameter top.
train is 16 km/h more, find the speed of the faster Time for larger tap diameter will be t - 2 .
and the passenger train.
Total time taken = 1 7 = 15 h .
[Board Term-2 2012] 8 8
Ans : 32 km/h Portion filled in one hour by smaller diameter tap will
t and by lager diameter tap will be t - 2
1 1
According to the problem,

 A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B to Time taken to cover 1500 km with increased speed,
finish a piece of work. If both A and B together
t2 = 1500 hr
can finish it in 4 days, find the time taken by B x + 100
to finish the work. Now we have,
[Board Term-2 2012]
Ans : 12 days t1 - t2 = 30 Minutes = 1 hr
2
151. In a flight of 600 km, an aircraft was slowed down due Substituting values of of t1 and t2 in above we obtain
to bad weather. The average speed of the trip was 1500 - 1500 = 1
reduced by 200 km/hr and the time of flight increased x x + 100 2
by 30 minutes. Find the duration of flight. 1- 1 = 1 = 1
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi, OD STD]
x x + 100 2 # 1500 3000
Let x be the original speed of flight. x + 100 - x = 1
x (x + 100) 3000
Flight distance d = 600 km 100 = 1
x2 + 100x 3000
Original duration, t = 600 (t = ds )
x 2
x + 100x = 300000
-
Duration with reduced speed x 200 ,
x2 + 100x - 300000 = 0
t1 = 600 x2 + 600x - 500x - 300000 = 0
x - 200
Flight time increased by 30 minute i.e 1
2 hour with x (x + 600) - 500 (x + 600) = 0
reduced speed, thus (x + 600) (x - 500) = 0
1
t1 - t = 2 Thus x = - 600, 500
600 - 600 Speed can not be negative. So we consider only
=1 ^t = ds h positive value x = 500 km/hr
x - 200 x 2
600 : 1 -1 =1
x - 200 x D 2 153. The time taken by a person to cover 150 km was 2 12
x - x + 200 1 hours more than the time taken in the return journey.
= If he returned at a speed of 10 km/hour more than
x (x - 200) 2 # 600
200 the speed while going, find the speed per hour in each
= 1
x2 - 200x 1200 direction.
x2 - 200x = 240000 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2016]
x2 - 200x - 240000 = 0 Let the speed while going be x km/h.

x2 - 600x + 400x - 240000 = 0 Speed while returning = ^x + 10h km/h.
According to question we have
x (x - 600) + 400 (x - 600) = 0
150 - 150 = 5
(x - 600) (x + 400) = 0 & x = 400, 600 x x + 10 2
150 (x + 10) - 150x
Since, speed cannot be negative, therefore original =5
speed is 600 km/hr. x (x + 10) 2
1500 =5
Original distance d = 600 km 2
x (x + 10)
t = 600 km = 1 hr
2
Time x + 10x - 600 = 0
600 km/hr
Hence, the original duration of flight is 1 hr. ^x + 30h^x - 20h = 0
Rejecting negative value we get x = 20
152. A plane left 30 minutes late than its scheduled time
Speed while going is 20 km/h and speed while
and in order to reach destination 1500 km away in
returning will be = 20 + 10 = 30 km/h
time, it had to increase its speed by 100 km/h from
the usual speed. Find its usual speed. 154. A train travels at a certain average speed for a distance
Sol : [Board 2018] of 54 km and then travels a distance of 63 km at an
Let x be the usual speed of plane. average speed of 6 km/h more than the first speed. If
Time taken to cover 1500 km with speed x , it takes 3 hours to complete the total journey, what is
its first speed ?
t1 = Dis tan ce = 1500 hr
Speed x
x2 + 54x - 6x - 324 = 0 Neglecting x = - 25 we get x = 20 .

x (x + 54) - 6 (x + 54) = 0 Now from equation (1), we have
(x + 54) (x - 6) = 0 & x = 6, - 54 y = 200 = 200 = 10
x 20
Thus speed of the stream is 6 km/hr.
Hence, length of the piece of cloths is 20 m and rate
PRACTICE per meter is < 10.
 A motorboat whose speed in still water is 18 158. A pole has to erected at a point on the boundary of
km/h, takes 1 hour more to go 24 km upstream a circular park of diameter 17 m in such a way that
than to return downstream to the same spot. the differences of its distances from two diametrically
Find the speed of the stream. opposite fixed gates A and B on the boundary is 7
[Board Term-2 OD 2014] meters. Find the distances from the two gates where
Ans : 6 km/h the pole is to be erected.
 A motor boat whose speed is 24 km/h in still
water takes 1 hour more to go 32 km upstream As per question the figure is shown below.
than to return downstream to the same spot.
Find the speed of the stream.
Ans : 8 km/h
157. The total cost of a certain length of a piece of cloth is

<200. If the piece was 5 m longer and each metre of
cloth costs <2 less, the cost of the piece would have
remained unchanged. How long is the piece and what
is its original rate per metre? Let p be the location of the pole such that its distance
Sol : [Board 2019 OD] from gate B is x .
Let x be the length of the cloth and y be the cost of Thus AP = x + 7
cloth per meter. Here AB = 17 m is diameter and +APB = 90c
Now x # y = 200 x2 + ^x + 7h2 = ^17h2
y = 200 ...(1) x2 + x2 + 14x + 49 = 289
x
x2 + x2 + 14x - 240 = 0
According to given conditions,
1. If the piece were 5 m longer x2 + 7x - 120 = 0
2. Each meter of cloth costed < 2 less
x = - 7 ! 49 + 480
i.e., (x + 5) (y - 2) = 200 2
xy - 2x + 5y - 10 = 200 = - 7 ! 23 = 8, - 15
2
xy - 2x + 5y = 210 Thus x = 8 m and x + 7 = 15 m.
x b 200 l - 2x + 5 b 200 l = 210 Hence distance between two gates are 8 m and 15 m.
x x
200 - 2x + 1000 = 210 159. The product of Tanay’s age (in years) five years ago
x
and his age ten years later is 16. Determine Tanay’s
1000 - 2x = 10 present age.
x
1000 - 2x2 = 10x Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
x2 + 25x - 20x - 500 = 0 Let the present age of Tanay’s be x years.
x (x + 25) - 20 (x + 25) = 0 According to question we have
(x + 25) (x - 20) = 0 ^x - 5h^x + 10h = 16

x = - 25 , 20 x2 + 5x - 50 = 16
165. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 16 metre more

than the shorter side. If the longer side is 14 metre
more than shorter side, then find the length of the of
the field.
Let the length of shorter side be x .

Length of diagonal = ^x + 16h m
and, Length of longer side = ^x + 14h m
Using Pythagoras theorem,

^2x + 1h2 = x + ^2x - 1h2
2
4x2 + 1 + 4x = x2 + 4x2 + 1 - 4x
x2 - 8x = 0
x ^x - 8h = 0
Rejecting x = 0, we get x = 8 .
Now as per question we have
Thus altitude of triangle is 8 cm
x2 + ^x + 14h2 = ^x + 16h2
Hypotenuse of triangle is 2 # 8 + 1 = 17 cm
and base of triangle is 2 # 8 - 1 = 15 cm x2 + x2 + 28x + 196 = x2 + 32x + 256
x2 - 4x - 60 = 0
164. The perimeter of a right triangle is 60 cm. Its
x2 + 6x - 10x - 60 = 0
hypotenuse is 25 cm. Find the area of the triangle.
x ^x + 6h - 10 ^x + 6h = 0
x = - 6, x = 10
As per question statement figure is given below.
As length can’t be negative x = 10 m. Therefore
length of sides are 10 m and 24 m.
166. P and Q are centres of circles of radii 9 cm and 2 cm

respectively. PQ = 17 cm. R is the centre of the circle
of radius x cm which touch given circles externally.
Given that angle PRQ is 90c. Write an equation in
x and solve it.
As per question statement figure is given below.
Here a + b + c = 60, c = 25
a + b = 60 - c = 60 - 25 = 35
Using Pythagoras theorem
a2 + b2 = 252 = 625
Substituting the values in â + b h2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab ,
352 = 625 + 2ab
1225 - 625 = 2ab
or, ab = 300
Hence, Area of TABC , 1 ab = 150 cm2 .

2
(iii) Value of x, (ii) At break-even point P (x) = 0 , thus

2
9x - 32x - 16 = 0 0 = - x2 + 350x - 6600
9x2 - 36x + 4x - 16 = 0 x2 + 350x + 6600 = 0
9x ^x - 4h + 4 ^x - 4h = 0 x2 - 330x - 20x + 6600 = 0
x = 4, x = = -4 x (x - 330) - 20 (x + 330) = 0
9
Since x = - 49 is not possible, length of side of tile is (x - 330) (x - 20) = 0
4 units. x = 20 , 330
(iv) Solution of quadratic equation Thus break even occur if 20 or 330 cars are produced.
By using quadratic formula : (iii) When 175 cars are produce,
2
P (175) = - (175) 2 + 350 (175) - 6600
x = - b ! b - 4ac
2a
= 24025
32 ! 1024 - 4 ^9 h^- 16h
x = There is profit of Rs 24025 thousand if 175 car are
2 ^9 h
produced.
= 32 ! 1024 + 576 (iv) When 400 cars are produce,
18
P (400) = - (400) 2 + 350 (400) - 6600
= 32 ! 40
18 = - 26600
= 16 ! 20 There is loss of Rs 26600 thousand if 400 cars are
9
produced.
x = 4 and x = - 4
9
170. Model Rocketry : A model rocket is a small rocket
169. Maximum Profit : An automobile manufacturer can designed to reach low altitudes and be recovered by a
produce up to 300 cars per day. The profit made variety of means. Flying model rockets is a relatively
from the sale of these vehicles can be modelled by safe and inexpensive way for person to learn the basics
the function P (x) = - x2 + 350x - 6600 where P (x) of forces and the response of a vehicle to external
is the profit in thousand Rupees and x is the number forces. Like an airplane, a model rocket is subjected to
of automobiles made and sold. Answer the following the forces of weight, thrust, and aerodynamics during
questions based on this model: its flight.
(i) When no cars are produce what is a profit/loss?
(ii) What is the break even point ? (Zero profit point
is called break even) ?
(iii) What is the profit/loss if 175 cars are produced ?
(iv) What is the profit if 400 cars are produced ?
Sol :
Shalvi is a member of first rocket club of India named
(i) When no cars are produced, x = 0
STAR Club. She launches her latest rocket from a
P (0) = 0 + 0 - 6600 large field. At the moment its fuel is exhausted, the
= - 6600 rocket has a velocity of 240 ft/sec and an altitude of
Thus when no cars are produced, there is loss of Rs 544 ft. After t sec, its height h (t) above the ground
6600 Thousand. is given by the function h (t) = - 16t2 + 240t + 544 .
177. Extreme Hardship : Chaitanya starts to walk 4 km Sol :

to school at 7:30 AM. with a temperature of 0°F. Let x represent the length of the side of the square.
Her brother Ekansh starts at 8:15 AM. on his bicycle, After squares are cut from each of the corners, the
traveling 12 kmph faster than Chaitanya. If they get dimensions of the base will be 30 - 2x and 20 - 2x
to school at the same time, then how fast is each one . Since the base is 336 square cm, we can write the
traveling? following equation.
(30 - 2x) (20 - 2x) = 336
600 - 60x - 40x + 4x 2 = 336
4x 2 - 100x + 264 = 0
x 2 - 25x + 66 = 0
x 2 - 22x - 3x + 66 = 0
(x - 3) (x - 22) = 0 & x = 3, 22
Since x = 22 is too large, the value of x is 3 cm.
Sol :
179. Swimming Pool Design : Nihal has designed a motel
Let x represent Chaitanya’s speed and x + 12 pool within a rectangular area that is fenced on three
represent Ekansh’s speed. Chaitanya’s time is x4 hours sides as shown in the figure. If he uses 60 metres of
and Ekansh’s time is x +412 hours. fencing to enclose an area of 352 square metres, then
Since Chaitanya’s time is 34 hour longer than what are the dimensions marked L and W in the
Ekansh’s, we can write the following equation. figure? Assume L is greater than W .
4 = 4 +3
x x + 12 4
4 = 16 + 3x + 36
x 4 (x + 12)
4 = 52 + 3x
x 4 (x + 12)
16x + 192 = 52x + 3x 2
- 3x 2 - 36x + 192 = 0
x 2 + 12x - 64 = 0
x 2 + 16x - 4x - 64 = 0
(x + 16) (x - 4) = 0 & x = 4, - 16
We disregard negative number, thus Chaitanya’s
speed was 4 kmh and Ekansh’s speed was 16 kmh.
178. Open-top Box : Jihan is going to make an open-top

box by cutting equal squares from the four corners of
an 20 cm by 30 cm sheet of cardboard and folding up Sol :
the sides. If the area of the base of box is to be 336
Here 2L + W = 60 , W = 60 - 2L .
square cm, then what size square should be cut from
Since the area is 352 square metres,
each corner?
LW = 352
L (60 - 2L) = 352
- 2L2 + 60L - 352 = 0
L2 - 30L + 176 = 0
(L - 22) (L - 8) = 0 & L = 22 or L = 8
W = 60 - 2L = 16 or W = 60 - 2L = 44
Since L is greater than W , L = 22 metre and W
= 16 metre
The income is the number of passengers multiplied by Now I (x) = (300 - 20x) (70 + 10x)
the price per ticket. Let I (x) represent income as a = 20 (15 - x) (10) (7 + x)
function of x .
= 200 (105 + 8x - x2)
Now I (x) = (400 - 10x) (50 + 5x)
= - 200 (x2 - 8x - 105)
= 10 (40 - x) (5) (10 + x)
= - 200 (x2 - 8x + 16 - 16 - 105)
= 50 (40 - x) (10 + x)
= - 200 (x2 - 8x + 16 - 121)
= 50 (400 + 40x - 10x - x2)
= - 200 (x2 - 8x + 16) + 24200
= 50 (400 + 30x - x2)
= - 200 (x - 4) 2 + 24200
= - 50 (x2 - 30x - 400)
From above equation it is clear that I (x) is maximum
= - 50 (x2 - 30x + 152 - 152 - 400)
at x = 4 and this maximum value is 24200. This
= - 50 (x2 - 30x + 152 - 625) means the company should make 4 fare increases of
= - 50 (x2 - 30x + 152) + 50 # 625 Rs 10 to maximize its income. Thus, the ticket price
should be 70 + 4 # 10 = 110 .
= - 50 (x - 15) 2 + 31250
From above equation it is clear that I (x) is maximum 184. A biologist predicts that the deer population, P (n)
at x = 15 and this maximum value is 31250. This , in a certain national park can be modelled by
means the company should make 15 fare increases of P (n) = 8n2 - 112n + 570 , where n is the number of
Rs 5 to maximize its income. Thus, the ticket price years since 1999.
should be 50 + 5 # 15 = 125 Rs. (i) According to this model, how many deer were in
the park in 1999?
183. Drama Ticket : Last year, 300 people attended the (ii) In which year was the deer population a minimum?
Ravindra Manch Drama Club’s winter play. The
(iii) How many deer were in the park when their
ticket price was Rs 70. The advisor estimates that 20
population was a minimum?
fewer people would attend for each Rs 10 increase in
(iv) Will the deer population ever reach zero, according
ticket price.
to this model?
(i) What ticket price would give the most income for
the Drama Club?
(ii) If the Drama Club raised its tickets to this price,
how much income should it expect to bring in?
Sol :
We have P (n) = 8n2 - 112n + 570
For 1999, n = 0
Sol :
Let x represent the number of Rs 10 fare increases. Thus P (0) = 0 - 0 + 570 = 570
Then 70 + 10x is the price per passenger and Now P (n) = 8n2 - 112n + 570
300 - 20x is the number of passengers.
= 8 (n2 - 14n) + 570
The income is the number of passengers multiplied by
the price per ticket. Let I (x) represent income as a = 8 (n2 - 14n + 49 - 49) + 570
function of x .
x 2 - 91x + 2028 = 0 (i) Braking distance is 175 m when v is 50 km/h.

2
x - 52x - 39x + 2028 = 0 (ii) If a driver decides to brake 120 metre from a stop
sign, the car be going by 40 km/h and still stop
x (x - 52) - 39 (x - 52) = 0
by the time it reaches the sign.
(x - 52) (x - 39) = 0
x = 52, 39 188. Quantity Discount : Peter Paris Co. sells running
trousers to dealers for Rs 400 per trouser if less than
If warehouse A is at 52 km from main warehouse,
50 trousers are ordered. If 50 or more trousers are
then, distance between warehouse A and warehouse
ordered (up to 400), the price per trouser is reduced
B is 91 - 52 = 39 km.
at a rate of Rs 0.4 times the number ordered. How
If warehouse A is at 39 km from main warehouse, many trousers can a dealer purchase for Rs 84000?
then, distance between warehouse A and warehouse
B is 91 - 39 = 52 km.
Since it was farther from the main Delhi warehouse
to warehouse A than it was from warehouse A to
warehouse B, 52 km is correct answer.
187. Braking Distance : The distance that a car travels

between the time the driver makes the decision to hit
the brakes and the time the car actually stops is called
the braking distance. For a certain car traveling v ,
the braking distance d is given by d = v + 201 v2 .
(i) Find the braking distance when v is 50 km/h.
(ii) If a driver decides to brake 120 metre from a stop Sol :
sign, how fast can the car be going and still stop Let the number of trousers that dealer purchases is x
by the time it reaches the sign? . Now the price of single unit will be (400 - 0.4x) and
total price of x trousers will be x (400 - 0.4x).
Then, according to the question, we have
x (400 - 0.4x) = 84000
400x - 0.4x 2 = 84000
0.4x 2 - 400x + 84000 = 0
x 2 - 1000x + 210000 = 0
x 2 - 300x - 700x + 210000 = 0
x (x - 300) - 700 (x - 300) = 0
Sol :
(x - 300) (x - 700) = 0
We have d = v+ 1
20 v2
x = 300, 700
Substituting v = 50 we have
Since x 1 400 , x = 300
d = 50 + 201 # 502
So, dealer purchases 300 trousers.
= 50 + 125 = 175 m
If a driver decides to brake 120 metre from a stop 189. Riya has a lawn with a flowerbed and grass land. The
sign, substituting v = 120 in d = v + 201 v2 we have grass land is in the shape of rectangle while flowerbed
is in the shape of square. The length of the grassland
120 = v + 1
20 v2
is found to be 3 m more than twice the length of the
2400 = 20v + v2 flowerbed. Total area of the whole lawn is 1260 m2.
v2 + 20v - 2400 = 0
v2 + 60v - 40v - 2400 = 0
v (v + 60) - 40 (v - 60) = 0
(v + 60) (v - 40) = 0
v = 40, - 60
(i) What will be the distance covered by Ria’s car in high, people won’t come. From past experience she
two hour? estimates that the profit P from sales (in hundreds)
(ii) Write the quadratic equation that describe the can be approximated by P (x) = - x2 + 22x - 40 where
speed of Nidhi’s car? x is the cost of a ticket and 0 # x # 25 hundred
rupees.
(iii) What is the the speed of Nidhi’s car?
(iv) How much time did Ria take to travel 400 km?
(iv) How much time did Nidhi take to travel 400 km?
Sol :
(i) Nidhi’s car travels x km/h while Ria’s car travels
5 km/h more than Nidhi’s car. Thus Ria’s car speed
is x + 5 km/hour. Distance covered in two hour is
2 (x + 5) .
(ii) As per question,
400 = 400 + 4
x x+5
400 (x + 5) = 400x + 4x (x + 5)
2000 = 4x2 + 20x
(i) What is the lowest cost of a ticket that would
500 = x2 + 5x allow the theatre to break even?
x2 + 5x - 500 = 0 (ii) What is the highest cost that the theatre can
(iii) We have 2
x + 5x - 500 = 0 charge to break even?
2
x + 25x - 20x - 500 = 0 (iii) If theatre charge Rs 4 hundred for each ticket,
what is the profit/loss ?
x (x + 25) - 20 (x + 25) = 0
(iv) If theatre charge Rs 25 hundred for each ticket,
(x + 25) (x - 20) = 0
what is the profit/loss ?
x = 20, - 25
(v) What is the maximum profit which can be earned
Since x = - 25 is not possible, we get x = 20 by theatre ?
(iv) Rias car speed = 20 + 5 = 25 km/hour Sol :
Time taken = 400 = 16 hour (i) At break even P (x) = 0 , thus
25
- x2 + 22x - 40 = 0
(v) Time Taken by Nidhi 16 + 4 = 20 Hours
x2 - 22x + 40 = 0
(x - 2) (x - 20) = 0 & x = 2 , 20
(ii) Theatre can charge Rs 20 hundred also. This is
also break even point.
(iii) At, x = 4 , we have
P (2) = - (4) 2 + 22 # 4 - 40 = 32
(iv) At, x = 25 , we have
P (5) = - (25) 2 + 22 # 25 - 40 = - 115
(v) We have P (x) = - x2 + 22x - 40
Rearranging the profit equation we have
P (x) = - (x2 - 22x + 121 - 81)
192. Optimal Pricing Strategy : The director of the = - (x - 11) 2 + 81
National School of Drama must decide what to charge From above equation it is clear that maximum value
for a ticket to the comedy drama. If the price is set too of above equation is 81.
low, the theatre will lose money; and if the price is too
Page 154 Arithmetic Progression Chap 5
CHAPTER 5
Arithmetic Progression
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 3. The nth term of the AP a , 3a , 5a , ... is

(a) na (b) (2n - 1) a
(c) (2n + 1) a (d) 2na
1. In an A.P., if the first term a = - 16 and the common
difference d = - 2 , then the sum of first 10 terms is Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]
(a) - 200 (b) - 70 Given AP is a , 3a , 5a , ...

(c) - 250 (d) 250 First term is a and d = 3a - a = 2a
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard] nth term an = a + (n - 1) d
We have a = - 16 = a + (n - 1) 2a
and d =- 2 = a + 2na - 2a
Sn = n {2a + (n - 1) d} = 2na - a = (2n - 1) a

2
S10 = 10 [2 (- 16) + (10 - 1) (- 2)]
2 1 - p 1 - 2p
4. The common difference of the AP 1 , , ,
= 5 [- 32 + 9 (- 2)] p p p
... is
= 5 [- 32 - 18]
(a) 1 (b) 1
p
= 5 [- 50]
(c) - 1 (d) - 1
= - 250 p
Thus (c) is correct option. Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]
1 - p 1 - 2p
If the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. be 3n2 + n Given AP is 1 , , ...
2. p p p
and its common difference is 6, then its first term is Common difference
(a) 2 (b) 3
1-p 1 1-p-1 -p
d = - = = =- 1
(c) 1 (d) 4 p p p p
2 5. The value of x for which 2x, (x + 10) and (3x + 2) are
We have Sn = 3n + n
the three consecutive terms of an AP, is
and d =6 (a) 6 (b) - 6
Now Sn = n 62a + ^n - 1h d @ (c) 18 (d) - 18
2
3n2 + n = n 62a + 6n - 6@
2 Since 2x, (x + 10) and (3x + 2) are in AP we obtain,
6n2 + 2n = 2an + 6n2 - 6n (x + 10) - 2x = (3x + 2) - (x + 10)
8n = a - x + 10 = 2x - 8
2n
a =4 - x - 2x = - 8 - 10
Thus, first term is 4. - 3x = - 18 & x = 6
Sol : (a) 8
= 3 [2 (- 5) + 5 (2)]
We have a18 - a14 = 32
= 3 (- 10 + 10) = 0
In an AP, an = a + (n - 1) d Thus (a) is correct option.
a + (18 - 1) d - [a + (14 - 1) d] = 32
17. The sum of first 16 terms of the AP 10, 6, 2, ..... is
a + 17d - a - 13d = 32 (a) - 320 (b) 320
4d = 32 & d = 8 (c) - 352 (d) - 400
Hence, the required common difference of the given
Sol : (a) - 320
AP is 8.
Thus (a) is correct option. Given, AP, is 10, 6, 2 .....
We have a = 10 and d = (6 - 10) = - 4
14. The 4th term from the end of an AP - 11, - 8 , - 5
, ....., 49 is Sn = n {2a + (n - 1) d}
2
(a) 37 (b) 40
S16 = 16 [2a + (16 - 1) d]
(c) 43 (d) 58 2
= 8 [2 # 10 + 15 (- 4)]
Sol : (b) 40
Common difference, = 8 (20 - 60)
d = - 8 - (- 11) = 8 (- 40) = - 320
= - 8 + 11 = 3 Thus (a) is correct option.
Last term, l = 49 18. In an AP, if a = 1, an = 20 and Sn = 399 , then n is
n th term of an AP from the end is equal to
an = l - (n - 1) d (a) 19 (b) 21
(c) 38 (d) 42
, a 4 = 49 - (4 - 1) # 3
= 49 - 9 = 40 Sol : (c) 38
We have a = 1, an = 20 and Sn = 399

15. The famous mathematician associated with finding
the sum of the first 100 natural numbers is Now, Sn = n (a + an)
2
(a) Pythagoras (b) Newton
399 = n (1 + 20)
(c) Gauss (d) Euclid 2
Sol : n = 399 # 2 = 38 .
21
Gauss is the famous mathematician associated with
19. The sum of first five multiples of 3 is
finding the sum of the first 100 natural numbers, i.e.,
1, 2, 3, ....., 100 = 5050. (a) 45 (b) 55
Thus (c) is correct option. (c) 65 (d) 75
16. If the first term of an AP is - 5 and the common Sol : (a) 45

difference is 2, then the sum of the first 6 terms is The first five multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15.
(a) 0 (b) 5 Here, first term, a = 3 , d = 6 - 3 = 3 and n = 5
(c) 6 (d) 15 Sn = n {2a + (n - 1)} d
2
Sol :
S5 = 5 [2a + (5 - 1) d]
(a) 0
2
We have a = - 5 and d = 2
= 5 [2 # 3 + 4 # 3]
Sn = n {2a + (n - 1) d} 2
2
= 5 (6 + 12) = 5 # 18 = 45
S6 = 6 [2a + (6 - 1) d] 2 2
2
Now, the difference between their 4th terms, 29. The first four terms of an AP whose first term is - 2
al4 - a 4 = (- 1 + 3d) - (- 8 + 3d) and the common difference is - 2 are
(a) - 2, 0, 2, 4 (b) - 2, 4, - 8, 16
= - 1 + 3d + 8 - 3d = 7
(c) - 2, - 4, - 6, - 8 (d) - 2, - 4, - 8, - 16
Hence, the required difference is 7.
Thus (c) is correct option. Sol : (c) - 2, - 4, - 6, - 8
Let the first four terms of an AP are a, a + d, a + 2d

26. An AP starts with a positive fraction and every and a + 3d .
alternate term is an integer. If the sum of the first 11 Given, that first term, a = - 2 and common difference,
terms is 33, then the fourth term is d = - 2 , then we have an AP as follows
(a) 2 (b) 3 - 2, - 2 - 2, - 2 + 2 ^- 2h, - 2 + 3 ^- 2h
(c) 5 (d) 6 = - 2, - 4, - 6, - 8
Sol : (a) 2 Thus (c) is correct option.
We have S11 = 33
30. The 21th term of an AP whose first two terms are - 3
26 @
11 2a + 10d = 33 and 4, is
(a) 17 (b) 137
a + 5d = 3
(c) 143 (d) - 143
i.e. a6 = 3 & a 4 = 2
Sol : (b) 137
Since, alternate terms are integers and the given sum
Given, first two terms of an AP are
is possible, a 4 = 2 .
Thus (a) is correct option. a =- 3
and a+d = 4
27. If the sum of the first 2n terms of 2, 5, 8, .......... is
equal to the sum of the first n terms of 57, 59, 61, -3 + d = 4 & d = 7
.........., then n is equal to For an AP, an = a + ^n - 1h d
a21 = a + ^21 - 1h d
(a) 10 (b) 12
Thus
(c) 11 (d) 13
= - 3 + ^20h 7
Sol : (c) 11
= - 3 + 140 = 137
2n {2 2 + (2n - 1) 3} = n {2 57 + (n - 1) 2}
2 # 2 # Thus (b) is correct option.
2 (6n + 1) = 112 + 2n
31. The number of two digit numbers which are divisible
10n = 110 & n = 11 by 3 is
Thus (c) is correct option. (a) 33 (b) 31
(c) 30 (d) 29
28. In an AP, if d = - 4 , n = 7 and an = 4 , then a is
equal to Sol : (c) 30
(a) 6 (b) 7 Two digit numbers which are divisible by 3 are 12, 15,
18, .........., 99;
(c) 20 (d) 28
Here a = 12 , d = 3 and an = 99
Sol : (d) 28
For an AP, an = a + ^n - 1h d
In an AP, an = a + ^n - 1h d
So, 99 = 12 + (n - 1) # 3
4 = a + ^7 - 1h^- 4h
99 - 12 = 3n - 3
4 = a + 6 ^- 4h
99 - 12 + 3 = 3n
4 + 24 = a & a = 28
90 = 3n & n = 30
Sol : (b) 330

and a5 = a + (5 - 1) d = 25
Middle term is 11 + 1
= 6 th term.
2
a + 4d = 25 ...(2)
Now an = a + ^n - 1h d Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we get
a6 = a + 5d 3d = 25 - 13 = 12 & d = 4
30 = a + 5d From equation (1), a = 13 - 4 = 9
a = 30 - 5d Now, 7th term, a7 = a + (7 - 1) d
Now Sn = n [2a + (n - 1) d] = 9 + 6 # 4 = 33
2
S11 = 11 (2a + 10d)
2
40. Assertion : If n th term of an AP is 7 - 4n , then its
Substituting value of a we have
common differences is - 4 .
S11 = 11 [2 (30 - 5d) + 10d] Reason : Common difference of an AP is given by
2
d = an + 1 - an .
= 11 [60 - 10d + 10d] (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
2
= 11 # 30
(A).
S11 = 330
Thus (b) is correct option. reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
38. Five distinct positive integers are in a arithmetic
progression with a positive common difference. If
their sum is 10020, then the smallest possible value (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
of the last term is Sol :
(a) 2002 (b) 2004
Assertion, an = 7 - 4n
(c) 2006 (d) 2007
d = an + 1 - an
Sol : (c) 2006
= 7 - 4 (n + 1) - (7 - 4n)
Let the five integers be a - 2d , a - d , a , a + d , a + 2d.
Then, we have, = 7 - 4n - 4 - 7 + 4n = - 4
â - 2d h + â - d h + a + â + d h + â + 2d h = 10020 Both are correct. Reason is the correct explanation.
5a = 10020 & a = 2004 Thus (a) is correct option.
Now, as smallest possible value of d is 1. 41. Assertion : Common difference of the AP - 5 , - 1 ,

Hence, the smallest possible value of a + 2d is 2004+2 3, 7, .......... is 4.
= 2006 Reason : Common difference of the AP
Thus (c) is correct option. a, a + d, a + 2d, .......... is given by d = a2 - a1
39. If the 2nd term of an AP is 13 and 5th term is 25, reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
what is its 7th term? (A).
(a) 30 (b) 33 (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(c) 37 (d) 38 reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
Sol : (b) 33
We have a2 = 13 , and a5 = 25
In an AP, an = a + (n - 1) d
Sol :
a2 = a + (2 - 1) d = 13
Common difference, d = - 1 - ^- 5h = 4
a + d = 13 ...(1)
So, both A and R are correct and R explains A.
48. If the first term of AP is p and the common difference 52. Find the sum of all 11 terms of an AP whose middle
is q , then what is its 10th term? term is 30.
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]
We have a = p and d = q In an AP with 11 terms, the middle term is 112+ 1 = 6 th

term.
a10 = a + (10 - 1) d
Now, a6 = a + 5d = 30
= p + 9q
Thus, S11 = 11 [2a + 10d]
2
49. Fill the two blanks in the sequence 2 .........., 26, .........
so that the sequence forms an AP. = 11 (a + 5d)
Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard] = 11 # 30 = 330
Let a and b be the two numbers. AP will be 2, a
53. If 4 times the 4 th term of an AP is equal to 18 times
, 26, b .
the 18 th term, then find the 22 nd term.
Now, 26 - a = a - 2
2a = 28 & a = 28 = 14 Let a be the first term and d be the common
2
difference of the AP.
and b - 26 = 26 - a
Now an = a + (n - 1) d
a + b = 52
As per the information given in question
14 + b = 52 & b = 38
4 # a 4 = 18 # a18
Thus a = 14 and b = 38 .
4 (a + 3d) = 18 (a + 17d)
50. The sum of first 20 terms of the AP 1, 4, 7, 10 .... is 2a + 6d = 9a + 153d
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] 7a = - 147d
Given AP is 1, 4, 7, 10 ... a = - 21d
Here, a = 1, d = 4 - 1 = 3 and n = 20 a + 21d =0
a + (22 - 1) d = 0 & a22 = 0
S20 = n [2a + (n - 1) d]
2 Hence, the 22 nd term of the AP is 0.
20
= [2 # 1 + (20 - 1) 3]
2 54. If the first three terms of an AP are b , c and 2b , then
find the ratio of b and c .
= 10 (2 + 57)
Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
= 10 # 59 = 590
Given, b , c and 2b are in AP.
51. Show that (a - b) 2 , (a2 + b2) and (a + b) 2 are in AP. Thus c - b = 2b - c
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] 2c = 3b
Given, (a - b) 2, (a2 + b2) and (a + b) 2 . 2 =b
Common difference, 3 c
d1 = (a2 + b2) - (a - b) 2 b = 2 & b :c = 2 : 3
c 3
= (a2 + b2) - (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
55. The n th term of an AP is (7 - 4n), then what is its
= a2 + b2 - a2 - b2 + 2ab common difference?
= 2ab Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
and d2 = (a + b) 2 - (a2 + b2) We have an = 7 - 4n
= a2 + b2 + 2ab - a2 - b2 = 2ab Putting n = 1, a1 = 7 - 4 = 3
Since, d1 = d2 , thus, (a - b) 2 , (a2 + b2) and (a + b) 2 Putting n = 2 , a2 = 7 - 8 = - 1

are in AP. Common difference d = a2 - a1
=- 1 - 3 =- 4
Here, a = 2, a + d = 8 =2 2 67. If 3k - 2 , 4k - 6 and k + 2 are three consecutive terms

of AP, then find the value of k .
d =2 2- 2= 2
Next term = 32 + 2
To be term of an AP the difference between two
=4 2+ 2 consecutive terms must be the same.
=5 2 = 50 If 3k - 2 , 4k - 6 and k + 2 are terms of an AP, then
4k - 6 - (3k - 2) = k + 2 - (4k - 6)
PRACTICE
4k - 6 - 3k + 2 = k + 2 - 4k + 6
 What is the next term of an AP 7, 28 , 63 , ...?
k - 4 = 8 - 3k
Ans : 112 4k = 12 & k = 3
Hence, the value of k is 3.
64. Is series 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , .... an AP? Give reason. PRACTICE
Sol : [Board Term-2 2015]  For what value of k will the consecutive terms
2k + 1, 3k + 3 and 5k - 1 form an AP?
Let common difference be d then we have
d = a2 - a1 = 6- 3= 3 ^ 2 - 1h Ans : 6
d = a3 - a2 = 9- 6 = 3- 6
d = a 4 - a3 = 12 - 9 = 2 3 -3  For what value of k , k + 9, 2k - 1 and 2k + 7 are
As common difference are not equal, the given series the consecutive terms of an AP.
is not in AP [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
Ans : 18
65. If the common difference of an AP is - 6 , find a16 - a12 .
 For what value of k; k + 2, 4k - 6, 3k - 2 are
Let the first term of an AP be a and common
three consecutive terms of an AP.
difference be d.
[Board Term-2 Delhi 2014, 2012]
Now d =- 6 Ans : 3
a16 = a + ^16 - 1h^- 6h = a - 90
a12 = a + ^12 - 1h^- 6h = a - 66
68. Find the 25th term of the AP - 5, - 5 , 5 , .....
a16 - a12 = â - 90h - â - 66h = a - 90 - n + 66 2 2
= - 24 Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015]

66. The first three terms of an AP are 3y - 1, 3y + 5 and difference be d.
5y + 1 respectively then find y .
Here, a = - 5, d = - 5 - (- 5) = 5
2 2
If x, y and z are in AP then we have an = a + ^n - 1h d `

y-x = z-y a25 = 5 + ^25 - 1h × b 5 l
2
Therefore if 3y - 1, 3y + 5 and 5y + 1 in AP
= - 5 + 60 = 55
^3y + 5h - ^3y - 1h = ^5y + 1h - ^3y + 5h
3y + 5 - 3y + 1 = 5y + 1 - 3y - 5 69. What is the common difference of an AP in which
a21 - a7 = 84 ?
6 = 2y - 4
2y = 6 + 4
y = 10 = 5 difference be d.
2
Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB We have Sk = 3k2 - k

2
Now kth term of AP,
S16 = 16 62 # 10 + ^16 - 1h^- 4h@ a k = Sk - Sk - 1
2
= 8 620 + 15 # ^- 4h@ ak = ^3k2 - k h - 83 ^k - 1h2 - ^k - 1hB
= 8 620 - 60@ = 8 # ^- 40h = - 320 = 3k2 - k - 63k2 - 6k + 3 - k + 1@
= 3k2 - k - 3k2 + 7k - 4 = 6k - 4
78. What is the sum of five positive integer divisible by 6.
First term a = 6 # 1 - 4 = 2
Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th 81. Which term of the AP 8, 14, 20, 26, ...... will be 72
term be an and sum of n the term be Sn more than its 41st term.
Here, a = 6, d = 6, n = 5
Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB Let the first term be a , common difference be d and
2
n th term be an .
S5 = 5 62 # 6 + ^5 - 1h^6 h@ We have a = 8, d = 6.
2
Since nth term is 72 more than 41st term. we get
= 5 612 + 4 # 6@
2 an = a 41 + 72
= 5 612 + 24@ = 5 [36] 8 + ^n - 1h 6 = 8 + 40 # 6 + 72
2 2
= 5 # 18 = 90 6n - 6 = 240 + 72
6n = 312 + 6 = 318
79. If the sum of n terms of an AP is 2n2 + 5n, then find
the 4th term. n = 53
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] 82. If the nth term of an AP - 1, 4, 9, 14, ..... is 129. Find
Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th the value of n.
term be an and sum of n term be Sn
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
Now, Sn = 2n2 + 5n Let the first term be a , common difference be d and
nth term of AP, n th term be an .
a n = Sn - Sn - 1 We have a = - 1 and d = 4 - ^- 1h = 5
- 1 + ^n - 1h # 5 = an
an = ^2n2 + 5n h - [2 ^n - 1h2 + 5 ^n - 1h]
- 1 + 5n - 5 = 129
= 2n2 + 5n - [2n2 - 4n + 2 + 5n - 5]
5n = 135
= 2n2 + 5n - 2n2 - n + 3
n = 27
= 4n + 3 th
Hence 27 term is 129.
Thus 4th term a 4 = 4 # 4 + 3 = 19
83. Write the nth term of the AP 1 , 1 + m , 1 + 2m , .....
PRACTICE m m m
 The sum of first n terms of an AP is given by Sol : [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
Sn = 2n2 + 8n. Find the sixteenth term of the AP. Let the first term be a , common difference be d and
[Board 2010] n th term be an .
Ans : 65 We have a = 1
m
80. If the sum of first k terms of an AP is 3k2 - k and its d = 1+m - 1 = 1
m m
common difference is 6. What is the first term?
Sol : an = 1 + ^n - 1h 1
[Board Term-2 2012] m
Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th Hence , an = 1 + n - 1
term be an . Let the sum of k terms of AP is Sk . m
90. How many two digits numbers are divisible by 3? Substituting n by n - 1 we get
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] Sn - 1 = 3 (n - 1) 2 - 4 (n - 1)
Numbers divisible by 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ......., 96 and Now nth term
99. Lowest two digit number divisible by 3 is 12 and
a n = Sn - Sn - 1
highest two digit number divisible by 3 is 99.
Hence, the sequence start with 12, ends with 99 and = 3n2 - 4n - 3 (n - 1) 2 + 4 (n - 1)
common difference is 3. = 3n2 - 4n - 3 (n2 - 2n + 1) + 4 (n - 1)
So, the AP is 12, 15, 18, ....., 96, 99.
= - 3 (- 2n + 1) + 4 (- 1)
Here, a = 12 , d = 3 and an = 99
= 6n - 7
an = a + ^n - 1h d th
Therefore, n term is 6n - 7 .
99 = 12 + ^n - 1h 3
Find the 21 st term of the AP - 4 12 , - 3, - 1 12 , ...
99 - 12 = 3 ^n - 1h
93.

n - 1 = 87 = 29 & n = 30
3 Given AP is - 4 1 , - 3, - 1 1 , ... or - 9 , - 3, - 3 , ...
2 2 2 2
Therefore, there are 30, two digit numbers divisible
First term, a = - 9
by 3. 2
PRACTICE Common difference,
 How many two digit numbers are divisible by 7? d = - 3 - b- 9 l = - 3 + 9
2 2
[Board 2019, SQP 2016]
Ans : 13 = -6 + 9 = 3
2 2
Now an = a + ^n - 1h d
Which term of the AP 3, 15, 27, 39, ... will be 120
a21 = e - 9 o + ^21 - 1he 3 o
91.
more than its 21st term? 2 2
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] = - + 20 # = - 9 + 30
9 3
2 2 2
Given AP is 3, 15, 27, 39...... - 9 + 30
=
Here, first term, a = 3 and common difference, d = 12 2
Now, 21 st term of AP is 51
= = 25 1
2 2
an = a + ^n - 1h d
Hence, 21 term of given AP is 25 1 .
st
a21 = 3 + ^21 - 1h # 12 2
= 3 + 20 # 12 = 243 94. If the sum of first n terms of an AP is n2 , then find
its 10th term.
Therefore, 21 st term is 243.
Now we need to calculate term which is 120 more than Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi]
21 st term i.e it should be 243 + 120 = 363 We have Sn = n 2

...(1)
Therefore, an = a + ^n - 1h d Substituting n by n - 1 we get
363 = 3 + ^n - 1h 12 Sn - 1 = (n - 1) 2
360 = 12 ^n - 1h Now nth term, a n = Sn - Sn - 1
n - 1 = 30 & n = 31 = n2 - (n - 1) 2
So, 31 st term is 120 more than 21 st term. = n2 - (n2 - 2n + 1)
92. If Sn the sum of first n terms of an AP is given by = 2n - 1

Sn = 3n2 - 4n , find the nth term. Now, 10 th
term of AP,
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] a10 = 2 # 10 - 1 = 19
2 th
We have Sn = 3n - 4n Hence, the 10 term of AP is 19.
a + 6d + a + 10d = 64 a + 4d + a + 6d = 34
a + 8d = 32 ...(2) 2a + 10d = 34
Solving equations (1) and (2), we have a + 5d = 17 ...(2)
d =3 Solving equations (1) and (2) we have
102. The ninth term of an AP is - 32 and the sum of d =3
its eleventh and thirteenth term is - 94 . Find the
common difference of the AP 105. Find the middle term of the AP 213, 205, 197, .... 37.

Let the first term be a and common difference be d. Let the first term of an AP be a , common difference
be d and number of terms be m .
Now a + 8d = a9
Here, a = 213, d = 205 - 213 = - 8, am = 37
a + 8d = - 32 ...(1)
am = a + ^m - 1h d
and a11 + a13 = - 94
37 = 213 + ^m - 1h^- 8h
a + 10d + a + 12d = - 94
37 - 213 = - 8 ^m - 1h
a + 11d = - 47 ...(2)
m - 1 = - 176 = 22
Solving equation (1) and (2), we have -8
d =- 5 m = 22 + 1 = 23
PRACTICE
The middle term will be = 23 + 1 = 12th
2
 The fifth term of an AP is 20 and the sum of a12 = a + ^12 - 1h d = 213 + ^12 - 1h^- 8h
its seventh and eleventh terms is 64. Find the = 213 - 88 = 125
common difference.
[Board Term-2 Foreign 2015] Middle term will be 125.
Ans : 3
PRACTICE
 Find the middle term of the AP 6, 13, 20, .... 216.

th
103. The seventeenth term of an AP exceeds its 10 term [Board Term-2 Delhi 2015]
by 7. Find the common difference. Ans : 111
Sol : [Board Term-2 2015, 2014]
Let the first term be a and common difference be d . 106. If the number x + 3, 2x + 1 and x - 7 are in AP find
Now a17 = a10 + 7 the value of x .
a + 16d = a + 9d + 7 Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
If x, y and z are three consecutive terms of an AP

16d - 9d = 7
then we have
7d = 7 & d = 1
y-x = z-y
Thus common difference is 1.
^2x + 1h - ^x + 3h = ^x - 7h - ^2x + 1h
104. The fourth term of an AP is 11. The sum of the fifth 2x + 1 - x - 3 = x - 7 - 2x - 1
and seventh terms of the AP is 34. Find the common
x - 2 =- x - 8
difference.
2x = - 6 & x = - 3
Let the first term be a and common difference be d. 107. Find the values of a, b and c , such that the numbers
Now a 4 = 11 a, 10, b, c, 31 are in AP
a + 3d = 11 ...(1) Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
Let the first term be a and common difference be d .

and a5 + a7 = 34
Since a, 10, b, c, 31 are in AP, then
Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB 115. If the nth term of a sequence is 3 - 2n. Find the sum
2 of fifteen terms.
S5 + S7 = 167 Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
5 2a + 4d + 7 2a + 6d = 167
2^ h 2^ h Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th
5a + 10d + 7a + 21d = 167
Here, an = 3 - 2n
12a + 31d = 167 ...(1)
Taking n = 1, a1 = 3 - 2 = 1
Now we have S10 = 235 , thus
15th term, a15 = 3 - 2 # 15 = 3 - 30 = - 27
10 2a + 10 - 1 d = 235
28 ^ h B
Now Sn = n â1 + an h
2
5 ^2a + 9d h = 235
15
S15 = (a1 + a15)
2a + 9d = 47 (2) 2
Solving (1) and (2), we get 15
= 61 + ^- 27h@
2
a = 1, d = 5
Thus AP is 1, 6, 11.... = 15 6- 26@
2
113. Find the sum of sixteen terms of an AP = 15 # ^- 13h = - 195
- 1, - 5, - 9, ...... .
PRACTICE
 If the nth term of an AP is 7 - 3n, find the sum of
Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th
twenty five terms.
term be an and sum of n term be Sn .
[Board Term-2 2012]
Here, a1 = - 1, a2 = - 5 and d = - 4 Ans : - 800
Now Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB
2
16 116. The nth term of an AP is given by ^- 4n + 15h . Find
S16 = 62 # ^- 1h + ^16 - 1h^- 4h@ the sum of first 20 terms of this AP.
2
= 8 6- 2 - 60@ = 8 ^- 62h Sol : [Board Term-2 2013]
= - 496 Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th

114. If the 1st term of a series is 7 and 13th term is 35. Find We have an = - 4n + 15
the sum of 13 terms of the sequence. a1 = - 4 # 1 + 15 = 11
a2 = - 4 # 2 + 15 = 7
term be an and sum of n term be Sn . a3 = - 4 # 3 + 15 = 3
Here a = 7, a13 = 35 d = a2 - a1 = 7 - 11 = - 4
an = a + ^n - 1h d Now, we have a = 11, d = - 4
a13 = a + 12d Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB

2
35 = 7 + 12d & d = 7 20
S20 = 62 # 11 + ^20 - 1h # ^- 4h@
3 2
n = 10 622 - 76@ = 10 # ^- 54h = - 540
Now Sn = 82a + ^n - 1h dB
2
Thus S20 = - 540 .
S13 = 13 ;2 # 7 + 12 # b 7 lE
2 3 PRACTICE
= 13 614 + 28@  Find the sum of first 24 terms of an AP whose nth
2
term is given by an = 3 + 2n.
= 13 # 42 = 273
2 [Board Term-2 OD Comptt. 2017]
Ans : 672
122. The fifth term of an AP is 26 and its 10th term is 51. 7a7 = 11a11
Find the AP
Now 7 â + 6d h = 11 â + 10d h
7a + 42d = 11a + 110d
Let the first term be a , common difference be d and
n th term be an . 11a - 7a = 42d - 110d
a5 = a + 4d = 26 ...(1) , 4a = - 68d
a10 = a + 9d = 51 ...(2) 4a + 68d = 0
Subtracting (1) from (2) we have 4 â + 17d h = 0
5d = 25 & d = 5 a + 17d = 0
Substituting this value of d in equation (1) we get Hence, a18 = 0
a = 6.
Hence, the AP is 6, 11, 16, .... 126. In an AP of 50 terms, the sum of the first 10 terms
is 210 and the sum of its last 15 terms is 2565. Find
123. Find the AP whose third term is 5 and seventh term the AP.
is 9.
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi Compt. 2017]
Let the first term be a , common difference be d and term be an and sum of n term be Sn .
n th term be an .
S10 = 210
Now a3 = a + 2d = 5 ...(1)
Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB
and a7 = a + 6d = 9 ...(2) 2
Subtracting (2) from (1) we have 210 = 10 ^2a + 9d h
2
4d = 4 & d = 1 42 = 2a + 9d (1)
Substituting this value of d in (1) we get Now a36 = a + 35d
a =3 a50 = a + 49d
Hence AP is 3, 4, 5, 6, ...... Sum of last 15 terms,
124. Find whether - 150 is a term of the AP 11, 8, 5, 2, .... S36 - 50 = n (a36 + a50)
2
Sol :
2565 = 15 â + 35d + a + 49d h
[Board Term-2 Delhi Compt. 2017]
Let the first term be a , common difference be d and 2

n th term be an . 1
171 = ^2a + 84d h
2
Let the nth term of given AP 11, 8, 5, 2, .... be - 150
Hence a = 11, d = 8 - 11 = - 3 and an = - 150 171 = a + 42d (2)
a + ^n - 1h d = an Solving (1) and (2) we get a = 3 and d = 4
11 + ^n - 1h^- 3h = - 150 Hence, AP is 3, 7, 11, .....
^n - 1h^- 3h = - 161 127. How many multiples of 4 lie between 11 and 266?
- 161 2
^n - 1h = - 3 = 53 3 Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
which is not a whole number. Hence - 150 is not a First multiple of 4 is 12 and last multiple of 4 is 264.
term of given AP. It forms a AP. Let multiples of 4 be n.
125. If seven times the 7th term of an AP is equal to eleven Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n
times the 11th term, then what will be its 18th term. th term be an .
Here, a = 12, an = 264, d = 4
an = a + ^n - 1h d
Let the first term be a , common difference be d and
n th term be an . 264 = 12 + (n - 1) 4
132. Show that the sum of all terms of an AP whose first 134. The 17 th term of an AP is 5 more than twice its 8 th
term is a , the second term is b and last term is c , is term. If 11 th term of AP is 43, then find its nth term.
(a + c) (b + c - 2a)
equal to Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
2 (b - a)
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] Let a be the first term and d be the common
difference.
Given, first term, A =a
nth term of an AP,
and second term A2 = b
an = a + (n - 1) d
Common difference, D = b-a th
Since 17 term of an AP is 5 more than twice of its
Last term, An = c 8 th term, thus
A + (n - 1) d = c a + (17 - 1) d = 5 + 2 [a + (8 - 1) d]
a + (n - 1) (b - a) = c a + 16d = 5 + 2 (a + 7d)
(b - a) (n - 1) = c - a a + 16d = 5 + 2a + 14d
n-1 =c-a 2d - a = 5 ...(1)
b-a
th
Since 11 term of AP is 43,
n =c-a +1 =c-a+b-a
b-a b-a a + (11 - 1) d = 43
n = b + c - 2 a
a + 10d = 43 ...(2)
b-a
Now sum of all terms Solving equation (1) and (2), we have
a = 3 and d = 4
(b + c - 2a)
S n = n [A + A n ] = [a + c] th
Hence, n term would be
2 2 (b - a)
(a + c) (b + c - 2a) an = 3 + (n - 1) 4 = 4n - 1
= Hence Proved
2 (b - a)
135. How many terms of the AP 24, 21, 18, .... must be
133. If in an AP, the sum of first m terms is n and the
taken so that their sum is 78?
sum of its first n terms is m , then prove that the sum
of its first (m + n) terms is - (m + n). Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]

Given : 24, 21, 18, .......... are in AP.
Let 1st term of series be a and common difference be Here, a = 24 , d = 21 - 24 = - 3
d , then we have
Sum of n term, Sn = n [2a + (n - 1) d]
2
Sm = n
and Sn = m 78 = n [2 # 24 + (n - 1) (- 3)]
2
m [2a + (m - 1) d] = n ...(1) 156 = n (48 - 3n + 3)
2
n [2a + (n - 1) d] = m 156 = n (51 - 3n)
...(2)
2 2
3n - 51n + 156 = 0
Subtracting we have
n2 - 17n + 52 = 0
a (m - n) + d [m (m - 1) - n (n - 1)] = n - m
2 n2 - 13n - 4n + 52 = 0
2a (m - n) + d [m2 - n2 - (m - n)] = 2 (n - m) (n - 4) (n - 13) = 0 & n = 4, 13
2a (m - n) + d (m - n) [(m + n) - 1] = 2 (n - m) When n = 4 , S 4 = 4 [2 # 24 + (4 - 1) (- 3)]
2
2a + d [(m + n) - 1] = - 2
= 2 (48 - 9) = 2 # 39 = 78
Now, Sm + n = m + n [2a + (m + n - 1) d]
2 When n = 13 , S13 = 13 [2 # 24 + (13 - 1) (- 3)]
2
= m + n (- 2)
2 = 13 [48 + (- 36)] = 78
2
= - (m + n) Hence, the number of terms n = 4 or n = 13 .
140. Divide 56 in four parts in AP such that the ratio + D (q - 1) (r - p) +

of the product of their extremes (1st and 4rd ) to the
+ D (r - 1) (p - q)
product of means (2nd and 3rd ) is 5: 6.
= A 60@ +
Let the four numbers be a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d + D [p ^q - r h - (q - r)]

Now a - 3d + a - d + a + d + a + 3d = 56 + D [q (r - p) - ^r - p h]
4a = 56 & a = 14 + D [r ^p - q h - ^p - q h]
Hence numbers are 14 - 3d, 14 - d, 14 + d, 14 + 3d = D [p (q - r) + q (r - p) + r (p - q)] +
Now, according to question, we have - D [(q - r) + (r - p) + (p - q)]
^14 - 3d h^14 + 3d h = D [pq - pr + qr - qp + rp - rq] + 0
=5
^14 - d h^14 + d h 6
= D [0] = 0
196 - 9d2 =5
196 - d2 6
142. The sum of n terms of an AP is 3n2 + 5n. Find the
6 ^196 - 9d2h = 5 ^196 - d2h AP. Hence find its 15th term.
6 # 196 - 54d2 = 5 # 196 - 5d2
Sol : [Board Term-2 2013, 2012]
^6 - 5h # 196 = 49d
2
d2 = 196 = 4 term be an and sum of n term be Sn
49
Now Sn = 3n2 + 5n
d =! 2
Sn - 1 = 3 ^n - 1h2 + 5 ^n - 1h
Thus numbers are a - 3d = 14 - 3 # 2 = 8
a - d = 14 - 2 = 12 = 3 ^n2 + 1 - 2n h + 5n - 5
a + d = 14 + 2 = 16 = 3n2 + 3 - 6n + 5n - 5
a + 3d = 14 + 3 # 2 = 20 = 3n2 - n - 2
Thus required AP is 8, 12, 16, 20. a n = Sn - Sn - 1
= 3n2 + 5n - ^3n2 - n - 2h
141. An AP has p th , q th and r th terms as a, b and c respectively,
Show that a ^q - r h + b ^r - p h + c ^p - q h = 0. = 6n + 2
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2016] Thus AP is 8, 14, 20, .......
Let the first term be A and the common difference Now a15 = a + 14d = 8 + 14 ^6 h = 92
be D .
PRACTICE
a = A + ^p - 1h D
 The sum of first n terms of an AP is given by
b = A + ^q - 1h D
Sn = 3n2 - 4n . Determine the AP and the 12th
c = A + ^r - 1h D term.
Now a ^q - r h = 8A + ^p - 1h DB6q - r @ [Board Term-2 Delhi 2014, 2012]
Ans : - 1, 5, 11, ....; 65
b ^r - p h = 8A + ^q - 1h DB6r - p@
and c 6p - q @ = 8A + ^r - 1h DB6p - q@
143. For what value of n, are the nth terms of two APs 63,
a ^q - r h + b ^r - p h + c ^p - q h 65, 67, ... and 3, 10, 17, .... equal?
= 8A + ^p - 1h DB6q - r @ + Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
+ 8A + ^q - 1h DB6r - p@ + st
Let a, d and A, D be the 1 term and common
difference of the 2 APs respectively.
+ 8A + ^r - 1h DB6p - q@ +
n is same
= A 6p - q + q - p + q - r @ +
For 1st AP, a = 63 , d = 2
+ D (p - 1) (q - r) +
For 2nd AP, A = 3, D = 7
Sum of n - 1 terms, PRACTICE
 The tenth term of an AP, is - 37 and the sum of

Sn - 1 = 1 63 (n - 1) 2 + 7 (n - 1)@
2 its first six terms is - 27 . Find the sum of its first
Now n th term, eight terms.
an = Sn - Sn - 1
Ans : - 76
= 1 63n2 + 7n@ - 1 63 (n - 1) 2 + 7 (n - 1)@
2 2
= 63n - 3 (n - 2n + 1) + 7n - 7 (n - 1)@
1 2 2
150. Find the sum of first seventeen terms of AP whose 4th
2
= 1 6- 3 (- 2n + 1) - 7 (- 1)@ and 9th terms are - 15 and - 30 respectively.
2
= 1 66n - 3 + 7@ = 3n + 2
2 Let the first term be a , common difference be d and
Thus nth term, an = 3n + 2 n th term be an .
Now 20th term a20 = 3 # 20 + 2 = 62 Now a 4 = a + 3d = - 15 ...(1)
a9 = a + 8d = - 30 ...(2)
PRACTICE
2 Subtracting eqn (1) from eqn (2), we obtain
 In an AP the sum of first n terms is 3n + 13n .
Find the 25th term.
2 2 â + 8d h - â + 3d h = - 30 - ^- 15h
[Board Term-2 SQP 2015] 5d = - 15 & d = - 15 = - 3
Ans : 80 5
Substituting the value of d in (1) we get
a + 3d = - 15
149. In an AP, if the 12th term is - 13 and the sum of
its first four terms is 24, find the sum of its first ten a + 3 ^- 3h = - 15
terms. a = - 15 + 9 = - 6
Now S17 = 17 62 # ^- 6h + ^17 - 1h^- 3h@
Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th 2
term be an and sum of n term be Sn . 17
= 6-- 12 + 16 # ^- 3h@
2
a12 = a + 11d = - 13 ...(1)
= 17 6- 12 - 48@
Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB 2
2
Now S 4 = 2 62a + 3d @ = 24 = 17 6- 60@ = 17 # ^- 30h
2
2a + 3d = 12 ...(2) = - 510
Multiplying (1) by 2 and subtracting (2) from it we Thus S17 = - 510 .
get
The common difference of an AP is - 2 . Find its sum,
^2a + 22d h - ^2a + 3d h = - 26 - 12
151.
if first term is 100 and last term is - 10 .
19d = - 38
d =- 2
Substituting the value of d in (1) we get term be an and sum of n term be Sn .
a + 11 # - 2 = - 13 We have a = 100, d = - 2, tn = - 10
a = - 13 + 22 = 9
Now an = a + ^n - 1h d
Now, Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB - 10 = 100 + ^n - 1h^- 2h
2
S10 = 10 ^2 # 9 + 9 # - 2h - 10 = 100 - 2n + 2
2
2n = 112
= 5 # ^18 - 18h = 0
n = 56
Hence, S10 = 0
81 = 5 + ^n - 1h 4 158. If the tenth term of an AP is 52 and the 17th term is

20 more than the 13th term, find AP
^n - 1h 4 = 76 & n = 20
Sn = 20 ^5 + 81h = 860
2 Let the first term be a , common difference be d and
For series ^- 41h + ^- 39h + ^- 37h + ... + ^- 5h + ^- 3h n th term be an .
an = - 3 , a = - 41 and d = 2 Now a10 = 52
an = - 41 + ^n - 1h^2 h a + 9d = 52 ...(1)
- 3 = - 41 + 2n - 2 & n = 20 Also a17 - a13 = 20
Now Sn = 20 6- 41 + - 3@ = - 440 a + 16d - â + 12d h = 20

2
4d = 20
Sum of the series = 860 - 440 = 420
d =5
156. Find the number of multiple of 9 lying between 300 Substituting this valued d in (1), we get
and 700.
a =7
The numbers, multiple of 9 between 300 and 700 are Hence AP is 7, 12, 17, 22, ...
306, 315, 324, .... 693.
Let the first term be a , common difference be d and 159. Find the sum of all odd number between 0 and 50.
n th term be an = 693 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi Compt 2017]
an = 306 + ^n - 1h 9 Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th

693 = 306 + ^n - 1h 9
Given AP is 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ..... + 49
^n - 1h 9 = 693 - 306 = 387 Let total number of terms be n. Here a = 1, d = 2
n - 1 = 387 = 43 and an = 49 .
9
an = 1 + ^n - 1h # 2
n = 43 + 1 = 44
49 = 1 + 2n - 2
Hence there are 44 terms.
50 = 2n
157. If the sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and
n = 25
its first term is 10 find it 20th term.
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017] Now S25 = n â + an h
2
Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th 25
term be an and sum of n term be Sn . = ^1 + 49h
2
We have a = 10, and S14 = 1050 = 25 # 25 = 625
Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB Hence, Sum of odd number is 625.
2
S14 = 14 82 # 10 + ^14 - 1h dB PRACTICE
2
1050 = 7 620 + 13d @  Find the sum of the integers between 100 and 200
that are divisible by 6.
20 + 13d = 1050 = 150 [Board Term-2 2012]
7
Ans : 2550
13d = 130 & d = 10
a20 = a + ^n - 1h d
 Find the sum of all two digit natural numbers
= 10 + 19 # 10 which are divisible by 4.
= 200 [Board Term-2 Delhi Compt. 2017]
Ans : 1188
Hence a20 = 200
164. Prove that the nth term of an AP can not be n2 + 1. a5

=1
Justify your answer. a21 3
Sol : [Board Term-2 2015] Now Sn = n ^2a + ^n - 1h d h

2
Let nth term of AP, Ratio of S5 to S21 is
an = n 2 + 1 S5
5
^2a + 4d h
= 2
Substituting the value of n = 1, 2, 3, ..... we get

S21 21
2 ^2a + 20d h
5 ^2a + 4d h
a1 = 12 + 1 = 2 = ...(ii)
21 ^2a + 20d h
a2 = 22 + 1 = 5 Substitute a = 4d in equation (2) we have
a3 = 32 + 1 = 10 S5 5 ^8d + 4d h
=
S21 21 ^8d + 20d h
The obtained sequence is 2, 5, 10, 17,......
= 5 # 12d = 60
Its common difference 21 # 28d 588
S5
a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = a 4 - a3 = 5
S21 49
5-2 =
Y 10 - 5 =
Y 17 - 10 Hence a5 : a21 = 1:3
3 =
Y 5=
Y 7 S5 : S21 = 5 : 49
2
Since the sequence has no. common difference, n + 1
is not a form of nth term of an AP 166. If the sum of first 6 terms of an A.P. is 36 and that
of the first 16 terms is 256, find the sum of first 10
terms.
We have Sn = n 62a + ^n - 1h d @
165. The ratio of the 11th term to the 18th term of an A.P. 2
is 2 : 3. Find the ratio of the 5th term to the 21st term. Now S6 = 36
26 ^ h @
Also, find the ratio of the sum of first 5 terms to the 6 2a + 6 - 1 d = 36
sum of first 21 terms.
3 62a + 5d @ = 36
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference. 2a + 5d = 12 ...(1)
Since the ratio of the 11th term to the 18th term is 2 : Now S16 = 256
3, we have
26 ^ h @
16 2a + 6 - 1 d = 256
a11 = 2
a18 3
8 62a + 5d @ = 256
a + (11 - 1) d
=2 2a + 15d = 32 ...(2)
a + (18 - 1) d 3
a + 10d = 2 Subtract (1) from (2) we have
a + 17d 3
10d = 20 & d = 2
3a + 30d = 2a + 34d
Substitute d = 2 in equation (1) we have
a = 4d ...(1)
2a + 5 # 2 = 12
Ratio of 5th term to 21st term is
2a = 12 - 10
a5 a + (5 - 1) d
= 2a = 2 & a = 1
a21 a + (21 - 1) d
= a + 4d Thus, the sum of first 10 terms of given AP,
a + 20d
Substitute value of a = 4d from (1) we get S10 = 10 62 # 1 + ^10 - 1h 2@
2
a5
= 4d + 4d = 5 ^2 + 18h
a21 4d + 20d
= 5 # 20
= 8d
24d = 100
Now Sn = n 62 # 7 + ^n - 1h 2@ 172. Which term of the Arithmetic Progression

2 - 7, - 12, - 17, - 22, ... will be - 82 ? Is - 100 any
= n 614 + 2n - 2@ term of the AP ? Given reason for your answer.
2
= n ^12 + 2n h = 6n + n2 Given AP is - 7, - 12, - 17, - 22, ...
2
Hence, sum of n terms is 6n + n2 . Here,
First term, a1 = - 7
170. The first term of an AP is 3, the last term is 83 and
the sum of all its terms is 903. Find the number of Second term a2 = - 12
terms and the common difference of the AP. Third term, a3 = - 17
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] Common difference,
a =3
d = a2 - a1 = - 12 - ^- 7h
First term,
Last term, an = 83
= - 12 + 7 = - 5
Sum of n terms, Sn = 903
d =- 5
Since, Sn = n â + an h Let an be the n th
term of AP and it will be - 82 .
2
Since, an = a1 + ^n - 1h d
903 = n ^3 + 83h
2 - 82 = - 7 + ^n - 1h^- 5h
1806 = 86n
- 82 = - 7 - 5 ^n - 1h
n = 1806 & n = 21 82 = 5n + 2
86
Now Sn = 62a + `n - 1j d @
n 5n = 80 & n = 16
2 th
Hence, 16 term of AP is - 82 . Since, these numbers
903 = 62 # 3 + ^21 - 1h d @
21
are not factor of 5, hence - 100 will not be a term in
2
the given AP.
1806 = 21 ^6 + 20d h
6 + 20d = 86 173. How many terms of the Arithmetic Progression 45,
39, 33, ... must be taken so that their sum is 180?
20d = 80 & d = 4 Explain the double answer.
Hence, the common difference is 4.
171. Find the common difference of the Arithmetic Given AP is 45, 39, 33, ...
Progression (AP) 1 , 3 - a , 3 - 2a , ... (a ! 0) Here, a = 45 , d = 39 - 45 = - 6 and Sn = 180
a 3a 3a
Sol : [Board 2019 OD] Now Sn = n 62a + ^n - 1h d @
2
Given AP is 1 , 3 - a , 3 - 2a , ... ...(a ! 0)
a 3a 3a 180 = 62 # 45 + ^n - 1h^- 6h@
n
2
1
Here, first term, a1 =
a 360 = n ^90 - 6n + 6h
Second term, a2 = 3 - a 360 = n ^96 - 6n h

3a
60 = n ^16 - n h
Third term, a3 = 3 - 2a
3a 2
n - 16n + 60 = 0
Common difference, 2
n - 6n - 10n + 60 = 0
d = a2 - a1 n ^n - 6h - 10 ^n - 6h = 0
= 3-a -1 = 3-a-3 ^n - 10h^n - 6h = 0
3a a 3a
n = 10 or n = 6
= -a = -1 Hence, 10 terms or 6 terms can be taken to get the
3a 3
Here, common difference d of given AP is - 1 . sum of AP as 180.
3
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get a = 1 and d = 2 . = 10 (108 + 126)

2
Now S10 = 10 62 # 1 + ^10 - 1h^2 h@ = 5 # 234 = 1170
2
= 5 62 + 9 # 2@ Hence sum of last 10 terms is 1170.
= 5 62 + 18@
180. An arithmetic progression 5, 12, 19, ..... has 50 terms.
= 5 # 20 = 100 Find its last term. Hence find the sum of its last 15
terms.
178. Find b 4 - 1 l + b7 - 2 l + b10 - 3 l + ..... upto n Sol :
n n n [Board Term-2 OD 2015]
terms.
Sol : [Board Term-2 2015] term be an and sum of n term be Sn .
Let sum of n term be Sn , then we have We have a = 5 , d = 12 - 5 = 7 and n = 50
sn = b 4 - 1 l + b7 - 2 l + b 40 - 3 l + ..... upto n terms. a50 = 5 + ^50 - 1h 7
n n n
= 5 + 49 # 7 = 348
= ^4 + 7 + 10 + ..... + n termsh - b 1 + 2 + 3 ..... + 1l
n n n
Also the first term of the AP of last 15 terms be a36
= ^4 + 7 + 10 + .... + n termsh - 1 ^1 + 2 + 3 + ...n h
n a36 = 5 + 35 # 7
n 1 n
= 62 # 4 + ^n - 1h^3 h@ - # 62 # 1 + ^n - 1h^1 h@ = 5 + 245 = 250
2 n 2
n 1 Now, sum of last 15 terms,
= 68 + 3n - 3@ - 62 + n - 1@
2 2
S36 - 50 = 15 6a36 + a50@
2
= n ^3n + 5h - 1 ^n + 1h
2 2 15
= 6250 + 348@
2 2
= 3n + 5n - n - 1
2 = 15 # 598 = 4485
2 2
= 3n + 4n - 1
2 Hence, sum of last 15 terms is 4485.
PRACTICE
181. If the sum of first n term of an AP is given by
 Find the sum of n terms of the series Sn = 3n2 + 4n. Determine the AP and the nth term.
1 2 3
b 4 - n l + b 4 - n l + b 4 - n l + ....... Sol : [Board Term-2 2014]
[Board Term-2 Delhi 2017] Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th
Ans : 1
(7n - 1) term be an and sum of n term be Sn .
2
We have Sn = 3n2 + 4n.
th
a1 = 3 ^1 h2 + 4 ^1 h = 7
179. Find the 60 term of the AP 8, 10, 12, ...., if it has a
total of 60 terms and hence find the sum of its last a1 + a2 = S2 = 3 ^2 h2 + 4 ^2 h
10 terms. = 12 + 8 = 20
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015] a2 = S2 - S1 = 20 - 7 = 13
a + d = 13
We have a = 8, d = 10 - 8 = 2 or, 7 + d = 13
an = a + ^n - 1h d Thus d = 13 - 7 = 6
Now a60 = 8 + ^60 - 1h 2 = 8 + 59 # 2 = 126 Hence AP is 7, 13, 19, .......
and a51 = 8 + 50 # 2 = 8 + 100 = 108 Now, an = a + ^n - 1h d

Sum of last 10 terms, = 7 + ^n - 1h^6 h
= 7 + 6n - 6 = 6n + 1
S51 - 60 = n (a51 + a60)
2
an = 6n + 1
186. If S1, S2, S3 be the sum of n, 2n , 3n terms respectively WORD PROBLEMS

of an AP, prove that S3 = 3 ^S2 - S1h .
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012 ]
188. The sum of four consecutive numbers in an AP is 32
Let the first term be a , and common difference be d . and the ratio of the product of the first and the last
Now S1 = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB term to the product of two middle terms is 7:15. Find
2
the numbers.
S2 = 2n 82a + ^2n - 1h dB
2 Sol : [Board 2018]
S3 = 3n 82a + ^3n - 1h dB Let the four consecutive terms of AP be (a - 3d),

2 (a - d), (a + d) and (a + 3d)
3 ^S2 - S1h = 3 : 82a + ^2n - 1h dB - n 82a + ^n - 1h dBD
2 n By given conditions
2 2
a - 3d + a - d + d + a + 3d = 32
n
= 3 9 84a + 2 ^2n - 1h dB - 82a + ^n - 1h dBC
2 4a = 32 & a = 8
= 3 9n ^4a + 4nd - 2d - 2a - nd + d hC (a - 3d) (a + 3d)
2 and = 7
(a - d) (a + d) 15
= 3 9n ^2a + 3nd - d hC a2 - 9d2 = 7
2 a2 - d2 15
= 3n 82a + ^3n - 1h dB = S3 d2 =4
2
d =! 2
Number are 2, 6, 10 and 14 or 14, 10, 6 and 2
189. The digit of a positive number of three digits are

in AP and their sum is 15. The number obtained
by reversing the digits is 594 less then the original
number. Find the number.
187. An AP consists of 37 terms. The sum of the three Let these digit of 3 digit number be a - d, a, a + d
middle most terms is 225 and the sum of the past Since their sum is 15,
three terms is 429. Find the AP. a - d + a + a + d = 15
3a = 15 & a = 5
Let the middle most terms of the AP be ^x - d h, x
and ^x + d h . Required 3 digit number = 100 â - d h + 10a + a + d
We have x - d + x + x + d = 225 = 100a - 100d + 10a + a + d

3x = 225 & x = 75 = 111a - 99d
Number obtained by reversing digit,
and the middle term = 37 + 1 = 19th term
2 = 100 â + d h + 10a + a - d
Thus AP is
= 100a + 100d + 10a + a - d
^x - 18d h, .... ^x - 2d h, ^x - d h, x, ^x + d h, ^x + 2d h, .......
= 111a + 99d
^x - 18d h
According the question, we have
Sum of last three terms,
111a + 99d = 111a - 99d - 594
^x + 18d h + ^x + 17d h + ^x + 16d h = 429 2 # 99d = - 594 & d = - 3
3x + 51d = 429 Thus number is
, 225 + 51d = 429 & d = 4 111a - 99d = 111 # 5 - 99 # - 3
First term a1 = x - 18d = 75 - 18 # 4 = 3 = 555 + 297
a2 = 3 + 4 = 7 = 852
Hence AP = 3, 7, 11, ......., 147.
94 = 10 + ^n - 1h 3 Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
The number of rose plants in the 1st, 2nd , ..... are

84 = ^n - 1h 3
23, 21, 19, ......., 5.
n = 84 + 1 = 29 Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th
3
Therefore 29 + 1 = 15th term is the middle term. Here a = 23, d = - 2, an = 5
2
Middle term a15 = a + (15 - 1) d an = a + ^n - 1h d
= 10 + 14 # 3 = 52 5 = 23 + ^n - 1h^- 2h
a14 = 52 - 3 = 49 n = 10
a16 = 52 + 3 = 55 Total number of roes plants in the flower bed,
Sum of first 14 terms, Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB

2
s14 = 14 â + a14h S10 = 5 ^46 - 18h = 140
2
= 14 610 + 49@ = 413 196. A sum of Rs. 1890 is to be used to given seven
2
cash prizes to students of a school for their overall
n
Sn = 82a + ^n - 1h dB
2 academic performance. If each prize is Rs. 50 less than
its preceding prize, find the value of each of the prizes.
Sum of the last 14 terms,
s16 - 29 = 14 â16 + a29h
2 Let first prize be Rs. x , then series of prize is
14
= 655 + 94@ x, x - 50, x - 100, x - 150, ......
2
Here series is AP and a = x, d = - 50, n = 7 and
= 7 # 149 Sn = 1890 .
= 1043 Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB
2
194. A sum of Rs. 280 is to be used towards four prizes. 1890 = 7 62x + ^- 50h # 6@
If each prize after the first is Rs. 20 less than its 2
preceding prize, find the value of each of the prizes. 270 = x + (- 50) # 3 = x - 150
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] x = 270 + 150 = 420
Let first prize be Rs. x , then series of prize is
The prizes are Rs. 420, Rs. 370, Rs. 320, Rs. 270, Rs.
x, x - 20, x - 40, x - 60, ....... 220, Rs. 170, Rs. 120.
Here series is AP and a = x, d = - 20, n = 4 and
Sn = 280 . 197. A man repays a loan of Rs. 3250 by paying Rs. 20 in
the first month and then increases the payment by
Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB
2 Rs. 15 every month. How long will it take him to clear
4 the loan?
280 = 62x + 3 ^- 20h@
2
280 = 2 62x - 60@ Let the first term be a , common difference be d , n th
140 = 2x - 60 term be an and sum of n term be Sn
Here a = 20, d = 15 and Sn = 3250
x = 140 + 60 = 100
2
Thus prizes are Rs. 100, Rs. 80, Rs. 60, Rs. 40. Now Sn = n 82a + ^n - 1h dB
2
n
3250 = 62a + ^n - 1h # 15@
195. In a garden bed, there are 23 rose plants in the first 2
row, 21 are in the 2nd , 19 in 3rd row and so on. There
3250 # 2 = n 640 + 15n - 15@
are 5 plants in the last row. How many rows are there
of rose plants> also find the total number of roes 6500 = n 625 + 15n@
plants in the garden.
1300 = n 65 + 3n@
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2014] Sol :

The houses are numbered consecutively from 1 to 49 With each firm, the salaries form an arithmetic
i.e. 1, 2, 3 ......... x - 1, x , x + 1, ......... 49. sequence. We are asked for the sum of fifteen terms,
Sum of numbers of houses proceeding X number or S15 , given a 1 and d .
house, Sn = n [2a 1 + (n - 1) d]
2
= sum of no. following X
15
S15 = [2a 1 + 14d] = 15 (a 1 + 7d)
x - 1 61 + ^x - 1h@ = 1 + ...49 - ^1 + 2 + .....x h
2 8^ h B 2
Firm A : a 1 = 25000 , d = 1200 ,
x - 1 61 + x - 1@ = 49
2 < 2 # ^1 + 49h - <x2 ^1 + x hFF S 15 = 15 (25000 + 7 # 1200)
^x - 1h x = 501, 000 Rs
= 49 # 50 - x ^x + 1h
2 2 2 Firm B : a 1 = 28, 000 , d = 800 ,
x ^x - 1h
+ ^x + 1h x = 49 # 25 S15 = 15 (28, 000 + 7.800)
2 2
= 504, 000 Rs
x2 - x + x2 + x = 49 25
2 #
Now an = a 1 + (n - 1) d ,
2x2 = 49 25 For the tenth year n = 10 , thus
2 #
2
x x = 7#7#5#5
2 a10 = a 1 + 9d ,
Firm A : a 1 = 25, 000 , d = 1, 200 ,
x = 7 # 5 = 35
a 10 = 25, 000 + 9 (1, 200)
COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS = 35, 800 Rs

Firm B : a 1 = 28, 000 , d = 800 ,
202. Salary : In investigating different job opportunities, a 10 = 28, 000 + 9 (800)
you find that firm A will start you at Rs 25,000 per = 35, 200
year and guarantee you a raise of Rs 1,200 each year
whereas firm B will start you at Rs 28,000 per year (i) Rs 501000
but will guarantee you a raise of only Rs 800 each (ii) Rs 504000
year. (iii) Rs 35800
(i) Over a period of 15 years, how much would you (ii) Rs 35200
receive from firm A?
(ii) Over a period of 15 years, how much would you 203. Investment : Eleven years ago an investment earned
receive from firm B? Rs 7,000 for the year. Last year the investment earned
(iii) What would be your annual salary at firm A for Rs 14,000. If the earnings from the investment have
the tenth year? increased the same amount each year, what is the
yearly increase and how much income has accrued
(iv) What would be your annual salary at firm B for
from the investment over the past 11 years?
the tenth year?
206. Seating Capacity : The Fox Theater creates a “theater (i) How many sales were made by this person in the
in the round” when it shows any of Shakespeare’s seventh month?
plays. The first row has 80 seats, the second row has (ii) What were the total sales after the 12th month?
88, the third row has 96, and so on. (iii) Was the goal of 2500 total sales met after the 12th
(i) How many seats are in the 10th row? month?
(ii) How many seats are in the 25th row?
(ii) If there is room for 25 rows, how many chairs will
be needed to set up the theatre?
Sol :
Sales form a arithmetic sequence with a 1 = 100 ,
d = 20 and a n = 2500
(i) Sales in the seventh month,
a n = a 1 + (n - 1) d
Sol : a 7 = 100 + (7 - 1) (20)

Arrangement of seats in row makes arithmetic = 100 + 6 (20) = $220
sequence where a 1 = 80 and d = 8 . (ii) Total sales after the 12th month,
(i) For 10th row n = 10 , thus a 12 = 100 + (12 - 1) (20)
a n = a 1 + (n - 1) d = 100 + 11 (20) = 320
a 10 = 80 + (10 - 1) (8) n (a 1 + a n)
Sn =
= 80 + 9 (8) 2
12 (100 + 320)
= 80 + 72 = 152 seats S12 =
2
(ii) For 25th row n = 25 , thus 12 (420)
= = 2520 Yes
a 25 = 80 + (25 - 1) (8) 2
(iii) Goal of sales 2500 was achieved after 12th month.
= 80 + 24 (8)
= 80 + 192 = 272 208. Temperature Fluctuation: At 5 P.M. in Coldwater,
the temperature was a chilly 36c F . If the temperature
(iii) Chair needed to setup in theatre decreased by 3c F every half-hour for the next 7 hr, at
n (a 1 + a n) what time did the temperature hit 0c F ?
Sn =
2
25 (80 + 272)
S 25 =
2
25 (352)
= = 4400 seats
2
207. Sales Goals : At the time that I was newly hired, 100
sales per month was what I required. Each following
month—the last plus 20 more, as I work for the goal
of top sales award. When 2500 sales are thusly made,
I get a holiday package.
(i) What was the balance in the sixth year? (i) If 1000 toothpicks are available, Sn = 1000 ,
(ii) In what year was the goal of Rs 420,000 met? Sn = n [2a1 + (n - 1) d]
2
n
1000 = [2 # 5 + (n - 1) # 4]
2
1000 = n [5 + 2 (n - 1)]
1000 = 5n + 2n2 - 2n
1000 = 3n + 2n2
2n2 + 3n - 1000 = 0
- 3 ! 32 - 4 # 2 # (- 1000)
n = 2#2
Sol :
Here donation forms a arithmetic sequence with n = 21.62 or - 23.12
a0 = 90000 and d = 3000 . Only a positive integer answer makes sense, so there
are 21 trapezoids in the last row.
Here a 1 = 120000 and a n = 420000 also
(ii) The number of trapezoids in each row is the same
(i) The balance in the sixth year, as the row number, so the 21st row has 21 trapezoids.
a n = a 1 + (n - 1) d
(iii) Sn = n [2a1 + (n - 1) d]
2
a 6 = 120000 + (6 - 1) (30000)
S21 = 21 [2 # 5 + (21 - 1) # 4]
= 120000 + 5 (30000) 2
= 270000 Rs = 21 [10 + 20 # 4]
2
(ii) Goal of Rs 4,20,000
= 21 # 90 = 945
420000 = 120000 + (n - 1) (30000) 2
(iv) The numbers of toothpicks in each row form a
14 = 4 + n - 1 sequence, whereas the total numbers of toothpicks
14 = 3 + n & n = 14 - 3 = 11 used form a series.
The goal was met in 11 years. 213. Book Reading : On the first day of October an English
teacher suggests to his students that they read five
212. It takes 5 toothpicks to build the top trapezoid shown
pages of a novel and every day thereafter increase
at below. You need 9 toothpicks to build 2 adjoined
their daily reading by two pages. If his students follow
trapezoids and 13 toothpicks for 3 trapezoids.
this suggestion, then how many pages will they read
(i) If 1000 toothpicks are available, how many during October?
trapezoids will be in the last complete row?
(ii) How many complete rows will there be?
(iii) How many toothpicks will you use to construct
these rows?
(iv) Use the numbers in this problem to carefully
describe the difference between a sequence and a
series.
Sol :
The number of toothpicks needed to build each row
Sol :
can be expressed as an arithmetic sequence where the
first term is 5, the second term is 9, and the third The students read 5 pages the first day, 7 pages the
term is 13. The common difference is 4. second day, 9 pages the third day, and so on. This
216. Old Age Home : Your grandmother has assets of Rs same time. When an object is dropped from a tall
500,000. One option that she is considering involves building, it falls about 16 feet in the first second, 48
an adult residential community for a six-year period feet in the second, and 80 feet in the third second,
beginning in 2020. The model an = 1800n + 64130 regardless of its weight.
describes yearly adult residential community costs n (i) How many feet would an object fall in the sixth
years after 2019. Does your grandmother have enough second?
to pay for the facility? (ii) How many feet would an object fall in the six
second?
(iii) How many feet would an object fall in the eight
second?
Sol :
We must find the sum of an arithmetic sequence
whose general term is an = 1800n + 64, 130 . The first
term of the sequence corresponds to the facility’s costs
in the year 2020. The last term corresponds to costs
in the year 2025. Because the model describes costs
n years after 2019, n = 1 describes the year 2020 and Sol :
n = 6 describes the year 2025.
16, 32, 48........form a arithmetic sequence with
an = 1800n + 64, 130 a1 = 16 feet, and d = 48 - 12 = 32
For year 2020, n = 1 , Object fall in nth second,
a 1 = 1800 # 1 + 64, 130 = 65, 930 an = a1 + (n - 1) d
For year 2025, n = 6 , = 16 + (n - 1) 32
a 6 = 1800 # 6 + 64, 130 = 32n - 16
= 74, 930 = 16 (2n - 1)

The first year the facility will cost Rs 65,930. By year (i) Object fall in 6th second
six, the facility will cost Rs 74,930. Now we must find a6 = 16 (2 # 6 - 1)
the sum of the costs for all six years.
= 176 feet
Sn = n (a1 + an) (ii) Total fall in 6 second
2
n
6
S6 = (65, 930 + 74, 930) Sn = 2 (a1 + an)
2
6
= 3 (140, 860) = 422, 580 Rs S6 = 2 (16 + 176)
Total adult residential community costs for your = 3 # 192 = 576 feet
grandmother are predicted to be Rs 422,580. Because
(ii) Total fall in 8 second
your grandmother’s assets are Rs 500,000, she has
n
enough to pay for the facility for the six-year period. Sn = 2 [2a1 + (n - 1) d]
217. TOWER OF PISA : To prove that objects of different = 8 [2 # 16 + (8 - 1) # 32]

2
weights fall at the same rate, Galileo dropped two = 4 # 16 [2 + 7 # 2]
objects with different weights from the Leaning Tower
= 64 # 16 = 1024 feet
of Pisa in Italy. The objects hit the ground at the
Sol :
RCB Machine Pvt Ltd started making road roller 10
Money given away on promotion forms a arithmetic year ago. Company increased its production uniformly
sequence with d = 100 . by fixed number every year. The company produces
They have given away Rs 124,000 in august i.e in 31 800 roller in the 6th year and 1130 roller in the 9th
days. Thus n = 31 and Sn = 124000 . year.
(i) Now Sn = n [2a1 + (n - 1) d] (i) What was the company’s production in first year?
2
(ii) What was the company’s production in the 8th
S31 = 31 [2a1 + (31 - 1) 100]
2 year ?
124,000 = 31 (2a 1 + 3000) (iii) What was the company’s total production of the
2 first 6 years?
8000 = 2a1 + 3000
(iv) What was the increase in the company’s
5000 = 2a1 production every year ?
2500 = a1 (v) In which year the company’s production was 1350
The radio station should give away Rs 2500 the first rollers ?
day. Sol :
(ii) Give away on the 15th day, (i) Let a be the production in first year and d be the
Now a = 2500 , d = 100 , n = 15 increase every year in production.
an = a1 + (n - 1) d We have a6 = 800
a15 = 2500 + (15 - 1) 100 a9 = 1130
= 2500 + 14 # 100 Now, a + (6 - 1) d = 800
= 3900 a + 5d = 800 ...(1)
(iii) Total give away in 15 days Similarly a + 8d = 1130 ...(2)
S31 = n (a1 + an) Solving (1) and (2), we get
2
15
= (2500 + 3900) d = 110
2
a = 800 - 5 # 110 = 250
= 15 # 6400 = 48000
2
(ii) Since, a = 250 and d = 110
221. Road Roller : A road roller (sometimes called a
a8 = a + (8 - 1) d
roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor-type
engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, = 250 + 7 # 110 = 1020
concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and (iii) Production in 6 th year is 800 rollers.
foundations. Similar rollers are used also at landfills
or in agriculture. Road rollers are frequently referred Sn = n [a + an] = 6 [250 + 800]
2 2
to as steamrollers, regardless of their method of
propulsion. = 3 # 1050 = 3150
Chap 5 Arithmetic Progression Page 203
(iv) In part (i), we have calculated d = 110 which

is the increase every year in production. Hence, the
production increases constantly by 110 every year.
(v) Suppose company produce 1350 rollers in n th year.
Then, an = a + (n - 1) d
1350 = 250 + (n - 1) # 110
(n - 1) 110 = 1350 - 250 = 1100
n - 1 = 10 & n = 11
222. Heavy Penalties : If an air-conditioning system is not

completed by the agreed upon date, the contractor
pays a penalty of Rs 500 for the first day that it is
overdue, Rs 600 for the second day, Rs 700 for the
third day, and so on. If the system is completed
10 days late, then what is the total amount of the
penalties that the contractor must pay?
Sol :
Thus is arithmetic series where a 1 = 500 , d = 100
and n = 10 .
Now Sn = n [2a 1 + (n - 1) d]
2
S10 = 10 [2 # 500 + (10 - 1) 100]
2
= 5 [1000 + 900]
= 9500 Rs
***********
Chap 6 Triangles Page 205
CHAPTER 6
Triangles

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
In DABC DE || BC
Using basic proportionality theorem we have
1. If TPQR + TABC ; PQ = 6 cm , AB = 8 cm and
AD = AE
the perimeter of TABC is 36 cm, then the perimeter DB EC
of TPQR is
(a) 20.25 cm (b) 27 cm AD = AE
AB - AD EC
(c) 48 cm (d) 64 cm
3 = AE
Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard] 7-3 3
We have TPQR + DABC 3 = AE
4 3
PQ = 6 cm , AB = 8 cm
Perimeter of DABC is 36 cm. AE = 9 = 2.25 cm
4
Since ratio of perimeter of two similar triangles is Thus (b) is correct option.
same as the ratio of their corresponding sides, we
3. In the given figure, DE z BC . The value of EC is
have
Perimeter of DABC = 8
Perimeter of DPQR 6
36 = 8
x 6
x = 36 # 6 = 27
8
Thus, perimeter of TPQR is 27 cm.
2. In the given figure, DE | | BC . If AD = 3 cm , AB = 7

cm and EC = 3 cm, then the length of AE is
(a) 1.5 cm (b) 3 cm
(c) 2 cm (d) 1 cm
Sol :
Since, DE z BC
AD = AE
DB EC
1.5 = 1
3 EC
EC = 2 cm
(a) 2 cm (b) 2.25 cm
(c) 3.5 cm (d) 4 cm Thus (c) is correct option.
(c) AQ2 + CP2 = AC2 + PQ2 Now, sum of the remaining sides of triangle,
(d) AQ + CP = 1 ÂC + PQ h EF + BC = 16.8 + 6.25 = 23.05 cm

2
Sol :
In right angled TABQ and TCPB , 10. The area of a right angled triangle is 40 sq cm and its
perimeter is 40 cm. The length of its hypotenuse is
CP2 = CB2 + BP2
(a) 16 cm (b) 18 cm
and AQ2 = AB2 + BQ2
(c) 17 cm (d) data insufficient
Sol : (b) 18 cm
Let c be the hypotenuse of the triangle, a and b be
other sides.
Now c = a2 + b2
We have, a + b + c = 40 and 1 ab = 40 & ab = 80

2
c = 40 - â + b h and ab = 80
CP2 + AQ2 = CB2 + BP2 + AB2 + BQ2 Squaring c = 40 - â + b h we have
= CB2 + AB2 + BP2 + BQ2 c2 = [40 - â + b h] 2
= AC2 + PQ2 a2 + b2 = 1600 - 2 # 40 â + b h + â + b h2

Thus (c) is correct option. a2 + b2 = 1600 - 2 # 40 â + b h + a2 + 2ab + b2
9. It is given that, TABC + TEDF such that 0 = 1600 - 2 # 40 â + b h + 2 # 80

AB = 5 cm, AC = 7 cm, DF = 15 cm and 0 = 20 - â + b h + 2
DE = 12 cm then the sum of the remaining sides of
the triangles is a + b = 22
(a) 23.05 cm (b) 16.8 cm c = 40 - â + b h = 40 - 22 = 18 cm
(c) 6.25 cm (d) 24 cm Thus (b) is correct option.
Sol :
11. Assertion : In the 3ABC , AB = 24 cm , BC = 10 cm
We have TABC + TEDF
and AC = 26 cm , then 3ABC is a right angle
triangle.
Reason : If in two triangles, their corresponding
angles are equal, then the triangles are similar.
(A).
Now 5 = 7 = BC assertion (A).
12 EF 15
Taking first and second ratios, we get
5 = 7 & EF = 7 # 12
12 EF 5 Sol :
= 16.8 cm We have, AB2 + BC2 = ^24h2 + ^10h2
Taking first and third ratios, we get = 576 + 100
5 = BC & BC = 5 # 15 = 676 = AC2
12 15 12 Thus AB2 + BC2 = AC2 and ABC is a right angled
= 6.25 cm triangle.
3. TABC and TBDE are two equilateral triangle such

that D is the mid-point of BC . Ratio of the areas of
triangles ABC and BDE is ................. .
From the given information we have drawn the figure

as below.
Sol : [Board Term-1, 2015]
In TPAO and TQBO we have

+A = +B = 90º
3 2 2
area (TABC) (BC) (BC) Vertically opposite angle,
= 4
= 1
area (TBDE) ^ 2 BC h
3 2 2
4 (BD) +POA = +QOB
2
= 4BC2 = 4 = 4 : 1 Thus TPAO ~TQBO
BC 1
4. Two triangles are similar if their corresponding sides OA = PA
OB QB
are ............... .
6 = 4
4.5 QB
in the same ratio.
QB = 4 # 4.5 = 3 cm
5. In TABC, DE | | BC, find the value of x . 6
Thus QB = 3 cm
7. Are two triangles with equal corresponding sides

always similar?
Yes, Two triangles having equal corresponding sides

are are congruent and all congruent Ts have equal
angles, hence they are similar too.
8. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 25 cm and

15 cm respectively. If one side of the first triangle is
9 cm, then the corresponding side of second triangle
In the given figure DE || BC , thus is ................... .
AD = AE Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
DB EC Ratio of the perimeter of two similar triangles is
equal to the ratio of corresponding sides.
x = x+3
x+1 x+5 25 = 9
Thus
15 side
x2 + 5x = x2 + 4x + 3
side = 9 # 15 = 5.4 cm
x =3 25
6. In the given figure, if +A = 90º, +B = 90º, OB = 4.5 9. In TABC, if X and Y are points on AB and AC
cm OA = 6 cm and AP = 4 cm then find QB. XB = 4 , AY = 5 and YC = 9,
respectively such that AX 3
then state whether XY and BC parallel or not.


By AA similarity criterion we have
We have DE z BC
DADC + DBEC
By BPT, AD = AE
DB EC Thus AD = CD
BE EC
AD = AE
AD + DB AE + EC 7 = CD
AD = AE 9 12
AB AC
2.4
= AE & AE = 6 cm CD = 28 cm
3.2 8 3
PRACTICE
 In given figure DE | | BC. If AD = 3 cm DB = 4 14. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle in which
cm and AE = 6 cm then find EC. DE | | BC . If AD = x , DB = x - 2, AE = x + 2 and
EC = x - 1, then find the value of x .
[Board Term-1 2016]

Ans : 6 cm
We have redrawn the figure below.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
13. In, DABC altitudes AD and BE are drawn. If

AD = 7 cm , BE = 9 cm and EC = 12 cm then, find
the length of CD.
In the given figure DE || BC , thus

AD = AE
DB EC
x = x+2
x-2 x-1

x (x - 1) = (x + 2) (x - 2)
We have AD = 7 cm, BE = 9 cm and EC = 12 cm x2 - x = x2 - 4
In DADC and DBEC .
-x =- 4
+ADC = +BEC = 90c
x =4
+ACD = +BCE (Common)
x+3 = x Since +D = 90º , by SAS we have

2x 2x - 1
TADC ~TBDA
5x = 3 or, x = 3
5
and +BAD = +ACD;
18. In the given figure, TABC ~TPQR. Find the value Since corresponding angles of similar triangles are
of y + z. equal
+DAC = +DBA
+BAD + +ACD + +DAC + +DBA = 180º
2+BAD + 2+DAC = 180º
+BAD + +DAC = 90º
+A = 90º
Thus TABC is right angled at A.
Sol : [Board Term-1 2010] 20. In an equilateral triangle of side 24 cm, find the
In the given figure TABC ~TPQR , length of the altitude.
AB = BC = AC Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]

Thus
PQ QR PR Let TABC be an equilateral triangle of side 24 cm
and AD is altitude which is also a perpendicular
z =8=4 3
3 6 y bisector of side BC. This is shown in figure given
below.
z = 8 and 8 = 4 3
3 6 6 y
z = 8 # 3 and y = 4 3 # 6
6 8
z = 4 and y = 3 3
Thus y+z = 3 3 +4
19. In TABC, AD = BC, such that AD2 = BD # CD.

Prove that TABC is right angled at A.
Now BD = BC = 24 = 12 cm
As per given condition we have drawn the figure 2 2
below.
AB = 24 cm
AD = AB2 - BD2
= ^24h2 - ^12h2
= 576 - 144
= 432 = 12 3
Thus AD = 12 3 cm.
21. In the figure, PQRS is a trapezium in which

We have AD2 = BD # CD PQ | | RS. On PQ and RS, there are points E and F
AD = BD respectively such that EF intersects SQ at G . Prove
CD AD that EQ # GS = GQ # FS.
AG = BF ...(1)
CG FC
In TADC, EG | | DC , thus by BPT we have

AE = AG ...(2)
ED CG
From equations (1) and (2),

AE = BF . Hence Proved.
ED FC In TAOB and TCOD, AB || CD ,
25. In the given figure, CB | | QR and CA | | PR. If Thus due to alternate angles
AQ = 12 cm, AR = 20 cm, PB = CQ = 15 cm, +OAB = +DCO
calculate PC and BR.
and +OBA = +ODC
By AA similarity we have
TAOB ~TCOD
For corresponding sides of similar triangles we have
AO = BO
CO DO
AO = CO . Hence Proved
BO DO
27. In the given figure, PQR is a triangle right angled

at Q and XY | | QR. If PQ = 6 cm, PY = 4 cm and
PX: XQ = 1: 2. Calculate the length of PR and QR.
In TPQR, CA || PR
By BPT similarity we have
PC = RA
CQ AQ
PC = 20
15 12
PC = 15 # 20 = 25 cm
12
In TPQR, CB || QR
PC = PR Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
Thus
CQ BR Since XY || OR , by BPT we have
25 = 15 PX = PY
15 BR XQ YR
BR = 15 # 15 = 9 cm 1 = PY = 4
25 2 PR - PY PR - 4
26. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB | | CD and its PR - 4 = 8 & PR = 12 cm
diagonals intersect each other at the point O. Show
that AO = CO . In right TPQR we have
BO DO
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] QR2 = PR2 - PQ2
As per given condition we have drawn the figure = 122 - 62 = 144 - 36 = 108
below.
Thus QR = 6 3 cm
Thus due to alternate angles

+OAB = +DCO
and +OBA = +ODC
TAOB ~TCOD
For corresponding sides of similar triangles we have
OA = OB Hence Proved
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] OC OD
In the given figure CD = AB, and CD = p
33. In the given figure, E is a point on the side CB
Area, TABC = 1 # base # height produced of an isosceles triangle ABC with
2
AB = AC . If AD = BC and EF = AC , them prove
= 1 # AB # CD = 1 cp that TABD - TECF.
2 2
Also,Area of TABC = 1 # BC # AC = 1 ab
2 2
Thus 1 cp = 1 ab
2 2
cp = ab Proved
32. Diagonals AC and BD of trapezium ABCD with Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard]
AB | | DC intersect each other at point O . Show that
OA = OB . In TABD and TCEF, we have
OC OD AB = AC
Thus +ABC = +ACB
+ABD = +ECF
+ADB = +EFC (Each 90º)
Due to AA similarity
TABD ~TECF Hence proved
Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard] 34. Two right triangles ABC and DBC are drawn on
We have redrawn the figure below. the same hypotenuse BC and on the same side
of BC . If AC and BD intersect at P , prove that
AP # PC = BP # DP .
Let TABC , and TDBC be right angled at A and

D respectively.
As per given information in question we have drawn
the figure given below.
In TAOB and TCOD, AB || CD ,

We have redrawn the given figure as below.
(1) Since TABC~TDEF

+A = +D (Corresponding angles)
2+1 = 2+2
We have AP = 3.5 = 1 Also +B = +E (Corresponding angles)

AB 10.5 3
AP = AB Hence Proved
AQ
and =3=1 DQ DE
AC 9 3
(2) Since TABC ~TDEF
In TABC, AP = AQ and +A is common.
AB AC +A = +D
Thus due to SAS we have and +C = +F
TAPQ ~TABC 2+3 = 2+4

AP = PQ +3 = +4
AB BC
1 = 4.5 TCAP ~TFDQ
3 BC
BC = 13.5 cm. 39. In the given figure, DB = BC, DE = AB and

AC = BC. Prove that BE = AC .
DE BC
38. In given figure TABC~TDEF. AP bisects +CAB
and DQ bisects +FDE.

Prove that : As per given condition we have redrawn the figure
(1) AP = AB below.
DQ DE
(2) TCAP~TFDQ.
As per given condition we have redrawn the figure

below.
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi STD, 2012]
In triangles LMK and PNK, +K is common and In TABC, DE || AC, (Given)

+M = +N = 50º BD = BE
By BPT ...(1)
DA EC
Due to AA similarity,
TLMK ~TPNK In TABE, DF || AE, (Given)
LM = KM By BPT BD = BF ...(2)
PN KN DA FE
a =b+c From (1) and (2), we have
x c
BF = BE .
x = ac FE EC
b+c
45. A 6 m high tree cast a 4 m long shadow. At the same
43. In the given figure, AB = AC. E is a point on CB time, a flag pole cast a shadow 50 m long. How long
produced. If AD is perpendicular to BC and EF is the flag pole?
perpendicular to AC , prove that TABD is similar
Sol : [Board 2009]
to TCEF.
Let AB be height of tree and BC its shadow.
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] Again, let PQ be height of pole and QR be its
shadow. At the same time, the angle of elevation of
In TABD and TCEF, we have
tree and poles are equal i.e 3 ABC + PQR
AB = AC
Thus +ABC = +ACB
+ABD = +ECF
+ADB = +EFC (Each 90º)
Due to AA similarity
TABD ~TECF Hence proved
44. In the given figure, DE | | AC and DF | | AE. Prove

that BE = BE . Thus AB = PQ
FE EC BC QR
6 = PQ
4 50
PQ = 50 # 6
4
= 75 m
Thus 4POQD is a square as two adjacent sides are

also 6OP = OQ@ equal.
Here OQ is radius of 8 cm, thus
DQ = OQ = 8 cm ...(4)
From (3) and (4)
DC = DQ + CQ
= 8+6
= 14 cm Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]

48. If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to Here AP = AC , BQ = AC and CR = AC
intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then AP = x , BQ = y , CR = Z
prove that the other two sides are divided in the
same ratio.
(a) We have drawn a triangle ABC is given in which

DE | | BC as given below. Here ED is parallel to CB .
In DPAC and DQBC ,

+PAC = +QBC = 90c
+PCA = +QCB (Common)
By AA similarity criterion
DPAC + DQBC
Here angle EAD is common to both triangle.
BQ
Due to corresponding angles = BC
AP AC
+AED = +ACB
y
= BC (1)
+ADE = +ABC x AC
From AAA similarity we get Similarly, by AA similarity criterion
TAED TACB DACR + DABQ
Due to similar triangle we have BQ
= AB
AC = AB CR AC
AE AD
y
= AB ...(2)
AE + AC = AD + AB Z AC
AE AD Adding (1) and (2), we get
y y
EC = BD Hence Proved + = BC + AB
AE AD x z AC AC
y b 1 + 1 l = BC + AB
x z AC
49. In the given figure PA, QB and RC are each
perpendicular to AC. If AP = x , BQ = y and y b 1 + 1 l = AC = 1
x z AC
CR = z , then prove that 1 + 1 = 1
x z y
1+1 = 1 Hence, proved
x z y
52. In TABC, AD is a median and O is any point on 53. In the figure, +BED = +BDE and E is the mid-
AD. BO and CO on producing meet AC and AB point of BC . Prove that AF = AD .
at E and F respectively. Now AD is produced to X CF BE
such that OD = DX as shown in figure.
Prove that :
(1) EF | | BC
(2) AO : AX = AF : AB
Sol : [Board 2019 Comp.]

We have redrawn the given figure as below. Here
CG | | FD .
Since BC and OX bisect each other, BXCO is a

parallelogram. Therefore BE | | XC and BX | | CF .
In TABX, by BPT we get,
AF = AO ..(1)
FB OX
In TAXC, AE = AO ...(2)
EC OX We have +BED = +BDE
Since E is mid-point of BC ,
From (1) and (2) we get
AF = AE BE = BD = EC ...(1)
FB EC In TBCG , DE || FG
By converse of BPT we have From (1) we have
EF || BC BD = BE = 1
DG EC
From (1) we get OX = FB BD = DG = EC = BE
OA AF
In TADF, CG || FD
OX + OA = FB + AF
OA AF AG = AC
By BPT
GD CF
AX = AB
OA AF AG + GD = AF + CF
GD CF
AO = AF AD = AF
AX AB ,
GD CF
Thus AO : AX = AF : AB Hence Proved Thus AF = AD
CF BE
or
Prove that in a right triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to sum of squares of other two
sides. Using the above result, prove that, in rhombus
ABCD, 4AB2 = AC2 + BD2 .
Sol : [Board Term -2 SQP 2017, 2015]
(1) As per given condition we have drawn the figure

below. Here AB = BC .
We have drawn BE = AC
We have drawn diagonal AC and BD .
AO = OC = 1 AC
2
and BO = OD = 1 BD
2
AC = BD
Since diagonal of rhombus bisect each other at right
angle,
+AOB = 90º
AB2 = OA2 + OB2
In TAEB and TABC +A common and
2
= b AC l + b BD l
2
+E = +B (each 90º) 2 2
By AA similarity we have 2 2
TAEB ~TABC = AC + BD
4 4
AE = AB or 4AB2 = AC2 + BD2 Hence proved
AB AC
AB2 = AE # AC 57. In a right triangle ABC, right angled at C. P and

Q are points of the sides CA and CB respectively,
Now, in TCEB and TCBA, +C is common and which divide these sides in the ratio 2 : 1.
+E = +B (each 90º) Prove that : 9AQ2 = 9AC2 + 4BC2
By AA similarity we have 9BP2 = 9BC2 + 4AC2
TAEB ~TCBA 9 ÂQ2 + BP2h = 13AB2
CE = BC Sol :
BC AC
As per given condition we have drawn the figure
BC2 = CE # AC ...(2) below.
Adding equation (1) and (2) we have

AB2 + BC2 = AE # AC + CE # AC
= AC (AE + CE)
= AC # AC
Thus AB2 + BC2 = AC2 Hence proved
(2) As per given condition we have drawn the figure
below. Here ABCD is a rhombus.
60. In given figure +1 = +2 and TNSQ ~TMTR, then (i) What is the horizontal distance from C to the
prove that TPTS ~TPRO. taller pole?
(ii) How high above the ground is the coupling ?
(iii) How far down the wire from the smaller pole is
the coupling ?
Sol :
The poles form parallel line segments and the wires
are transversals cutting through the ends of the
parallel segments.
We have TNSQ , TMTR

By CPCT we have
+SQN = +TRM
From angle sum property we get
+P + +1 + +2 = +P + +PQR + +PRQ
+1 + +2 = +PQR + +PRQ
Since +1 = +2 and +PQR = +PRQ we get
2+1 = 2+PQR
+1 = +PQR
Also +2 = +QPR (common) Here +CFE is a right angle.
Thus by AAA similarity, By AA similarity 3 AEB + 3 CEF
TPTS ~TPRQ Thus x = a
40 30
COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS 30x = 40a

30 x = a
61. Two poles, 30 feet and 50 feet tall, are 40 feet apart 40
and perpendicular to the ground. The poles are By AA similarity 3 CBF + 3 DBE
supported by wires attached from the top of each
pole to the bottom of the other, as in the figure. A a = 40 - x
50 40
coupling is placed at C where the two wires cross.
40a = 50 ^40 - x h
Substituting value of a we have
40 c 30 x m = 2000 - 50x
40
30x = 2000 - 50x

80x = 2000
x = 25
(i) So, the distance from C to the taller pole is 25
feet.
(ii) x = 40
a 30
Page 232 Triangles Chap 6
Sol :
We draw a diagram of the situation as shown below.
We use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length Because of AA similarity we can write,
of the ladder, represented by y .
BC = AB
122 + 162 = l2 CD DE
x = 20 = 2
144 + 256 = l2 100 - x 30 3
400 = l2 & l = 400 = 20 feet 3x = 2 (100 - x)
The ladder is 20 feet long. 3x = 200 - 2x
Now ^2 + 12h2 + h2 = l2 3x + 2x = 200
^2 + 12h2 + h2 = 202
5x = 200 & x = 200 = 40 m
2 2 2 5
14 + h = 20
68. Two Ships : Two ships are cruising together on the
h = 202 - 142 = 204
open ocean at 6 nautical miles per hour. One of
= 2 51 them turns to make a angle 90c with the first and
increases speed, heading for port. Assuming the first
. 14.3 ship continues traveling at 6 knots, find the speed of
The ladder reaches about 14.3 feet up the side of the the other ship if they are 10 mi apart after 1 hr.
house.
67. Swimmer in Distress : A lifeguard located 20 metre

from the water spots a swimmer in distress. The
swimmer is 30 metre from shore and 100 metre east
of the lifeguard. Suppose the lifeguard runs and then
swims to the swimmer in a direct line, as shown in
the figure. How far east from his original position
will he enter the water? (Hint: Find the value of x Sol :
in the sketch.) We draw a diagram of the situation after 1 hour as
shown below.
We have d = 102 - 62
Sol :
= 8 mile
Here we will use property of similar triangle. We
Since it travel 8 miles in hour, its speed is 8 nautical
redraw the diagram of the situation as shown below.
mile/hour.
69. Statue of a Pineapple : The Big Pineapple is a

heritage-listed tourist attraction at Nambour
Connection Road, Woombye, Sunshine Coast
Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by
Peddle Thorp and Harvey, Paul Luff, and Gary
Smallcombe and Associates. It is also known as
Sunshine Plantation. It was added to the Queensland
Heritage Register on 6 March 2009.
(i) If after 2 second, length of shadow is 1 meter,

what is the height of Rohan ?
(ii) What is the minimum time after which his shadow
will become larger than his original height?
(iii) What is the distance of Rohan from pole at this
point ?
(iv) What will be the length of his shadow after 4
seconds?
(v) Which similarity criterion is used in solving the
Ishita last year visited Nambour and wanted to find
above problem
the height of a statue of a pineapple. She measured
the pineapple’s shadow and her own shadow. Her Sol :
height is 156 cm and casts a shadow of 39 cm. The (i) As per question statement we make the diagram
length of shadow of pineapple is 4 m. What is the at following.
height of the pineapple?
Sol :
At t = 2 seconds, BD = 2 # 1 = 2 m
DE = 1 m
height of the pinaple shadow of pineaple
= Since, ABE ` TCDE
height of Ishita shadow of Ishita
y AB = BE = BD + DE
= 4 CD DE DE
1.56 0.39
or, 4.5 = 2 + 1 = 3
y = 4 # 1.56 CD 1
0.39
= 4 # 4 = 16 m CD = 4.5 = 1.5 m = 150 cm

3
70. Rohan is very intelligent in maths. He always try (ii) At point where shadow is equal to her height,
to relate the concept of maths in daily life. One day CD = DE = 1.5 m
he is walking away from the base of a lamp post at
a speed of 1 m/s. Lamp is 4.5 m above the ground. AB = BE = BD + DE
CD DE DE
Which of the above statement is/are correct.

(a) S1 and S2 both (b) S1
(c) S2 (d) None
(iii) Consider the following statement :
S3 : AB = CA
DE CD
S 4 : BC = AB
CE DE
S5 : CA = DE
CD AB
Once again due to AA similarity criterion, Which of the above statements are correct ?
(a) S3 and S5 (b) S 4 and S5
TAMB + TCDM
(c) S3 and S 4 (d) All three
5 = 1.5
13 - x x (iv) What is the distance x across the river?
1 (v) What is the approximate length of AD shown in
= 0.3 the figure?
13 - x x
x = 3.9 - 0.3x Sol :
1.3x = 3.9 & x = 3 (i) We have used AA similarity criterion.
(v) Distance between mirror and pole, (ii) Here, +ABC = +DEC (90c each)
= 13 - x = 13 - 3 = 10 m Since vertical opposite angle are equal,
+ACB = +DCE
72. Tania is very intelligent in maths. She always try to
Thus due to AA similarity criterion,
relate the concept of maths in daily life. One day
she plans to cross a river and want to know how far TABC ` TDEC
it is to the other side. She takes measurements on
and +BAC = +CDE
her side of the river and make the drawing as shown
below. Therefore both are correct.
(iii) Since TABC and TDEC are similar triangle,
AB = BC = CA
DE CE CD
Here S5 is not correct because AB = CA

DE CD
(iv) We have AB = BC
DE CE
60 = 50 & x = 48 ft
x 40
(v) AC = 602 + 502 = 6100 = 71.8
CD = 402 + 482 = 3904 = 62.5

(i) Which similarity criterion is used in solving the
above problem ? AD = AC + CD = 71.8 + 62.5
(ii) Consider the following statement : = 140.6 (Approx) . 140
S1 : +ACB = +DCE Thus (c) is correct option.
S2 : +BAC = +CDE
Sol :
(i) AF = h
h
HF = 4
h 3h
AH = AF - HF = h - 4 = 4
(ii) Here AF is the median to BC from A in
3 ABC and G is centroid Thus AG = 23 AF
(iii) From part (ii)
2
AG = 3 AF
3
AF = 2 AG
Now AH is median to DE from A in 3 ADE
2
Thus AJ = 3 AH Since DE BC ,
3
From part (i) AH = 4 AF
2 3
Thus AJ = 3 # 4 AF
= 2 # 3 # 3 AG = 3 AG
3 4 2 4
(iv) GJ = AG - AJ
= AG - 3 AG = 1 AG
4 4
***********
Page 238 Coordinate Geometry Chap 7
CHAPTER 7
Coordinate Geometry
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 3. The centre of a circle is at (2, 0). If one end of a

diameter is at (6, 0), then the other end is at
(a) (0, 0) (b) (4, 0)
1. If the distance between the points ^3, - 5h and ^x, - 5h (c) ^- 2, 0h (d) ^- 6, 0h
is 15 units, then the values of x are:
(a) 12, –18 (b) –12, 18 Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
Let (x, y) be the other end of diameter. Since, centre

(c) 18, 5 (d) –9, –12
is the mid-point of end points of the diameter.
Sol : y+0
(2, 0) = b x + 6 ,
Given, points are ^3, - 5h and ^x, - 5h . 2 2 l

d2 = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2 Comparing both the sides, we get
152 = (- 5 - (- 5)) 2 + (x - 3) 2 2 = x + 6 & x =- 2

2
225 = 0 + (x - 3) 2 y+0
0 = & y=0
2
225 = (x - 3) 2
Thus other end of diameter is ^- 2, 0h .
! 15 = (x - 3)
x - 3 = 15
4. The distance of the point (- 6 , 8) from x -axis is
x = 15 + 3 = 18
(a) 6 units (b) - 6 units
x - 3 = - 15 (c) 8 units (d) 10 units
x = - 15 + 3 = - 12
Thus answer is –12, 18.
The distance of the point (- 6 , 8) from the y -axis is
Thus (b) is correct option. the absolute value of its x -coordinate, which is 8.
2. AD is a median of DABC with vertices A ^5, - 6h, Thus (c) is correct option.
B ^6, 4h and C ^0, 0h . Length AD is equal to :
5. The point of intersection of the line represented by
(a) 68 units (b) 2 15 units 3x - y = 3 and y -axis is given by
(c) 101 units (d) 10 units (a) (0, –3) (b) (0, 3)
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard] (c) (2, 0) (d) (–2, 0)
Mid-point of BC , Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard]
D = b 6 + 0, 4 + 0 l We have 3x - y = 3
2 2
At the y-axis, value of x is 0, thus substitute value of
= (3, 2)
x = 0 in given equation we have,
Now length of AD , 3#0-y = 3
AD = ^3 - 5h2 + ^2 - (- 6)h
2
-y = 3
2 2
= 2 +8 y =- 3
= 68 Hence, the line 3x - y = 3 cuts y axis at point (0, – 3).
Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] Sol :

We have x1 = a cos q + b sin q and y1 = 0 The distance between the origin and the point (x, y)
is x2 + y2 .
and x2 = 0 and y2 = a sin q - b cos q
Therefore, the distance between the origin and point
d2 = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2 (- 12, 5)
= (0 - a cos q - b sin q) 2 + (a sin q - b cos q - 0) 2 d = (- 12 - 0) 2 + (5 - 0) 2
= (- 1) 2 (a cos q + b sin q) 2 + (a sin q - b cos q) 2 = 144 + 25 = 169
2 2 2 2
= a cos q + b sin q + 2ab cos q sin q + = 13 units
+ a2 sin2 q + b2 cos2 q - 2ab sin q cos q Thus (c) is correct option.
= a2 (sin2 q + cos2 q) + b2 (sin2 q + cos2 q)
15. Distance of point P (3, 4) from x -axis is
= a2 # 1 + b2 # 1 = a2 + b2
(a) 3 units (b) 4 units
Thus d2 = a2 + b2 (c) 5 units (d) 1 units
d = a2 + b2
Therefore (c) is correct option. Point P (3, 4) is 4 units from the x -axis and 3 units
from the y -axis.
12. If the point P (k, 0) divides the line segment joining
the points A (2, - 2) and B (- 7, 4) in the ratio 1 : 2,
then the value of k is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) - 2 (d) - 1
As per question statement figure is shown below.
1 (- 7) + 2 (2) mx2 + nx1 Thus (b) is correct option.

k =
1+2 bx = m+n l
16. The distance of the point P (- 3, - 4) from the x -axis
= - 7 + 4 = -3 =- 1
3 3 (in units) is
Thus k =- 1 (a) 3 (b) - 3
Thus (d) is correct option. (c) 4 (d) 5

13. The coordinates of a point A on y -axis, at a distance
of 4 units from x -axis and below it are Point P (- 3, - 4) is 4 units from the x -axis and 3
units from the y -axis.
(a) (4, 0) (b) (0, 4)
(c) (- 4, 0 ) (d) (0, - 4 )
17. If A ^ m3 , 5h is the mid-point of the line segment joining
the points Q (- 6, 7) and R (- 2, 3), then the value of
Because the point is 4 units down the x -axis i.e., co- m is
ordinate is - 4 and on y -axis abscissa is 0. So, the
(a) - 12 (b) - 4
coordinates of point A is (0, - 4).
Thus (d) is correct option. (c) 12 (d) - 6
14. The distance of the point (- 12, 5) from the origin is
Given points are Q (- 6, 7) and R (- 2, 3)
(a) 12 (b) 5
(c) 13 (d) 169 Mid point A ^ m3 , 5h = b - 6 - 2 , 7 + 3 l = (- 4, 5)
2 2
2 = (x - 2) 2 + 4 27. In the given figure, the area of TABC (in sq units) is

2
4 = (x - 2) + 4
(x - 2) 2 = 0 & x = 2
24. The point on the x -axis which is equidistant from the

points A (- 2, 3) and B (5, 4) is
(a) (0, 2) (b) (2, 0)
(c) (3, 0) (d) (- 2, 0)
Sol :
Let P (x, 0) be a point on x -axis such that,
AP = BP
AP 2 = BP 2 (a) 15 (b) 10
(x + 2) 2 + (0 - 3) 2 = (x - 5) 2 + (0 + 4) 2 (c) 7.5 (d) 2.5

Sol :
x2 + 4x + 4 + 9 = x2 - 10x + 25 + 16
From the given graph, it is clear that A (1, 3),
14x = 28 B (- 1, 0) and C (4, 0)
x =2 Area of TABC
Hence required point is (2, 0).
Thus (b) is correct option. = 1 [1 (0 - 0) + (- 1) (0 - 3) + 4 (3 - 0)]
2
25. C is the mid-point of PQ , if P is (4, x), C is (y, - 1) = 1 [0 + 3 + 12] = 15 = 7.5 sq units
2 2
and Q is (- 2, 4), then x and y respectively are
However you can calculate area direct by height and
(a) - 6 and 1 (b) - 6 and 2
base.
(c) 6 and - 1 (d) 6 and - 2 1
A = 2 # 5 # 3 = 7.5 sq units.
Sol :
Since, C (y, - 1) is the mid-point of P (4, x) and
Q (- 2, 4). 28. The distance of the point P ^2, 3h from the x -axis is
4-2 = y & y = 1 (a) 2 (b) 3
We have,
2
(c) 1 (d) 5
and 4 + x =- 1 & x =- 6
2 Sol :
Thus (a) is correct option. We know that, if ^x, y h is any point on the cartesian
26. If x - 2y + k = 0 is a median of the triangle whose plane in first quadrant, then x is perpendicular
vertices are at points A (- 1, 3), B (0, 4) and C (- 5, 2), distance from y -axis and y is perpendicular distance
then the value of k is from x -axis.
(a) 2 (b) 4 Distance of the point P ^2, 3h from the x -axis is 3.
(c) 6 (d) 8
Sol :
Coordinate of the centroid G of TABC
- 1 + 0 - 5, 3 + 4 + 2
=b 2 3 l
= (- 2, 3)
Since, G lies on the median, x - 2y + k = 0 , it must
satisfy the equation,
-2 - 6 + k = 0 & k = 8
Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
Hence, the required perimeter of triangle is 12. Sol :

However you can calculate perimeter direct from Since P ` a3 , 4 j is the mid-point of the points Q ^- 6, 5h
diagram. and R ^- 2, 3h ,
Thus (b) is correct option. a - 6 - 2, 5 + 3 o
d , 4n = e
3 2 2
34. The point which lies on the perpendicular bisector of
d , 4 n = ^- 4, 4h
a
the line segment joining the points A ^- 2, - 5h and 3
B ^2, 5h is
Now a = - 4 & a = - 12
(a) (0, 0) (b) (0, 2) 3
(c) (2, 0) (d) ^- 2, 0h Thus (b) is correct option.
Sol : 37. The perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining

We know that, the perpendicular bisector of the the points A ^1, 5h and B ^4, 6h cuts the y -axis at
any line segment divides the line segment into two (a) (0, 13) (b) ^0, - 13h
equal parts i.e., the perpendicular bisector of the line (c) (0, 12) (d) (13, 0)
segment always passes through the mid-point of the
line segment. Sol :
Mid-point of the line segment joining the points Let P ^0, b h be the required point. Since, any point
A ^- 2, - 5h and B ^2, 5h on perpendicular bisector is equidistant from the end
point of line segment.
= b - 2 + 2 , - 5 + 5 l = ^0, 0h
2 2 i.e., PA = PB
Hence, (0, 0) is the required point lies on the
perpendicular bisector of the lines segment. ^0 - 1h + ^b - 5h2 =
2
^0 - 4h2 + ^b - 6h2
Thus (a) is correct option. 1 + b2 - 10b + 25 = 16 + b2 - 12b + 36
35. If the point P ^2, 1h lies on the line segment joining 2b = 26 & b = 13
points A ^4, 2h and B ^8, 4h , then
(a) AP = 1 AB (b) AP = PB
3
1
(c) PB = AB (d) AP = 1 AB
3 2
Sol :
Let, AP : AB = m : n
Using section formula, we have,
4 = 8m + 2n
m+n
and 2 = m+n
4
m+n
Solving these as linear equation, we get,
m = 1 and n = 2
AP = 1
AB 2 Thus (a) is correct option.
AP = 1 AB
2 38. Assertion : The value of y is 6, for which the distance
Thus (d) is correct option. between the points P ^2, - 3h and Q ^10, y h is 10.
Reason : Distance between two given points
36. If P ` a3 , 4 j is the mid-point of the line segment joining A ^x1, y1h and B ^x2, y2h is given,
the points Q ^- 6, 5h and R ^- 2, 3h , then the value of AB = ^x2 - x1h2 + ^y2 - y1h2
a is
(a) - 4 (b) - 12
(c) 12 (d) - 6 (A).
= a2 (sin2 q + cos2 q) + b2 (sin2 q + cos2 q) 3y + 5

2 =
2 2 2 2 4
= a #1+b #1 = a +b
3y + 5 = 8
Thus d2 = a2 + b2
3y = 8 - 5 = 3 & y = 1
d = a2 + b2
PRACTICE
42. Find the co-ordinates of the point which is reflection
of point (- 3, 5) in x -axis.  If the point P (k, 0) divides the line segment
joining the points A (2, - 2) and B (- 7, 4) in the
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] ratio 1 : 2, then what is the value of k ?
The reflection of point (- 3, 5) in x - axis is (- 3, - 5). [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
Ans : - 1
 If the point C (k, 4) divides the line segment

joining two points A (2, 6) and B (5, 1) in ratio 2
: 3, the value of k is ......... .
16
Ans : 5
45. Find the coordinates of a point A on y -axis, at a

distance of 4 units from x -axis and below it.
Because the point is 4 units down the x -axis i.e., co-

ordinate is - 4 and on y -axis abscissa is 0. So, the
43. If A ^4, - 1h, B ^5, 3h, C ^2, y h and D ^1, 1h are the vertices coordinates of point A is (0, - 4) .
of a parallelogram ABCD , find y.
46. What is the distance of the point (- 12, 5) from the
origin ?
Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Sol :
Mid-points of AC and BD are same.
The distance between the origin and the point (x, y)
-1 + y
Thus b 3, 2 l = ^3, 2h is x2 + y2 .
Therefore, the distance between the origin and point
-1 + y
=2 & y=5 (- 12, 5)
2
d = (- 12 - 0) 2 + (5 - 0) 2
44. If the point P (6, 2) divides the line segment joining
A (6, 5) and B (4, y) in the ratio 3 : 1 then what is the = 144 + 25 = 169
value of y ?
= 13 units
As per given information in question we have drawn 47. Find the ratio in which x -axis divides the line segment
the figure below, joining A (2, - 3) and B (5, 6).
Let point P (x, 0) on x -axis divide the segment

joining points A (2, - 3) and B (5, 6) in ratio k : 1
, then
Here, x1 = 6 , y1 = 5 m y + m2 y1
y = 1 2
and x2 = 4 y2 = y m1 + m2
my2 + ny1 0 = 6k - 3
Now y = k+1
m+n
3#y+1#5 6k = 3 & k = 1
2 = 2
3+1 Therefore ratio is 1 : 2.
54. If three points (0, 0), (3, 3 ) and (3, l) form an 58. The ordinate of a point A on y-axis is 5 and B has
equilateral triangle, then what is the value of l ? co-ordinates ^- 3, 1h . Find the length of AB.
Sol : Sol : [Board Term-2 2014]
Let the given points are A (0, 0), B (3, 3 ) and We have A ^0, 5h and B ^- 3, 1h .
C (3, l) . Distance between A and B ,
Since, TABC is an equilateral triangle, therefore
AB = ^x2 - x1h2 + ^y2 - y1h2
AB = AC
2 2 2 2
= ^- 3 - 0h2 + ^1 - 5h2
(3 - 0) + ( 3 - 0) = (3 - 0) + (l - 0)
= 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
9 + 3 = 9 + l2
l2 = 3 & l = ! 3 59. Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is
diameter of a circle whose centre is (2, - 3) and B is
55. The co-ordinate of the point dividing the line segment the point (1, 4).
joining the points A (1, 3) and B (4, 6) in the ratio Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi]
2 : 1 is ......... . As per question we have shown the figure below.
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic] Since, AB is the diameter, centre C must be the mid
Let point P (x, y) divides the line segment joining the point of the diameter of AB .
points A (1, 3) and B (4, 6) in the ratio 2 : 1.
Using section formula we have
m x + m x m1 y2 + m2 y1
(x, y) = c 1m2 + m 2 1 , m + m m
1 2 1 2
(x, y) = b 2 # 4 + 1 # 1, 2 # 6 + 1 # 3 l
2+1 2+1
= b 8 + 1, 12 + 3 l = b 9 , 15 l = (3 , 5)
3 3 3 3
Find the distance of a point P (x, y) from the origin.

Let the co-ordinates of point A be ^x, y h .
56.
Sol : [Board 2018] x+1 = 2

x -coordinate of C ,
Distance between origin (0, 0) and point P (x, y) is 2
x+1 = 4 & x = 3
d = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2
y+4
= (x - 0) 2 + (y - 0) 2 and y -coordinate of C , =- 3
2
= x2 + y2 y + 4 = - 6 & y = - 10
Distance between P and origin is x2 + y2 . Hence, coordinates of point A are ^3, - 10h .
57. If the mid-point of the line segment joining the points PRACTICE
A (3, 4) and B (k, 6) is P (x, y) and x + y - 10 = 0 , find  Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is
the value of k . diameter of the circle whose centre is ^2, - 3h and
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] B is the point ^3, 4h .
[Board 2019 Delhi]
If P (x, y) is mid point of A (3, 4) and B (k, 6), then
we have Ans : ^1, - 10h
3 + k = x and y = 4 + 6 = 10 = 5
2 2 2
60. Find the perpendicular distance of A ^5, 12h from the
Substituting above value in x + y - 10 = 0 we have
y-axis.
3 + k + 5 - 10 = 0
2 Sol : [Board Term-2 2011]
3+k = 5 Perpendicular from point A ^5, 12h on y-axis touch it

2 at ^0, 12h .
3 + k = 10 & k = 10 - 3 = 7 Distance between ^5, 12h and ^0, 12h is,
69. The x -coordinate of a point P is twice its y-coordinate.

If P is equidistant from Q ^2, - 5h and R ^- 3, 6h , find
the co-ordinates of P.
Let the point P be ^2y, y h . Since PQ = PR , we have

^2y - 2h2 + ^y + 5h2 = ^2y + 3h2 + ^y - 6h2
^2y - 2h2 + ^y + 5h2 = ^2y + 3h2 + ^y - 6h2
- 8y + 4 + 10y + 25 = 12y + 9 - 12y + 36
2y + 29 = 45
y =8 8x - â + b hB + 8y - ^b - a hB
2 2
Hence, coordinates of point P are ^16, 8h = 8x - â - b hB2 + 8y - â + b hB2

- 2x (a + b) - 2y (b - a) = - 2x (a - b) - 2y (a + b)
70. Find the ratio in which the point ^- 3, k h divides the
line segment joining the points ^- 5, - 4h and ^- 2, 3h . 2x (a + b) + 2y (b - a) = 2x (a - b) + 2y (a + b)
Also find the value of k . 2x (a + b - a + b) + 2y (b - a - a - b) = 0
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2016] 2x (2b) + 2y (- 2a) = 0
As per question, line diagram is shown below. xb - ay = 0
bx = ay Hence Proved
72. Prove that the point ^3, 0h , ^6, 4h and ^- 1, 3h are the
vertices of a right angled isosceles triangle.
Let AB be divides by P in ratio n: 1.
x co-ordinate for section formula
We have A ^3, 0h , B ^6, 4h and C ^- 1, 3h
^- 2h n + 1 ^- 5h
-3 =
n+1 Now AB2 = ^3 - 6h2 + ^0 - 4h2
- 3 ^n + 1h = - 2n - 5 = 9 + 16 = 25
- 3n - 3 = - 2n - 5 BC = ^6 + 1h2 + ^4 - 3h2
2
5 - 3 = 3n - 2n = 49 + 1 = 50
2 =n CA = ^- 1 - 3h2 + ^3 - 0h2
2
Ratio n = 2 or 2: 1 = 16 + 9 = 25
1 1
Now, y co-ordinate, AB = CA2 or, AB = CA
2
2 ^3 h + 1 ^- 4h Hence triangle is isosceles.

k =
2+1
= 6-4 = 2
3 3
71. If the point P ^x, y h is equidistant from the points

Q â + b, b - a h and R â - b, a + b h , then prove that
bx = ay .
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012, OD 2016]
We have PQ = PR
8x - â + b hB + 8y - ^b - a hB
2 2
Also, 25 + 25 = 50
8x - â - b hB + 8y - ^b + a hB
2 2
= or, AB + CA2 = BC2
2
Sol :
If the mid-point of the line segment joining A 8 x2 , y +2 1B
76.
and B ^x + 1, y - 3h is C ^5, - 2h , find x, y. We have P ^2, - 1h, Q ^3, 4h, R ^- 2, 3h , S ^- 3, - 2h
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2012, Delhi 2014]

PQ = 12 + 52 = 26
If the mid-point of the line segment joining A 8 x2 , y +2 1B QR = 52 + 12 = 26
and B ^x + 1, y - 3h is C ^5, - 2h , then at mid point,
RS = 12 + 52 = 26
2 +x+1
x
=5 PS = 2
5 +1 = 2
26
2
3x + 1 = 10 Since all the four sides are equal, PQRS is a rhombus.
2
3x = 18 & x = 6
y+1
+y-3
Also 2
=- 2
2
y+1
+ y - 3 =- 4
2
y + 1 + 2y - 6 = - 8 & y = - 1
77. Show that A ^6, 4h, B ^5, - 2h and C ^7, - 2h are the Now PR = 12 + 52 = 26
vertices of an isosceles triangle. 2 2
= 4 +4 = 32
Y ^ 32 h
2
We have A ^6, 4h, B ^5, - 2h, C ^7, - 2h . PQ2 + QR2 = 2 # 26 = 52 =
Now AB = ^6 - 5h2 + ^4 + 2h2 Since TPQR is not a right triangle, PQRS is a

rhombus but not a square.
= 12 + 62 = 37
80. If ^3, 2h and ^- 3, 2h are two vertices of an equilateral
BC = ^5 - 7h2 + ^- 2 + 2h2 triangle which contains the origin, find the third
^- 2h2 + 0 = 2 vertex.
2
=
Sol :
^7 - 6h2 + ^- 2 - 4h2
CA =
We have A ^3, 2h and B ^- 3, 2h .
= 12 + 62 = 37 It can be easily seen that mid-point of AB is lying
AB = BC = 37 on y-axis. Thus AB is equal distance from x-axis
everywhere.
Since two sides of a triangle are equal in length,
triangle is an isosceles triangle. Also OD = AB
rd
Hence 3 vertex of TABC is also lying on y-axis.
78. Show that A ^- 1, 0h, B ^3, 1h, C ^2, 2h and D ^- 2, 1h are
The digram of triangle should be as given below.
the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD.
Mid-point of AC ,
- 1 + 2, 0 + 2 = 1, 1
b
2 2 l b2 l
Mid-point of BD ,
3-2 1+1 1
b 2 , 2 l = b 2 , 1l
Here Mid-point of AC = Mid-point of BD
Since diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other,
ABCD is a parallelogram.
79. If P ^2, - 1h, Q ^3, 4h, R ^- 2, 3h and S ^- 3, - 2h be

four points in a plane, show that PQRS is a rhombus
but not a square.
Now 2 = 1 + x1 & x1 = 3
2
- 4 + y1
and -1 = & y1 = 2
2
0 = 1 + x2 & x = - 1
2
- 4 + y2
-1 = & y2 = 2
2
Thus B ^x1, y1h = ^3, 2h,
C ^x2, y2h = ^- 1, 2h
So, mid-point of BC is b 3 - 1, 2 + 2 l = ^1, 2h

2 2 Now 2 = x+3 & x = 1
2
85. A line intersects the y-axis and x-axis at the points P 2+y
and -5 = & y = - 12
and Q respectively. If ^2, - 5h is the mid-point of PQ, 2
then find the coordinates of P and Q. - 1 + x' = 2 & x' = 5
Again,
2
0 + y'
Let coordinates of P be ^0, y h and of Q be ^x, 0h . and = - 5 & y' = - 10
2
A ^2, - 5h is mid point of PQ . Hence, coordinates of C ^1, - 12h and D ^5, - 10h
As per question, line diagram is shown below.
87. Prove that the points ^2, - 2h, ^- 2, 1h and ^5, 2h are
the vertices of a right angled triangle. Also find the
area of this triangle.
We have A ^2, - 2h, B ^- 2, 1h and ^5, 2h

Now using distance formula we get
AB2 = ^2 + 2h2 + ^- 2 - 1h2
= 16 + 9 = 25
2
AB = 25 & AB = 5 .
Thus AB = 5 .
Similarly BC2 = ^- 2 - 5h2 + ^1 - 2h2
Using section formula, = 49 + 1 = 50
0+x y+0 BC2 = 50 & BC = 5 2
^2, - 5h = b 2 + 2 l
AC2 = ^2 - 5h2 + ^- 2 - 2h2
2 =x & x=4
2 = 9 + 16 = 25
y
and - 5 = & y = - 10 2
AC = 25
2
Thus P is ^0, - 10h and Q is ^4, 0h AC = 5
Clearly AB + AC2 = BC2
2
86. If two adjacent vertices of a parallelogram are ^3, 2h
and ^- 1, 0h and the diagonals intersect at ^2, - 5h 25 + 25 = 50
then find the co-ordinates of the other two vertices. Hence the triangle is right angled,
Area of TABC = 1 # Base # Height
Let two other co-ordinates be ^x, y h and ^x', y'h 2
respectively using mid-point formula.
= # 5 # 5 = 25 sq unit.
1
As per question parallelogram is shown below. 2 2
x = mx2 + nx1 93. If the co-ordinates of points A and B are ^- 2, - 2h

m+n and ^2, - 4h respectively, find the co-ordinates of
k # ^4 h + 1 # 1 P such that AP = 73 AB, where P lies on the line
x =
k+1 segment AB.
3
^ 4 h + 1
= 53 = 12 + 5 = 17 Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2017]
5 +1
3+5 8
We have AP = 3 AB & AP : PB = 3: 4
Co-ordinate of P is b 17 , 0 l . 7
8
PRACTICE
 In what ratio does the x -axis divide the line

segment joining the points ^- 4, - 6h and ^- 1, 7h
? Find the coordinates of the point of division.
[Board Term-2 SQP 2017] Section formula :
Ans : 6: 7, ^- , 0h 34
13 x = mx2 + nx1 and y =
my2 + ny1
m+n m+n
Applying section formula we get
 Find the ratio in which the line segment joining 3 # 2 + 4 # ^- 2h
the points A ^3, - 3h and B ^- 2, 7h is divided by x = =- 2
3+4 7
x -axis. Also find the co-ordinates of point of
3 # (- 4) + 4 # ^- 2h
division. y = = - 20
3+4 7
[Board Term-2 Delhi 2014]
Ans : 3
7 , ^ 32 , 0h Hence P is b- 2 , - 20 l .
7 7
PRACTICE
92. If the point C ^- 1, 2h divides internally the line
 Find the co-ordinate of a point P on the line
segment joining the points A ^2, 5h and B ^x, y h in the
segment joining A ^1, 2h and B ^6, 7h such that
ratio 3: 4, find the value of x2 + y2 .
AP = 25 AB .
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2016] [Board Term-2 OD 2015]
As per question, line diagram is shown below. Ans : (3, 4)
94. If the distance of P ^x, y h from A ^6, 2h and B ^- 2, 6h

are equal, prove that y = 2x.
We have AC = 3 We have P ^x, y h, A ^6, 2h, B ^- 2, 6h

BC 4
Now PA = PB
Applying section formula for x co-ordinate,
PA2 = PB2
3x + 4 ^2 h
-1 =
3+4 ^x - 6h2 + ^y - 2h2 = ^x + 2h2 + ^y - 6h2
- 7 = 3x + 8 & x = - 5 - 12x + 36 - 4y + 4 = 4x + 4 - 12y + 36
Similarly applying section formula for y co-ordinate, - 12x - 4y = 4x - 12y
3y + 4 ^5 h
2 = 12y - 4y = 4x + 12x
3+4
8y = 16x
14 = 3y + 20 & y = - 2
y = 2x Hence Proved
Thus ^x, y h is ^- 5, - 2h .
Now x2 + y2 = ^- 5h2 + ^- 2h2 95. The co-ordinates of the vertices of TABC are A ^7, 2h,
B ^9, 10h and C ^1, 4h . If E and F are the mid-points
= 25 + 4 = 29
of AB and AC respectively, prove that EF = 12 BC .
Let X ^- 3, p h divides the line joining of A ^- 5, - 4h PRACTICE

and B ^- 2, 3h in the ratio k : 1.  If the line segment joining the points A ^2, 1h and
The co-ordinates of p are :- 2k - 5 , 3k - 4 D B ^5, - 8h is trisected at the points P and Q , find
k+1 k+1 the coordinates P.
But co-ordinates of P are ^- 3, p h . Therefore we get [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
- 2k - 5 = - 3 & k = 2 Ans : ^3, - 2h .
k+1
and 3k - 4 = p
k+1  Find the co-ordinates of the points which divide
Substituting k = 2 gives the line segment joining the points ^5, 7h and
^8, 10h in 3 equal parts.
p =2
3 [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
Hence ratio of division is 2: 1 and p = 2 Ans : P ^6, 8h , Q ^7, 9h

3
PRACTICE  Find the co-ordinates of the points of trisection

 Find the ratio in which the point p ^m, 6h divides of the line segment joining the points ^3, - 2h and
the line segment joining the points A ^- 4, 3h and ^- 3, - 4h .
B ^2, 8h . Also find the value of m. [Board Term-2 Foreign 2017]
[Board Term-2, 2012] Ans : ^1, - 83 h and ^- 1, - 103 h
Ans : 3 : 2, - 2
5
 In what ratio does the point ^ 24  Find the coordinates of the point which divide
11 , y h divides the
line segment joining the points P ^2, - 2h and the line segment joining A ^2, - 3h and B ^- 4, - 6h
Q ^3, 7h ? Also find the value of y. into three equal parts.
[Board Term-2 SQP 2016]
Ans : 2 : 9, - 114 Ans : ^0, - 4h and ^- 2, - 5h
99. Find the co-ordinates of the points of trisection of

the line segment joining the points A ^1, - 2h and
B ^- 3, 4h . 100. If â, b h is the mid-point of the segment joining the
points A ^10, - 6h and B ^k, 4h and a - 2b = 18, find
Sol : [Board Term-2, 2012] the value of k and the distanceAB .
Let P ^x1, y1h, Q ^x2, y2h divides AB into 3 equal parts.
Thus P divides AB in the ratio of 1:2.
We have A ^10, - 6h and B ^k, 4h .
If P â, b h is mid-point of AB, then we have
k + 10 - 6 + 4
â, b h = b 2 , 2 l
a = k + 10 and b = - 1
2
1 (- 3) + 2 (1)
Now x1 = = -3 + 2 = -1 From given condition we have
1+3 3 3
1 (4) + 2 (- 2) a - 2b = 18
y1 = = 4-4 = 0
1+2 3 Substituting value b = - 1 we obtain
Co-ordinates of P is ^- 13 , 0h .
a + 2 = 18 & a = 16
Here Q is mid-point of PB.
a = k + 10 = 16 & k = 22
- + ^- 3h
1 2
= - 10 = - 5
3
Thus x2 =
2 6 3 P â, b h = ^16, 1h
y2 = 0 + 4 = 2 AB = ^22 - 10h2 + ^4 + 6h2
2
Thus co-ordinates of Q is ^- 52 , 2h . = 2 61 units
FD = ^- 4 - 4h2 + ^0 - 0h2 = 64 PA = PB
= 8 units PA2 = PB2
AB = BC = AC Using distance formula,
DE EF DF
^5 - x h2 + ^1 - y h2 = ^- 1 - x h2 + ^5 - y h2
2 2 =2 2 =4=1
4 2 4 2 8 2 ^5 - x h2 + ^1 - y h2 = ^1 + x h2 + ^5 - y h2
Since ratio of the corresponding sides of two similar 25 - 10x + 1 - 2y = 1 + 2x + 25 - 10y
Ts is equal, we have
- 10x - 2y = 2x - 10y
TABC ~TDEF Hence Proved.
8y = 12x
106. In the given figure TABC is an equilateral triangle 3x = 2y Hence proved.
of side 3 units. Find the co-ordinates of the other two
vertices.
108. Find the ratio in which the point _ 85 , y i divides the

line segment joining the points ^1, 2h and ^2, 3h . Also,
find the value of y .
Let the point _ , y i divides the line segment joining

8
5
the points ^1, 2h and ^2, 3h in the ratio k : 1.
The co-ordinates of B will be (2 + 3, 0) or . ^5, 0h

Let co-ordinates of C be ^x, y h . Since triangle is
equilateral, we have
x co-ordinate for section formula,
AC2 = BC2
8 = 2#k+1#1
^x - 2h2 ^y - 0h2 = ^x - 5h2 + ^y - 0h2 5 k+1
x2 + 4 - 4x + y2 = x2 + 25 - 10x + y2 8 = 2k + 1
5 k+1
6x = 21 8k + 8 = 10k + 5
x =7 3 = 2k
2
and ^x - 2h ^
2
+ y - 0h2 = 9 k =3
2
7 2
b 2 - 2l + y = 9
2
Thus required ratio is 3 : 2.
9 + y2 = 9 or, y2 = 9 - 9 Now y co-ordinate for section formula,
4 4
k ^3 h + 1 ^2 h
y =
y2 = 27 = 3 3 k+1
4 2
3
#3+2
Hence C is c 7 , 3 3 m . = 2
2 +1
3
2 2
2 +2
9
107. If the distances of P ^x, y h from A ^5, 1h and B ^- 1, 5h = 5
are equal, then prove that 3x = 2y. 2
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016] = 9+2#2

5
Since P ^x, y h is equidistant from the given points 13
A ^5, 1h and B ^- 1, 5h , y =
5
111. Two friends Seema and Aditya work in the same office ABCD is a square? Chameli disagrees. Using distance
at Delhi. In the Christmas vacations, both decided formula, find which of them is correct.
to go to their hometown represented by Town A and
Town B respectively in the figure given below. Town
A and Town B are connected by trains from the same
station C (in the given figure) in Delhi. Based on the
given situation answer the following questions:
(i) Who will travel more distance, Seema or Aditya, Coordinates of points A, B , C , D are A (3, 4), B (6, 7),
to reach to their hometown? C (9, 4) and D (6, 1).
(ii) Seema and Aditya planned to meet at a location Distance formula,
D situated at a point D represented by the mid-
point of the line joining the points represented by d = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2
Town A and Town B . Find the coordinates of the Now AB = (3 - 6) 2 + (4 - 7) 2
point represented by the point D .
= 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 units
BC = (6 - 9) 2 + (7 - 4) 2
From the given figure, the coordinates of points A, B
and C are (1, 7), (4, 2) and (- 4, 4) respectively. = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 units
(i) Distance travelled by seema CD = (9 - 6) 2 + (4 - 1) 2
CA = (- 4 - 1) 2 + (4 - 7) 2 = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 units
= (- 5) 2 + (- 3) 2 DA = (6 - 3) 2 + (1 - 4) 2
= 25 + 9 = 34 units = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 units
Thus distance travelled by seema is 34 units. Now AC = (3 - 9) 2 + (4 - 4) 2
Similarly, distance travelled by Aditya
= 36 + 0 = 6 units
CB = (4 + 4) 2 + (4 - 2) 2
DB = (6 - 6) 2 + (1 - 7) 2
2 2
= 8 +2 = 64 + 4
= 0 + 36 = 6 units
= 68 units
Since, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = DB , ABCD
Distance travelled by Aditya is 68 units and Aditya is a square and Champa is right.
travels more distance.
(ii) Since, D is mid-point of town A and town B 113. Point A lies on the line segment XY joining X ^6, - 6h
and Y ^- 4, - 1h in such a way that XYXA
= 25 . If point A
D = b 1 + 4 , 7 + 2 l = b 5, 9 l also lies on the line 3x + k ^y + 1h = 0 , find the value
2 2 2 2
of k .
112. In a classroom, 4 friends are seated at the points
A, B , C , and D as shown in Figure. Champa and
Chameli walk into the class and after observing for a As per given information in question we have drawn
few minutes Champa asks Chameli, Don’t you think the figure given below.
Substitute value of k in eq (2), we get AB = CD = 10 unit

k (- 6) + 1 (- 4)
y = BC = AD = 10 unit
k+1
1
(- 6) + 1 (- 4) Therefore length of sides are 10 units each.
= 5
5 +1
1
117. If P ^9a - 2, - b h divides the line segment joining
= - 26 = - 13 A ^3a + 1, - 3h and B ^8a, 5h in the ratio 3: 1. find the
6 3
values of a and b.
Hence, value of k is 1 and required point is b 0, - 13 l
5 3 Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2016]
PRACTICE Using section formula we have

 Find the ratio in which y -axis divides the 3 ^8a h + 1 + ^3a + 1h
9a - 2 = ...(1)
line segment joining the points A ^5, - 6h and 3+1
B ^- 1, - 4h . Also find the co-ordinates of the 3 ^5 h + 1 ^- 3h
-b = ...(2)
point of division. 3+1
- b = 15 - 3 = 3 & b = - 3
Form (2)
Ans : 5: 1, ^0, - 133 h 4
From (1), 9a - 2 = 24a + 3a + 1
4
116. If A (- 2, 1), B (a, 0), C (4, b) and D (1, 2) are the
vertices of a parallelogram ABCD , find the values of 4 ^9a - 2h = 27a + 1
a and b . Hence find the lengths of its sides. 36a - 8 = 27a + 1
Sol : [Board 2018] 9a = 9 & a = 1
As per information given in question we have drawn
the figure below. 118. The base BC of an equilateral triangle ABC lies
on y -axis. The co-ordinates of point C are ^0, 3h .
The origin is the mid-point of the base. Find the co-
ordinates of the point A and B. Also find the co-
ordinates of another point D such that BACD is a
rhombus.
As per question, diagram of rhombus is shown below.
Here ABCD is a parallelogram and diagonals AC and

BD bisect each other. Therefore mid point of BD is
same as mid point of AC .
a+1 2 -2 + 4 b + 1
b 2 , 2l = b 2 , 2 l
a+1 = 1 & a = 1
2
and b+1 = 1 & b = 1
2
Now AB = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2
= (1 + 2) 2 + (0 - 1) 2
= 9 + 1 = 10 unit Co-ordinates of point B are ^0, 3h .
Thus BC = 6 unit
BC = (x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2
Let the co-ordinates of point A be ^x, 0h .
= (4 - 1) 2 + (1 - 0) 2
Now AB = x2 + 9
= 9 + 1 = 10 unit
Since AB = BC , thus we have
Since ABCD is a parallelogram,
k â + b h + â + b h
=
k+1
^k + 1hâ + b h
= = a+b
k+1
x+y = a+b Hence Proved
123. The vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A ^5, - 1h,

B ^8, 3h, C ^4, 0h and D ^1, - 4h . Prove that ABCD is
a rhombus.
The vertices of the quadrilateral ABCD are

A ^5, - 1h, B ^8, 3h, C ^4, 0h D ^1, - 4h .
Now AB = ^8 - 5h2 + ^3 + 1h2
= 32 + 42 = 5 units Proof : Let AB be a line segment joining the points.
A ^x1, y1h, B ^x2, y2h .
BC = ^8 - 4h2 + ^3 - 0h2 Let P divides AB in the ratio m1: m2 . Let P have co-
= 42 + 32 = 5 units ordinates ^x, y h .
Draw AL, PM, PN, = to x-axis
CD = ^4 - 1h2 + ^0 + 4h2
It is clear form figure, that
= ^3 h2 + ^4h2 = 5 units
AR = LM = OM - OL = x - x1
AD = ^5 - 1h2 + ^- 1 + 4h2
PR = PM - RM = y - y1 .
= ^4h2 + ^3 h2 = 5 units also, PS = ON - OM = x2 - x
Diagonal, AC = ^5 - 4h2 + ^- 1 - 0h2 BS = BN - SN = y2 - y
= 12 + 12 = 2 units
Now TAPR ~TPBS [AAA]
Diagonal BD = ^8 - 1h2 + ^3 + 4h2 AR
Thus = PR = AP
PB
^7 h + ^7 h = 7 2 units
= 2 2 PS BS
and AR = AP
As the length of all the sides are equal but the length PS PB
of the diagonals are not equal. Thus ABCD is not
x - x1 = m1
square but a rhombus. x2 - x m2
m2 x - m2 x1 = m1 x2 - m1 x
x = m1 x2 + m2 x1
m1 + m2
Now PR = AP
BS PB
y - y2
= m1
y2 - y m2
m y + m2 y1
y = 1 2
m1 + m2
124. (i) Derive section formula.
m y + m1 y2
Thus co-ordinates of P are b m2 x1 + m1 x2 , 2 1
(ii) In what ratio does ^- 4, 6h divides the line segment m1 + m2 m1 + m2 l
joining the point A ^- 6, 4h and B ^3, - 8h (ii) Assume that ^- 4, 6h divides the line segment
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2014] joining the point A ^- 6, 4h and B ^3, - 8h in ratio k : 1
(i) Section Formula : Let A ^x1, y1h and B ^x2, y2h are Using section formula for x co-ordinate we have
two points. Let P ^x, y h be a point on line, joining A k (3) - 6
and B , such that P divides it in the ratio m1: m2 . -4 =
k+1
m y + m1 y2
Now ^x, y h = b m2 x1 + m1 x2 , 2 1
m1 + m2 l
- 4k - 4 = 3k - 6 & k = 2
m1 + m2 7
Sol : Sol :
Here the coordinates of A, B and C are (- 2, - 3), We have a rectangle ABCD where A ^1, 1h, B ^7, 1h,
(2, 3) and (3, 2) respectively. C ^7, 5h and D ^1, 5h .
Now, AB = (- 2 - 2)2 + (- 3 - 3)2 (i) Coordinates of the point of intersection of
= 16 + 36 = 52 = 2 13 diagonals AC and BD
AC = (- 2 - 3)2 + (- 3 - 2)2 (x, y) = b 7 + 1, 1 + 5 l

2 2
= 25 + 25 = 50 = 5 2 = ^4, 3h
(ii) Length of diagonal AC ,
BC = (2 - 3)2 + (3 - 2)2
l = ]7 - 1g2 + ]5 - 1g2
= 1+1 = 2
= 16 + 36
Distance travelled by first bus
= AC + BC = 52
=5 2+ 2 =6 2 = 13 units
Distance travelled by second bus (iii) Area of the campaign Board
= AB = 2 13 AB = 6 units = CD
But 6 2 2 2 13 BC = 4 units = AD
Hence, by second bus we would like to travel. Area of campaign board ABCD ,
Area = 6×4
128. Use of mobile screen for long hours makes your eye
sight weak and give you headaches. Children who are = 24 sq. units
addicted to play “PUBG” can get easily stressed out. (iv) Ratio of the length of side AB to the length of
To raise social awareness about ill effects of playing the diagonal AC ,
PUBG, a school decided to start ‘BAN PUBG’
campaign, in which students are asked to prepare AC = AB
AC
campaign board in the shape of a rectangle. One 6
=
]5 - 1g2 + ]7 - 1g2
such campaign board made by class X student of the
school is shown in the figure. 6
= = 6
16 + 36 52
= 6 = 3 13
2 13 13
= 3 13 : 13
129. Resident Welfare Association (RWA) of a Gulmohar

Society in Delhi have installed three electric poles A,
B and C in a society’s common park. Despite these
three poles, some parts of the park are still in dark.
So, RWA decides to have one more electric pole D in
the park.

questions :
(i) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection
of diagonals AC and BD .
(ii) Find the length of the diagonalAC .
(iii) Find the area of the campaign Board ABCD.
(iv) Find the ratio of the length of side AB to the The park can be modelled as a coordinate systems
length of the diagonal AC. given below.
(ii) Let O = ^0, 0h . Sol :

Using the distance formula, we get
OS = ^- 10 - 0h2 + ^5 - 0h2 = 125
SP = (8 - 2)2 + (10 - 2)2
^3 - 0h + `- 8 - 0j = 73
2 2
OT =
= (6)2 + (8)2
OR = ^- 7 - 0h + ^- 4 - 0h = 65
2 2
= 36 + 64 = 100
The star located at S is farthest from the center of
the room. SP = 10 km
131. Old Age Home : An old age homes is a place where SH = (8 - 2)2 + (2 - 2)2
old people live and are cared for when they are too = (6)2 + (0)2
old to look after themselves. With advancing age,
people often lose motor functions. Performing day to = 36 + 0 = 36
day activities becomes a daunting task. In an old age SH = 6 km
home, the association helps with daily activities. One
of the factors that make old age homes attractive to HP = (8 - 8)2 + (10 - 2)2
elders is the companionship. The steady security in (0)2 + (8)2
an old age home gives them protection from intruders
and helps them live a safe and secure life. = 0 + 64 = 64
HP = 8 km
Distance between school and park = SP = 10 km .
Distance between school and park via the old age
home = SH + HP = 6 + 8 = 14 km
Additional distance travelled while going to the old
age home = 14 - 10 = 4 km .
132. Ajay, Bhigu and Colin are fast friend since childhood.
They always want to sit in a row in the classroom .
But teacher doesn’t allow them and rotate the seats
row-wise everyday. Bhigu is very good in maths and
A school decides to take the students for school picnic he does distance calculation everyday. He consider the
to an amusement park. However, the students have to centre of class as origin and marks their position on a
first visit an old age home and then move towards the paper in a co-ordinate system. One day Bhigu make
park. If the point S , P and H represent the school, the following diagram of their seating position.
the park and the old age home respectively, find the
additional distance covered by the students had they
travelled directly from school to the park. ? (Note :
All distance are in km)
(ii) House is at (0, 0) and school is at (6, - 8).

Distance of the school from the house,
= (- 6)2 + 82
= 36 + 64
= 100 = 10 cm
(iii) Let O divides EG in the ratio k : 1, then
0 = 2k - 4
k+1
2k = 4
k =2
Thus, O divides EG in the ratio 2 : 1
Hence, required ratio = OG : OE i.e., 1 : 2
(iv) Since, (0, 0) is the mid-point of (- 6, 8) and
(6, - 8), therefore both school and food court are at Here A, B, C and D are four friend Amar, Bharat,
equal distances from the house. Hence, required ratio Colin and Dravid.
is 1 : 1. (i) What is the distance between A and B ?
(v) Mid-points of grocery store and office is (ii) What is the distance between C and D ?
b2 -2 b 2 l
4 , 3 - 6 , i.e., - 1, - 3
2 l (iii) What is the distance between A and C ?
Since mid-point are not same, diagonals does not (iv) What is the distance between D and B ?
bisect each other. Hence, they from a quadrilateral.
Sol :
134. Morning assembly is an integral part of the school’s (i) We have A (3, 4) and B (6, 7).
schedule. Almost all the schools conduct morning AB = (6 - 3) 2 + (7 - 4) 2 = 2 3
assemblies which include prayers, information of
(ii) We have C (9, 4) and D (6, 1).
latest happenings, inspiring thoughts, speech, national
anthem, etc. A good school is always particular about CD = (9 - 6) 2 + (4 - 1) 2 = 2 3
their morning assembly schedule. Morning assembly is (iii) We have A (3, 4) and C (9, 4)
important for a child’s development. It is essential to
understand that morning assembly is not just about AC = (3 - 9) 2 + (4 - 4) 2 = 6
standing in long queues and singing prayers or national (iv) We have B (6, 7) and D (6, 1).
anthem, but it’s something beyond just prayers. All
BD = (6 - 6) 2 + (7 - 1) 2 = 6
the activities carried out in morning assembly by the
school staff and students have a great influence in
every point of life. The positive effects of attending
school assemblies can be felt throughout life.
135. Carpooling : It is the sharing of car journeys so that

more than one person travels in a car, and prevents
the need for others to have to drive to a location
themselves. By having more people using one vehicle,
carpooling reduces each person’s travel costs such as:
fuel costs, tolls, and the stress of driving. Carpooling is
Have you noticed that in school assembly you always also a more environmentally friendly and sustainable
stand in row and column and this make a coordinate way to travel as sharing journeys reduces air pollution,
system. Suppose a school have 100 students and they carbon emissions, traffic congestion on the roads, and
all assemble in prayer in 10 rows as given below. the need for parking spaces.
Sol : (v) What is distance between P and Q if origin is

(i) 14 th of the AD corresponds to y = 1004 = 25 and taken B ?
2nd line corresponds to x = 2 . Thus coordinates of
green flag point are (2, 25). Sol :
(ii) 15 th of the AD corresponds to y = 1005 = 20 and (i) In following figure we have shown the co-ordinate
8th line corresponds to x = 8 . Thus coordinates of taking A as origin.
red point are (8, 20).
(iii) d = (8 - 2) 2 + (20 - 25) 2
= 62 + 52 = 61
(iv) d = 82 + 202 = 4 29
(v) Mid point of green flag and red flag
= b 2 + 8 , 25 + 20 l = (5, 22.5)
2 2
137. A garden is in the shape of rectangle. Gardener grew

sapling of Ashoka tree on the boundary of garden
at the distance of 1 meter from each other. He want
to decorate the garden with rose plants. He choose
triangular region inside the park to grow rose plants.
On the above situation, gardener took help from the
students of class 10th. They made a chart for it which
looks as the above figure.
(ii) In following figure we have shown the co-ordinate

taking C as origin.
(i) If A is taken as origin, What are the coordinates

of triangle PQR ?
(ii) If C is taken as origin, what is the co-ordinate of
point P ?
(iii) If B is taken as origin, what are the co-ordinate
(iii) In following figure we have shown the co-ordinate
of P ?
taking B as origin.
(iv) What is distance between P and Q if origin is
taken A?
Chap 7 Coordinate Geometry Page 275
(iv) PQ = (4 - 3) 2 + (6 - 2) 2 = 17
(v) Distance not depend on origin. In this case this
is 17 .
***********
Page 276 Introduction of Trigonometry Chap 8
CHAPTER 8
Introduction of Trigonometry
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 4.
cos2 q - 1 , in simplified form is :
sin2 q sin2 q
(a) tan2 q (b) sec2 q
1. If sec q - tan q = m , then the value of sec q + tan q is (c) 1 (d) –1
(a) 1 - 1 (b) m2 - 1 Sol :
m [Board 2023 OD Standard]
(c) 1 (d) - m 2
cos q - 1 = cot2 q - cosec2 q
m
sin2 q sin2 q
= cot2 q - (1 + cot2 q)
sec2 q - tan2 q = 1
= cot2 q - 1 - cot2 q = - 1
(sec q - tan q) (sec q + tan q) = 1
1 Thus (d) is correct option.
sec q + tan q = = 1
sec q - tan q m
Thus (c) is correct option. 5. If sin q - cos q = 0 , then the value of ^sin 4 q + cos 4 qh is
(a) 1 (b) 3
2. For q = 30c, the value of 2 sin q cos q is 4
(c) 1 (d) 1
(a) 1 (b) 3 2 4
2
3 Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 Standard]
(c) (d) 3
4 2 Given, sin q - cos q = 0
sin q = cos q
2 sin q cos q = 2 sin 30c cos 30c
sin q = sin ^90c - qh
= 2 # 12 # 2
3
q = 90c - q & q = 45c

= 2
3
Now, sin q + cos q = sin 4 45c + cos 4 45c

4 4
4 4
If q is an acute angle of a right angled triangle, then = d 1 n +d 1 n = 1 + 1 = 1

3. 2 2 4 4 2
which of the following equation is not true ? Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) sin q cot q = cos q
6. In the adjoining figure, the length of BC is
(b) cos q tan q = sin q
(c) cosec2 q - cot2 q = 1
(d) tan2 q - sec2 q = 1
For the given acute angle q ,

tan2 q + 1 = sec2 q
So, sec2 q - tan2 q = 1
but in option (d) is incorrect. (a) 2 3 cm (b) 3 3 cm
We can verify that all other three option are correct. (c) 4 3 cm (d) 3 cm
13. If sin q = a , then cos q is equal to

b
b Sol :
(a) (b) b
b2 - a2 a We know that in TABC ,
2 2
(c) b -a (d) a
b b - a2
2
Sol :
Perpendicular
We have sin q = a =
b Hypotenuse
Base = b2 - a2
So, cos q = Base

Hypotenuse
= b2 - a2
b +A + +B + +C = 180c
Thus (c) is correct option. But right angled at C i.e., +C = 90c, thus
14. If cos â + b h = 0 , then sin â - b h can be reduced to +A + +B + 90c = 180c
(a) cos b (b) cos 2b A + B = 90c
(c) sin a (d) sin 2a cos Â + B h = cos 90c = 0
Sol : Thus (a) is correct option.
Given, cos â + b h = 0 = cos 90c 6cos 90c = 0@
17. If sin a = 1 and cos b = 1 , then the value of â + b h
2 2
a + b = 90c is
a = 90c - b (a) 0c (b) 30c
Now, sin â - b h = sin ^90c - b - b h (c) 60c (d) 90c
= sin ^90c - 2b h = cos 2b Sol :

Thus (b) is correct option. Given, sin a = 1 = sin 30c & a = 30c
2
15. If cos 9a = sin a and 9a < 90c, then the value of and 1
cos b = = cos 60c & b = 60c
2
tan 5a is
a + b = 30c + 60c = 90c
(a) 1 (b) 3 Thus (d) is correct option.
3
(c) 1 (d) 0
18. If 4 tan q = 3 , then c 4 sin q - cos q m is equal to
4 sin q + cos q
Sol :
(a) 2 (b) 1
We have cos 9a = sin a where 9a < 90c 3 3
sin ^90c - 9ah = sin a (c) 1 (d) 3
2 4
90c - 9a = a Sol :
10a = 90c & a = 9c
Given, 4 tan q = 3
tan 5a = tan ^5 # 9ch
tan q = 3 ...(i)
= tan 45c = 1 6tan 45c = 1@ 4
sin q
Thus (c) is correct option. 4 sin q - cos q = 4 cos q - 1 = 4 tan q - 1
4 sin q + cos q sin q
4 cos q +1
4 tan q + 1
16. If TABC is right angled at C , then the value of 4 ` 34 j - 1
cos Â + B h is = = 3-1
4 ` 34 j + 1 3+1
(a) 0 (b) 1
=2 =1
4 2
(c) 1 (d) 3
2 2 Thus (c) is correct option.
2 Assertion : sin2 67c + cos2 67c = 1

sin2 q sin 2q
28.
=4
cos q Reason : For any value of q, sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
(1 - cos2 q) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
=4 sin2 q
cos2 q reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
sin2 q - sin2 q (A).
=4
cos2 q (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
2
= 4 tan q - sin q 2
assertion (A).
= 4 ^tan q + sin qh^tan q - sin qh
= 4 mn
Sol :
26. If f ^x h = cos2 x + sec2 x , then f ^x h
We have sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
(a) $ 1 (b) # 1
sin2 67c + cos2 67c = 1
(c) $ 2 (d) # 2
Sol : (c) $ 2 (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
Given, f ^x h = cos2 x + sec2 x Thus (a) is correct option.
= cos2 x + sec2 x - 2 + 2 29. Assertion : The value of sin q = 43 is not possible.
= cos2 x + sec2 x - 2 cos x $ sec x + 2 Reason : Hypotenuse is the largest side in any right
angled triangle.
= ^cos x - sec x h + 2
2
Square of any expression is always greater than equal reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
to zero. (A).
f ^x h $ 2 Hence proved. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
Thus (c) is correct option. reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
27. Assertion (A): For 0 1 q # 90c, cosec q - cot q and
cosec q + cot q are reciprocal of each other. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Reason (R): cosec2 q - cot2 q = 1 (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Sol :
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A). sin q = P = 4
H 3
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true Here, perpendicular is greater than the hypotenuse
and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of which is not possible in any right triangle.
Assertion (A). Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. Thus (a) is correct option.
Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard] 30. Assertion : The value of sec2 10c - cot2 80c is 1.
According to trigonometry identity Reason : The value of sin 30c = 12 .
cosec2 q - cot2 q = 1 (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
^cosec q + cot qh^cosec q - cot qh = 1 reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A).
^cosec q - cot qh = 1
^cosec q + cot qh (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
Thus assertion is True. reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Reason : It is a Trigonometric Identity which is used assertion (A).
in assertion. Thus reason is also true and correct (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
explanation of assertion.
39. If cot q = 12 , then the value of sin q is ......... . 44. In the adjoining figure, what is the length of BC ?
5
Given, cot q = 12 & tan q = 5

5 12
From tan q = 5 we can draw the figure as given
12
below.
Sol : [Board 2009]
In TABC , sin 30c = BC

AC
1 = BC & BC = 3 cm
So, sin q = AC = 5 2 6
CB 13
40. If cos â + b h = 0 , then find sin â - b h in terms of b . 45. If sec 5A = cosec Â + 30ch , where 5A is an acute
angle, then what is the value of A?
We have, cos â + b h = 0 = cos 90c 6cos 90c = 0@

Sol : [Board 2010]
We have, sec 5A = cosec Â + 30ch

a + b = 90c
sec 5A = sec 690c - Â - 30ch@
a = 90c - b
sec 5A = sec ^60c - Ah
Now, sin â - b h = sin ^90c - b - b h
5A = 60c - A
= sin ^90c - 2b h = cos 2b
Thus (b) is correct option. 6A = 60c & A = 10c
41. If sin a = 1
and cos b = 12 , then find the value of
If tan (A + B) = 3 and tan (A - B) = 1 , A > B ,
2
â + b h . 46.
3
then the value of A is ......... .
sin a = 1 = sin 30c & a = 30c
2 We have tan (A + B) = 3
1
cos b = = cos 60c & b = 60c
and
2 = tan 60c
a + b = 30c + 60c = 90c Hence, A + B = 60c ...(1)
42. The value of the (tan2 60c + sin2 45c) is .......... . Again, tan (A - B) = 1
3
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic] = tan 30c
A - B = 30c ...(2)
tan2 60c + sin2 45c = ( 3 ) 2 + c 1 m
2
2 Adding equation (1) and (2) we get

1
= 3+ = 7
2 2 2A = 90c & A = 45c
If sin q - cos q = 0 , then find the value of ^sin 4 q + cos 4 qh The value of c sin2 q + 1
1 + tan2 q m
43. 47. = ................... .
Sol : [Board 2007]
We have, sin q - cos q = 0 2

sin q + 1 = sin2 q + 12
1 + tan2 q sec q
sin q = cos q
= sin q + cos2 q = 1
2
sin q = sin ^90c - qh

48. The value of (1 + tan2 q) (1 - sin q) (1 + sin q) = ........ .
q = 90c - q & q = 45c
Now, sin 4 q + cos 4 q = sin 4 45c + cos 4 45c
2
4 4
(1 + tan q) (1 - sin q) (1 + sin q)
= d 1 n +d 1 n = 1 + 1 = 1 = sec2 q (1 - sin2 q)
2 2 4 4 2
59. If tan ^3x + 30ºh = 1 then find the value of x. sin2 q cos2 q
= cos2 q
1 + sin2 q
1
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] cos2 q sin2 q
We have tan ^3x + 30ºh = 1 = tan 45º = sin q + cos2 q

2
3x + 30º = 45º = 1 = RHS

x = 5º 3
65. Prove that : sin A3 - 2 sin A = tan A .
60. What happens to value of cos q when q increases from 2 cos A - cos A
0º to 90º. Sol : [Board 2018]
2
sin A - 2 sin A = sin A (1 - 2 sin A)
3
2 cos3 A - cos A cos A (2 cos2 A - 1)

cos q decreases from 1 to q .
sin A (1 - 2 sin2 A)
=
cos A (2 cos2 A - 1)
61. If A and B are acute angles and sin A = cos B, then
find the value of A + B . [1 - 2 (1 - cos2 A)]
= tan A
(2 cos2 A - 1)
[1 - 2 + 2 cos2 A)]
We have sin A = cos B = tan A
(2 cos2 A - 1)
sin A = sin ^90º - B h = tan A
(2 cos2 A - 1)
(2 cos2 A - 1)
A = 90º - B
= tan A Hence Proved]
A + B = 90º
66. Show that tan 4 q + tan2 q = sec 4 q - sec2 q
62. If k + 1 = sec q ^1 + sin qh^1 - sin qh, then find the
2
value of k. Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]

4 2 2 2
tan q + tan q = tan q (1 + tan q)
We have k + 1 = sec2 q ^1 + sin qh (1 - sin q) = tan2 q # sec2 q
= sec2 q ^1 - sin2 qh = (sec2 q - 1) sec2 q
= sec2 q. cos2 q = sec 4 q - sec2 q Hence Proved
1
= sec2 q # 1 1
sec2 q 67. Prove that : + = 2 sec2 q
1 + sin q 1 - sin q
k+1 = 1 & k= 1-1 = 0 Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
Thus k = 0 1 1
LHS = +
1 + sin q 1 - sin q
63. Find the value of sin2 41º + sin2 49º (1 - sin q) + (1 + sin q)
=
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] (1 + sin q) (1 - sin q)
We have = 2 = 2 sec2 q = RHS
1 - sin2 q
sin2 41 + sin2 49 = sin2 (90º - 49º) + sin2 49º
= cos2 49 + sin2 49º 68. If 2 sin q = 1, find the value of sec2 q - cosec2 q.
=1 Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
We have 2 sin q = 1
64. Prove that tan2 q + cot2 q = 1.
1 + tan2 q 1 + cot2 q sin q = 1 = sin 45º
2
2 2
Thus q = 45º
LHS = tan q + cot q
1 + tan2 q 1 + cot2 q Now sec2 q - cosec2 q = sec2 45º - cosec2 45º
= ^ 2h -^ 2h = 0
2 2
= tan2 q + cot q2
2 2
sec q cosec q
In 3 ABC , +A = +B = +C = 60º 2A = 90º & A = 45º

Now we draw AD perpendicular to BC , then Substituting this value of A in equation (1), we get
TBDA b TCDA B = 15º
BD = CD 79. Find the value of cos 2q , if 2 sin 2q = 3.

+BAD = CAD = 30º by CPCT Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
AD = 3a We have 2 sin 2q = 3
In TBDA, cosec 30º = AB = 2a = 2

sin 2q = 3 = sin 60º
BD a 2
and cos 60º = BD = a =1 2q = 60º
AB 2a 2
Hence, cos 2q = cos 60º = 1 .
2
76. Evaluate : sin 90º + 1
cos 45º cosec 30º
80. Find the value of sin 30º cos 60º + cos 30º sin 60º is it
equal to sin 90º or cos 90º ?
We have
sin 90º + 1 = 11 + 1
cos 45º cosec 30º 2 sin 30º cos 60º + cos 30º sin 60º = 1 # 1 + 3 3
2 2 2 2 # 2
= 2 +1 = 2 2 +1 = + =4
1 3 =1
2 2 4 4 4
It is equal to sin 90º = 1 but not equal to cos 90º as
77. If tan Â + B h = 3 , tan Â - B h = 1
3 cos 90º = 0 .
0c < A + B # 90c, then find A and B.
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] 81. If 3 sin q - cos q = 0 and 0º < q < 90º, find the value
We have tan Â + B h = 3 = tan 60º of q.
A + B = 60º ...(1) Sol : [Boar Term-1, 2012]
We have
Also tan Â - B h = 1 = tan 30º
3 3 sin q - cos q = 0 and 0º < q < 90º
A - B = 30º ...(2) 3 sin q = cos q
Adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain, sin q = 1
2A = 90º cos q 3
1 sin q
A = 90º = 45º tan q = = tan 30º ;tan q = cos q E
2 3
Substituting this value of A in equation (1), we get q = 30º
B = 60º - A = 60º - 45º = 15º 82. Evaluate : cos 45º + 1

sec 30º sec 60º
Hence, A = 45º and B = 15º Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2012]
If cos Â - B h = 23 and sin Â + B h = 23 , find A and

1
78.
We have cos 45º + 1 = 2
+1
B , where Â + B h and Â - B h are acute angles. sec 30º sec 60º 2
2
3
Sol :
= 1 # 3 +1
[Board Term-1 2012]
3 = cos 30º 2 2 2
We have cos Â - B h =
2
= 6 +1 = 6 +2
A - B = 30º ...(1) 4 2 4
Also sin Â + B h = 3 = sin 60º 83. If sin f = 1 , show that 3 cos f - 4 cos3 f = 0 .
2 2
Sol : [Board 2010]
A + B = 60º ...(2)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain, We have sin f = 1
2
^1 - cos Ah
2 95. If tan ^3x + 30ºh = 1 then find the value of x.
=
sin2 A Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
= 1 - cos A = 1 - cos A We have tan ^3x + 30ºh = 1 = tan 45º

sin A sin A sin A
3x + 30º = 45º
= cosec A - cot A Hence Proved.
x = 5º
91. If sin q - cos q = 1 , then find the value of sin q + cos q .
2 96. What happens to value of cos q when q increases from
Sol : [Board Term-1 2013] 0º to 90º.
We have sin q - cos q = 1 Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
2
Squaring both sides, we get cos q decreases from 1 to q .
1 2
^sin q - cos qh = b 2 l
2
97. If A and B are acute angles and sin A = cos B, then
find the value of A + B .
sin2 q + cos2 q - 2 sin q cos q = 1
4
1 - 2 sin q cos q = 1 We have sin A = cos B
4
2 sin q cos q = 1 - 1 = 3 sin A = sin ^90º - B h
4 4
A = 90º - B
Again, ^sin q + cos qh2 = sin2 q + cos2 q + 2 sin q cos q
A + B = 90º
= 1 + 2 sin q cos q
= 1+ 3 = 7 PRACTICE
4 4
 If A and B are acute angles and cosec A = sec B,
Thus sin q + cos q = 7 = 7 then find the value of A + B .
4 2
[Board Term-1 2013]
92. If q be an acute angle and 5 cosec q = 7 , then evaluate Ans : 90º
sin q + cos2 q - 1.
We have 5 cosec q = 7
cosec q = 7
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
5
sin q = 5 98. If A = 60c and B = 30c, verify that :
7
sin q + cos q - 1 = sin q - ^1 - cos qh
2 2 sin Â + B h = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= sin q - sin2 q [sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1] Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
LHS = sin Â + B h = sin ^60c + 30ch

= 5 - b 5 l = 35 - 25 = 10
2
7 7 49 49 = sin 90c = 1
93.
2 2
The value of the (tan 60c + sin 45c) is ........ . =1
RHS = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
tan2 60c + sin2 45c = ( 3 ) 2 + c 1 m
2
= sin 60c cos 30c + cos 60c sin 30c
2
1
= 3+ = 7 3 3 +1 1
=
2 2 2 # 2 2#2
Evaluate sin2 60c - 2 tan 45c - cos2 30c =3+1

94. 4 4
Sol : [Board 2019 OD] =4
2 2 4
sin2 60c - 2 tan 45c - cos2 30c = c 3 - 2 (1) - 3
2 m c 2 m = 1 = L.H.S.
LHS = RHS Hence verified
= 3 - 2 - 3 =- 2
4 4
106. Show that :

cos2 (45c + q) + cos2 (45c - q)
=1 108. Prove that : cot q + cosec q - 1 = 1 + cot q
tan (60c + q) tan (30c - q) cot q - cosec q + 1 sin q
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard] Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
cos2 (45c + q) + cos2 (45c - q) LHS = cot q + cosec q - 1

LHS = cot q - cosec q + 1
tan (60c + q) tan (30c - q)
cos q
+ sin1 q - 1
cos2 (45c + q) + sin2 (90c - 45c + q) = sin q
= cos q
- sin1 q + 1
tan (60c + q) cot (90c - 30c + q) sin q
sin q (cos q + 1 - sin q)
cos2 (45c + q) + sin2 (45c + q) =
= sin q (cos q - 1 + sin q)
tan (60c + q) cot (60c + q) 2
= sin q cos q + sin q - sin q
= 1 = 1 = RHS sin q (cos q + sin q - 1)
1
sin q cos q + sin q - (1 - cos2 q)
107. The rod of TV disc antenna is fixed at right angles =
sin q (cos q + sin q - 1)
to wall AB and a rod CD is supporting the disc as
shown in Figure. If AC = 1.5 m long and CD = 3 m , sin q (cos q + 1) - (1 - cos2 q)
=
find (i) tan q (ii) sec q + cosec q . sin q (cos q + sin q - 1)
(1 + cos q) (sin q - 1 + cos q)
=
sin q (cos q + sin q - 1)
= 1 + cos q = RHS
sin q
109. If sin q + cos q = 2 prove that tan q + cot q = 2

Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard, SQP 2018]
We have sin q + cos q = 2

Squaring both the sides, we get
(sin q + cos q) 2 = ( 2 ) 2
sin2 q + cos2 q + 2 sin q cos q = 2
1 + 2 sin q cos q = 2
2 sin q cos q = 1
From the given information we draw the figure as
below sin q cos q = 1 ...(1)
2
Now tan q + cot q = sin q + cos q
cos q sin q
2 2
= sin q + cos q
cos q sin q
= 1 = 11 = 2 = RHS
sin q cos q 2
PRACTICE
In right angle triangle TCAD , applying Pythagoras  If sin q + cos q = 3, then prove that
theorem, tan q + cot q = 1.
AD2 + AC2 = DC2 [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
2 2
AD + (1.5) = (3) 2 Ans : Proof
AD2 = 9 - 2.25 = 6.75

AD = 6.75 = 2.6 m (Approx) 110. If 1 + sin2 q = 3 sin q cos q , prove that tan q = 1 or ½.
(i) tan q = AC = 1.5 = 15 Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]

AD 2.6 26 2
We have, 1 + sin q = 3 sin q cos q
(ii) sec q + cosec q = CD + CD = 3 + 3 = 41 2
AD AC 2.6 1.5 13 Dividing by sin q on both sides, we get
116. If in a triangle ABC right angled at B, AB = 6 119. In the given +PQR, right-angled at Q, QR = 9 cm
units and BC = 8 units, then find the value of and PR - PQ = 1 cm. Determine the value of
sin A cos C + cos A sin C . sin R + cos R.
As per question statement figure is shown below.
We have AC2 = 82 + 62 = 100 Using Pythagoras theorem we have
AC = 10 cm PQ2 + QR2 = PR2

PQ2 + 92 = ^PQ + 1h2
Now sin A = BC = 8 ;
AC 10
PQ2 + 81 = ^PQ + 1h2
cos A = AB = 6
AC 10 PQ2 + 81 = PQ2 + 1 + 2PQ
and sin C = AB = 6 ; PQ = 40
AC 10
Since PR - PQ = 1, thus,
cos C = BC = 8
AC 10
PR = 1 + 40 = 41
Thus sin A cos C + cos A sin C = 8 # 8 + 6 # 6
10 10 10 10 sin R + cos R = 40 + 9 = 49
41 41 41
= 64 + 36 = 100 = 1
100 100 100 1 - cos q = sin q , for q = 60º
120. Verify :
2 2 2 1 + cos q 1 + cos q
117. Evaluate : 5 cos 60º + 4 cos 30º - tan 45º
sin2 30º + cos2 60º
Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2013] LHS = 1 - cos q = 1 - cos 60º
1 + cos q 1 + cos 60º
5 cos2 60º + 4 cos2 30º - tan2 45º
sin2 30º + cos2 60º 1 - 12 1
1 1
= 1 = 3 = bcos 60º = 2 l
2
1+ 2 3
5 ^ h + 4 _ i - ^1 h
3 2
1 2 2 2
=
2 2
RHS = sin q = sin 60 º
^2h +^2h
1 2 1 2
1 + cos q 1 + cos 60º
5
+3-1 3 3
= 4 1 1 = 2
= 2
= 1
4 + 4 1 + 12 3
2 3
5
+ 2 13
= 4 1 = 14 = 13 RHS = LHS
2 2
2
Hence, relation is verified for q = 60º.
118. If cos ^40º + x h = sin 30º, find the value of x .
121. If tan A + cot A = 2, then find the value of
tan2 A + cot2 A.
We have
cos ^40º - x h = sin 30º
We have tan A + cot A = 2
cos ^40º + x h = sin ^90º - 60ºh
Squaring both sides, we have
cos ^40º + x h = cos 60º
^tan A + cot Ah = ^2h2
2
40º + x = 60º
tan2 A + cot2 A + 2 tan A cot A = 4
x = 60º - 40º = 20º 1
tan2 A + cot2 A + 2 tan A # =4
Thus x = 20º . tan A
or, cos q = a cos q 1 2

^cot q - cosec qh = b sin q - sin q l
2
b
= b cos q - 1 l
2
AC = b2 - a2
sin q
b a
Now cosec q =
b - a2
2
, cot q =
b - a2
2 ^1 - cos qh2
= [[sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1]]
sin2 q
b+a = b+a
cosec q + cot q = ^1 - cos qh
2
b2 - a2 b-a
=
^1 - cos qh
2
Prove that : sin q - 2 sin3 q = tan q

127. 3 ^1 - cos qh (1 - cos q)
2 cos - cos q =
^1 - cos qh^1 + cos qh
Sol : [Bard Term-1 2015]
= 1 - cos q Hence Proved.
sin q - 2 sin3 q = sin q ^1 - 2 sin qh
2
1 + cos q
2 cos3 - cos q cos q ^2 cos2 q - 1h 130. Prove that :
sin q ^sin2 q + cos2 q - 2 sin2 qh
= ^cosec q - sin qh^sec q - cos qh^tan q + cot qh = 1
cos q ^2 cos2 q - sin2 q - cos2 qh
tan q ^cos2 q - sin2 qh
= LHS = ^cosec q - sin qh^sec q - cos qh^tan q + cot qh
^cos q - sin qh
2 2
= tan q = b 1 - sin q lb 1 - cos q lb sin q + cos q l

sin q cos q cos q sin q
2 2 2 2
128. When is an equation called ‘an identity’. Prove the = c 1 - sin q mc 1 - cos q mc sin q + cos q m
trigonometric identity 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A . sin q cos q sin q. cos q
2 2
= cos q # sin q # b 1
sin q cos q l
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] [sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1]
sin q cos q
Equations that are true no matter what value is
= cos q sin q # 1 =1
plugged in for the variable. On simplifying an identity sin q cos q
equation, one always get a true statement. Consider
the triangle shown below. cosec2 q - cosec2 q = 2 sec2 q
131. Prove that :
cosec q - 1 cosec q + 1
We have
cosec2 q - cosec2 q = cosec2 q 1 1
cosec q - 1 cosec q + 1 ; 1 - 1 - 1 + 1E
sin q sin q
= cosec2 q : sin q - sin q D

1 - sin q 1 + sin q
^1 + sin qh - ^1 - sin qh
= 12 sin q > H
sin q ^1 - sin qh^1 + sin qh
Let tan q = P and sec q = H
B B = 1 ; 2 sin q2 E
sin q 1 - sin q
H2 = P2 + B2
2 = 22 = 2 sec2 q Hence Proved
1 + tan2 q = 1 + b P l = 1 + P 2
2
Now cos q
B B
2 2 2 132. Prove that :
= B +2 P = H2
B B 1 - 1 = 1 - 1 .
H 2 cosec A - cot A sin A sin A cosec A + cot A
= b l = sec2 q Hence Proved.
B Sol : [Board Term-1 2011]
1 - 1 = 1 - 1
129. Prove that : ^cot q - cosec qh2 = 1 - cos q cosec A - cot A sin A sin A cosec A + cot A
1 + cos q
1 + 1 = 1 + 1
cosec A - cot A cosec A + cot A sin A sin A
cot q - cosec q = cos q - 1 1 + 1 = 2
sin q sin q cosec A - cot A cosec A + cot A sin A
sec2 A - 1 = sec2 A - 1 = 1 + sec q cosec q

=
sec2 A sec A
= RHS Hence Proved
(2) tan A = sin A = sin A sec A
cos A 140. If sin q + cos q = 3 , then prove that tan q + cot q = 1.
= sec2 A - 1
sec A # sec A Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
= 2
sec A - 1 We have sin q + cos q = 3
Squaring both the sides, we get
(3) cosec A = 1 = sec A
sin A sec2 A - 1 (sin q + cos q) 2 = ( 3 ) 2
sin2 q + cos2 q + 2 sin q cos q = 3
cos2 (45c + q) + cos2 (45c - q) 1 + 2 sin q cos q = 3
138. Show that : =1
tan (60c + q) tan (30c - q)
2 sin q cos q = 3 - 1 = 2
sin q cos q = 1 ...(1)
cos2 (45c + q) + cos2 (45c - q)
LHS =
tan (60c + q) tan (30c - q) Now tan q + cot q = sin q + cos q
cos q sin q
cos2 (45c + q) + sin2 (90c - 45c + q) 2 2
=
tan (60c + q) cot (90c - 30c + q) = sin q + cos q
sin q cos q
cos2 (45c + q) + sin2 (45c + q) 1
= or tan q + cot q =
tan (60c + q) cot (60c + q) sin q cos q
Substituting the value of sin q cos q from equation (1)
= 1 = 1 = RHS
1 we have
tan q + cot q = 1 = 1
1
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS Hence, tan q + cot q = 1
139. Prove that : tan q + cot q = 1 + sec q cosec q 141. If sec q = x + 1 , x ! 0 find ^sec q + tan qh .
1 - cot q 1 - tan q 4x
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard] Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi]
LHS = tan q + cot q We have sec q = x + 1 ...(1)

1 - cot q 1 - tan q 4x
1
Since, tan2 q = sec2 q - 1
= tan q1 + tan q
1 - tan q 1 - tan q
2
Substituting value of sec q we have
= tan q + 1 2
tan q - 1 tan q (1 - tan q) tan2 q = c x + 1 m - 1
4x
= tan2 q - 1
tan q - 1 tan q (tan q - 1) = x2 + 2x + 1 2 - 1 = x2 + 1 2 - 1
4x 16x 16x 2
= tan3 q - 1 2
tan q (tan q - 1) = cx - 1 m
4x
(tan q - 1) (tan2 q + 1 + tan q)
=
tan q (tan q - 1) tan q = ! e x - 1 o
4x
2
= tan q + 1 + tan q 1
tan q When sec q = x + and tan q = x - 1 we have
4x 4x
= tan q + cot q + 1 1 1 m = 2x
sec q + tan q = c x + m + cx -
4x 4x
= sin q + cos q + 1
cos q sin q
When sec q = x + 1 and tan q = - c x - 1 m we have
2 2 4x 4x
= sin q + cos q + 1
sin q cos q
sec q + tan q = c x + 1 m + '- c x - 1 m1
1 4x 4x
= +1
sin q cos q
= x+ 1 -x+ 1 = 2 = 1
= cosec q sec q + 1 4x 4x 4x 2x
^ 3 + 1h^ 3 + 1h Now, ^sec q + cosec qh2 - sin2 q

=
^ 3 - 1h^ 3 + 1h = ^sec 45º + cosec 45ºh2 - sin2 45º
=^ 2 + 2h -c 1 m
2
= 3 + 22 3 + 1 = 4 + 2 3
2
^ 3 h - ^1 h2 2 2
= ^2 2 h - = 8 - 1 = 15
1
2
= 2+ 3 2 2 2
Hence tan 75º = 2 + 3 151. If 3 cot2 q - 4 cot q + 3 = 0 , then find the value of
(ii) tan 90º = tan ^60º + 30ºh cot2 q + tan2 q.
= tan 60º + tan 30º Sol : [Board 2009]

1 - tan 60º tan 30º 2
We have 3 cot q - 4 cot q + 3 =0
3+1
3 + 13 3 Let cot q = x , then we have
= =
1 - 3 # 13 0 3 x2 - 4x + 3 =0
2
Hence, tan 90º = 3 3 x - 3x - x + 3 =0
^x - 3 h^ 3x - 1h = 0
148. Evaluate :
x = 3 or 1
sin2 30º cos2 45º + 4 tan2 30º + 1 sin 90º - 2 cos2 90º + 1 3
2 24
Sol : [Board Term-1 2013] Thus cot q = 3 or cot q = 1
3
sin 30º cos 45º + 4 tan 30º + 1 sin 90º - 2 cos2 90º + 1
2 2 2
Therefore q = 30º or q = 60º
2 24
1 2
= b l #c 1 2
1 2
1
+ ^1 h - 2 ^ 0 h + 1 If q = 30º, then
2m
+ 4c
3m 2
2
2 24
cot2 30º + tan2 30º = ^ 3 h + c 1 m
2 2
= 1 b 1 l + 4b 1 l + 1 + 1 = 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 3
4 2 3 2 24 8 3 2 24
= 3+ =1 10
= 3 + 32 + 12 + 1 = 48 =2 3 3
24 24 If q = 60º, then
Evaluate : 4 ^sin 4 30º + cos 4 60ºh - 3 ^cos2 45 - sin2 90ºh cot2 60º + tan2 60º = c 1 m + ^ 3 h
2 2
149.
3
= + 3 = 10 .
1
4 ^sin 4 30º + cos 4 60ºh - 3 ^cos2 45 - sin2 90ºh 3 3
= 4 ;b 1 l + b 1 l E - 3 =c 1 m - ^1 h2G
4 4 2
152. Evaluate the following :
2 2 2 2 cos2 60º + 3 sec2 30º - 2 tan2 45º
1 1
= 4 : + D - 3 : - 1D 1 sin2 30º + cos2 45º
16 16 2
= 4 b 2 l - 3 b- 1 l
2 cos2 60º + 3 sec2 30º - 2 tan2 45º = ^ 2 h
16 2 2 1 2
+ 3 ` 23 j2 - 2 ^1 h2
sin2 30º + cos2 45º ^2h +` 2 j
1 2 1 2
1 3
= + = =2 4
2 2 2
2 ^ 12 h2 + 3 _ i - 2 ^1 h
2 2
3
2
=
If 15 tan2 q + 4 sec2 q = 23, then find the value of ^2h +_ i
1 2 1 2
150.
2
^sec q + cosec qh - sin q .
2 2
2
+4-2
= 4 1 1 = 10
Sol : [Board Term-1 2012] 4 + 2
3
2 2
We have 15 tan q + 4 sec q = 23 tan q + cot q
153. Prove that : = 1 + tan q + cot q.
15 tan2 q + 4 ^tan2 q + 1h = 23 1 - cot q 1 - tan q
15 tan2 q + 4 tan2 q + 4 = 23 Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
1
19 tan2 q = 19 tan q + cot q = tan q + tan q
1 - cot q 1 - tan q 1 - tan1 q 1 - tan q
tan q = 1 = tan 45º 2
= tan q + 1
Thus q = 45º tan q - 1 ^1 - tan qh tan q
Sol : [Board 2010]

163. If a cos q + b sin q = m and a sin q - b cos q = n, prove
sin q
tan q + sin q = + sin q
cos q that m2 + n2 = a2 + b2
tan q - sin q sin q
- sin q
cos q Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
sin q ^ cos1 q + 1h
= We have
sin q ^ cos1 q - 1h
m2 = a2 cos2 q + 2ab sin q cos q + b2 sin2 q ...(1)
= sec q + 1
sec q - 1 and, n2 = a2 sin2 q - 2ab sin q cos q + b2 cos2 q ...(2)
Hence Proved.
Adding equations (1) and (2) we get
160. Prove that : cosec A + cosec A = 2 sec2 A m2 + n2 = a2 ^cos2 q + sin2 qh + b2 ^cos2 q + sin2 qh
cosec A - 1 cosec A + 1
Sol : [Board Term-1 2011] = a 2 ^1 h + b2 ^1 h
cosec A + cosec A = a2 + b2
cosec A - 1 cosec A + 1
2 2
= cosec A + cosec A + cosec A - cosec A If cos q + sin q = p and sec q + cosec q = q, prove that
^cosec A - 1h^cosec A + 1h
164.
2
q ^p2 - 1h = 2p
= 2 cosec A = 2 cosec2 A
2
cosec A - 1 cot2 A Sol : [Board Term-1 2014]
2
2 sin2 A We have cos q + sin q = p and sec q + cosec q = q
= sin2 A
=
q ^p2 - 1h = ^sec q + cosec qh [^cos q + sin qh2 - 1]
2 #
cos2 A
sin2 A
sin A cos2 A
2 = 2 sec2 A
= Hence Proved. = ^sec q + cosec qh^cos2 q + sin2 q + 2 sin q cos q - 1h
cos2 A
p2 - 1 = ^sec q + cosec qh [1 + 2 sin q cos q - 1]
161. If cosec q + cot q = p, then prove that cos q = .
p2 + 1 = b 1 + 1 l^2 sin q cos qh
cos q sin q
2
p -1 ^cosec q + cot qh - 1
2 = b sin q + cos q l 2 sin q cos q
= cos q sin q
p2 + 1 ^cosec q + cot qh + 1
2
2 2
= 2 ^sin q + cos qh = 2p Hence Proved.
= cosec2 q + cot2 q + 2 cosec q cot q - 1
cosec q + cot q + 2 cosec q cot q + 1 165. If x = r sin A cos C, y = r sin A sin C and z = r cos A,
= 1 + cot2 q + cot2 q + 2 cosec q cot q - 1 then prove that x2 + y2 + z2 = r2
cosec2 q + cosec2 q - 1 + 2 cosec q cot q + 1
Sol :
2 cot q ^cot q + cosec qh
[Board Term-1 2011]
= 2 2 2
x = r sin A cos C 2
2 cosec q ^cosec q + cot qh Since,
= cos q # sin q = cos q y2 = r2 sin2 A sin2 C

sin q
and z2 = r2 cos2 A
2 3
162. Prove that : cos q + sin q = 1 + sin q cos q. x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 sin2 A cos2 C + r2 sin2 A sin2 C + r2 cos2 A
1 - tan q sin q - cos q
Sol : [Board 2007]
= r2 sin2 A ^cos2 C + sin2 C h + r2 cos2 A
cos2 q + sin3 q = r2 sin2 A + r2 cos2 A
1 - tan q sin q - cos q
= r2 ^sin2 A + cos2 Ah
2 3
= cossinqq + sin q
= r2 Hence Proved.
1 - cos q sin q - cos q
= cos3 q - sin3 q 1 + sin q + 1 - sin q = 2 sec q .
cos q - sin q cos q - sin q 166. Prove that:
1 - sin q 1 + sin q
3 3
= cos q - sin q Sol : [Board Term-1 2017]
cos q - sin q
1 + sin q + 1 - sin q
^cos q - sin qh^cos q + sin q + sin q cos qh
2 2
1 - sin q 1 + sin q
=
^cos q - sin qh ^1 + sin qh ^1 + sin qh ^1 - sin qh ^1 - sin qh
= +
^1 - sin qh ^1 + sin qh ^1 + sin qh ^1 - sin qh
= 1 + sin q cos q Hence Proved # #
2 1 + 2 sin A + cos2 A +
sin2 q + cos2 q = c 1 m + e 5 o
2
(2) = sin2 A +
cos2 A cos A
6 6
1 5 6 + 12 + 2 cos A
= + = sin A sin A
6 6 6
=1 Hence proved. = sin2 A + cos2 A + 12 + 12 +
sin A cos A
+ 2 b sin A + cos A l
172. If sec q + tan q = p, show that sec q - tan q = 1 , cos A sin A
p
Hence, find the values of cos q and sin q. 2
+ cos2 A + 2 sin2 A + cos2 A
= 1 + sin A c sin A cos A m
sin A cos2 A
2
= 1+ 1 + 2
We have sec q + tan q = p (1)
sin2 A cos2 A sin A cos A
1 = 1 (sec q - tan q) 1 2
= b1 +
sin A cos A l
Now
p sec q + tan q # (sec q - tan q)
= sec2 q - tan2q = sec q - tan q = ^1 + sec A cosec Ah2 Hence Proved
sec q - tan q
or 1 = sec q - tan q (2) 175. If ^sec A + tan Ah^sec B + tan B h^sec C + tan C h
p
= ^sec A - tan Ah^sec B - tan B h^sec C - tan C h
Solving sec q + tan q = p and sec q - tan q = 1 , Prove that each of the side is equal to ! 1.
p
p2 + 1 Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
sec q = 1 b p + 1 l =
2 p 2p We have
2p
Thus cos q = 2
p +1 ^sec A + tan Ah^sec B + tan B h^sec C + tan C h
p2 - 1 = ^sec A - tan Ah^sec B - tan B h^sec C - tan C h
and tan q = 1 b p - 1 l =
2 p 2p Multiply both sides by
and
p2 - 1
sin q = tan q cos q = 2 ^sec A - tan Ah^sec B - tan B h^sec C - tan C h
p +1
or, ^sec A + tan Ah^sec B + tan B h^sec C + tan C h #
Prove that : ^cosec q + cot qh2 = sec q + 1
^sec A - tan Ah^sec B - tan B h^sec C - tan C h
173.
sec q - 1
Sol : = ^sec A - tan Ah2 ^sec B - tan B h2 ^sec C - tan C h2
^cosec q + cot qh = cosec q + cot q + 2 cosec q. cot q
2 2 2
or, ^sec2 A - tan2 Ah^sec2 B - tan2 B h^sec2 C - tan2 C h
= b 1 l + b cos q l + 2 # 1 # cos q
2 2
sin q sin q sin q sin q = ^sec A - tan Ah2 ^sec A - tan B h2 ^sec C - tan C h2
2
or, 1 = 8^sec A - tan Ah^sec B - tan B h^sec C - tan C hB2
= 12 + cos2 q + 2 cos2 q
sin q sin q sin q
or, ^sec A - tan Ah^sec B - tan B h^sec C + tan C h = ! 1
^1 + cos qh
2 2
= 1 + cos q 2+ 2 cos q =
sin q 2
1 - cos q 176. If 4 sin q = 3, find the value of x if
^1 + cos q h^1 + cos q h cosec2 q - cot2 q + 2 cot q = 7 + cos q
=
^1 + cos qh^1 - cos qh sec2 q - 1 x
1 + sec1 q Sol : [Board 2009]
= 1 + cos q =
1 - cos q 1 - sec1 q We have sin q = 3
4
= sec q + 1 Hence Prove.
sec q - 1 or, sin2 q = 9
16
174. Prove that : Since sin2 q + cos2 = 1, we have
^sin A + sec Ah + ^cos A + cosec Ah = ^1 + sec A cosec Ah
2 2 2
cos2 q = 1 - sin2 q = 1 - 9 = 7
16 16
LHS = ^sin A + sec Ah2 + ^cos A + cosec Ah2 cos q = 7

4
= b sin A + 1 2 + cos A + 1 2
cos A l b sin A l
3
and tan q = sin q = 4
= 3
cos q 7
7
4
= cos2 a c 1 Evaluate :
cos2 b sin2 b m
184.
cos2 b
sin2 30º cos2 45º + 4 tan2 30º + 1 sin 90º - 2 cos2 90º + 1
2 2 24
= cos 2 a = n2 Hence Proved.
sin b Sol : [Board Term-1 2013]
If 7 cosec f - 3 cot f = 7, prove that sin2 30º cos2 45º + 4 tan2 30º + 1 sin 90º - 2 cos2 90º + 1
181. 2 24
7 cot f - 3 cosec f = 3. 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
= b l #c + ^1 h2 - 2 ^0 h +
2m
+ 4c
2 3m 2 24
We have 7 cosec f - 3 cot f = 7 = 1 b 1 l + 4b 1 l + 1 + 1

4 2 3 2 24
7 cosec f - 7 = 3 cot f
= 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 = 3 + 32 + 12 + 1 = 48 = 2
8 3 2 24 24 24
7 ^cosec f - 1h = 3 cot f
7 ^cosec f - 1h^cosec f + 1h = 3 cot f ^cosec f + 1h 185. Evaluate : 4 ^sin 4 30º + cos 4 60ºh - 3 ^cos2 45 - sin2 90ºh
7 ^cosec2 f - 1h = 3 cot f ^cosec f + 1h Sol : [Board Term-1 2013]
7 cot2 f = 3 cot f ^cosec f + 1h 4 ^sin 30º + cos 60ºh - 3 ^cos 45 - sin 90ºh
4 4 2 2
7 cot f = 3 ^cosec f + 1h
= 4 ;b 1 l + b 1 l E - 3 =c 1 m - ^1 h2G
4 4 2
2 2 2
7 cot f - 3 cosec f = 3 Hence Proved
1 1
= 4 : + D - 3 : - 1D 1
16 16 2
182. Prove that : cos q - sin q + 1 = cosec q + cot q
cos q + sin q - 1
Sol : = 4 b 2 l - 3 b- 1 l = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2
[Board SQP 2018] 16 2 2 2 2
LHS = cos q - sin q + 1 186. Evaluate the following :
cos q + sin q - 1
2 cos2 60º + 3 sec2 30º - 2 tan2 45º
sin q ^cos q - sin q + 1h sin2 30º + cos2 45º
=
sin q ^cos q + sin q - 1h Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
2
= sin q cos q - sin q + sin q 2 cos2 60º + 3 sec2 30º - 2 tan2 45º = ^ 2 h
2 1 2
+ 3 ` 23 j2 - 2 ^1 h2
sin q ^cos q + sin q - 1h
sin2 30º + cos2 45º ^2h +` 2 j
1 2 1 2
sin q cos q + sin q - ^1 - cos2 qh
=
sin q ^cos q + sin q - 1h 2 ^ 12 h2 + 3 _ i - 2 ^1 h
2 2
3
2
=
sin q ^cos q + 1h - 8^1 - cos qh^1 + cos qhB ^2h +_ i
1 2 1 2
2
=
sin q ^cos q + sin q - 1h 2
+4-2
= 4 1 1 = 10
^1 + cos qh^sin q - 1 + cos qh 4 + 2
3
=
sin q ^cos q + sin q - 1h PRACTICE
^1 + cos qh^cos q + sin q - 1h 2
4 cos2 30º - tan2 45º
=
sin q ^cos q + sin q - 1h  Evaluate : 5 cos 60º +
sin 30º + cos2 60º
2
= 1 + cos q = 1 + cos q [Board Term-1 2013]

sin q sin q sin q Ans : 13
2
= cosec q + cot q Hence Proved

187. In the given figure, if AD = 7 3 m, then find the
183. Evaluate : value of BC .
tan2 30º sin 30º + cos 60º sin2 90º tan2 60º - 2 tan 45º cos2 0º sin 90º
tan2 30º sin 30º + cos 60º sin2 90º tan2 60º - 2 tan 45º cos2 0º sin 90º
= c 1 m # 1 + 1 # ^1 h2 # ^ 3 h - 2 # 1 # 12 # 1
2 2
3 2 2
= #1+1#3-2
1
3 2 2
= + - 2 = 1 + 9 - 12 = - 2 = - 1
1 3
6 2 6 6 3
Based on the following figure related to sky sailing, out just as far. The construction crew uses the tower
answer the questions: crane to lift steel, concrete, large tools like acetylene
torches and generators, and a wide variety of other
building materials.
(i) In the given figure, if sin i = cos (3i - 30c), where

i and 3i - 30c acute angles, then find the value
of i .
(ii) What should be the length of the rope of the
kite sail in order to pull the ship at the angle i
calculated above and be at a vertical height of A crane stands on a level ground. It is represented by
200 m? a tower AB , of height 24 m and a jib BR . The jib
Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard] is of length 16 m and can rotate in a vertical plane
about B . A vertical cable, RS , carries a load S . The
(i) We have sin i = cos (3i - 30c)
diagram shows current position of the jib, cable and
Writing sin i = cos (90c - i) we have load.
cos (90c - i) = cos (3i - 30c)
Comparing angle we have
90c - i = 3i - 30c
90c + 30c = 3i + i & 4i = 120c
4i = 120c & i = 30c
(ii) We make the figure as given below.
In triangle 9ABC we have

(i) What is the distance BS ?
AB
sin i = AC (ii) What is the angle that the jib, BR , makes with
200 the horizontal ?
sin 30c = AC
(iii) What is the measure of the angle BRS ?
1 200
2 = AC & AC = 400 m. (iv) Now the jib BR , has been rotated and the length
Thus length of rope is 400 mm RS is increased. The load is now on the ground
at a point 8 m from A. What is the angle through
190. Tower cranes are a common fixture at any major which the jib has been rotated ?
construction site. They’re pretty hard to miss -- they
(v) What is the length by which RS has been
often rise hundreds of feet into the air, and can reach
increased?
Sol :
Now sin 45c = r

149
1 = r
2 149
tan 60c = h
50
r = 149 = 149 # 2
2
2 3 = h
149 1 . 414 50
= #
2 h = 150 # 3
= 105 million kilometre
= 150 # 1.732 = 259.8 m
201. Cyclometer : Meteorologists find the height of a cloud
202. Area of an Isosceles Triangle : Consider the following
using an instrument called a ceilometer. It consists of
isosceles triangle. The length of each of the two equal
a light projector that directs a vertical light beam up
sides of the triangle is a , and each of the base angles
to the cloud base and a light detector that scans the
has a measure of q . Verify that the area of the triangle
cloud to detect the light beam.
is A = a2 sin q cos q .
Sol :
On July 2, 2021, at Midway Airport in Mumbai, a

ceilometer was employed to find the height of the
cloud cover. It was set up with its light detector 50
meter from its light projector. If the angle of elevation
from the light detector to the base of the cloud was
60°, what was the height of the cloud cover?
Sol :
Let h be the height of the cloud from ground. We
draw a diagram of the situation as shown below.
Chap 8 Introduction of Trigonometry Page 313
b
Now cos q = 2
a
b = cos q
2
b = 2 cos q
sin q = h
a
h = a sin q
A = 1#b#h
2
= 1 (2a cos q) (a sin q)
2
= a2 sin q cos q
***********
Page 320 Some Applications of Trigonometry Chap 9
CHAPTER 9
Some Applications of Trigonometry
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. If the angle of depression of an object from a 75 m

high tower is 30c, then the distance of the object from
the tower is
(a) 25 3 m (b) 50 3 m
(c) 75 3 m (d) 150 m
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015] Thus (a) is correct option.
We have tan 30c = AB 3. A tree casts a shadow 15 m long on the level of
OB
ground, when the angle of elevation of the sun is 45c.
1 = 75
OB The height of a tree is
3
(a) 10 m (b) 14 m
OB = 75 3 m
(c) 8 m (d) 15 m
Let BC be the tree of height h meter. Let AB be the

shadow of tree.
2. If the height and length of the shadow of a man are

equal, then the angle of elevation of the sun is,
(a) 45c (b) 60c
(c) 90c (d) 120c
In TABC , CB = 90c
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2012] BC = tan 45c
Let AB be the height of a man and BC be the shadow BA
of a man. BC = AB = 15 m
AB = BC Thus (d) is correct option.
In TABC , tan q = AB 4. The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is
BC
1 : 3 then the angle of elevation of the sun is
AB = tan q
AB (a) 90c (b) 45c
tan q = 1 & q = 45c (c) 30c (d) 75c
sin q = 15
17
In 3 ABC , sin q = BC
AB
15 = BC & BC = 75 m
17 85
Thus height of kite is 75 m.
9. The top of two poles of height 20 m and 14 m are

connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle of
In 3 ABC , we have 30c with the horizontal, then the length of the wire is
sin 30c = AB (a) 12 m (b) 10 m
AC
1 = AB (c) 8 m (d) 6 m
2 AC
Sol : [Board 2018]
1 = AB & AB = 10 m
2 20 Height of big pole CD = 20 m
Hence, the height of the pole is 10 m. Height of small pole AB = 14 m
8. The length of a string between a kite and a point on

the ground is 85 m. If the string makes an angle q
with level ground such that tan q = 158 , then the height
of kite is
(a) 75 m (b) 78.05 m
(c) 226 m (d) None of these
Length of the string of the kite,

AB = 85 m
and tan q = 15
8
cot q = 8
15
cosec2 q - 1 = 64 DE = CD - CE
225
= CD - AB [AB = CE ]
cosec2 q = 1 + 64 = 289
225 225
= 20 - 14 = 6 m
In 3 BDE , sin 30c = DE

BD
1 = 6 & BD = 12 m
2 BD
Thus length of wire is 12 m.
10. An observer, 1.5 m tall is 20.5 away from a tower

22 m high, then the angle of elevation of the top of
the tower from the eye of observer is
(a) 30c (b) 45c
cosec q = 289 = 17 (c) 60c (d) 90c
225 15
AC = 1 & AC = 7 m 14. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of

7 the bottom and the top of a transmission tower fixed
BE = AC = 7 m at the top of a 20 m high building are 45c and 60c
From 3 EBD , we have respectively, then the height of the tower is
(a) 14.64 m (b) 28.64 m
tan 60c = DE
BE (c) 38.64 m (d) 19.64 m
DE = 3 & DE = 7 3 m Sol :
7
Let the height of the building be BC , BC = 20 m and
Height of the tower = ^7 + 7 3 h = 7 ^ 3 + 1h
height of the tower be CD Let the point A be at a
= 7 ^1.732 + 1h = 7 # 2.732 distance y from the foot of the building.
= 19.124 m
13. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from the

points P and Q at distance of a and b respectively
from the base and in the same straight line with it, are
complementary. The height of the tower is
(a) ab (b) ab
(c) a (d) b
b a
Sol :
Let AB be the tower. Let C and D be two points at BC
Now, in 3 ABC , = tan 45c = 1
distance a and b respectively from the base of the AB
tower. 20 = 1 & y = 20 m
y
i.e. AB = 20 m
Now, in 3 ABC , BD = tan 60c = 3
AB
BD = 3
AB
20 + x = 3
20
20 + x = 20 3
x = 20 3 - 20
= 20 # 0.732 = 14.64 m
In 3 ABC , tan q = AB 15. Assertion : In the figure, if BC = 20 m , then height

AC AB is 11.56 m.
tan q = h ...(1)
a
In 3 ABD , tan ^90c - qh = AB
AD
cot q = h ...(2)
b
From equation (1) and (2), we have
tan q # cot q = h # h
a b
2
1 = h & h = ab perpendicular
ab Reason : tan q = AB = where q is the
BC base
angle +ACB .
In TACB with +C = 60c, we get

cos 60c = 2.5
AC
1 = 2.5
2 AC
AC = 2 # 2.5
=5 m
22. In the adjoining figure, the positions of observer and

object are marked. The angle of depression is ..........
DE = CD - CE
= CD - AB [AB = CE ]
= 20 - 14 = 6 m
Sol : [Board 2008]
30c In 3 BDE , sin 30c = DE

BD
1 = 6 & BD = 12 m
23. If the angle of depression of an object from a 75 m 2 BD
high tower is 30c, then what is the distance of the Thus length of wire is 12 m.
object from the tower?
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2017 25. If the height and length of the shadow of a man are
equal, then find the angle of elevation of the sun.
We have tan 30c = AB
OB Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
1 = 75 Let AB be the height of a man and BC be the shadow
3 OB
of a man.
OB = 75 3 m
AB = BC
In TABC , tan q = AB
BC
AB = tan q
AB
tan q = 1 & q = 45c
24. The top of two poles of height 20 m and 14 m are

connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle of 30c
with the horizontal, then find the length of the wire.
Height of big pole, CD = 20 m

Height of small pole, AB = 14 m 26. In the given figure, the positions of the observer and
the object are mentioned, find the angle of depression?
30. A pole casts a shadow of length 2 3 m on the ground,

when the Sun’s elevation is 60º. Find the height of the
pole.
Let the height of pole be h. As per given in question

we have drawn figure below.
Here AE = h - 1.7
and BC = DE = 20 3
In TADE, +E = 90º
h
Now
2 3
= tan 60º tan 30º = h - 1.7
20 3
h = 2 3 tan 60º 1 = h - 1.7
=2 3# 3 =6 m 3 20 3
h - 1.7 = 20 & h = 20 + 1.7 = 21.7 m
31. If the length of the ladder placed against a wall is
twice the distance between the foot of the ladder and 33. In the given figure, AB is a 6 m high pole and DC is
the wall. Find the angle made by the ladder with the a ladder inclined at an angle of 60c to the horizontal
horizontal. and reaches up to point D of pole. If AD = 2.54 m,
find the length of ladder. ( use 3 = 1.73 )
Let the distance between the foot of the ladder and
the wall is x , then length of the ladder will be 2x . As
per given in question we have drawn figure below.

In TABC, +B = 90º
We have AD = 2.54 m
cos A = x = 1 = cos 60º
2x 2 DB = 6 - 2.54 = 3.46 m
A = 60º In TBCD , +B = 90c
32. An observer, 1.7 m tall, is 20 3 m away from a tower. sin 60c = BD

DC
The angle of elevation from the eye of observer to the
top of tower is 30º. Find the height of tower. 3 = 3.46
2 DC
Sol :
DC = 3.46 # 2 = 3.46 = 4
Let height of the tower AB be h . As per given in 3 1.73

question we have drawn figure below. Thus length of ladder is 4 m.
37. A pole 6 m high casts a shadow 2 3 m long on the Here shadow is BC = 30 m.

ground, then find the Sun’s elevation. From TABC , we get
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] AB = tan 60c
Let the Sun’s elevation be q . As per given in question BC
we have drawn figure below. h = 3 & h = 30 3 m
30
Hence, height of tower is 30 3 m.
39. Find the angle of elevation of the top of the tower

from the point on the ground which is 30 m away from
the foot of the tower of height 10 3 m.
Let the angle of elevation of top of the tower be q .

As per given in question we have drawn figure below.
Length of pole is 6 m and length of shadow is 2 3 m.

From TABC, we have
tan q = AB = 6 = 3 = 3 = tan 60c

BC 2 3 3
q = 60c
Hence sun’s elevation is 60c.
PRACTICE
From TABC ,
 If a tower 30 m high, casts a shadow 10 3 m
long on the ground, then what is the angle of tan q = AB = 10 3 = 1 = tan 30c
BC 30 3
elevation of the sun ? Thus q = 30c
Ans : 60c Hence angle of elevation is 30c.
 In figure, a tower AB is 20 m high and BC , its

shadow on the ground, is 20 3 m long. Find the
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Sun’s altitude.
40. From the top of light house, 40 m above the water, the
angle of depression of a small boat is 60c. Find how
Ans : 30c
far the boat is from the base of the light house.
38. If the altitude of the sun is 60c, what is the height of
a tower which casts a shadow of length 30 m ? Let AB be the light house and C be the position of
the boat. As per given in question we have drawn
Sol : [Board Term-2 2011] figure below.
Let AB be the tower whose height be h . As per given
in question we have drawn figure below.
Due to alternate angles we obtain Sol : [Board Term-2 2011, Delhi 2012, 2013]
Let height of flagstaff be BD = x . As per given in

+XAC = +ACB = 60c
question we have drawn figure below.
In TABC , tan 60c = AB
BC
3 = 20
x
x = 20
3
3
= 20 c
3 m
Hence, distance between ball and foot of tower is
11.53 m.
44. If the shadow of a tower is 30 m long, when the Sun’s

elevation is 30c. What is the length of the shadow,
when Sun’s elevation is 60c ? tan 30c = AB
AP
1 = 10
As per given in question we have drawn figure below. 3 AP
Here AB is tower and BD is shadow at 60c and BC AP = 10 3
is shadow at 30c elevation.
Distance of the building from P ,
= 10 # 1.732 = 17.32 m
Now tan 45c = AD

AP
1 = +x
10
17.32
x = 17.32 - 10.00 = 7.32 m
Hence, length of flagstaff is 7.32 m.
In TABC , AB = tan 30c

BC 46. Find the length of the shadow on the ground of a pole
AB = tan 30c = 1 of height 18 m when angle of elevation q of the sun is
30 3 such that tan q = 76 .
AB = 30 = 10 3 Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard]
3
As per question we have drawn the figure below.
In TABD , AB = tan 60c
BD
10 3 = tan 60c = 3
BD
BD = 10 m
Hence the length of shadow is 10 m.
45. From a point P on the ground the angle of elevation

of the top of a 10 m tall building is 30c. A flag is
hoisted at the top the of the building and the angle
of elevation of the length of the flagstaff from P is
45c. Find the length of the flagstaff and distance of
building from point P . [Take 3 = 1.732 ] In right DABC , tan q = AB
BC

x = h ...(2)
Let OA be the electric pole and B be the point on the 3
ground to fix the pole. Let BA be x . From (1) and (2) we have
h - 50 = h
3
3 h - 50 3 = h
3 h - h = 50 3
h ^ 3 - 1h = 50 3
50 ^3 + 3h
h = 50 3 =
3 -1 2
= 25 (3 + 3 )
In TABC we have, = 75 + 25 3 = 118.25 m

Thus h = 118.25 m.
sin 45º = AB
AC
1 = 10 51. An aeroplane, when flying at a height of 4000 m from
2 AC the ground passes vertically above another aeroplane
AC = 10 2 = 10 # 1.414 at an instant when the angles of elevation of the two
planes from the same point on the ground are 60º and
= 14.14 m 45º respectively. Find the vertical distance between
Hence, the length of wire is 14.14 m the aeroplanes at that instant. (Use 3 = 1.73)
50. The angles of depression of the top and bottom of Let the height first plane be AB = 4000 m and the
a 50 m high building from the top of a tower are height of second plane be BC = x m. As per given in
45º and 60º respectively. Find the height of the tower question we have drawn figure below.
and the horizontal distance between the tower and the
building. (Use 3 = 1.73)

Here AC is tower and DC is building.
Here +BDC = +45º and +BDA = 60º
In TCBD , x = tan 45º = 1 & x = y

y
and in TABD , 4000 = tan 60º = 3
y
We have tan 45º = h - 50 y = 4000 3

x 3
x = h - 50 ...(1) = 2306.67 m
and tan 60º = h Thus vertical distance between two,

x
4000 - y = 4000 - 2306.67
3 =h = 1693.33 m
x
55. A man standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10 m Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2014]
above water level, observes the angle of elevation of As per given in question we have drawn figure below.
the top of a hill as 60º and the angle of depression of Here AD is light house of height h and BC is the
the base of hill as 30º. Find the distance of the hill distance between two ships.
from the ship and the height of the hill.

Here AC is height of hill and man is at E . ED = 10
is height of ship from water level.
We have BC = 100 m
In TADC , tan 45º = h & h = x

x
In TABD, tan 30º = h
100 - x
1 = h
3 100 - x
In TBCE, BC = EC = 10 m and 100 - x = h 3
+BEC = 30º 100 - h = h 3 h=x

100 = h + h 3 = h ^1 + 3h
Now tan 30º = BC
BE 100
h =
1 = 10 1+ 3
BE
3
100 ^ 3 - 1h
BE = 10 3 =
^ h ^ 3 - 1h
#
3 + 1
Since BE = CD , distance of hill from ship 100 ^ 3 - 1h
=
CD = 10 3 m = 10 # 1.732 m 3-1
= 17.32 m = 50 ^ 3 - 1h = 50 ^1.732 - 1h
Now in TABE , +AEB = 60º = 50 # 0.732
where AB = h, BE = 10 3 m Thus height of light house is 36.60 m.
and +AEB = 60º
Thus tan 60º = AB

BE
3 = AB
10 3
AB = 10 3 # 3 = 30 m
Thus height of hill AB + 10 = 40 m
57. The horizontal distance between two poles is 15 m.
56. Two ships are approaching a light house from opposite The angle of depression of the top of first pole as seen
directions. The angle of depression of two ships from from the top of second pole is 30c. If the height of the
top of the light house are 30º and 45º. If the distance first of the pole is 24 m, find the height of the second
between two ships is 100 m, Find the height of light- pole. [ Use 3 = 1.732 ]
house.
In right TABD ,
cot 60c = AB
BD
1 = AB
3 h + 1.6
AB = h + 1.6 ...(1)
3
In right TABC ,
AB = cot 45c
BC
1 = AB
h
In right TBAC , AB = h ...(2)
AB = tan 60c From (1) and (2), we get
AC
h = h + 1.6
h = 3 3
x h 3 = h + 1.6
h =x 3
h 3 - h = 1.6
In right TBAD ,
h ^ 3 - 1h = 1.6
AB = tan q
AD h = 1.6 = 1.6
3 -1 1.732 - 1
h = tan q
3x = 1.6 = 2.185 m
0.732
x 3 = 1 = tan 30c
3x Height of pedestal h is 2.2 m.
3
Thus q = 30c. 61. On a straight line passing through the foot of a tower,
two C and D are at distance of 4 m and 16 m from
60. A statue 1.6 m tall stands on the top of a pedestal. the foot respectively. If the angles of elevation from
From a point on the ground the angle of elevation of C and D of the top of the tower are complementary,
the top of the statue is 60c and from the same point then find the height of the tower.
the angle of elevation of the top of the pedestal is 45c.
Find the height of the pedestal.
Let AB be tower of height h , C and D be the two
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2012] point. As per given in question we have drawn figure
Let CD be statue of 1.6 m and pedestal BC of height below.
h . Let A be point on ground. As per given in question
Since +ACB and +ADB are complementary,

+ACB = q and +ADB = 90c - q
Now, in right TABC ,
1 = h-8 +AED = 60º, +BED = 30º

3 x
AD = BC = 3000 3 m
x = 3 ^h - 8h ...(2)
Let the speed of the aeroplane be x .
From (1) and (2), we get
h = 3h-8 3 AB = DC # 30 # x = 30x m ...(1)
In right TAED, we have
8 3 = 3h-h
tan 60º = AD
h = 8 3 # 3 +1 DE
3 -1 3 +1
= 4 3 ^ 3 + 1h = ^12 + 4 3 h m 3 = 3000 3
DE
Since, x = h , x = ^12 + 4 3 h DE = 3000 m ...(2)
Distance = ^12 + 4 3 h m In right TBEC,
= 4 ^3 + 3h m tan 30º = BC
EC
Hence the height of multi storey building is 4 ^3 + 3h
1 = 3000 3
m. 3 DE + CD
DE + CD = 3000 # 3
PRACTICE
3000 + 30x = 9000
 The angle of depression of the top and bottom of
a building 50 metres high as observed from the 30x = 6000
top of a tower are 30c and 45c respectively. Find x = 200 m/s
the height of the tower and also the horizontal
distance between the building and the tower. Hence, speed of plane is 200 m/s
= 200 # 18 = 720 km/hr

Ans : 118.3 m 5
Hence, the speed of the aeroplane is 720 km/hr.
 From the top of a building 60 m high the angles
PRACTICE
of depression of the top and the bottom of a tower
are observed to be 30c and 60c. Find the height  The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from a
of the tower. point A on the ground is 60c. After a flight of
[Board Term-2 2011, 2012, OD 2014] 15 seconds, the angle of elevation changed to 30c
Ans : 40 m . If the aeroplane is flying at a constant height of
1500 3 m, find the speed of the plane in km/hr.
64. The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from a point
on the ground is 60º. After a flight of 30 seconds the Ans : 720 km/h
angle of elevation becomes 30º. If the aeroplane is
flying at a constant height of 3000 3 m, find the
speed of the aeroplane.
Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard, 2014]
As per given in question we have drawn figure below. 65. The person standing on the bank of river observes that
Here the angle of elevation of the top of a tree standing on
opposite bank is 60c . When he moves 30 m away from
the bank, he finds the angle of elevation to be 30c.
Find the height of tree and width of the river.
Let CD be the tree of height h . Let A be the position

of person after moving 30 m away from point B on
bank of river. Let BC = x be the width of the river.
67. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
of the bottom and the top of a tower fixed at the top Let AB be a building of height 7 m and CD be tower
of a 20 m high building are 45c and 60c respectively. of height CD . From the given information we have
Find the height of the tower. drawn the figure as below.

the figure below. Here AB is the building and BD is
tower on building.
Now CD = (7 + h)
In TPAB , tan 45c = AB
AP BD = AE = x
1 = 20 & AP = 20 m In TABD , tan 45c = AB
AP BD
In TPAD , tan 60c = AD = 20 + BD 1 = 7 & x = 7 cm
AP 20 x
3 = 20 + BD In TCEA , tan 60c = CE
20 AE
20 + BD = 20 3
3 =h & h =x 3
x
BD = 20 3 - 20 = 20 ( 3 - 1)
Substituting the value of x , we get
= 20 (1.732 - 1)
h =7 3
= 20 # 0.732 = 14.64 cm .
Now, CD = CE + ED
Hence, height of the tower is 14.64 m.
= (7 + 7 3 ) m
PRACTICE = 7 (1 + 3) m
 From a point P on the ground, the angles of = 7 (1 + 1.732) m
elevation of the top of a 10 m tall building and
a helicopter, hovering at some height vertically = 7 # 2.732 m
over the top of the building are 30c and 60c = 19.124 m
respectively. Find the height of the helicopter
Hence height of tower is 19.12 m approximately.
above the ground.
[Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
PRACTICE
Ans : 20 m
 From the top of a 7 m high building, the angle
of elevation of the top of a tower is 60c and the
68. From the top of a 7 m high building the angle of
angle of depression of its foot is 45c. Find the
elevation of the top of a tower is 60c and the angle of
depression of its foot is 45c. Determine the height of height of the tower. (Use 3 = 1.732 )
[Board Term-2 Foreign 2013, 2017]
the tower.
Ans : 19.124 m
Now in TABC we have

Let O be the position of the bird, A be the position tan 45c = AB
AC
for Amit, D be the position for Deepak and FD be
the building at which Deepak is standing at height AB = 1 & AB = BC
AC
50 m.
Now in TABD we have
In TOLA , +L = 90c
tan 30c = AB
sin 30c = OL BD
OA 1 = AB
1 = OL & OL = 200 = 100 m 3 BC + CD
2 200 2 1 = AB
OM = OL - LM 3 AB + CD
= OL - FD AB + CD = 3 AB
= (100 - 50) m = 50 m CD = AB ( 3 - 1)
In TOMD , +M = 90c = 100 # (1.732 - 1) = 73.2 m

Distance between two ships is 73.2 m.
sin 45c = OM
OD
PRACTICE
1 = 50
2 OD  From a top of a building 100 m high the angle
OD = 50 2 of depression of two objects are on the same side
observed to be 45c and 60c. Find the distance
= 50 # 1.414 = 70.7 m between the objects.
Thus, the distance of the bird from the Deepak is [Board Term-2 OD 2014]
70.7 m. Ans : 100
3 ^3 - 3 h
PRACTICE
73. From the top of tower, 100 m high, a man observes
 A boy observes that the angle of elevation of a
two cars on the opposite sides of the tower with the
bird flying at a distance of 100 m is 30c. At the
angles of depression 30c and 45c respectively. Find
same distance from the boy, a girl finds the angle of
the distance between the cars. (Use 3 = 1.73 )
elevation of the same bird from a building 20 m high
is 45c. Find the distance of the bird from the girl. Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2016]
[Board Term-2 OD 2014] Let DC be tower of height 100 m. A and B be two

Ans : 30 2 m car on the opposite side of tower. As per given in
72. As observed from the top of a 100 m high light house
from the sea-level, the angles of depression of two
ships are 30c and 45c. If one ship is exactly behind
the other on the same side of the light house, find the
distance between the two ships [Use 3 = 1.732 ]
Sol : [Board 2018]
Let AB be the tower and ships are at points C and

D . As per question statement we have shown digram
below.
In right TABP , 2h = tan q ...(2)

AB = tan 30c k
BP Multiplying (1) and (2), we have
x = 1 4h 2h = tan q cot q = 1
y 3 k # k #
y = 3x ...(1) 2
h2 = k
8
In right TCBP
h = k =k 2
x + 5 = tan 60c = 3 ...(2) 4
y 2 2
Substituting the value of y from (1) we have 77. A man on the top of a vertical tower observes a car
x+5 = 3 moving at a uniform speed towards him. If it takes
3x 12 min. for the angle of depression to change from
x + 5 = 3x & x = 2.5 m 30c to 45c, how soon after this, the car will reach the
tower ?
Height of tower is = 2.5 m
Distance of P from tower = ^2.5 # 1.732h or 4.33 m. Let AB be the tower of height h . As per given in
76. Two post are k metre apart and the height of one is
double that of the other. If from the mid-point of the
line segment joining their feet, an observer finds the
angles of elevation of their tops to be complementary,
then find the height of the shorted post.
Let AB and CD be the two posts such that AB = 2CD

. Let M be the mid-point of CA. As per given in
Car is at P at 30c and is at Q at 45c elevation.

Here +AQB = 45c
Now, in right TABQ we have,
tan 45c = AB
BQ
1 = h
BQ
BQ = h
Here CA = k, +CMD = q and +AMB = 90c - q
In right TAPB we have,
Clearly, CM = MA = 1 k
2
tan 30c = AB
Let CD = h . then AB = 2h PB
AB = tan 90c - q 1 = h
Now,
AM ^ h 3 x+h
2h = cot q x+h = h 3
k
2 x = h ^ 3 - 1h
4h = cot q ...(1)
k h ^ 3 - 1h
Thus, Speed = m/min
Also in right TCMD , 12
Time for remaining distance,
CD = tan q
CM h
h = tan q h ^ 3 - 1h 12
t = =
k
2
12 ^ 3 - 1h

In right TABC we have
Let CD be the tower of height 15 m. Let A and B
AB = tan 45c
point on same side of tower As per given in question AC
h =1 & h =x
x
In right TABD we have
AB = tan 30c
AC + CD
h = 1
x + 1000 3
h 3 = h + 1000
h ^ 3 - 1h = 1000
1000 ^ 3 + 1h
h = 1000 =
3 -1 ^ 3 - 1h^ 3 + 1h
In right TDCA we have 1000 ^ 3 + 1h
=
3-1
DC = tan 60c
CA = 500 ^ 3 + 1h = 500 ^1.73 + 1h
15 = 3 = 500 # 2.73 = 1365
x
Hence height of the hill is 1365 m.
x = 15 = 5 3
3
82. The angle of depression of two ships from an aeroplane
In right TDCB we have
flying at the height of 7500 m are 30c and 45c. if both
DC = tan 45c the ships are in the same that one ship is exactly
CB
behind the other, find the distance between the ships.
15 = 1
x+y Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2017]
x + y = 15 Let A, C and D be the position of aeroplane and two

ship respectively. Aeroplane is flying at 7500 m height
5 3 + y = 15 from point B . As per given in question we have drawn
y = 15 - 5 3 = 5 ^3 - 3h m figure below.
Hence, the distance between points = 5 ^3 - 3h m
81. From the top of a hill, the angle of depression of two

consecutive kilometre stones due east are found to be
45c and 30c respectively. Find the height of the hill.
[Use 3 = 1.73 ]
Let AB be the hill of height h . Angle of depression

from point D and C are given 30c and 45c respectively.
In right TABC we have

AB = tan 45c
BC
7500 = 1
y
y = 7500 ...(1)
In right TABD we have
 At a point A, 20 metre above the level of water Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012]
in a lake, the angle of elevation of a cloud is 30c Let C and D are the point of location of jet at height
. The angle of depression of the reflection of the h . Point B and E are foot print on ground of get at
cloud in the lake, at A is 60c. Find the distance thee location. As per given in question we have drawn
of the cloud from A ? figure below.
Ans : 40 m
85. The tops of two towers of height x and y , standing

on level ground, subtend angles of 30c and 60c
respectively at the centre of the line joining their feet,
then find x : y .
Let AB be the tower of height x and CD be the

tower of height y . Angle of depressions of both tower
at centre point M are given 30c and 60c respectively. In 3600 sec distance travelled by plane = 648000 m
In 10 sec distance travelled by plane = 648000 # 10
3600
= 1800 m
In right TABC, we have
h = tan 60º = 3
x
h =x 3 ...(1)
In right TADE we have
h = tan 30º = 1
x + 1800 3
Here M is the centre of the line joining their feet. x + 1800
h = ...(2)
Let BM = MD = z 3
In right TABM we have, From equations (1) and (2), we get
x = tan 30c x 3 = x + 1800
z 3
3x = x + 1800
x = z# 1
3 2x = 1800
In right TCDM we have,
x = 900 m
y
= tan 60c h = x 3 = 900 # 1.732 = 1558.5 m
z
y = z# 3 Thus height of jet is 1558.8 m.
From (1) and (2), we get 87. From the top of a tower of height 50 m, the angles of
x = z# 1 depression of the top and bottom of a pole are 30c
3
y z# 3 and 45c respectively. Find :
x =1 (1) How far the pole is from the bottom of the tower,
y 3 (2) The height of the pole. (Use 3 = 1.732 )
Thus x :y = 1:3 Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015]
Let AB be the tower of height 50 m and CD be the

86. The angle of elevation of a jet fighter point A on ground pole of height h . From the top of a tower of height
is 60c. After flying 10 seconds, the angle changes to 50 m, the angles of depression of the top and bottom
30c. If the jet is flying at a speed of 648 km/hour, find of a pole are 30c and 45c respectively. As per given in
the constant height at which the jet is flying. question we have drawn figure below.
= 173.2 - 100 3 1 = 80
3 3 x+y
= 173.2 - 57.73 x + y = 80 3
= 115.47 m x = 80 3 - y = 80 3 - 80
Speed s = d = 115.47 m = 80 ^ 3 - 1h = 58.4 m.

t 2 min
= 57.74 m/ min Hence, speed of bird = 58.4 = 29.2 m
2
Hence, going away from the light house with a speed
of 57.74 m/ min . 91. If the angles of elevation of the top of the candle from
two coins distant a cm and b cm â 2 b h from its
PRACTICE base and in the same straight line from it are 30c and
60c, then find the height of the candle.
 A moving boat observed from the top of a 150 m
high cliff moving away from the cliff. The angle of
depression of the boat changes from 60c to 45c in
2 minutes. Find the speed of the boat.
Ans : 32 ^3 - 3 h km/hr.
90. A bird sitting on the top of a 80 m high tree. From

a point on the ground, the angle of elevation of the
bird is 45c. The bird flies away horizontally in such
a way that it remained at a constant height from the
ground. After 2 seconds, the angle of elevation of the
bird from the same point is 30c. Find the speed of If the angles of elevation of the top of the candle from
flying of the bird. (Take 3 = 1.732 ) two coins distant ‘a’ cm and ‘b’ cm â 2 b h from its
base and in the same straight line from it are 30c and
60c, then find the height of the candle.
Let CD be the tree of height 80 m and bird is sitting
at D . Point O on ground is reference point from Sol : [Board SQP Standard 2021]
where we observe bird. As per given in question we Let AB be the candle of height h . Let C and D be
have drawn figure below. two points at distance b cm and a cm from the base
of the candle. As per given condition we have shown
the figure below.
In right AOB we have

tan 45c = 80
y Now BC = b and BD = a
y = 80
In TABC , tan 60c = AB
In right DOC we have BC
tan 30c = 80 3 =h
x+y b
h = 3b ...(1)

= 216 3 cm2
We make the following diagram as per given
information. = 374.12 cm2
(iv) Height of the section A from the base of the tower
Height of Section A from base of tower is AP
In DAPO , tan 45c = AP
PO
1 = AP
PO
AP = 36 cm
94. From his hotel room window on the fourth floor,

Ranjan notices some window washers high above him
on the hotel across the street.
(i) Length of the wire from the point O to the top of
section B
In DBPO cos 30c = OP

OB
3 = 36
2 OB
OB = 36 # 2 = 72
3 3
= 72 3
#
3 3
= 72 3 = 24 3 cm
3
Thus, the length of wire from O to top of section
B = 24 3 cm .
Curious as to their height above ground, he quickly
(ii) Distance AB estimates the buildings are 60 m apart, the angle of
AB = AP - BP elevation to the workers is about 60c , and the angle
of depression to the base of the hotel is about 30c .
In DBPO , tan 30c = P = BP
B OP (i) How high above ground is the window of Ranjan’s
1 = BP hotel room?
3 36 (ii) How high above ground are the workers?
BP = 36 # 3 Sol :
3 3
Let h1 be the height of Ranjan window from ground
= 36 3 = 12 3 cm and h2 be height of window washers from Ranjan. We
3
draw a diagram of the situation as shown below.
In DAPO , tan 45c = AP
PO
1 = AP
36
AP = 36 cm
Distance AB = 36 - 12 3
= 36 - 20.78
= 15.22 cm
(iii) Area of TOPB
Area of DOPB = 1 # Base # height
2
1
= # 36 # 12 3
2
communications station, and a television transmission Now tan 30c = h

antenna, as well as a suite of rooms that were used by d
Eiffel are located near the top of the tower. 1 = 324
3 d
d = 324 3 m
(i) For a person standing 324 m from the center of

the base of the Eiffel Tower, the angle of elevation Now tan 60c = h
to the top of the tower is 45c . How tall is the d2
Eiffel Tower? 3 = 324
d2
(ii) A car is moving at uniform speed towards the 324
d2 = = 324 # 3
Eiffel tower. It takes 15 minutes for the angle of 3 3
depression from the top of tower to the car to = 108 3 m
change from 30c to 60c . After how much time
after this, the car will reach the base of the tower? Now d1 = d - d2
Sol : = 324 3 - 108 3 = 216 3

Let h be the height of Eiffel tower. We draw a diagram Here d2 = d1 . Thus time to cover d2 is half of time to
1
2
of the situation as shown below. cover d1 which is 152 = 7.5 min .

(i) Height of Eiffel tower is 324 m.
(ii) After 7.5 minute, the car will reach the base of the
tower.
97. From the observation deck of a seaside building 200 m

high, Jignesh sees two fishing boats in the distance.
The angle of depression to the nearer boat is 60c
while for the boat farther away the angle is 45c .
(i) How far out to sea is the nearer boat?
(ii) How far apart are the two boats?
Now tan 45c = h

324
1 = h
324
h = 324 m
Let d be the initial distance of car from Eiffel tower.
At this point A the angle of depression of car from
top of tower is 30c . After 15 minute car reaches at
point B. At this point the angle of depression of car
from top of tower is 60c . We draw a diagram of the
situation as shown below.
Chap 9 Some Applications of Trigonometry Page 359
101. Rainbow: While visiting the Mount Abu in Rajasthan, From a distance of 208 meter the angle of elevation to
Taniya and Lavanya see a spectacularly vivid rainbow the pinnacle of the tower is 60c . The angle of elevation
arching over the lake. Taniya speculates the rainbow to the restaurant from the same vantage point is 45c .
is 250 m away, while Lavanya estimates the angle of (i) How tall is the CN Tower?
elevation to the highest point of the rainbow is about (ii) How far below the pinnacle of the tower is the
60c . What was the approximate height of the rainbow? restaurant located?
Sol :
Let h1 be the height of tower from ground and h2 be
height of restaurant from ground. We draw a diagram
of the situation as shown below.
Sol :
Let h be height of rainbow. We draw a diagram of the
situation as shown below.
Now tan 60c = h 1

208
3 = h1
208
h 1 = 208 # 3
= 208 # 1.73 = 360 m
tan 60c = h
250
Now, tan 45c = h 2
3 = h 208
250
h = 250 # 3 1 = h2
208
= 250 # 1.173 = 432.5 m h 2 = 208 m
(i) Height of CN Tower is 360 meter
Thus height of rainbow is 432.5 meter.
(ii) Restaurant is 360 - 208 = 152 m below from top
of tower.
102. CN Tower : The tallest free-standing tower in the
world is the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada. The tower 103. Height of Cloud Cover : To measure the height of the
includes a rotating restaurant high above the ground. cloud cover at an airport, a worker shines a spotlight
upward at an angle 45c from the horizontal. An
observer 600 m away measures the angle of elevation
to the spot of light to be 30c . Find the height of the
cloud cover.
(i) h1 = 259.8 metre is the height of the south rim. 20 (1.732 + 1)

=
(ii) h1 + h2 = 259.8 + 150 = 409.8 metre is the height 2
of the north rim. = 10 # 2.732 = 27.32 m
(iii) Climbers have to go h2 - h3 = 63.4 m to the top. (i) The height of space shuttle is 27.32 m.
(ii) The distance of point A from space shuttle is
107. An observer notes that the angle of elevation from 27.32 m because h = d
point A to the top of a space shuttle is 45c . From a
point 20 meters further from the space shuttle, the 108. Height of a Building : A surveyor determines that
angle of elevation is 30c . the angle of elevation from a transit to the top of
(i) Find the height of the space shuttle. a building is 30c . The transit is positioned 2 meter
(ii) Find the distance of point A from space shuttle. above ground level and 30 meter from the building.
Find the height of the building.
Sol :
Let h be the height of space shuttle and d be the
distance from point A and space shuttle. We draw a Sol :
diagram of the situation as shown below.
Let h be the height of building from transit. We draw
a diagram of the situation as shown below.
Now tan 45c = h

d
1 =h &h=d
d
tan 30c = h
Now tan 30c = h 30
d + 20
Substituting h = d in above equation, 1 = h
3 30
1 = h
3 h + 20 h = 30
3
h + 20 = 3 h
= 10 3
20 = h ( 3 - 1) = 10 # 1.732 = 17.32 m
20 20 ( 3 + 1) Since transit is 2 meter high from ground, height of
h = =
3 -1 3-1 building from ground is 17.32 + 2 = 19.32 m
So she stands at point A facing the pole and finds the

angle of elevation from point A to the top of the pole
to be 30c . Then she turns 90° and walks 15 metre to
point B, where she measures the angle between her
path and a line from B to the base of the pole. She
finds that angle is 60c . Find the height of the pole.
Sol :
Let h be the height of the pole and d be the ground
distance between point A and pole. We draw a
diagram of the situation as shown below.
Now tan 30c = d
d1
1 = d & d = 3d
1
3 d1
Now tan 60c = d
d2
3 = d & d2 = d
d2 3
Now +
d1 d2 = 4 km
Substituting d1 and d2 we have
d =
3d+ 4
3
3d + d =
4
3 3
4d =
4
3
4 3
d = 4 = 3 = 1.732 km
The distance of the fire from the line segment is
1.732 km.
113. Flag Pole : Figure given below is a diagram that shows

how Varsha estimates the height of a flagpole. She
can’t measure the distance between herself and the Now tan 60c = d
flagpole directly because there is a fence in the way. 15
3 = d
15
d = 15 3
Now tan 30c = h

d
1 = h
3 15 3
h = 15 m
Thus height of pole is 15 m.
114. Height of a Door : From a point on the floor the angle

of elevation to the top of a door is 30°, while the angle
of elevation to the ceiling above the door is 60°. The
ceiling is 6 metre above the floor.
(i) What is the vertical dimension of the door ?
(ii) Find the distance of the point from door.
= 60 # 1.732 m point. The point P is at a distance of 24 m from the

base of the building.
= 103.56 m
(i) What is the height of the building logo from
Now tan 30c = h2 ground ?
60
1 = h2 (ii) What is the height of the building from ground ?
3 60
(iii) What is the aerial distance of the point P from
h2 = 60 = 20 3 the top of the building ?
3
= 20 # 1.732 m (iv) If the point of observation P is moved 9 m
towards the base of the building, then the angle
= 34.64 m of elevation q of the logo on building is given by
Height of tower, h = h1 + h 2 (a) tan q = 3 (b) tan q = 2
3
= 103.56 + 34.64
(c) tan q = 1 (d) tan q = 8 3
= 138.56 m 2 15
(i) Tower is 138.56 m tall. (v) In above case the angle of elevation f of the top
(ii) Height of the window is 103.56 meter. of building is given by
(a) tan f = 1.6 (b) tan f = 1.5
118. Clinometer : A clinometer is a tool that is used to
(c) tan f = 0.75 (d) tan f = 0.8
measure the angle of elevation, or angle from the
ground, in a right - angled triangle. We can use a Sol :
clinometer to measure the height of tall things that (i) As per question statement we have shown the
you can’t possibly reach to the top of, flag poles, digram below.
buildings, trees.
The height of the building logo from ground is AB

. Here C is top of building and AC is height of
Ravish got a clinometer from school lab and started building.
the measuring elevation angle in surrounding. He saw
a building on which society logo is painted on wall of In TPAB , tan 30c = AB
PA
building. 1 = AB
3 24
AB = 24 # 3 = 8 3 m
3 3
(ii) The height of the building from ground is AC .
In TAPC , tan 45c = AC
AP
1 = AC
24
AC = 24 m
(iii) In TAPC ,
From a point P on the ground level, the angle of
elevation of the roof of the building is 45c. The angle cos 45c = AP
AC
of elevation of the centre of logo is 30c from same
1 = 24 (i) What is the relation between the height x of the

2 PC balloon at point P and distance d between point
PC = 24 2 m A and B ?
(iv) In this case we have made diagram as follows. (ii) When balloon rises further 50 metres, then what
is the relation between new height y and d ?
Now AP = 24 - 9 = 15 m
(iii) What is the new height of the balloon at point Q
?
(iv) What is the distance AB on the ground ?
(v) What is the distance AC on the ground ?
Sol :
(i) We make the diagram as per given information.
tan q = AB = 8 3
AP 15
(v) tan f = AC = 24 = 8 = 1.6
AP 15 5
119. A hot air balloon is a type of aircraft. It is lifted by

heating the air inside the balloon, usually with fire.
Hot air weighs less than the same volume of cold air
(it is less dense), which means that hot air will rise
up or float when there is cold air around it, just like In TAPB , tan 30c = AP
AB
a bubble of air in a pot of water. The greater the 1 =x
difference between the hot and the cold, the greater 3 d
the difference in density, and the stronger the balloon d = 3 x & d2 = 3x2
will pull up.
(ii) In TBAQ ,
AQ
tan 45c =
AB
AB = AQ
d =y
(iii) From (i) and (ii) we have
d = 3 x and d = y
Since point Q is 50 m above point P , Thus
y = x + 50
Thus d = x + 50
Solving above equations we get
3 x = x + 50
Lakshman is riding on a hot air balloon. After reaching
at height x at point P , he spots a lorry parked at B x ( 3 - 1) = 50
on the ground at an angle of depression of 30c. The 50
x = = 25 ( 3 + 1)
balloon rises further by 50 metres at point Q and now ( 3 - 1)
he spots the same lorry at an angle of depression of y = x + 50 = 25 ( 3 + 1) + 50
45c and a car parked at C at an angle of depression
of 30c. = 25 3 + 25 + 50 = 25 ( 3 + 3)
(iv) The distance AB on the ground is d and which Sol :

is equal to (i) We make the following diagram as per given
information.
d = 3x
or d = y = 25 ( 3 + 3)
(v) In TCAQ ,
AQ
tan 30c =
AC
1 = y = 25 ( 3 + 3)
3 AC AC
AC = 25 3 ( 3 + 3)
= 25 (3 + 3 3 ) = 75 (1 + 3)
120. Radio towers are used for transmitting a range of In TBCO tan 30c = BC
OC
communication services including radio and television.
BC = OC tan 30c
The tower will either act as an antenna itself or support
one or more antennas on its structure, including BC = 36 # 1 = 12 3 m
microwave dishes. They are among the tallest human- 3
made structures. There are 2 main types: guyed and (ii) In TACO ,
self-supporting structures.
tan 45c = AC = 1
On a similar concept, a radio station tower was built OC
in two sections A and B . Tower is supported by wires Thus AC = OC = 36 m
from a point O . Distance between the base of the
tower and point O is 36 m. From point O , the angle Now, AB = AC - BC
of elevation of the top of section B is 30c and the = 36 - 12 3
angle of elevation of the top of section A is 45c.
= 12 (3 - 3) m
(iii) In TACO ,
cos 45c = OC
OA
1 = 36
2 OA
OA = 36 2 m
(iv) In TBCO ,
cos 30c = OC
OB
3 = 36
2 OB
OB = 72 # 3 = 24 3 m
3 3
(v) It is clear from figure that angle of elevation from
point O to top of tower is 45c . This is equal to the
(i) What is the height of the section B ? angle of depression from top of tower to point O .
(ii) What is the height of the section A ? 121. Navy Officer : Mr. Colin is tasked with planning a
(iii) What is the length of the wire structure from the coup on the enemy at a certain date. Currently he is
point O to the top of section A ? inspecting the area standing on top of the cliff. Agent
(iv) What is the length of the wire structure from the Dev is on a chopper in the sky. When Mr. Colin looks
point O to the top of section B ? down below the cliff towards the sea, he has Bhawani
and Amar in boats positioned to get a good vantage
(v) What is the angle of depression from top of tower point. Bhawani boat is behind the Amar boat.
to point O ?
Chap 10 Circle Page 375
CHAPTER 10
Circle
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents from

external point P to a circle with centre C and Q is
any point on the circle. Then the measure of +AQB
is
We have OQ = 13 cm
and PQ = 12 cm
Radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point
of contact.
Thus OP = PQ
In TOPQ , using Pythagoras theorem,
OP2 + PQ2 = OQ2
1
(a) 62 c 2 (b) 125c
OP2 + 122 = 132
(c) 55c (d) 90c
OP2 = 132 - 122
= 169 - 144
Sum of the angles between radii and between
intersection point of tangent is always 180c. = 25
Thus +ACB + +APB = 180c Thus OP = 5 cm
+ACB + 55c = 180c Thus (b) is correct option.
+ACB = 180c - 55c = 125c 3. QP is a tangent to a circle with centre O at a point
Angle subtended on the centre of a circle is twice of P on the circle. If TOPQ is isosceles, then +OQR
the angle subtended on circumference of circle equals.
Thus +AQB = 1 +ACB = 1 # 125c (a) 30c (b) 45c
2 2
(c) 60c (d) 90c
= 62 12 c
Thus (a) is correct option. Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
Let O be the centre of the circle. As per given

2. From an external point Q , the length of tangent to a information we have drawn the figure below.
circle is 12 cm and the distance of Q from the centre
of circle is 13 cm. The radius of circle (in cm) is
(a) 10 (b) 5
(c) 12 (d) 7

information we have drawn the figure below.
(a) 15 (b) 10 Since OR = OT because of radii of circle,

(c) 9 (d) 7.5 PR = OP + OR = 25 + 7 = 32 cm

Due to tangents from external points,
10. Two circles of radii 20 cm and 37 cm intersect in A
BP = BR, CR = CQ, and AP = AQ and B . If O1 and O2 are their centres and AB = 24 cm,
Perimeter of TABC , then the distance O1 O2 is equal to
AB + BC + AC = AB + BR + RC + AC (a) 44 cm (b) 51 cm
5 + 4 + 6 = AB + BP + CQ + AC (c) 40.5 cm (d) 45 cm
15 = AP + AQ Sol :
15 = 2AP
Thus AP = 15 = 7.5 cm
2
8. If a regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of radius r,

then its perimeter is
(a) 3r (b) 6r
(c) 9r (d) 12r
Sol :
Side of the regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of Since C is the mid-point of AB ,
radius r is also r , the perimeter is 6r . AC = 12
Thus (b) is correct option. AO1 = 37
9. In figure, on a circle of radius 7 cm, tangent PT is and AO2 = 20

drawn from a point P such that PT = 24 cm. If O is CO1 = 372 - 122 = 35
the centre of the circle, then the length of PR is
CO2 = 202 - 122 = 16
O1 O2 = 35 + 16 = 51
11. In the adjoining figure, TP and TQ are the two

tangents to a circle with centre O . If +POQ = 110c,
then +PTQ is
(a) 30 cm (b) 28 cm
(c) 32 cm (d) 25 cm
Tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to

the radius at the point of contact.
Thus OT = PT
Now in right-angled triangle PTO (a) 60c (b) 70c
OP2 = OT2 + PT2 (c) 80c (d) 90c
= (7) 2 + (24) 2
Sol :
= 49 + 576 = 625 Here OP = PT and OQ = QT ,
Thus OP = 25 cm In quadrilateral OPTQ , we have
15. In the given figure, a circle touches all the four sides 17. In the given figure, PA is a tangent from an external
of quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 6 cm , BC = 7 cm point P to a circle with centre O . If +POB = 115c,
and CD = 4 cm , then length of AD is then perimeter of +APO is
(a) 25c (b) 20c

(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm
(c) 30c (d) 65c
(c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm Sol :
Sol : Since tangent at a point to a circle is perpendicular
Four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD are tangent to a to the radius,
circle. +OAP = 90c
AB + CD = BC + AD Now, +AOP + +BOP = 180c
6 + 4 = 7 + AD +AOP + 115c = 180c
AD = 10 - 7 = 3 cm +AOP = ^180c - 115ch = 65c

From angle sum property of triangle we have
+OAP + +AOP + +APO = 180c
16. Two concentric circles are of radii 10 cm and 8 cm,
90c + 65c + +APO = 180c
then the length of the chord of the larger circle which
touches the smaller circle is 155c + +APO = 180c
(a) 6 cm (b) 12 cm +APO = 180c - 155c = 25c
(c) 18 cm (d) 9 cm Thus (a) is correct option.
Sol : 18. From an external point P , tangents PA and PB are

Let O be the centre of the concentric circles of radii drawn to a circle with centre O . If CD is the tangent
10 cm and 8 cm, respectively. Let AB be a chord of to the circle at a point E and PA = 14 cm . The
the larger circle touching the smaller circles at P . perimeter of TPCD is
Then, AP = PB and OP = AB (a) 14 cm (b) 21 cm
(c) 28 cm (d) 35 cm
Sol :
As per information given in question we have drawn
figure below.
Applying Pythagoras theorem in TOPA , we have

OA2 = OP 2 + AP 2
100 = 64 + AP 2
Here PA = PB = 14 cm
AP 2 = 100 - 64 = 36 & AP = 6 cm
Also, CD is tangent at point E on the circle.
AB = 2AP = 2 # 6 = 12 cm So, CA and CE are tangent to the circle from point
Thus (b) is correct option. C.
Thus CP = AB Sol :
First we joint OA. The tangent at any point of a circle
Now, in right triangle PAC
is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
By Pythagoras theorem we have contact.
AP 2 = AC 2 - PC 2 = 52 - 42 = 25 - 16 = 9 +OAT = 90c and OT = 4 cm (given)
AP = 3 cm
So, length of chord,
AB = 2AP = 2 # 3 = 6 cm
22. In figure, if +AOB = 125c, then +COD is equal to
In TOAT , cos 30c = AT

OT
AT = 3
4 2
AT = 2 3 cm
24. Assertion (A): The tangents drawn at the end points

(a) 62.5c (b) 45c of a diameter of a circle, are parallel.
(c) 35c (d) 55c Reason (R): Diameter of a circle is the longest chord.
Sol : (a) Both, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
We know that, a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion
subtends supplementary angles at the centre of the (A)
circle. (b) Both, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
i.e. +AOB + +COD = 180c but Reason (R) is not correct explanation for
Assertion (A)
125c + +COD = 180c
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
+COD = 180c - 125c = 55c
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
23. In figure, AT is a tangent to the circle with centre O Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true statements,
such that OT = 4 cm and +OTA = 30c. Then, AT but they are not related to each other. Therefore, the
is equal to correct answer is (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not
the correct explanation of (A).
25. Assertion : If in a circle, the radius of the circle is

3 cm and distance of a point from the centre of a circle
is 5 cm, then length of the tangent will be 4 cm.
Reason : (hypotenuse) 2 = (base) 2 + (height) 2
(A).
(a) 4 cm (b) 2 cm (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
(c) 2 3 cm (d) 4 3 cm reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus 2+OQP + 90c = 180c

+OQP = 45c
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
31. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm, subtends a right
angle at its centre. What is the length of the chord?
29. From an external point Q , the length of tangent to a
circle is 12 cm and the distance of Q from the centre Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
of circle is 13 cm. What is the radius of circle? As per given information we have drawn the figure
below.

Using Pythagoras theorem in TABC , we get

BC2 = AB2 + AC2 = 102 + 102
We have OQ = 13 cm = 100 + 100 = 200
and PQ = 12 cm
BC = 10 2 cm
Radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point
of contact. 32. In figure, on a circle of radius 7 cm, tangent PT is
Thus OP = PQ drawn from a point P such that PT = 24 cm. If O
is the centre of the circle, then what is the length of
In TOPQ , using Pythagoras theorem,
PR ?
OP2 + PQ2 = OQ2
OP2 + 122 = 132
OP2 = 132 - 122 = 169 - 144 = 25
Thus OP = 5 cm
30. QP is a tangent to a circle with centre O at a point P

on the circle. If TOPQ is isosceles, then find +OQR
?
Tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to
Let O be the centre of the circle. As per given the radius at the point of contact.
Thus OT = PT
We know that, the radius and tangent are perpendicular
at their point of contact. Now in right-angled triangle PTO
Now, in isosceles triangle POQ we have OP2 = OT2 + PT2 = (7) 2 + (24) 2
+POQ + +OPQ + +OQP = 180c = 49 + 576 = 625
Thus OP = 25 cm
Since OR = OT because of radii of circle,
PR = OP + OR = 25 + 7 = 32 cm
33. In figure, O is the centre of circle. PQ is a chord and

PT is tangent at P which makes an angle of 50c with
Equal sides subtend equal angles in isosceles triangle.
AB such that CD = 4 cm then what is the length

of AB .
Ans : 8 cm
 In the given figure, if BC = 4.5 cm, find the

length of AB .
Since C is the mid-point of AB ,

AC = 12
AO1 = 37
and AO2 = 20
CO1 = 372 - 122 = 35
[Board Term-2, 2012]
CO2 = 202 - 122 = 16
Ans : 9 cm
O1 O2 = 35 + 16 = 51
38. In the figure, QR is a common tangent to given circle

which meet at T . Tangent at T meets QR at P . If 39. Two concentric circles of radii a and b where a > b,
QP = 3.8 cm, then find length of QR . Find the length of a chord of the larger circle which
touches the other circle.
In TOAL , OA = OL + AL2
2 2
a2 = OL2 + b2
OL = a2 - b2
Length of chord, 2AL = 2 a2 - b2
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012, 2014]
Let us first consider large circle. Since length of

tangents from external points are equal, we can write
QP = PT
Thus QP = PT = 3.8 ....(1)
Now consider the small circle. For this circle we can
also write using same logic,
PR = PT 40. If the angle between two radii of a circle is 130c, then
what is the angle between the tangents at the end
But we have PT = 3.8 cm points of radii at their point of intersection ?
Thus PR = PT = 3.8 cm Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
Now QR = QP + PR Sum of the angles between radii and between
= 3.8 + 3.8 = 7.6 cm. intersection point of tangent is always 180c.
Thus angle at the point of intersection of tangents
PRACTICE = 180c - 130c = 50c
 AB and CD are two common tangents to circles
which touch each other at a point C . If D lies on 41. In the adjoining figure, PT is a tangent at point C
+APO = 90c 6 + 4 = 7 + AD
In right angled TOPA , AD = 10 - 7 = 3 cm
2 2 2
AP = AO - OP
47. To draw a pair of tangents to a circle which are
= (5) 2 - (3) 2 inclined to each other at an angle of 30c, it is required
= 25 - 9 = 16 to draw tangents at end points of two radii of the
circle, what will be the angle between them ?
AP = 4 cm
Perpendicular from centre to chord bisect the chord.
Thus AP = BP = 4 cm
intersection point of tangent is always 180c.
45. In given figure, if +AOB = 125c, then find the angle
Angle between the radii = 180c - 30c = 150c
+COD ?
48. In figure, AT is a tangent to the circle with centre O
such that OT = 4 cm and +OTA = 30c. What is the
length of AT ?
We know that, a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle

subtends supplementary angles at the centre of the
circle. Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2013]
i.e. +AOB + +COD = 180c First we joint OA. The tangent at any point of a circle
125c + +COD = 180c is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
+COD = 180c - 125c
+OAT = 90c and OT = 4 cm (given)
= 55c
46. In the given figure, a circle touches all the four sides
of quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 6 cm , BC = 7 cm
and CD = 4 cm , then what is the length of AD ?
In TOAT , cos 30c = AT

OT
AT = 3
4 2
AT = 2 3 cm
Four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD are tangent to a
circle.
AB + CD = BC + AD 49. What is the maximum number of parallel tangents a

centre O . If +AOB = 120c, then find +OPA .
We have +QPR = 46º
Since +QOR and +QPR are supplementary angles
+QOR + +QPR = 180º
+QOR + 46º = 180º
+QOR = 180º - 46º = 134º
54. If a line intersects a circle in two distinct points, what

is it called ?
Sol : [Board Term-2, 2012] Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012, 2014]
The line which intersects a circle in two distinct points Here OA is radius and AP is tangent at A, since
is called secant. radius is always perpendicular to tangent at point of
contact, we have
55. In the given figure, PQ and PR are tangents to the
circle with centre O such that +QPR = 50º, Then +OAP = 90º
find +OQR. Due to symmetry we have
+AOP = +AOB = 120c = 60c
2 2
Now in right TAOP we have
+APO + +OAP + +AOP = 180c
+APO + 90c + 60c = 180c
+APO = 180c - 150c = 30c.
57. What is the length of the tangent drawn from a point

8 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 6 cm ?
We have +QPR = +50º (Given)
As per the given question we draw the figure as below.
Since +QOR and +QPR are supplementary angles
+QOR + +QPR = 180º
+QOR = 180º - +QPR
= 180º - 50º = 130º
From TOQR we have
+OQR = +ORQ = 180º - 130º

2
= 50º = 25º Length of the tangent, l = d2 - r2
2
= 82 - 62
56. In the figure, PA and PB are tangents to a circle with
= 64 - 36
= 28 = 2 3 cm.
58. In figure, PA and PB are two tangents drawn from

an external point P to a circle with centre C and
radius 4 cm. If PA = PB , then find the length of
PQ = QS centre O , such that OT = 4 cm and +OTA = 30c,

then find the length of AT .
PS = 2PQ
= 2 # 5 = 10 cm
63. In the given figure, find +QSR .
Since AT is a tangent to the circle, DOAT is right

Sol : [Board Term-2, 2012] angle triangle
intersection point of tangent is always 180c. Now cos 30c = AT
OT
Thus +ROQ + +RPQ = 180c AT = OT cos 30c
+ROQ = 180c - 60c = 120c 3 = 2 3 cm.
= 4#
We know that angle subtended on the centre of a 2
circle is twice of the angle subtended on circumference Thus the length of AT is 2 3 cm.
of circle
In figure, O is the centre of the circle, PQ is a chord
+QSR = 1 +ROQ = 1 # 120c
66.
Thus
2 2 and PT is tangent to the circle at P . Find +OPQ
= 60c and +TPQ
64. In figure, AP and BP are tangents to a circle with

centre O , such that AP = 5 cm and +APB = 60c.
Find the length of chord AB .
We have +OPQ = +OQP
= 180c - 70c = 55c

2
Thus +TPQ = 90c - 55c = 35c
Since length of 2 tangents drawn from an external

point to a circle are equal, we have
PA = PB
Thus +PAB = +PBA = 60c
Hence TPAB is an equilateral triangle.
Therefore AB = PA = 5 cm.
65. In given figure, if AT is a tangent to the circle with


cos 60c = PS
As per given information we have redrawn the figure OP
below. 1 = PS
2 OP
OP = 2PS Hence proved.
71. From an external point P , tangents PA and PB are

drawn to a circle with centre O. If +PAB = 50º, then
find +AOB.
Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are

equal in length.
Thus AP = AS and let it be x .
Similarly, BP = BQ , CQ = CR and RD = DS
Now BP = AB - AP = 6 - x
Since PA = OA , +OAP = 90c
BP = BQ = 6 - x
+OAB = +OAP - +BAP
CQ = BC - BQ = 9 - (6 - x) = 3 + x
= 90º - 50º = 40º
Now, CQ = CR = 3 + x
Since OA and OB are radii, we have
RD = CD - CR = 8 - (3 + x) = 5 - x +OAB = +OBA = 40º
Now, RD = DS = 5 - x Now
AD = AS + SD = x + 5 - x = 5 +AOB + +OAB + +OBA = 180º
Thus AD is 5 cm. +AOB + 40º + 40º = 180º
70. In the given figure, from a point P , two tangents PT +AOB = 180º - 80º = 100º
and PS are drawn to a circle with centre O such that Hence +AOB = 100º
+SPT = 120c, Prove that OP = 2PS .
72. In given figure, AB is the diameter of a circle with
centre O and AT is a tangent. If +AOQ = 58c, find
+ATQ .
We have +SPT = 120c

As OP bisects +SPT ,
+OPS = 120c = 60c Sol : [Board Term-2, 2015]

2
Since radius is always perpendicular to tangent, We have +AOQ = 58c
+PTO = 90c Since angle +ABQ and +AOQ are the angle on the
circumference of the circle by the same arc,
Now in right triangle POS , we have
+PRO = 12 +PRQ
= 120c = 60c
2
Here DOPR is right angle triangle, thus
+POR = 90c - +PRO = 90c - 60c = 30c
Now PR = sin 30c = 1

OR 2
OR = 2PR = PR + PR
Since PR = QR ,
OR = PR + QR Hence Proved
76. In figure, O is the centre of a circle. PT are tangents to We redraw the given figure by joining M and N to P
the circle from an external point P . If +TPQ = 70c, as shown below.
find +TRQ .
We redraw the given figure by joining O to T and Q Since length of tangents from an external point to a
as shown below. circle are equal,
PM = PN
Since angles opposite to equal sides are equal,
+1 = +2
Now using property of linear pair we have
180º - +1 = 180º - +2
+3 = +4 Hence Proved
78. In Figure a quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to

Here angle +TOQ and +TPQ are supplementary circumscribe a circle, with centre O, in such a way
angle. that the sides AB, BC, CD, and DA touch the circle
Thus +TOQ = 180c - +TPQ at the points P, Q, R and S respectively. Prove that.
AB + CD = BC + DA.
= 180c - 70c = 110c
Since angle +TRQ and +TOQ are the angle on the
circumference of the circle by the same arc,
+TRQ = 1 +TOQ
2
1
= # 110c = 55c
2
77. Prove that tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of a
circle make equal angles with the chord.
Now in right angle DOPT , 83. In the given figure, if AB = AC , prove that BE = CE.
+PTO = 180c - (+OPT + +POT)
Substituting +OPT = 90º and +POT = 60c we have
+PTO = 180c - (90c + 60c)
= 180c - 150c
= 30º
Thus +PTA = +PTO = 30º
82. In figure, O is the centre of the circle and LN is a

diameter. If PQ is a tangent to the circle at K and
+KLN = 30º , find +PKL. Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2017]
Since tangents from an external point to a circle are

equal,
AD = AF (1)
BD = BE (2)
CE = CF (3)
From AB = AC we have
AD + DB = AF + FC
or DB = FC (AD = AF)
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD Compt 2017]

From eq (2) and (3) we have
Since OK and OL are radius of circle, thus BE = EC Hence Proved
OK = OL
Angles opposite to equal sides are equal, THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
+OKL = +OLK = 30º
84. Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle
Tangent is perpendicular to the end point of radius, with centre O from an external point T. Prove that
+OKP = 90º (Tangent) +PTQ = 2+OPQ .
Now +PKL = +OKP - +OKL
= 90º - 30º = 60º
PRACTICE
 In the given figure, AB is a chord of the circle

and AOC is its diameter such that +ACB = 50c
. If AT is the tangent to the circle at the point
A, find +BAT .
We redraw the given figure as shown below.
[Board Term-2 2012]

Ans : 50c
AP + PB + DR + RC = AS + SD + BQ + QC
AB + CD = AD + BC
Since ABCD is rectangle, AB = CD and AD = BC ,
Thus 2AB = 2BC
AB = BC
Since adjacent sides are equal are equal. So, ABCD
is a square.
89. Prove that the tangent at any point of a circle is

perpendicular to the radius through the point of
Since, the tangents drawn from externals points are
contact.
equal,
AR = AQ
Given, a circle with centre O and tangent AB at P .
BR = BP We take a point Q on the tangent AB and join OQ
CP = CQ meeting the circle at R .
Now we have, AB = AC
AR + BR = AQ + CQ
AR + BP = AQ + CP
AQ + BP = AQ + CP
BP = CP
Hence, the point of contact P bisects BC . To prove that OP = AB , it is sufficient to prove that
OP is shorter than any other segment joining O to
88. Prove that the rectangle circumscribing a circle is a any point of AB .
square.
Clearly OP = OR (radius)
OQ = OR + RQ
We have a rectangle ABCD circumscribe a circle
which touches the circle at P , Q , R , S . We have to OQ > OR
prove that ABCD is a square. OQ > OP
As per given information we have drawn the figure
Thus OP is shorter than any other segment joining
below.
O to any other point of AB and shortest line is
perpendicular.
Thus OP = AB Hence Proved
90. If a circle touches the side BC of a triangle ABC

at P and extended sides AB and AC at Q and R ,
respectively, prove that AQ = 12 (BC + CA + AB)
Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard, 2016]

Since tangent drawn from an external point to a circle the figure below,
are equals,
AP = AS
PB = BQ
DR = DS
RC = QC
Adding all above equation we have
Since OA is radius and PA is tangent at A, OA = AP.

Now in right angle triangle DOAP , OP is equal to
diameter of circle, thus
OP = 2OA
OA = 1
OP 2
1
sin q = & q = 30c
2
Since PO bisect the angle +APB ,
Hence, +APB = 2 # 30c = 60º
Now, in TAPB , We have +RPQ = 50c
AP = AB Since +OPQ + +QPR is right angle triangle,
+PAB = +PBA +OPQ = 90c - 50c = 40c
= 180c - 60c = 60º Since, OP = OQ because of radii of circle, we have
2
Thus TAPB is an equilateral triangle. +OPQ = +OQR = 40c
In DPOQ we have
94. From a point P , which is at a distant of 13 cm from
the centre O of a circle of radius 5 cm, the pair of +POQ = 180c - (+OPQ + +OQP)
tangents PQ and PR are drawn to the circle, then = 180c - ^40c + 40ch = 100c
the area of the quadrilateral PQOR (in cm2).
96. In the figure, PQ is a tangent to a circle with centre
O . If +OAB = 30º , find +ABP and +AOB.
Here OQ is radius and QP is tangent at Q , since

radius is always perpendicular to tangent at point of
contact, TOQP is right angle triangle. Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2014]
Now PQ = OP - OR 2 2 Here OB is radius and QT is tangent at B , OB = PQ

+OBP = 90º
= 132 - 52 = 169 - 25
Here OA and OB are radius of circle and equal. Since
= 144 = 12 cm angles opposite to equal sides are equal,
Area of triangle TOQP , +OAB = +OBA = 30º
D = (OQ) (QP) = # 12 # 5 = 30 +AOB = 180º - ^30º + 30ºh = 120º
1 1
2 2 Now
Area of quadrilateral PQOR , +ABP = +OBP - +OBA
2 # TPOQ = 2 # 30 = 60 cm 2
= 90º - 30º = 60º
95. If O is centre of a circle, PQ is a chord and the 97. In TABD, AB = AC. If the interior circle of TABC
tangent PR at P makes an angle of 50c with PQ , touches the sides AB, BC and CA at D, E and F
find +POQ . respectively. Prove that E bisects BC.
Sum of all angles of a triangle is 180c. Thus in DPAO

we have
+APO + +PAO + +AOP = 180c
+APO + 90c + 50c = 180c
+APO + 140c = 180c
+APO = 180c - 140c
= 40c
Here AB = CD and AB = EF
102. In Figure, PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of
Thus +CAB = 90º and +ABF = 90º radius 5 cm and centre O . The tangents at P and Q
Hence +CAB = +ABF intersect at point T . Find the length of TP .
and +ABE = +BAD

Hence +CAB and +ABF also +ABE and +BAD
are alternate interior angles.
CD | | EF Hence Proved
101. In the given figure, PA is a tangent to the circle drawn Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi Standard]
from the external point P and PBC is the secant
We redraw the given figure as shown below. Here OT
to the circle with BC as diameter. If +AOC = 130c
is perpendicular bisector of PQ ,
, then find the measure of +APB, where O is the
centre of the circle.
Since, OT is perpendicular bisector of PQ ,

, PR = QR = 4 cm
In right angle triangle TOTP and TPTR , we have
TP2 = TR2 + PR2 ...(1)
Also, OT 2 = TP 2 + OP 2
Substituting TP2 from equation (1) we have
OT 2 = ^TR2 + PR2h + OP 2
^TR + ORh2 = TR2 + PR2 + OR2
The tangent at a point to a circle is perpendicular to Now OR2 = OP 2 - PR2

the radius passing through the point of contact. = 52 - 42 = 32
Thus +PAO = 90c Thus OR = 3 cm
Now, due to linear pair, Thus substituting OR = 3 cm we have
+AOC + +AOB = 180c ^TR + 3h2 = TR2 + 42 + 52
+AOP = 50c
In triangle TABC , CM = 8 - 3 = 5 cm
AC = 2 2
10 - 36 = 8 cm and AN = 10 - 3 = 7 cm
Area of triangle TABC ,
PRACTICE
TABC = 1 # AB # AC  In the given figure, a circle is inscribed in a
2
TABC, such that it touches the sides AB, BC
= 1 # 6 # 8 = 24 cm2 and CA at points D, E and F respectively. If the
2
Here we have joined AO, BO and CO . lengths of sides AB, BC and CA are 12 cm, 8
cm and 10 cm respectively, find the lengths of
For area of triangle we have AD, BE and CF .
TABC = TOBC + TOCA + TOAB
24 = 12 rBC + 12 rAC + 12 rAB
= 12 r (BC + AC + AB)
= 12 r (6 + 10 + 8) = 12r
or 12r = 24
Thus r = 2 cm.
105. In figure, a circle is inscribed in a TABC having sides

BC = 8 cm , AB = 10 cm and AC = 12 cm . Find the
length BL, CM and AN .
[Board Term-2 Delhi 2016, 2013, 2012]
Ans : 7 cm, 5 cm, 3 cm
106. a, b and c are the sides of a right triangle, where c

is the hypotenuse. A circle, of radius r , touches the
sides of the triangle. Prove that r = a + b - c .
2
As per question we draw figure shown below.
Tangents from external a point on a circle are always

equal in length.
Let x be length of BL , then we have
BL = x = BN
So, LC = MC = ^8 - x h
and AN = AM = ^10 - x h
Let the circle touches CB at M , CA at N and AB
Since, AC = 12 at P .
AM + MC = 12 Now OM = CB and ON = AC because radius is
always perpendicular to tangent
^10 - x h + ^8 - x h = 12
OM and ON are radius of circle, thus
18 - 2x = 12 & x = 3
OM = ON
Hence, BL = 3 cm
109. In figure, a circle with centre O is inscribed in a Since OE and OF are radius of circle,
quadrilateral ABCD such that, it touches the sides OE = OF
BC , AB, AD and CD at points P, Q, R and S
Tangent drawn at any point of a circle is perpendicular
respectively. If AB = 29 cm, AD = 23 cm, +B = 90c
to the radius through the point contact.
and DS = 5 cm, then find the radius of the circle (in
cm). Thus +OEA = +OFA = 90c
Now in TAEO and TAFO ,
OE = OF
+OEA = +OFA = 90c
OA = OA (Common side)
Thus TAEO , TAFO (SAS congruency)
+7 = +8
Similarly, +1 = +2
Since length of tangents from an external point to a +3 = +4

circle are equal, +5 = +6
DR = DS = 5 cm Since angle around a point is 360c,
AR = AQ +1 + +2 + +3 + +4 + +5 + +6 + +7 + +8 = 360c
BQ = BP 2+1 + 2+8 + 2+4 + 2+5 = 360c
Now AR = AD - DR +1 + +8 + +4 + +5 = 180c
= 23 - 5 = 18 cm ^+1 + +8h + ^+4 + +5h = 180c
AQ = AR = 18 cm +AOB + +COD = 180c Hence Proved.
QB = AB - AQ = 29 - 18 = 11 cm 111. Prove that tangent drawn at any point of a circle

perpendicular to the radius through the point contact.
PB = QB = 11
Now +OQB = +OPB = 90c because radius is always Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
perpendicular to tangent. Consider a circle with centre O with tangent AB at

point of contact P as shown in figure below
Thus OP = OQ = PB = BQ
So, POQB is a square. Hence, r = OP = PB = 11 cm
110. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral

circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles
at the centre of the circle.
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2017, OD 2014]
A circle centre O is inscribed in a quadrilateral ABCD

as shown in figure given below. Let Q be point on AB and we join OQ . Suppose it
touch the circle at R .
We OP = OR (Radius)
Clearly OQ 2 OR
OQ 2 OP
Same will be the case with all other points on circle.
Hence OP is the smallest line that connect AB and
smallest line is perpendicular.
Thus OP = AB
or, OP = PQ Hence Proved
PRACTICE and
 In figure, a triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe +ADC + +DAO + +DCO + +AOC = 360c
a circle of radius 3 cm, such that the segments
BD and DC are respectively of lengths 6 cm and 50c + 90c + 90c + +AOC = 360c
9 cm. If the area of TABC is 54 cm2, then find 230c + +AOC = 360c
the lengths of sides AB and AC . +AOC = 360c - 230c = 130c
Now Reflex +AOC = 360c - 130c = 230c
+APC = 1 reflex +AOC
2
1
= # 230c = 115c
2
116. AB is a chord of circle with centre O . At B , a tangent
PB is drawn such that its length is 24 cm. The
distance of P from the centre is 26 cm. If the chord
AB is 16 cm, find its distance from the centre.

Ans : 9 and 12 cm
115. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle.

Determine +APC , if DA and DC are tangents and
+ADC = 50c.
We redraw the given figure by joining O to B as

shown below.
We redraw the given figure by joining A and C to O

as shown below.
Here we have drawn perpendicular OC on chord AB .

Thus Triangle DOCB is also right angled triangle,
We have PB = 24 cm, OP = 26 cm.
Since DA and DC are tangents from point D to the Triangle DOPB is right angled triangle because PB
circle with centre O , and radius is always perpendicular is tangent at radius OB and +OPB = 90c.
to tangent, thus
In right angled DOPB , we have
+DAO = +DCO = 90c
119. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle Now KN = KM + MN

is a rhombus.
= KA + BN
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi STD, 2013, 2014]
Now perimeter of TPNK
Let ABCD be the parallelogram.
p = PN + KN + PK
AB = CD, AD = BC (1)
= PN + BN + KA + PK
= PB + PA
= 2PB (PA = PB)
121. In the figure, tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an

external point P to a circle with centre O , such that
+RPQ = 30c. A chord RS is drawn parallel to the
tangent PQ . Find +RQS .
Since length of tangents from an external point to a

circle are equal,
At A, AP = AS (2)
At B BP = BQ (3)
At C CR = CQ (4)
At D DR = DS (5)
Adding above 4 equation we have
AP + PB + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS Since length of tangents from an external point to a
or, AB + CD = AD + BC circle are equal,
From (1) 2AB = 2AD PR = PQ
or AB = AD Now +PRQ = +PQR = 180c - 30c
2
Thus ABCD is a rhombus.
= 150c = 75c
120. In given figure, PA and PB are tangents from a point 2
P to the circle with centre O . At the point M , other Since SR || QP , +SRQ and +RQP are alternate
tangent to the circle is drawn cutting PA and PB at angle,
K and N . Prove that the perimeter of TPNK = 2PB +SRQ = +RQP = 75c
.
Thus SQ = RQ
and +RSQ = +SRQ = 75c
In triangle TAQR ,
+SQR + +QSR + +QRS = 180c
+SQR + 75c + 75c = 180c
+SQR = 180c - 150c
= 30c

Thus +SQR = 30c.
Since length of tangents from an external point to a
circle are equal,
PA = PB
KM = KA
MN = BN
DQ = DB = 3 cm Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
(i) Length of AR in terms of x.

and PB = PA = 12 cm
Length of tangents from an external point to a circle
PA + PB = PC + CA + PD + DB are equal. Thus
PC + PD = PA - CA + PB - DB AR = AP = x m
= 12 - 3 + 12 - 3 = 18 cm
COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS
126. A backyard is in the shape of a triangle ABC with

right angle at B. AB = 7 m and BC = 15 m. A
circular pit was dug inside it such that it touches the
walls AC, BC and AB at P, Q and R respectively such
that AP = x m.
(ii) Type of quadrilateral BQOR

Since Radius = Tangent, we have OR = AB and
OQ = BC . Thus
+ORB = +OQB = +RBQ = 90c
By angle sum property
+QOR = 360c - 90c - 90c - 90c = 90c
Also, OR = OQ Radii of circle
Thus BQOR is a square
(iii) Length PC in terms of x
AC = AB2 + BC 2
= 72 + 152
= 274 units
PC = AC - AP
PC = ^ 274 - x h units
Now AR = AP = x
BR = BQ = 7 - x
CQ = PC = 15 - ^7 - x h
= x+8
AC = x + x + 8
Based on the above information, answer the following = 2x + 8
questions:
274 = 2x + 8
(i) Find the length of AR in terms of x.
(ii) Write the type of quadrilateral BQOR. x = c 274 - 8 m m
2
(iii) Find the length PC in terms of x and hence find
(iv) x and the radius r of circle
the value of x.
(iv) Find x and hence find the radius r of circle. As BQOR is square. So, r = BR = 7 - x ]
Sol : [Board 2021 Comp. Basic]

54 = 3 66 + x + 15 + 9 + x @
We have redrawn the figure as shown below. 2
36 = 2x + 30 " x = 3
So, AB = x + 6 = 9 m
and AC = x + 9 = 12 m
(v) Perimeter of DABC s = AB + BC + AC
= 9 + 15 + 12
= 36 m
***********
(i) Perimeter of circular region = 2pr

= 2p # 3
= 6p m
(ii)Total length of wire = 3 # Circumference of circle
= 3 # 6p
= 18p m
(iii) Area of circular region, A = pr2
= p (3) 2
= 9p m2
(iv) Now we have redrawn the figure as shown below.
Since tangents drawn from external points are of

equal length. So,
BF = BD = 6 m
CE = CD = 9 m
Let AF = AE = x m
Now,
ar (DABC) = ar (DAOB) + ar (DBOC) + ar (DAOC)
54
= AB # OF + 1 BC # OD + 1 AC # OE
1
2 2 2
54 = (6 + x) # 3 + (6 + 9) # 3 + 1 (9 + x) # 3
1 1
2 2 2
Page 416 Areas Related to Circles Chap 11
CHAPTER 11
Areas Related to Circles
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 3. In the adjoining figure, OABC is a square of side

7 cm. OAC is a quadrant of a circle with O as centre.
The area of the shaded region is
1. The circumferences of two circles are in the ratio 4 :
5. What is the ratio of their radii ?
(a) 16 : 25 (b) 25 : 16
(c) 2 : 5 (d) 4 : 5
Circumference of any circle is 2pr .

2pr1 = 4
2pr2 5
r1 = 4
r2 5
Hence, ratio of their radii is 4 : 5.
Thus (d) is correct option. (a) 10.5 cm2 (b) 38.5 cm2
(c) 49 cm2 (d) 11.5 cm2
2. The area of a circular ring formed by two concentric
circles whose radii are 5.7 cm and 4.3 cm respectively Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 SQP STD, Board Term-2 2017]
is (Take p = 3.1416 )
Required area = br2 - 1 # 22 # r2 l cm2
(a) 44 sq. cm. (b) 66 sq. cm. 4 7
(c) 22 sq. cm. (d) 33 sq. cm. = b72 - 1 # 22 # 72 l cm2
4 7
Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 SQP STD]
= ^49 - 38.5h cm2
Let the radii of the outer and inner circles be r1 and r2
respectively, we have
Area = p r 12 - p r 22 = p ^r 12 - r 22h 4. A sector is cut from a circular sheet of radius 100 cm,
the angle of the sector being 240c. If another circle of
= p ^r1 - r2h ^r1 + r2h
the area same as the sector is formed, then radius of
= 22 # ^5.7 - 4.3h ^5.7 + 4.3h the new circle is
7
22 (a) 79.5 cm (b) 81.5 cm
= 1.4 # 10 sq. cm
7 # (c) 83.4 cm (d) 88.5 cm
= 44 sq cm
Sol : [Board 2022 Term-1 SQP Basic]
Area of sector = 240c # p ^100h2 = 20933 cm2
360c
Let r be the radius of the new circle, then
20933 = pr2
r = 20933 = 81.6 cm
p
10. In the given figure, OACB is a quadrant of a circle of 13. If the perimeter of a semi-circular protractor is 36 cm,
radius 7 cm. The perimeter of the quadrant is then its diameter is
(a) 10 cm (b) 14 cm
(c) 12 cm (d) 16 cm
Sol : [Board 2011]
Perimeter = 2pr + 2r = pr + 2r
2
^p + 2h r = 36
b 36 l - r = 36 & r = 7 cm
7
Hence, diameter 2r = 7 # 2 = 14 cm
(a) 11 cm (b) 18 cm
(c) 25 cm (d) 36 cm
14. In a circle of radius 14 cm, an arc subtends an angle of
45c at the centre, then the area of the sector is
Perimeter = 1 # 2pr + 2r (a) 71 cm2 (b) 76 cm2
4
(c) 77 cm2 (d) 154 cm2
= b 1 # 22 # 7 + 2 # 7 l cm
2 7
= 25 cm
Given, r = 14 cm and q = 45c
11. If the circumference of a circle increases from 4 p to

8 p , then its area is
(a) halved (b) doubled
(c) tripled (d) quadrupled
2pr = 4p & r = 2
Area = p ^2 h2 = 4p Area of sector = q
# pr
2
360c
When, 2pr = 8p & r = 4
= 45c # 22 # 14 # 14
Area = 16 p 360c 7
Thus area is quadrupled. = 1 # 22 # 2 # 14 = 77 cm2
8
Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.
12. If the radius of a circle is diminished by 10%, then its 15. If the sum of the areas of two circles with radii R1 and
area is diminished by R2 is equal to the area of a circle of radius R , then
(a) 10% (b) 19% (a) R1 + R2 = R (b) R12 + R22 = R2
(c) 36% (d) 20%
(c) R1 + R2 < R (d) R12 + R22 < R2
Sol : [Board 2009]
Let r be the radius of circle, then area = pr2
According to the given condition,
When r is diminished by 10%
Area of circle = Area of first circle
area = p br - r l = pr2 b 81 l
2
Then,
10 100 + Area of second circle
Thus area is diminished by pR = pR + pR22
2
1
2
b1 - 81 l % = 19 % R2 = R12 + R22
100
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
which is equal to the diagonal of a square. 23. Assertion : If a wire of length 22 cm is bent in the shape
Let side of square be x . of a circle, then area of the circle so formed is 40 cm2 .
In right angled TABC , Reason : Circumference of the circle = length of the
wire.
AC2 = AB2 + BC 2
^16h2 = x2 + x2 reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
256 = 2x2 (A).
x2 = 128 (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
Area of square, x2 = 128 cm2 reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Alternate Method : assertion (A).
Radius of circle, r = 8 cm (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Diameter of circle, d = 2r = 2 # 8 = 16 cm (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Since, square inscribed in circle. Sol :
Diagonal of square = Diameter of circle We have 2pr = 22
(Diagonal) ^16h
2 2
r = 3.5 cm
Now, Area of square = = = 256
2 2 2
Area of the circle = 22 # 3.5 # 3.5
= 128 cm2 7
Thus (b) is correct option. = 38.5 cm2
Assertion is not correct, but reason is true.
21. The radius of a circle whose circumference is equal Thus (d) is correct option.
to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles of
diameters 36 cm and 20 cm is
(a) 56 cm (b) 42 cm 24. Assertion : If the circumference of a circle is 176 cm,
then its radius is 28 cm.
(c) 28 cm (d) 16 cm
Reason : Circumference = 2p # radius
Sol : [Board Term-2 2013, OD 2015] (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
We have 2pr = 2pr1 + 2pr2 reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A).
2pr = pd1 + pd2
2r = d1 + d2 = 36 + 20 reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
2r = 56 & r = 28 cm assertion (A).
Thus (c) is correct option. (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
22. The diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the
sum of the areas of the two circles of radii 24 cm and Sol :
7 cm is We have C = 2 # 22 # r = 176
7
(a) 31 cm (b) 25 cm
r = 176 # 7 = 28 cm
(c) 62 cm (d) 50 cm 2 # 22
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012, Foreign 2014 ]
Both assertion and reason are correct. Also Reason is
the correct explanation of the assertion.
We have pR = pr + pr 22
2
1
2
R2 = r 12 + r 22
25. Assertion : If the outer and inner diameter of a circular
= 242 + 72 = 625
path is 10 m and 6 m then area of the path is 16p m2 .
R = 625 = 25 cm Reason : If R and r be the radius of outer and inner
Diameter of a circle circular path, then area of path is p ^R2 - r2h .
2R = 2 # 25 = 50 cm (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
(A).
Perimeter of the sector,

p = 2r + 2prq
360º
= 10.5 # 2 + 2 # 22 # 10.5 # 60
7 360
= 21 + 11 = 32 cm
PRACTICE
 What is the perimeter of a sector of a circle whose Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
central angle is 90º and radius is 7 cm? Area of the sector,
[Board Term-2 2012] 2
Ans : 25 cm A7 = pr q
360º
Area of sector OAPB is 5 times the area of circle.
36
31. What is the name of a line which intersects a circle at Thus pr 2 # x = 5 pr 2
two distinct points? 360 36
x = 5
360 36
A line intersecting the circle at two distinct points is
x = 50º
called a secant.
34. If the radius of the circle is 6 cm and the length of an
32. In the given figure, AB is the diameter where AP = 12 arc 12 cm. Find the area of the sector.
cm and PB = 16 cm. Taking the value of p as 3, find
the perimeter of the shaded region. Sol : [Board Term-2 2014]
Area of the sector = 1 #(length of the corresponding

2
arc)# radius
= 1 # l # r = 1 # 12 # 6
2 2
= 36 cm2
35. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right

angle at the centre. Find area of minor segment.
^p = 3.14h
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
From Pythagoras theorem we have Radius of circle r = 10 cm, central angle = 90c
Area of minor segment,
AB = (16) 2 + (12) 2
= 1 # 102 # : 3.14 # 90 - sin 90cD
= 256 + 144 2 180
= 400 = 20 cm = 1 # 100 # 61.57 - 1@ = 28.5 cm2
2
Radius of circle = 10 cm.
Perimeter of shaded region TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
pr + AP + PB = 3 # 10 + 12 + 16
36. The perimeter of a sector of a circle with radius 6.5
= 30 + 12 + 16 = 58 cm
cm is 31 cm, then find the area of the sector.
33. In given fig., O is the centre of a circle. If the area Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
of the sector OAPB is 365 times the area of the circle, Given, Radius = 6.5 cm
then find the value of x. Let O be the centre of a circle with radius 6.5 cm and
OACBO be its sector with perimeter 31 cm.

2 # 22 r - r = 37
As per question the digram is shown below. 7
r b - 7 l = 37
22
7
r # 37 = 37
7
r = 37 # 7 = 7 cm
37
Circumference of the circle,
Area of the remaining cardboard 2pr = 2 # 22 # 7 = 44 cm.

7
= Area of rectangular cardboard - 2 # Area of circle
42. Find the area of the corresponding major sector of a
= 14 # 7 - 2p b 7 l
2
circle of radius 28 cm and the central angle 45c.
2
= 14 # 7 - 2 # 22 # b 7 l
2
7 2 As per question statement figure is shown below;

= 98 - 44 # 49 = 98 - 77 = 21
7 4
Hence, area of remaining card board is 21 cm2
40. A paper is in the form of a rectangle ABCD in which

AB = 20 cm, BC = 14 cm. A semi-circular portion
with BC as diameter is cut off. Find the area of the
part. Use p = 227 .
Area of major sector,
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012, Foreign 2014 ]
= area of circle - area of minor sector
As per question the digram is shown below.
= pr2 b1 - q
360c l
= 22 # 28 # 28 b1 - 45c l
7 360c
= 22 # 28 # 28 # 7
7 8
= 2156 cm2
43. Find the perimeter of the shaded region if ABCD

Area of remaining part, is a square of side 21 cm and APB and CPD are
= Area of rectangle - Area of semi-circle semicircle. Use p = 227 .
= 20 # 14 - 1 p72
2
= 280 - 1 # 22 # 7 # 7
2 7
= 280 - 77 = 203 cm
Hence, area of remaining part is 203 cm.
41. If the difference between the circumference and the

radius of a circle is 37 cm, then using p = 227 , find the Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2016]
circumference (in cm) of the circle. It may be seen easily that perimeter of the shaded
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012] region include AD , BC and two semi circle arc.
Let r be the radius of the circle. Thus perimeter of the shaded region, = AD + BC +
Now, circumference - radius = 37 + lengths of the arcs of semi circles APB and CPD
2pr - r = 37 = 21 + 21 + 2 b 22 # 21 l = 42 + 66 = 108 cm.
7 2
pr 2 q 1 + pr 2 q 2 + pr 2 q 3 = pr 2 pr 2
# 180c = 2
360c 360c 360c 360c
= 22 1 (7) 2
7 #2#
= 22 # 1 # 7 # 7
7 2
2
= 77 m
Hence, the area grazed by the horses is 77 m2
48. In Figure, PQ and AB are two arcs of concentric

circles of radii 7 cm and 3.5 cm respectively, with Length of the rope is 21 cm.
centre O . If +POQ = 30c, then find the area of Shaded portion AEFA indicates the area in which the
shaded region. horse can graze. Clearly it is the area of a quadrant of
a circle of radius, r = 21 m.
Area of quadrant,
1 pr 2 = 1 22 (21) 2
4 4# 7 #
= 1 # 22 # 21 # 21
4 7
= 346.5 m2
Hence, the graze area is 346.5 m2

50. The circumference of a circle exceeds the diameter by
We redraw the given figure as below. 16.8 cm. Find the radius of the circle. Use p = 227 .
Let radius of the circle be r .

Now as per question statement we have
Circumference = Diameter+16.8 cm
2pr = 2r + 16.8 cm
2 b 22 l r = 2r + 16.8
7
44 r = 2r + 16.8
7
Area of shaded region 44r = 14r + 16.8 # 7
p [R2 - r2] q = 22 [72 - (3.5) 2] 30c 30r = 177.6
360c 7 360c
= 22 (7 + 3.5) (7 - 3.5) # 1 r = 117.6 = 3.92
7 12 30
Thus r = 3.92 cm.
= 22 # 10.5 # 3.5 # 1
7 12
51. Sides of a right triangular field are 25 m, 24 m and
= 9.625 cm2
7 m. At the three corners of the field, a cow, a buffalo
49. A horse is tethered to one corner of a rectangular field and a horse are tied separately with ropes of 3.5 m
of dimensions 70 m # 52 m , by a rope of length 21 m. each to graze in the field. Find the area of the field
How much area of the field can it graze? that cannot be grazed by these animals.

As per information given in question we have drawn As per information given in question we have drawn
the figure below. the figure below.
56. In the given figure, find the area of the shaded region,
enclosed between two concentric circles of radii 7 cm
and 14 cm where +AOC = 40c. Use p = 227 .
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign SQP 2016]
Since OAB is an an equilateral triangle,we have

+AOB = 60c
Area of shaded region = Area of major sector + (Area
of DAOB - Area of minor sector) Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
Radii of two concentric circle is 7 cm and 14 cm.

= 300c # 22 # ^6 h2 + c 3 ^12h2 - 60 # 22 # 62 m Angle +AOC = 40c,
360c 7 4 360 7
660 132 528 Angle +AOC = 360c - 40c = 320c
= + 36 3 - = 36 3 + cm2
7 7 7 Area of shaded region,
q p R2 - r2 = 320c 22 142 - 72
360c 6 @ 360c # 7 6 @
= 8 # 22 # (14 # 2 - 7)
9
= 8 # 22 # 21 = 8 # 22 # 7
9 3
= #8 154 cm2
3
Required area, = 1232 cm2
3
55. Find the area of minor segment of a circle of radius 14
= 410.67 cm2
cm, when its centre angle is 60c. Also find the area of
corresponding major segment. Use p = 227 .
57. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015] of 60c at the centre. Find the area of sector formed
Here, r = 14 cm, q = 60c by the arc.
Area of minor segment, Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi Compt. 2017]
pr2 q - 1 r2 sin q = p ^14h2 60c - 1 # ^14h2 # 3 We have r = 21 cm and q = 60c

360c 2 360c 2 2
Area formed the sector = q # pr2
360
= 22 # 14 # 14 # 60c - 1 # 14 # 14 # 3
7 360c 2 2
= 60c # 22 # 21 # 21
360c 7
= b 308 - 49 3 l = 17.9 cm2 approx.
3
= 1 # 22 # 3 # 21
6
Area of major segment = pr2 - b 308 - 49 3 l
3 = 11 # 21 = 231 cm2
= 22 14 14 - 308 + 49 3
7 # # 3 58. In the given figure, TPQR is an equilateral triangle of
= 1540 + 49 3 = 598.10 side 8 cm and D, E, F are centres of circular arcs, each
3 of radius 4 cm. Find the area of shaded region. (Use
= 598 cm2 approx. p = 3.14 ) and 3 = 1.732
60. Four equal circles are described at the four corners of Area of the shaded region
a square so that each touches two of the others. The
= ârea of the circleh - (area of the rectangle)
shaded area enclosed between the circle is 247 cm2.
Find the radius of each circle. = pr2 - ÂB # BC h
Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2017] = 3.14 # 52 - ^8 # 6h
As per question statement the figure is shown below. = 78.5 - 48 = 30.5 cm2
Let r be the radius of each circle.
62. In Figure, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant
OPBQ . If OA = 15 cm , find the area of the shaded
region. (Use p = 3.14 ).
Area of square – Area of 4 sectors = 24 cm2

7
90 º 24
^2r h - 4 b pr # 360º l = 7
2 2

4r2 - 22 r2 = 24
7 7 We have redrawn the figure given below.
28r2 - 22r2 = 24
7 7
6r2 = 24
r2 = 4 & r = ! 2
Thus radius of each circle is 2 cm.
61. Find the area of the shaded region in Figure, if ABCD

is a rectangle with sides 8 cm and 6 cm and O is the
centre of circle. (Take p = 3.14 )
Using Pythagoras theorem in TBAO ,
OB2 = OA2 + AB2 = 152 + 152
= 225 + 225 = 450
OB = 450 = 15 2
Thus radius OB = 15 2 cm.
Area of square = (OA) 2 = (15) 2 = 225 cm2
Now, area of quadrant,
Sol : [Board 2019 Delhi] pr2 = 1 3.14 (15 2 ) 2
In TABC , +B = 90c 4 4# #
Using Pythagoras theorem, we have = 1 # 3.14 # 225 # 2

4
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
= 3.14 # 225
2
= 82 + 62 = 64 + 36 = 100
= 353.25 cm2
AC = 10 cm
Therefore, area of shaded region
Since, AC is the diameter of circle,
= Area of quadrant OPBQ - area of square OABC
Radius of circle, r = 5 cm
= 353.25 - 225 = 128.25 cm2
Area of triangle 3 ROQ , 67. In fig., find the area of the shaded region. Use p = 22
7 .
= 1 # (21 2 ) 2 = 21 # 21 = 441
2
Area of the one side flower bed
= 693 - 441 = 252 m2
Area of flower bed of both
= 2 # 252 = 504 m2
66. In fig., two circular flower beds have been shown on

two sides of a square lawn ABCD of side 56 m. If Sol : [Board Term-2 2011]
the centre of each circular flower bed is the point of
intersection O of the diagonals of the square lawn, Area of square = ^14h = 196 cm2
2
find the sum of the areas of the lawn and flower beds.
= 22 # b 7 l cm2
2
Area of internal circle
7 2
= 77 = 38.5 cm2
2
Area of semi-circle with 14 cm diameter
= 1 # 22 # 72 cm2
2 7
= 77 cm2
Area of two quarter circles of radius 72 cm
= 2 # 1 # 22 # b 7 l = 77 = 19.25 cm2
2
4 7 2 4
Shaded area = 196 - 38.5 + 77 + 19.25
Side of square = 56 = 292.25 - 38.5

Diagonal of square = 56 2 = 253.75 cm2.
Radius of circle = 12 # 56 2 = 28 2
68. The given figure shows a sector OAP of a circle
Total area = Area of sector OAB + with centre O , containing +q. AB is perpendicular
to the radius OA and meets OP produced at B
+ Area of sector ODC +
. Prove that the perimeter of shaded region is
+ Area of TOAD + r = 6tan q + sec q + 180
pq
- 1@ .
+ Area of TOBC
= 22 # ^28 2 h # 90c + 22 # ^28 2 h # 90c +
2 2
7 360c 7 360c
+ 1 # 56 # 56 + 1 # 56 # 56
4 4
= 1 # 22 # ^28 2 h + 1 # 22 # ^28 2 h +
2 2
4 7 4 7
+ 1 # 56 # 56 + 1 # 56 # 56
4 4
1
= # 28 # 56 b + 22 22 + 2 + 2 l m2
4 7 7
= 7 # 56 b 22 + 22 + 14 + 14 l m2 Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015, 2016]
7
As per question statement we have redrawn this figure
= 56 # 72 = 4032 m2. as given below.
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2014] Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015]
We have OB = OA + AB 2 2 Long hand makes 24 rounds in 24 hours and short

hand makes 2 round in 24 hours. Distance travelled by
= 202 + 202 = 800 tips of hands in one round is equal to the circumference
Thus OB = 20 2 cm of circle.
Radius of the circle formed by long hand = 6 cm. and
Radius r = 20 2
radius of the circle formed by short hand = 4 cm.
Area of shaded region Distance travelled by long hand in one round
= Area of sector OQBPO - Area of square OABC = circumference of the circle 2 # 6 # p
= pr2 90c - ^20h2 Distance travelled by long hand in 24 rounds
360c
= 24 # 12p = 288p
= 3.14 # (20 2 ) 2 # 90c - ^20h2
360c Distance travelled by short hand in a round = 2 # 4p
= 3.14 # 200 - 400 Distance travelled by short hand in 2 round
= 628 - 400 = 228 = 2 # 8p = 16p
Required area is 228 cm . 2
Sum of the distance = 288p + 16p = 304p
72. In the given figure, ABCD is a rectangle of dimensions = 304 # 3.14 = 954.56 cm
21 cm # 14 cm. A semicircle is drawn with BC as
diameter. Find the area and the perimeter of the 74. In fig. ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. Semi-circle are
shaded region in the figure. drawn with each side of square as diameter. Find the
area of the shaded region. Use p = 227 .
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2017] Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2016, STD SQP 2021]
Area of shaded region, We have redrawn the given figure as shown below.
= Area of rectangle ABCD - area of semicircle
= 21 # 14 - p # 72
2
1
= 294 - # 22 7 7
2 7 # #
= 294 - 77 = 217 cm2
Perimeter of shaded area
!
= AB + AD + CD + CB
If we subtract area of two semicircle AOD and COB,
= 21 + 14 + 21 + 22 # 7 from square ABCD we will get area of part 1 and
7
part 2.
= 21 + 14 + 21 + 22 = 78 cm
Area of square = 14 # 14 = 196 cm2
Hence, area of shaded region is 217 cm2 and perimeter
is 78 cm. Radius of semicircle = 14 = 7 cm
2
73. The long and short hands of a clock are 6 cm and 4 cm Area of semicircle AOB + DOC
long respectively. Find the sum of distances travelled
by their tips in 24 hours. (Use p = 3.14 ) = 22 # 72 = 154 cm2
7
(iii) Perimeter of the region having red colour, (i) Find the area swept by the minute hand in 14
q q minutes.
pr = 2 (r2 - r1) + 2pr1 3 + 2pr2 3
360c 360c (ii) Find the angle described by hour hand in 10
q minutes.
= 2 (r2 - r1) + 2p 3 (r1 + r2)
360c (iii) Find the distance covered by the tip of hour hand
= 2 (21 - 14) + 2 # 22 # 45c (21 + 14) in 3.5 hours.
7 360c (iv) If the tip of pendulum covers a distance of 66
= 2#7+2# 22 1 35 cm in complete oscillation, then find the angle
7 #8#
described by pendulum at the centre.
= 14 + 11 # 5 Sol :
2
= 14 + 27.5 = 41.5 cm Let rm = 9 cm, rh = 9 cm and rp = 45 cm
(iv) Area of the region having radius 14 cm (i) Area swept by the minute hand in 60 minutes is
pr 2, thus in 14 minutes.
(q 1 + q 2 + q 3)
As = pr12
360c = pr m2 # 14
60
(54c + 72c + 45c)
= 22 # (14) 2 # = 22 9 9 14
7 360c 7 # # # 60
= 22 14 14 171c = 22 # 9 # 9 # 1
7 # # # 360c 30
= 22 # 9 # 3 = 59.4 cm2
= 22 # 2 # 14 # 19 10
40
(ii) Angle made by hour hand in 12 hours is 360c.
= 22 # 7 # 19 = 292.6 cm2 Thus angle made in 10 minute.
10
q = 360c # 10 = 5c
77. Pendulum Clock : It is a clock that uses a pendulum, 12 60
a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. (iii) Distance cover by tip of hour hand is 2pr in 12
From its invention in 1656 by Christiaan Huygens, hour.
the pendulum clock was the world’s most precise Distance covered in 3.5 hours,
timekeeper, accounting for its widespread use. Their
greater accuracy allowed for the faster pace of life = 2prh # 3.5
12
which was necessary for the Industrial Revolution. = 2# 22 6 3.5
The home pendulum clock was replaced by less- 7 # # 12
expensive, synchronous, electric clocks in the 1930s = 22 = 11 cm
and 40s. Pendulum clocks are now kept mostly for 2
their decorative and antique value. (iv) If the tip of pendulum covers a distance of 66
cm in complete oscillation, distance covered in half
oscillation is 33 cm.
If q is the angle described by pendulum at the centre
to cover distance 33 cm, then,
l = 2prp # q
360c
33 = 2 # 22 45 q
7 # # 360c
3 =4#q
7 8
q = 3 # 7 # 8 = 42c
4
78. UPHOLSTERY : Upholstery is the physical act of

stuffing seats and furniture with webbing, padding,
Dhriti bought a pendulum clock for her living room.
springs, foam, or cushions to furniture and covering
the clock contains a small pendulam of lenght 45 cm.
it with upholstery fabric. The word upholstery comes
the minute hand and hour hand of the clock are 9 cm
from the Middle English word upholder, which referred
and 6 cm long respectively.
Chap 11 Areas Related to Circles Page 437
to an artisan who help up their goods. A person who ground (in-ground pools) or built above ground. In-
works with upholstery is an upholsterer. ground pools are most commonly constructed from
materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal,
plastic, or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and
shape or built to a standardized size, the largest of
which is the Olympic-size swimming pool.
Eshika wants to cover the cushions of her papasan The area of a circular pool is 616 square metre. The
chair with a different fabric. If there are seven circular owner wants to replace the tiling at the edge of the
cushions that are the same size with a diameter of pool.
32 cm, around a center cushion with a diameter of 46 (i) The edging is 25 cm wide, so she plans to use
cm, find the area of fabric that she will need to cover 6-inch square tiles to form a continuous inner
both sides of the cushions. Allow an extra 5 cm of edge. How many tiles will she need to purchase?
fabric around each cushion. (ii) Once the square tiles are in place around the pool,
Sol : there will be extra space between the tiles. What
Radius of cloth for small cushions, shape of tile will best fill this space? How many
tiles of this shape should she purchase?
rs = 16 + 5 = 21 cm
Sol :
Area, A = pr s2
Let r be radius of pool.
= 22 # 212 (i) Area of pool, A = pr2
7
= 22 # 3 # 21 = 1386 cm2
616 = 22 r2
Radius of cloth for large cushion, 7
2
r = 616 # 7 = 28 # 7 = 196
rl = 23 + 5 = 28 cm 22
Area A = pr l 2 r = 196 = 14
Circumference of pool,
= 22 # 282
7 C = 2pr
= 22 # 4 # 28 = 2464 cm2
We require 7 small cushions and 1 large cushions we = 2 # 22 # 14 = 176 m
7
have to multiply total area by 2 also because cloth will If tile 25 cm wide, we have to place 4 tile per
be used in both side. meter. Therefore total 176 # 4 = 704 tiles for whole
Total Area = 2 (7 # 1386 + 2464) circumference.
= 24332 cm2 (ii) The square tiles will touch along the inner edge
of the border, but there will be gaps along the outer
79. Swimming Pool : A swimming pool or simply pool is a edge. The tiles used to fill the gaps should be triangles.
structure designed to hold water to enable swimming There will be 704 gaps between the 704 square tiles,
or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the so 704 triangular tiles will be needed.
(i) What area can the motion detector monitor? In following figure AB = 21 cm . Find the perimeter
(ii) What angle is required to monitor 50% more of combined circles.
area?
(iii) For q = 91c what range is required for the
detector to monitor 30% more area?
Sol :
(i) Let r1 = 24 m and q1 = 70c
Area monitor by motion detector,
A1 = pr 12 q 1
360c
= 22 (24)2 # 70
7 # 360c
Sol :
= 22 # 24 # 24 # 1 We redraw the given circle as follows.
36
= 22 # 24 # 2 # 1
3
= 22 # 8 # 2 = 352 m2
(ii) Let q2 be angle to monitor 50% more area. Radius
is equal to r1 = 24 in this case.
A2 = 1.5A1
pr 12 q 2 = 1.5pr 12 q 1
360c 360c
q 2 = 1.5q 1
= 70c # 1.5 = 105c
Perimeter of given figure will be sum of circumference
(iii) Let r3 be range required for the detector to
of three circle.
monitor 30% more area where q = 91c .
P = pd 1 + pd 2 + pd 3
A3 = 1.3A1
= p (d 1 + d 2 + d 3)
pr 32 q = 1.3pr 12 q 1
360c 360c = 22 # 21
r 32 q = 1.3r 12 q 1 7
= 22 # 3 = 66 cm
Substituting all values we have
r 32 # 91c = 1.3 # 242 # 70c 84. Laying New Sod : Sod, also known as turf, is grass.
r 2
3
2
= 24 & r3 = 24 m When harvested into rolls it is held together by its
roots and a thin layer of soil. Sod is typically used
83. Gear : Gears are mechanical parts with cut teeth for lawns, golf courses, and sports stadiums around
designed to fit with teeth on another part so as to the world.
transmit or receive force and motion. Gears are also
sometimes called toothed wheels or cogged wheels or
cogs. The cut teeth are also sometimes called cogs.
When new sod is laid, a heavy roller is used to press The armature for the rear windshield wiper has a
the sod down to ensure good contact with the ground length of 63 cm, with a rubber wiper blade that is 42
beneath. The radius of the roller is 28 cm. cm long. What area of my rear windshield is cleaned
(i) Through what angle has the roller turned after as the armature swings back-and-forth through an
being pulled across 11 meter of yard? angle of 110c ?
(ii) If it is turned through by 3 revolution and 45c , Sol :
find the length, that the roller will press. Area swept by full windshield wiper,
Sol : Aw = p (63)2 110c
360c
(i) P = 2pr q
360c Area swept by metal arm of windshield wiper,
1100 = 2 # 22 # 28 # q Am = p (42)2 110c
7 360c 360c
100 = 2 # 2 # 4 # q Area swept by rubber part of windshield wiper or area
360c cleaned,
100 = 4 # q
90c Aclean = p 110c (632 - 422)
360c
q = 100 # 900 = 2250c
4 = 22 # 11 # 32 (212 - 142)
7 36
= 360c # 6 + 90c
= 22 # 11 # 9 (21 + 14) (21 - 14)
7 36
(ii) P = 2pr q
360c
= 22 # 11 # 35 # 7
7 4
= 2 # 22 # 28 # 1125
7 360c
= 22 # 11 # 35
125 4
= 2 # 22 # 4 #
40 = 2117.5 cm2
= 22 # 8 # 25
8
86. Electric Hoist : It is an electrically powered appliance
= 22 # 25 that is used to lift, lower and even move heavy or
= 550 cm = 5.5 m awkward objects. They are mainly used to alleviate
potential strain and injury on any person who needs
85. Windshield Wiper : Windshield wipers are a small to lift a heavy object or where the object is just much
part of your car, but they have a big impact on too heavy for a human to lift unaided.
your driving and overall safety. They remove rain,
snow, dirt, pollen, frost and other debris quickly and
smoothly at the push of a button. The windshield
wiper motor moves the windshield wiper arms across
the windshield. The metal or hard plastic arms drag
a thin rubber (or silicone) blade across the windshield
to clear away water, giving you a better view of the
road.
A water sprinkler is set to shoot a stream of water a

distance of 21 m and rotate through an angle of 80c .
(i) What is the area of the lawn it waters?
(ii) For r = 28 m, what angle is required to water
equal to previous area?
Sol :
A boy is moving a box upward through the use of
(i) Let r1 = 21 m and q1 = 80c a pulley 21 cm in radius. If the pulley is rotated
Area of the lawn watered, counterclockwise through an angle of 102c , find the
A1 = pr 12 q 1 height, that the weight will rise.
360c
Sol :
= 22 # 21 2 # 80c Let weight rise by h , when pulley rotated through an
7 360c
22 angle of 102c ,
= 21 21 2
7 # # #9 q
h = 2pr 360c
= 22 # 7 # 7 # 2
7 = 2 # 22 # 21 # 102c
2 7 360c
= 22 # 7 # 2 = 308 m
=
(ii) Let r2 28 m and q2 be the angle for the same = 2 # 22 # 3 # 17
60
area.
Now A2 = A1 = 22 # 17 = 37.4 cm
10
pr 22 q 2 = pr 12 q 1
360c 360c 91. Barn : A barn is an agricultural building usually on
r 22 q 2 = r 12 q 1 farms and used for various purposes. A barn refers to
r1 2 structures that house livestock, including cattle and
q 2 = c r m q1 horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often
2
grain.
q 2 = b 21 l # 80
2
28
= b 3 l # 80
2
4
= 9 # 80 = 45c
16
90. Pulley : A pulley is a wheel with a groove along

its edge for holding a rope or cable. It is a simple
machine that helps change the direction and point of Ramkaran want to build a barn at his farm. He has
application of a pulling force. Pulleys are used singly made a design for it which is shown above.
or in combination to transmit energy and motion. Here roof is arc of a circle of radius r at centre O .
(i) What is the value of radius of arc ? 92. Speed of a River Current : The paddle wheel in the
(ii) What is the curved width of roof ? river functions like a wheel rolling on a road. To
approximate the speed of the current of a river, a
(iii) What is area of cross section of barn ? circular paddle wheel with radius 1.75 meter is
(iv) If the length of the barn is 12 meters, what is the lowered into the water. If the current causes the wheel
curved surface area of roof? to rotate at a speed of 10 revolutions per minute,
what is the speed of the current?.
(v) What is the storage capacity of barn ?
Sol :
(i) We redraw the cross section of barn as shown
below.
Sol :
The water rotate wheel with its current speed. Since
wheel rotate 10 revolution in minute, water also flow
In right triangle TAFO , equivalent 10 revolution distance in 1 minute.
AO = AF2 + FO2 = 42 + 42 = 4 2 m Water flow in revolution of wheel,
Thus AO = 4 2 which is also radius of curved arc. = 2pr
(ii) In right angle triangle TAFO is also isosceles Water flow in 10 revolution of wheel,
triangle = 10 # 2pr
Thus, +FAO = +FOA = 45c
= 10 # 2 # 22 # 1.75
Similarly, +FOC = 45c 7
Thus +AOC = +AOF + +FOC = 10 # 2 # 22 # 7 = 110 meter

7 4
= 45c + 45c = 90c Since the wheel makes 10 revolutions per minute a
point on the circumference of the paddle wheel travels
Curved width 2prq = 2p # 4 2 # 90c 110 meter. Hence, water flows 110 meter in one
360c 360c
minute.
= 2p 2 m
Water flow in 1 hour, = 110 # 60 m
(iii) Area of cross section
= 6600 m
= Area of AECD +
= 6.6 km
+ Area of section ABCO - Area of triangle ACO
Since water flow in 1 hour is 6.6 km, its current is
p ^4 2 h # 90c 1
2
6.6 km/hour .
= 8#8+ - #4#8
360c 2
93. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is a multi-purpose sports
= 64 + 8p - 16 stadium and a very popular sports stadium of Delhi.
= 48 + 8p = 8 ^6 + p h The stadium is a part of the Jawaharlal Nehru
sports complex in central Delhi, which also houses
(iv) Curved surface area of roof
the headquarters of the Sports Authority of India,
= 2p 2 # 12 = 24 2 p m2 the field arm of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and
(v) Storage capacity of barn, Sports, and the Indian Olympic Association . It
= Cross section area # Length has a capacity to seat 60,000 people. It is the third
largest multi-purpose stadium in India. In 2010, the
= 8 ^6 + p h # 12 = 96 ^6 + p h m3 Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium was the main stadium for
XIX Commonwealth Games; a major sporting event.
Sol :
(i) Here TAOB is a right-angled triangle in which
AB is a hypotenuse.
Now AO = OB
= radius of circle = 200 m
Thus area of TAOB ,
= 1 # OA # OB
2
1
= # 200 # 200 = 20, 000 m2
2
(ii) Here OCDE is a square whose diagonal is equal to
the radius of the circle. Let a be side of square.
Now a2 + a2 = ^200h2
Jawaharlal Nehru stadium is conducting the annual 2a2 = 200 # 200

sports competition soon. The curator of the stadium a = 100 # 100 # 2 = 100 2 m
is tasked to figuring out the dimensions for carving
a2 = ^100 2 h = 20, 000 m2
2
out some areas allotted for a hockey court and a Area of square
shooting range, as shown in the figure below. Area of hockey court is equal to area of shooting
court.
(iii) Unoccupied area of stadium,
=Area of circle - (Area of hockey court + area
of shooting court)
= pr - ^20, 000 + 20, 000h
2
= 40, 000p - 40, 000

= 40000 (p - 1)
= 40, 000 # 2.14 = 85, 600 m2
(iv) Boundaries need to be fenced
= perimeter of triangle + perimeter of square
For triangle, length of AB ,
The shapes of the hockey court and the shooting AB = OA2 + OB 2
range are square and triangle respectively. Both of the
= 2002 + 2002 = 200 2 m
courts have a common edge that touches the centre
of stadium. The construction of the shooting range is Perimeter of triangle,
such that the angle to centre is 90c. The radius of the OA + OB + AB = 200 + 200 + 200 2
stadium is 200 metres.
= 400 + 200 2
(i) What is the area allotted to shooting range ?
Perimeter of square,
(ii) What is the area allotted to hockey court ?
4a = 4 # 100 2 = 400 2
(iii) If the team of the curators managing the stadium,
Boundary need to be fenced,
likes to allot space for some more sports, how
much area is available to them? = 400 + 200 2 + 400 2
(iv) If the boundaries of the hockey court and shooting = 400 + 600 2
range are to be fenced, then what is the required = 200 ^2 + 3 2 h m
length of the fence ?
(v) Cost of Fencing = Length of Fence # Rate
(v) If the cost of fencing is Rs 6 per metre, what is
the total cost of fencing ? = 200 ^2 + 3 2 h # 6
= 1200 ^2 + 3 2 h
Page 446 Surface Areas and Volumes Chap 12
CHAPTER 12
Surface Areas and Volumes
CBSE has removed melting questions from exam Surface area of a two solid hemisphere
2023 but these question doesn’t involve any extra
2S2 = 6pr2
concept. These questions are very useful to learn
concept appearing in exam 2025. So we have included The ratio of the surface areas of sphere to that of two
these question. However we have light marked these hemispheres taken together,
question, If you want you can skip these question.
S1 = 4pr2 = 2
2S2 6p r 2 3
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Thus (c) is correct option.
3. The volume of a right circular cone whose area of the

1. The volume of the largest right circular cone that can base is 156 cm2 and the vertical height is 8 cm, is:
be carved out from a solid cube of edge 2 cm is (a) 2496 cm3 (b) 1248 cm3
(a) 4p cu cm (b) 5p cu cm (c) 1664 cm3 (d) 416 cm3
3 3
(c) 8p cu cm (d) 2p cu cm Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard]
3 3
Area of base pr = 156 cm2
2
From a 2 cm edge of cube we can carved out a right Volume of cone V = 1 pr2 h
3
circular cone of height 2 cm and base diameter 2 cm.
= 1 # 156 # 8
Volume of such right circular cone, 3
= 416 cm3
V = 1 pr 2 h
= pb 2 l # 2
1 2
3 2 4. If the radius of the sphere is increased by 100%, the

volume of the corresponding sphere is increased by
= 1 p # ^1 h2 # 2
3 (a) 200% (b) 500%
= 2p cu cm (c) 700% (d) 800%
3
Thus (d) is correct option. Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2017]
Let r be the original radius of sphere. If we increased

2. A solid sphere is cut into two hemispheres. The ratio of radius by 100 %. it will be 2r .
the surface areas of sphere to that of two hemispheres 4
Vr = 3 pr 3
taken together, is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 4
Now V2r = 3 p # (2r) 3
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
= 4 p # 8r2
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard] 3
Surface area of a solid sphere Thus new volume is 8 times of original volume.
2
S1 = 4pr Hence when the radius is increased by 100%, the
Surface area of a solid hemisphere corresponding volume becomes 800% and thus
increase is 700%.
S2 = 2pr2 + pr2 = 3pr2
13. From a solid circular cylinder with height 10 cm *17. A solid piece of iron in the form of a cuboid of
and radius of the base 6 cm, a right circular cone of dimensions 49 cm # 33 cm # 24 cm , is moulded to
the same height and same base is removed, then the form a solid sphere. The radius of the sphere is
volume of remaining solid is (a) 21 cm (b) 23 cm
(a) 280 pcm3 (b) 330 pcm3 (c) 25 cm (d) 19 cm
(c) 240 pcm3 (d) 440 p cm3
Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2016] Volume of the sphere = Volume of the cuboid
Volume of the remaining solid
4 pr3 = 49 33 24
=Volume of the cylinder - Volume of the cone 3 # #
= 38808 cm3
= p # 62 # 10 - 1 # p # 62 # 10
3
= (360p - 120p) 4 # 22 r3 = 38808 # 3
7
= 240p cm3 r3 = 38808 # 3 # 7
4 # 22
= 441 # 21
14. If two solid hemispheres of same base radius r are 3
r = 21 # 21 # 21
joined together along their bases, then curved surface
area of this new solid is r = 21 cm
(a) 4pr2 (b) 6pr2 Thus (a) is correct option.
2 2
(c) 3pr (d) 8pr *18. Twelve solid spheres of the same size are made by
melting a solid metallic cylinder of base diameter
2 cm and height 16 cm. The diameter of each sphere is
Because curved surface area of a hemisphere is 2pr2
and here, we join two solid hemispheres along their (a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm
bases of radius r , from which we get a solid sphere. (c) 2 cm (d) 6 cm
Hence, the curved surface area of new solid
= 2pr2 + 2pr2 = 4pr2
Volume of the twelve solid sphere is equal to the
volume of cylinder.
15. A right circular cylinder of radius r and height h V12 sphere = Vcylinder
(where, h > 2r ) just encloses a sphere of diameter 2 2
(a) r (b) 2r 12 # 4 pr3 = p b 1 l # 16
3
(c) h (d) 2h 16pr3 = 16p
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2017] r3 = 1 & r = 1 cm
Because the sphere encloses in the cylinder, therefore Diameter of each sphere, d = 2r
the diameter of sphere is equal to diameter of cylinder
= 2 # 1 = 2 cm
which is 2r .
19. In a right circular cone, the cross-section made by a
16. During conversion of a solid from one shape to
plane parallel to the base is a
another, the volume of the new shape will
(a) circle (b) frustum of a cone
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) sphere (d) hemisphere
(c) remain unaltered (d) be doubled
Sol :
In a right circular cone, if any cut is made parallel
During conversion of a solid from one shape to another,
to its base, the result would be the base of the cone,
the volume of the new shape will remain unaltered.
which in cross-section is a circle.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS 28. Find the ratio of lateral surface areas of two cylinders
with equal height.
24. If the radius of the sphere is increased by 100%, then
how much volume of the corresponding sphere is 2pRh : 2prh = R : r
increased ?
29. Find the ratio of volumes of two cylinders with equal
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012] height.
Let r be the original radius of sphere. If we increased
radius by 100 %. it will be 2r .
2 2 2 2
pR h : p r h = R : r
4
Vr = 3 pr 3
*30. The diameter of a sphere is 6 cm. It is melted and
4
Now V2r = 3 p # (2r) 3 drawn into a wire of diameter 2 mm. What is the
length of the wire?
= 4 p # 8r 3
3 Sol : [Board 2009]
Thus new volume is 8 times of original volume. Let the length of the wire be l . Since, metallic sphere
Hence when the radius is increased by 100%, the is converted into a cylindrical shaped wire of length l ,
corresponding volume becomes 800% and thus Volume of the metal used in wire is equal to the
increase is 700%. volume of the sphere.
4
*25. A sphere is melted and half of the melted liquid is used pr2 l = 3 pR 3
to form 11 identical cubes, whereas the remaining half 6 3
p #b2 # 1 l # l = 4 # p #b2l
2
is used to form 7 identical smaller spheres. Find the 2 10 3
ratio of the side of the cube to the radius of the new
small sphere. p# 1 #h = 4 # p # 33
100 3
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2017] l = 4 # 32 = 36
As per the given conditions, 100
l = 3600 cm = 36 m
11a3 = 7 # 4 # 22 # r3
3 7
31. The diameter of hollow cone is equal to the diameter
a =b l8 1/3
of a spherical ball. If the ball is placed at the base of
r 3
the cone, what portion of the ball will be outside the
26. Find the ratio of volumes of two cones with same cone?
radii. Sol : [Board 2007]
Though it is given that diameter of the cone is equal

Sol : [Board 2010]
to the diameter of the spherical ball. But the ball
1 pr 2 h : 1 pr 22 h2 will not fit into the cone because of its slant shape.
3 1 1 3
Hence more than 50% of the portion of the ball will
1 pr 2 h : 1 pr 12 h2 (r1 = r2) be outside the cone.
3 1 1 3
h1 : h2
27. The base radii of a cone and a cylinder are equal. If

their curved surface areas are also equal, then what is
the ratio of the slant height of the cone to the height
of the cylinder?
We have prl = 2prh

l =2
h 1
39. A cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere have same base 44. If the radius of the base of a right circular cylinder
and same height. Find the ratio of their volumes. is halved, keeping the height same, find the ratio of
the volume of the reduced cylinder to that of original
cylinder.
Vcylinder |Vcone |Vhemisphere = pr2 h | 1 pr2 h | 2 pr3
3 3 Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
= pr 2 r | 1 pr 2 r | 2 pr 3 (h = r ) Volume of reduced cylinder p #^ h h r 2

3 3 =1
2
=
Volume of original cylinder pr 2 h 4
= 1|1 |2 = 1|4
3 3
= 3|1|2
45. Volume of two spheres are in the ratio 64 | 27 , find
the ratio of their surface areas.
40. What is the volume of a right circular cylinder of base
radius 7 cm and height 10 cm ? Use p = 227 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012]
st
Volume of I sphere
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] = 64
Volume of II nd 27
We have r = 7 cm, h = 10 cm, 3
3 pr1
4
Volume of cylinder, = 64
3 pr2
4 3 27
pr2 h = 22 # ^7 h2 # 10 r13 3
7 = 43
r23 3
= 1540 cm3 r1 =4
r2 3
41. What is the ratio of the total surface area of the solid
Ratio of their surface areas,
hemisphere to the square of its radius.
2pr12 = r1 2 = 4 2 = 16
Sol : a r2 k b3l 9
[Board Term-2, 2012] 4pr22
Total surface area of hemisphere 3pr2 3p Find the volume (in cm3) of the largest right circular
= 2 = 46.
Square of its radius r 1
cone that can be cut off from a cube of edge 4.2 cm.
Thus required ratio is 3p | 1.
42. The radius of sphere is r cm. It is divided into two Edge of the cube = 4.2 cm.
equal parts. Find the whole surface of two parts.
Height of the cone = 4.2 cm.
Radius of the cone = 4.2 = 2.1 cm.
Whole surface of each part 2
= 2pr2 + pr2 = 3pr2 Volume of the cone,
1 pr 2 h = 1 22
3 # 7 #^ h #
Total surface of two parts 2.1 2 4.2
3
= 2 # 3pr2 = 6pr2 = 19.4 cm3
43. The radii of two cylinders are in the ratio 2 | 3 and 47. The circumference of the edge of a hemisphere bowl
their heights are in the ratio 5 | 3 , find the ratio of is 132 cm. When p is taken as 227 , find the capacity of
their volumes. the bowl in cm3.
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2012] Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
st
Volume of 1 cylinder 2
= pr h 1 1 Let r be the radius of bowl, then circumference of
2
Volume of 2 nd cylinder pr h 2 2 bowl,
= a r1 k # h1
2
2pr = 132
r2 h2
2 5 r = 132 # 7 = 21 cm
2
=b l # 2 # 22
3 3
= # = 20
4 5 Capacity i.e volume of the bowl,
9 3 27
2 pr 3 = 2 22 21 21 21
= 20 | 27 3 3# 7 # # #
= 19404 cm3
Volume of toy, Slanted height,

1 pr2 h + 2 pr3 = 1 pr2 (h + 2r) l = 122 + (3.5) 2 = 12.5 m
3 3 3
Area of canvas cloth required,
= 1 # 22 # (3.5) 2 # (6 + 2 # 3.5)
3 7 prl = 22 # 12 # 12.5 = 471.4 m2
7
= 1 # 22 # 3.5 # 3.5 # (6 + 7)
3 7 57. Isha is 10 years old girl. On the result day, Isha and her
= 1 # 22 # 3.5 # 13 father Suresh were very happy as she got first position
3 2
in the class. While coming back to their home, Isha
= 1 # 11 # 3.5 # 13 asked for a treat from her father as a reward for her
3
success. They went to a juice shop and asked for two
= 500.5 = 166.83 cm3 (Approx) glasses of juice.
3
Aisha, a juice seller, was serving juice to her customers
Hence, the volume of the solid is 166.83 cm3 .
in two types of glasses.
*55. Water is flowing at the rate of 15 km/h through a Both the glasses had inner radius 3 cm. The height of
pipe of diameter 14 cm into a cuboidal pond which is both the glasses was 10 cm.
50 m long and 44 m wide. In what time will the level First Type : A glass with hemispherical raised bottom.
of water in the pond rise by 21 cm?
Let t be the time in which the level of the water in

the tank will rise by 21 cm.
Length of water that flows in 1 hour is 15 km or
15000 m.
Radius of pipe is 14 = 7 cm or 0.07 m.
2
Volume of water in 1 hour, Second Type : A glass with conical raised bottom of
= 22 # b 7 l # 15000 = 231 m3
2
height 1.5 cm.
7 100
Volume of water in time t ,
= 231t m3
This volume of water is equal to the water flowed into
the cuboidal pond which is 50 m long, 44 m wide and
0.21 m high.
Thus 231t = 50 # 44 # 0.21
t = 50 # 44 # 0.21 = 2 Hours
231 Isha insisted to have the juice in first type of glass and
56. A heap of rice is in the form of a cone of base diameter her father decided to have the juice in second type of
24 m and height 3.5 m. Find the volume of the rice. glass. Out of the two, Isha or her father Suresh, who
How much canvas cloth is required to just cover the got more quantity of juice to drink and by how much?
heap? Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2016] Let H and h be the height of cylinder and height
Radius of conical heap r = 12 m of cone. Let r be the common radius of cone and
cylinder and hemisphere.
Height of heap, h = 3.5 m
Capacity of first glass,
Volume of rice,
= Volume of cylinder - Volume of hemisphere
1
V = 3 pr2 h
= pr2 H - 2 pr3 = pr2 :H - 2 r D
3 3
= 1 # 22 # 12 # 12 # 3.5 m3 2
3 7 = p # (3) :10 - # 3D
2
3
= 528 m3
= 9p # 8 = 72p cm2
63. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and

diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the same height
and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the volume
of the remaining solid to the nearest cm3. Use p = 227
As per question the figure is shown below.
From figure it may be easily seen that 6 plate will be

fitted in cylinder in one layer.
Height of six plate is 0.2 cm. Total height of cylinder
is 10 cm. Thus layer of plate in cylinder is 010.2 = 50
layer. Thus total plate 50 # 6 = 300
*65. Find the number of coins of 1.5 cm diameter and

0.2 cm thickness to be melted to form a right circular
cylinder of height 10 cm and diameter 4.5 cm.
Volume of remaining solid is difference of volume of
Volume of of any cylinder shape is pr2 h .
cylinder and volume of cone.
Volume of coin = p ^0.75h2 # 0.2 cm3
pr 2 h - 1 pr 2 h = 2 pr 2 h
3 3 Volume of cylinder = p ^2.25h2 # 10 cm3
= 2 # 22 # ^0.7h2 # 2.4 Volume of cylinder
3 7 No. of coins =
Volume of coin
= 44 # 0.1 # 0.7 # 0.8
p ^2.25h2 # 10
=
= 4.4 # .56 = 2.464 cm3. p ^0.75h2 # 0.2
^3 h2 # 10
PRACTICE = = 450
0.2
 From a solid circular cylinder with height 10 cm
and radius of the base 6 cm, a right circular cone *66. A cone of height 24 cm and radius of base 6 cm is
of the same height and same base is removed, made up of clay. If we reshape it into a sphere, find
then find the volume of remaining solid? the radius of sphere.
[Board 2008]
Ans : 240p cm3
Volume of sphere =Volume of cone
 From a solid right circular cylinder of height 14 4 pr 3 = 1 pr 2 h
cm and base radius 6 cm, a right circular cone 3 1 3 2
of same height and same base removed. Find the 4 r 3 = 6 2 24
3# 1 ^ h# 3
volume of the remaining solid.
[Board 2020 OD Standard] 4r13 = 36 # 24
2
Ans : 1056 cm
r13 = 63 & r1 = 6 cm
Hence, radius of sphere is 6 cm.
64. Find the number of plates, 1.5 cm in diameter and
0.2 cm thick, that can be fitted completely inside a *67. A metallic sphere of total volume p is melted and
right circular of height 10 cm and diameter 4.5 cm. recast into the shape of a right circular cylinder of
Sol : [Board Term-2 2014] radius 0.5 cm. What is the height of cylinder ?
As per question we can arrange circular plate in right Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
circular as follows. Here smaller circle is plate of 1.5
Volume of cylinder = Volume of sphere,
cm diameter and large circle is cylinder of 4.5 cm
diameter. pr 2 h = p
Volume of the solid,

= Volume of hemisphere + volume of a cone
= 2 pr 3 + 1 pr 2 h
3 3
1 2
= pr (2r + h)
3
= 1 # 22 # 72 # (2 # 7 + 14)
3 7
= 1 # 22 # 7 # (14 + 14)
3 1
= 1 # 22 # 7 # 28
3
= 4312
3
= 1437.33 cm3 (approx)
75. From a solid cylinder whose height is 15 cm and the

diameter is 16 cm, a conical cavity of the same height
Total surface area of solid = Inner and outer curved
and same diameter is hollowed out, Find the total
surface areas of cylinder and hemisphere
surface area of remaining solid. (Given your answer
S = 2prh + 2pRh + 2pr2 + 2pR2 in terms of p ).
= 2ph ^r + Rh + 2p ^r2 + R2h Sol : [Board 2010]
where, r = 3 cm, R = 4 cm and h = 14 cm Height of cylinder, h = 15 cm

Thus S = 2ph ^r + Rh + 2p ^r + R h
2 2
Radius of cylinder, r = 16 = 8 cm
2
= 2 # 22 # 14 ^3 + 4h + 2 # 22 ^9 + 16h Radius of base of cone, r = 8 cm
7 7
= 616 + 1100 = 616 # 7 + 1100 Let slant height of cone be l , then we have
7 7
5412 l = r2 + h2 = 82 + 152
= 2
cm = 773.14 cm2 (approx.)
7
= 64 + 225 = 289
74. A solid is in the shape of a right-circular cone
Thus l = 17 cm
surmounted on a hemisphere, the radius of each of
them being 7 cm and the height of the cone is equal TSA of reaming solid
to its diameter. Find the volume of the solid. = Top area of cylinder+
+ CSA of cylinder + CSA of conical cavity
As per given information in question we have drawn = pr2 + 2prh + prl

the figure below, = pr (r + 2h + l)
= p # 8 (3 + 2 # 15 + 17)
= p # 8 # 55 = 440p
TSA of reaming solid is 440p .
PRACTICE
 From a solid cylinder whose height is 8 cm and

radius 6 cm, a conical cavity of same height
and same base radius is hollowed out. Find the
total surface area of the remaining solid. (Take
p = 3.14 )
Here, radius r = 7 cm [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
Ans : 603.43 cm2
and height of a cone = 14 cm
79. A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter 36 cm Curved surface area of two hemispherical scoops
contains liquid is filled into 72 cylindrical bottles of = 2 # 2pr2
diameter 6 cm. Find the height of the each bottle, if
10% liquid is wasted in this transfer. = 4 # 22 # 3.5 # 3.5
7
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015] = 154 cm2
Volume of the hemispherical bowl of internal diameter
36 cm will be equal to the 72 cylindrical bottles of Total surface area of article = 220 + 154 = 374 cm2
diameter 6 cm.
*81. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing
Volume of bowl = 2 pr3 with a speed of 10 km/hour. How much area will
3
it irrigate in 30 minutes; if 8 cm standing water is
= 2 p # ^18h3 cm3 needed?
3
Volume of liquid in bowl is equal to the volume of Sol : [Board 2020 OD STD, 2019 Delhi, Delhi 2014, 2012]
bowl. Canal is the shape of cuboid where
Volume of liquid after wastage = 2 p ^18h3 # 90 cm3 Breadth = 6 m
3 100
Volume of one bottle = pr2 h Depth = 1.5 m
Volume of liquid in 72 bottles and speed of water = 10 km/hr
= p # ^3 h # h # 72 cm
2 2
Length of water moved in 60 minutes i.e. 1 hour
Volume of bottles = volume in liquid after wastage = 10 km
Length of water moved in 30 minutes i.e. 12 hours,
p # ^3 h2 # h # 72 = 2 p # ^18h2 # 90
3 100
= 1 # 10 = 5 km = 5000 m
3 p # ^18h # 100
2 2 90 2
h =
p # ^3 h # 72
2 Now, volume of water moved from canal in 30 minutes
Hence, the height of bottle = 5.4 cm = Length # Breadth # Depth
= 5000 # 6 # 1.5 m3
80. A wooden article was made by scooping out a
hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder, as Volume of flowing water in canal
shown in Figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm = volume of water in area irrigated
and its base is of radius 3.5 cm, find the total surface 5000 # 6 # 1.5m3 = Area Irrigated # 8 cm
area of the article.
5000 # 6 # 1.5m3 = Area Irrigated # 8 m
100
Area Irrigated = 5000 6
# # 1 . 5 # 100 m2
8
= 5.625 # 105 m2
PRACTICE
 Water in a canal, 5.4 m wide and 1.8 m deep, is

flowing with a speed of 25 km/hour. How much
area can it irrigate in 40 minutes, if 10 cm of
standing water is required for irrigation ?
Sol : [Board 2018] Ans : 162000 m3
Total surface Area of article
= CSA of cylinder + CSA of 2 hemispheres 82. A solid right-circular cone of height 60 cm and radius
CSA of cylinder = 2prh 30 cm is dropped in a right-circular cylinder full of
water of height 180 cm and radius 60 cm. Find the
= 2 # 22 # 3.5 # 10 volume of water left in the cylinder in cubic metre.
7
Use p = 227 .
= 220 cm2

= 22 # ^3.5h2 :10 - 4 # 3.5 D
Volume of copper used in making the pipe is equal 7 3
to the difference of volume of external cylinder and
= 22 # 3.5 # 3.5 # : 30 - 4 # 3.5 D
volume of internal cylinder. 7 3
Height of cylindrical pipe, = 22 # 0.5 # 3.5 # 16
3
h = 21 dm = 210 cm
= 204.05 cm3.
External Radius, R = 10 = 5 cm
2
88. The radii of two right circular cylinders are in the
6
Internal Radius, r = = 3 cm ratio of 2 | 3 and their height are in the ratio of
2
5 | 4 . Calculate the ratio of their curved surface area
Volume of copper used in making the pipe and radio of their volumes.
= (Volume of External Cylinder)
- (Volume of Internal Cylinder) Let the radii of two cylinders be 2r and 3r and their
= pR 2 h - p r 2 h heights be 5h and 4h respectively.
Ratio of their curved surface areas,
= ph ^R2 - h2h
= 2p # 2r # 5h = 5
= 22 # 210 # ^52 - 32h 2p # 3r # 4h 6
7
Thus their curved surface areas are in the ratio of
= 22 210 # ^25 - 9h 5 | 6.
7 #
Ratio of their volumes,
= 22 # 210 # 16
7 p # ^2r h2 # 5h
= = 5#4 = 5
= 10560 cm3. 2p # 3r # 4h 4#9 9
Hence, their volumes are in the ratio of 5 | 9 and
87. A wooden toy was made by scooping out a hemisphere their C.SA are in the ratio of 5 | 6 .
of same radius from each end of a solid cylinder. If
the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is of 89. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl
radius 3.5 cm, find the volume of wood in the toy. Use surmounted by a hollow cylinder of same diameter.
p = 227 The diameter of the hemispherical bowl is 14 cm and
the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the total
surface area of the vessel. Use p = 227
Here radius of toy is equal to the radius of cylinder

which is 3.5 cm.
Radius of toy = radius of cylinder = 3.5 cm
Vol. of toy = Vol. of cylinder- 2 # Vol. of hemisphere
Radius of hemisphere r = 14 = 7 cm
= pr 2 h - 2 # 2 pr 3 2
3 Height of cylinder h = 13 - 7 = 6 cm
= pr2 :h - 4r D Total slanted area of cylinder,
3
6#6#h = 4#3#3 0.4 # 22 r2 + 4r = 176

7 ^ h
h = 4 # 3 # 3 = 1 cm r2 + 4r = 176 # 7 = 140
6#6 0.4 # 22
Hence the water level rises is 1 cm. 2
r + 4r - 140 = 0
93. A conical vessel, with base radius 5 cm height 24 cm, ^r + 14h^r - 10h = 0 & r = 10
is full of water. This water emptied into a cylindrical Hence width of embankment is 10 m.
vessel, of base radius 10 cm. Find the height to which
the water will rise in the cylindrical vessel. Use p = 227 95. A sphere of diameter 12 cm, is dropped in a right
circular cylindrical vessel, partly filled with water.
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016] If the sphere is completely submerged in water, the
Here radius and height of conical vessel are 5 cm and water level into the cylindrical vessel rises by 3 5 cm.
24 cm. 9
Find the diameter of the cylindrical vessel.
Volume of cone = 1 pr2 h Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
3
1
= p # 2.5 # 24 Radius of sphere = 12 = 6 cm
3 2
When water is emptied into cylindrical vessel, water Volume = 4 p # 63 cm3
3
will rise in cylindrical vessel. Let rise in height be h .
It is submerged into water, in cylindrical vessel, then
Volume of water raised = pr2 h . This volume is equal
water level rise by 3 59 = 329 cm. Volume of submerged
to the volume of cone.
sphere is equal to the volume of water rise in cylinder.
Thus p # (10) 2 # h = 1 p # 25 # 24 Volume submerged = Volume rise
3
100h = 25 # 8 Let r be radius of cylinder. Therefore
h = 2 cm p # r2 # 32 = 4 p # 63 cm
9 3
94. A well of diameter 4 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth r2 = 216 # 3 # 4 = 27 # 3 # 4
32 4
taken out is spread evenly all around the well to form
a 40 m high embankment. Find the width of the r2 = 27 # 3 = 81 & r = 9 cm
embankment. Diameter 2r = 2 # 9 = 18 cm.
96. A well of diameter 4 m dug 21 m deep. The earth
Depth of well, d = 14 m,
taken out of it has been spread evenly all around it
Radius, r = 12 m. in the shape of a circular ring of width 3 m to form
an embankment. Find the height of the embankment.
Volume of earth taken out,
pr2 h = 22 # (2) 2 # 14
7
Radius of earth dug out r =4=2 m
22 2
= 2 2 14
7 # # # Depth of the earth d = 21,
= 176 m 3
Volume of earth pr2 d = 22 # (2) 2 # 21
7
Let r be the width of embankment. The radius of
outer circle of embankment = 22 # 4 # 3 = 264 m2
= 2+r Width of embankment = 3 m
Area of upper surface of embankment Outer radius of ring = 2 + 3 = 5 m
= p 8^2 + r h2 - ^2 h2B Let the height of embankment be h .
Volume of embankment,
Volume of embankment = Volume of earth taken out
p ^R - r h2 h = 264
p 8^2 + r h2 - ^2 h2B # 0.4 = 176
22
7 #^
52 - 22h # h = 264
p 64 + r2 + 4r - 4@ # 0.4 = 176
Volume of recast sphere, Sol : [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017]
Vsphere = 4 pr3 Radius of tent r = 14 = 7 m

3 2
Volume of sphere is equal to the volume of 504 cones. Height h = 24 m
Thus Vsphere = 504Vcone Slant height l = r2 + h2
4p r3 = 504 p 3.5 2 72 + 242
3 # # 3 #b 2 l # 3 =
= 49 + 576 = 25 m
4r3 = 504 # 7 # 7 # 3
4 4 Surface area of the tent,
r3 = 126 # 7 # 7 # 3 prl = prl
4 4
= 22 # 7 # 25 = 550 m2
= 7#9#2#7 #7 #3 7
4 4
Surface area of 10 tents,
= 3#3# # #7 #3
7 7
2 2 2 = 550 # 10 = 5500
7
r = 3 # = 10.5 cm
2 Total cost = 5500 # 40 = 110000
2
Thus diameter is 21 cm. Hence, Rampal helped the centre of 110000 Rs.
Surface area 4pr2 = 4 # 22 # 10.5 # 10.5 A cone of maximum size is curved out from a cube
7 102.
= 1386 cm2 edge 14 cm. Find the surface area of remaining solid
after the cone is curved out.
100. The 34 th part of a conical vessel of internal radius Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2017]
5 cm and height 24 cm is full of water. The water If a cone of maximum size is curved out from a cube
emptied into a cylindrical vessel with internal radius edge a , diameter and height of cone will be a
10 cm. Find the height of water in cylindrical vessel.
Side of cube a = 14 cm.
If cone of maximum size is curved out,
Radius of conical vessel = 5 cm
Height of conical vessel = 24 cm Radius of cone r = 14 = 7 cm
2
Volume of this vessel, = p # ^5 h2 # 24 Height of cone h = 7 cm
3
= 200p cm3 Slant height l = r2 + h2
Internal radius of cylindrical vessel = 10 = 72 + 142
Let the h be the height of emptied water. = 49 + 196
Volume of water in cylinder,
= 245
pr2 h = 3 # Volume of cone = 15.65 cm.
4
p # 10 # 10 # h = 3 # 200p Total surface area,
4
= Surface area cube + curved Surface area of cone
100h = 150
- Circular area of base of cone
h = 1.5 cm
= 6a2 + prl - pr2
Hence the height of water is 1.5 cm.
= 6 # 14 # 14 + 22 # 7 # 15.65 - 22 # 7 # 7
101. Rampal decided to donate canvas for 10 tents conical 7 7
in shape with base diameter 14 m and height 24 m = 1176 + 622 ^15.65 - 7h@
to a centre for handicapped person’s welfare. If the
= 1176 # 22 # 8.65
cost of 2 m wide canvas is Rs. 40 per meter, find the
amount by which Rampal helped the money. = 223792.8 cm2
Volume of solid, 109. A hemispherical depression is cut from one face of a

cubical block, such that diameter l of hemisphere is
= Volume of cylinder + 2 # Volume of hemisphere
equal to the edge of cube. find the surface area of the
V = p r 2 h + 2 # b 2p r 3 l remaining solid.
3
4 Sol : [Board Term-2 2014]
= pr 2 b h + r l
3 Let r be the radius of hemisphere.
= 22 # 7 # 7 :13 + 4 # 7 D Now r =l
7 2 2 3 2 2
= 77 b 53 l cm3 Now, the required surface area
2 3
= 680.2 cm3 = Surface area of cubical block +
- Area of base of hemisphere +
PRACTICE
+ Curved surface area of hemisphere.
 A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder
with two hemisphere stuck to each of its ends, = 6 ^ l h2 - pr2 + 2pr2
the length of the entire capsule is 15 mm and the
= 6l2 - p b l l + 2p b l l
2 2
diameter of the capsule is 5 mm. Find the Volume 2 2

of the capsule. = l2 b 6 - p + 2p l
[Board Term-2 OD 2012] 4 4
Ans : 242.26 mm3 = l a6 + k
2 p
4
*108. The weight of two spheres of same metal are 1 kg and = l b 6 + 22 l
2
7 kg. The radius of the smaller sphere is 3 cm. The 7#4

two spheres are melted to form a single big sphere. 11
= l2 b 6 + l
14
Find the diameter of the new sphere.
2
Sol : [Board 2019 OD] = 95l
14
Weight of smaller sphere, W1 = 1 kg
110. The internal and external diameters of a hollow
Weight of larger sphere, W2 = 7 kg hemispherical vessel are 16 cm and 12 cm respectively.
Radius of smaller sphere, r1 = 3 cm If the cost of painting 1 cm2 of the surface area is Rs.
5.00, find the total cost of painting the vessel all over.
Volume of smaller sphere, V1 = 4 pr3
3 (Use p = 3.14 )
= 4 p (3) 3 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2015]
3
= 4 p (27) = 36p cm3
3
Now weight of recanted metal sphere
= (1 + 7) kg = 8 kg
Since, 1 kg metal sphere occupies 36p cm3 space.
Thus 8 kg metal sphere occupies 8 # 36p cm3 space.
Let R be the radius of new sphere, then volume of
Here R = 8 cm, r = 6 cm
new 8 kg sphere is 43 pR3 .
4 pR3 = 36 8p cm3 Surface area = 2pR2 + 2pr2 + p ^R2 - r2h
Thus #
3 = p 82 # 82 + 2 # 62 + ^82 - 62hB
R = 36 # 2 # 3
3
= p 62 # 64 + 2 # 36 + ^64 - 36h@
R3 = 9 # 4 # 2 # 3 = 33 # 23
= p 6128 + 72 + 28@
R = 2 # 3 = 6 cm
= 228 # 3.14 = 715.92 cm2
Diameter of new sphere
Total cost = 715.92 # 5 = 3579.60 Rs
2R = 2 # 6 = 12 cm
Thus AB2 = AC2 + BC2 Volume of wire,

2 2
= l + l = 2l 2
pr2 l = p ^4.2h2 # 4.4 cm3
Now ^2 2 h = 2l2
2
p ^0.7h2 l = p ^4.2h2 # 4.4 cm3
Thus l = 2 and r = 2 m l = 4.2 # 4.2 # 4.4 cm3
07 # 0.7
Slant height of conical portion, l = 2 m
= 6 # 6 # 4.4 = 158.4 cm
Total surface area of toy
2prh + pr2 + prl = pr 67 + 2 + 2@ m2 115. A milk tanker cylindrical in shape having diameter
2 m and length 4.2 m supplies milk to the two booths
= p 2 69 + 2 @ m2 in the ratio of 3 | 2 . One of the milk booths has
= p 62 + 9 2 @ m2 cuboidal vessel having base area 3.96 sq. m. and the
other has a cylindrical vessel having radius 1 m. Find
*114. From each end of a solid metal cylinder, metal was the level of milk in each of the vessels. Use p = 227
scooped out in hemispherical form of same diameter. Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2012]
The height of the cylinder is 10 cm and its base is of
radius 4.2 cm. The rest of the cylinder is melted and Radius of milk tanker R =2=1 m
2
converted into a cylindrical wire of 1.4 cm thickness.
Length of mil tanker L 4.2 m
Find the length of the wire. Use p = 227
Volume of milk tanker,
As per question the figure is shown below. pR2 L = 22 # 1 # 4.2 = 13.2 m3
7
Supply of milk to booth I,
= 13.2 # 3 = 2.64 # 3 = 7.92 m3

5
Supply of milk to booth II,
= 13.2 # 2 = 2.64 # 2 = 5.28 m3

5
Height in 1sh vessel = 7.92 = 2 m
3.96
Height in 2nd vessel = 225.28 = 5.28 # 7 = 1.68 m
7 #1
22
Volume of cylinder,
A right triangle whose sides are 20 cm and 15 cm
pR2 H = p ^4.2h2 # 10 cm3
116.
is made to revolve about its hypotenuse. Find the
Volume of metal scooped out , volume and the surface area of the double cone so
formed. (Use p = 3.14 )
= 2 # Volume of hemisphere
= 2 # 2 # pr 3 = 4 pr 3 As per question the figure is shown below.
3 3
= 4p ^4.2h3
3
Volume of rest of cylinder,
= p ^4.2h2 # 10 - 4p ^4.2h3 cm3

3
= p ^4.2h2 b10 - 4 # 4.2 l cm3
3
= p ^4.2h2 ^10 - 5.6h cm3
= p ^4.2h2 # 4.4 cm3
Now from rest volume a wire of thickness 1.4 cm
i.e radius 0.7 cm is formed. Let l be length of wire.
Volume of wire and rest cylinder will be equal.
Radius of cylinder = 2 cm 120. A circus tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted

by a conical top of same diameter. If their common
Height of cylinder = 4 cm
diameter is 56 m, the height of cylindrical part is 6 m
Volume of right circular cylinder and the total height of the tent above the ground is
pr2 h = 3.14 # ^2 h2 # 4 cm3 27 m, find the area of canvas used in the tent.
= 50.24 cm3 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi Compt. 2017]

Difference of two volume
= Volume of cylinder - Volume of toy
= 50.24 - 25.12 = 25.12 cm3.
119. A solid wooden toy is in the form of a hemisphere

surmounted by a cone of same radius. The radius of
hemisphere is 3.5 cm and the total wood used in the
making of toy is 166 56 cm3. Find the height of the toy.
Also find the cost of painting the hemisphere part of
the toy at the rate of Rs. 10 per cm2. Use p = 227

Total height of tent HTotal = 27 m
Height of cylindrical part h = 6 m
Height of conical part H = 27 - 6 = 21 m
Radius of cone R = 56 = 28 m
2
Radius of cylinder R = 56 = 28 m
2
Slant height of cone L = R2 + H2
= 282 + 212
= 784 + 441 = 1225
Radius of hemisphere is equal to the radius of cone
which is 3.5 cm. = 35 m
Area of canvas used,
Volume of toy = 2 pr3 + 1 pr2 h
3 3
2prh + prl = pr ^2h + l h
166 5 = 2 pr3 + 1 pr2 h
6 3 3 = 22 # 28 ^2 # 6 + 35h
2 7
1001 = pr (2r + h)
6 3 = 22 # 4 # 47
2
1001 = 2pr (2r + h) = 4136 m2
1001 = 2 # 22 # ^3.5h2 (2 # 3.5 + h) 121. A heap of wheat is in the form of cone of diameter 6 m
7
and height 3.5 m. Find its volume . How much canvas
1001 = 22 # 3.5 # (7 + h)
cloth is required to just cover the heap ? Use p = 227
91 = 2 # 3.5 # (7 + h)
13 = 7 + h & h = 6
Radius of cone, r = 6 = 3 cm
Height of the toy = 6 + 3.5 = 9.5 cm. 2
Height of cone, h = 3.5 cm
CSA of hemisphere,
Volume of wheat in the form of cone
2pr2 = 2 # 22 # 3.5 # 3.5 = 77 cm2
7 V = 1 pr 2 h
3
Cost of painting = 10 # 77 = 770 Rs
(ii) Water flow in 40 minutes, Thus, 924 = 154 # tt

= 243000 # 40 m3 t t = 924 = 6 mm
60 154
= 162000 m3 (ii) Now we make the digram of captab as follows
Let A be the irrigated area then volume of water in
irrigated area is equal to the water flow.
Thus A # 0.1 = 162000
A = 1620000 m3
(iii) Length of water that flows from circular pipe in 1 Surface area of cabtab
Sc = p b 7 l + 16.5 # 7
2
sec is 7 m or 700 cm.
2
Radius of pipe is 4 = 2 cm. Let tc be thickness of cabtab, then volume of captab
2
Thus volume of water in 1 second, must be 924 mm2 .
= p # ^2 h2 # 700 cm3 924 = <p b 7 l + 16.5 # 7F tc
2
2
Volume of water in 30 minutes, 2
= p # ^2 h2 # 700 # 60 # 30 cm3 924 = <22 # 72 + 16.5 # 7F tc

7 2
Let h be height of water in tank. Since base of tank is 7
924 = ;11 # + 16.5 # 7E tc
2 m, radius of tank is 1 m i.e. 100 cm. 2
Volume of water in the tank, 924 = 11 # 7 61 + 3@t c
2
p1002 # h = p # 4 # 700 # 60 # 30
924 = 77 # 2 tc
h = 700 # 60 # 30 # 4 = 504 cm 924 = 6 mm
100 # 100 tc =
Hence, water level increased is 504 cm or 5.04 m. 77 # 2
125. Silo : A silo is a structure for storing bulk materials.

124. Raju is a design engineer at a large pharmacy
Silos are used in agriculture to store grain or fermented
company. He has to decide the shape of medicine and
feed known as silage. Silos are commonly used for
for this he has to chose between tablet or captab.
bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black,
a. Tablet : This is circular tablet.
woodchips, food products and sawdust.
b. Captab : This is long tablet having semicircular
at both end.
The volume of medicine is 924 mm2 .
(i) If Raju decide to make tablet of diameter 14 mm,
what is the thickness of tablet ?
(ii) If Raju decide to make captab of dimension 7 by
23.5 mm, what is the thickness of captab ?
A silo is in the shape of cylinder surmounted by a

conical top. The height and diameter of cylindrical
part are 40 feet and 42 feet respectively and the slant
Sol : height of conical part is 29 feet.
(i) Surface area of tablet, (i) How much metal sheet is required to make this
St = p b d l = 22 # b 14 l = 22 # 72
2 2
silo ?
2 7 2 7
(ii) Find the cost of metal sheet needed to make the
= 22 # 7 = 154 mm2 silo if the metal sheet is available at the rate of
Let t t be thickness of tablet, then volume of tablet Rs. 250 per square feet.
must be 924 mm3 . (iii) What is the storage capacity of silo ?
pr2 h1 = 22 # 20 # 0.015 Sol :

22 (1) 2 h = 22 20 0.015 Length of roof, l = 50 m
7 # # 1 # #
(i) For the rainfall calculation base area of roof will
h1 = 7 # 20 # 0.015 = 2.1 m be taken. Let w be the width of base.
Then, w = 132 - 52
127. Rain Water Harvesting : Water harvesting is the 2
activity of direct collection of rainwater, rather than = 12
allowing it to run off. The rainwater collected can
be stored for direct use or can be recharged into the w = 24 m
groundwater. Area of base,
S = w#l
= 24 # 50
= 1200 m2
Since rainfall is 77 cm, the volume of water collected
in a year,
V = 1200 # 0.77
= 924 m3
(ii) Volume in litre,
= 924 # 1000
= 924000 litre
Tank need to hold 924000 litre.
(iii) Volume of tank must be 924 m3 . Let h be height
Rajkumar has installed rain water harvesting system of tank.
in his house. His has a roof with dimensions shown. Thus, pr 2h = 924
below. He knows that the average rainfall in his
suburb is 77 cm per year. Rajkumar would like to
22
7 # b 2l #
7 2 h = 924
install a underground cylindrical rain water tank to
h = 924 # 7 # 2 # 2
hold the water that runs off the roof. 22 # 7 # 7
= 24 m
(iv) Surface area of tank,
S = 2prh
= 2 # 22 # 7 # 24
7 2
= 22 # 24
= 528 m2
128. Advertising columns are cylindrical outdoor sidewalk

Can you help the Rajkumar answer the following structures with a characteristic style that are used
questions for advertising and other purposes. They are common
(i) On average what volume of water will fall on the throughout Germany including its capital Berlin,
roof each year ? where the first 100 columns were installed in 1855.
(ii) How many litres of water does the tank need to Advertising columns are typically used to display
hold? advertisements in the form of posters, traditionally
chiefly theatre, cinema, nightclub, and concert
(iii) If the tank has base diameter 7 m, how deep it
announcements. Some are motorized and rotate very
need to be?
slowly.
(iv) What is the inner surface area of the tank ?
Volume of milk tanker, Since the volume of the ice cream is less than the
2 volume of the cone, the cone will not overflow.
V = pR L
Now volume of ice cream = 33.5
2 2
= 22 # b 2 l # 4.2 = 13.2 m3 volume of cone 41.9
7 = 0.80
(ii) Supply of milk to booth I, (i) Since the volume of the ice cream is less than the
volume of the cone, the cone will not overflow.
= 13.2 # 3 = 2.64 # 3 = 7.92 m3
5 (ii) The cone will be about 80% filled.
Height in 1sh vessel = 7.92 = 2 m Earth, the third planet from the sun, is the fifth-largest
3.96 131.
(iii) Supply of milk to booth II, planet in the solar system The radius of Earth at the
equator is 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers), according to
= 13.2 # 2 = 2.64 # 2 = 5.28 m3 NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt,
5
22 Maryland. However, Earth is not quite a sphere. The
Area of base of cylindrical vessel = p (1) 2 = 7 m2 planet’s rotation causes it to bulge at the equator.
Height in 2nd vessel = 5.2228 = 5.28 # 7 = 1.68 m Earth’s polar radius is 3,950 miles (6,356 km) — a
22
7 difference of 13 miles (22 km).
130. Suppose a sugar cone is 10 centimeters deep and has The diameter of Earth is d1 miles from the North
a diameter of 4 centimeters. A spherical scoop of ice Pole to the South Pole and d2 miles from opposite
cream with a diameter of 4 centimeters rests on the points at the equator.
top of the cone.
(i) If all the ice cream melts into the cone, will the
cone overflow? Explain.
(ii) If the cone does not overflow, what percent of the
cone will be filled?
Sol :
Radius is common for both cone and spherical scoop
which is r = 24 = 2 cm. (i) Find the surface area of Earth using each measure.
For the cone, height is h = 10 cm, thus (ii) About 75% of Earth’s surface is covered by water.
Find the surface area of water on Earth, using the
Volume, V = 1 pr2 h mean of the two diameters.
3
(iii) If the atmosphere of Earth extends to about 100
= 1 p (2) 2 (10) = 41.9 cm3
3 miles above the surface, find the surface area of
For the ice cream, the atmosphere surrounding Earth. Use the mean
Volume, V = 4 pr3 = 4 p (2) 3 of the two diameters.
3 3
(iv) Find the volume of the atmosphere surrounding
= 33.5 cm3
Earth using the mean of the two diameters..
133. Pantheon : The Pantheon is the best-preserved 134. DK Jain runs a company that makes ball bearings.
building from ancient Rome. Its magnificent dome is The bearings are shipped in boxes that are then
a lasting testimony to the genius of Roman architects loaded onto trucks. Each bearing has a diameter of
and as the building stands virtually intact it offers 18 mm.
a unique opportunity for the modern visitor to step (i) Each box can hold 3888p cm3 of ball bearings.
back 2,000 years and experience the glory that was How many ball bearings can a box hold?
Rome. (ii) Each ball bearing has a mass of 4 gm. Determine
the mass of each box.
(iii) The maximum mass a truck can carry is 11000 kg.
What is the maximum number of boxes that can
be loaded into a truck?
Sol :
(i) Volume of a ball bearing
V = 4 pr 3
3
The Pantheon in Rome is able to contain a perfect
= 4 p b 18 l
3
sphere. The building is a cylinder 42 meter diameter 3 2

with a hemispherical domed roof. The total height p
= # #9#9#9
4
is 42 meter. Find the volume of the interior of the 3
Pantheon. = 972p mm3
Sol : Since box can hold 3888p cm3 or 3888000p mm2 , ball
Radius of cylindrical part and hemispherical part is bearing in box
2 = 21 meter. Since total height of Pantheon is 42
42
metre, height of cylinder is 21 meter. = 3888000p

972p
Volume = volume of cylinder + volume of hemisphere = 4000 ball bearing
(ii) Mass of box
V = pr2 h + 1 b 4 pr3 l
2 3 = 4000 # 4
= p (212) (21) + 23 # p (213) = 16000 gm = 16 kg
= p (213) (1 + 23 ) (iii) Maximum number of box loaded in truck,
= p (213) # 53 = 12000 = 750 box
16
= 22 # (213) # 5
7 3
135. In a toys manufacturing company, wooden parts are
= 22 # 21 # 21 # 5 = 48510 m3
assembled and painted to prepare a toy. For the wood
The volume is approximately 48510 m3. processing activity center, the wood is taken out of
(v) Volume of water in underground tank

= 2400 litres = 2.4 m3
Then, V = lbh1
2 # 2 # h1 = 2.4
h1 = 2.4 = 0.6 m = 60 cm
2#2
137. Atal Tunnel : Atal Tunnel (also known as Rohtang

Tunnel) is a highway tunnel built under the Rohtang
Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas
Ramesh has build recently his house and installed a on the Leh-Manali Highway in Himachal Pradesh. At
underground tank and overhead tank. Dimensions of a length of 9.02 km, it is the longest tunnel above
tanks are as follows : 10,000 feet (3,048 m) in the world and is named after
Underground Tank : Base 2 m # 2 m and Height 1.1 m. former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Overhead tank : Radius 50 cm and Height 175 cm The tunnel reduces the travel time and overall
distance between Manali and Keylong on the way to
(i) What is the capacity of the underground tank ?
Leh. Moreover, the tunnel bypasses most of the sites
(ii) What is the ratio of the capacity of the that were prone to road blockades, avalanches, and
underground tank to the capacity of the overhead traffic snarls.
tank?
(iii) If curved part of overhead tank need to be painted
to save it from corrosion, how much area need to
be painted?
(iv) If water is filled in the overhead tank at the rate
of 11 litre per minute, the tank will be completely
filled in how much time?
(v) If the amount of water in the underground tank,
at an instant, is 2400 litres, find then the water
level in the underground tank at that instant.
Sol :
(i) Volume of underground tank,
lbh = 2 # 2 # 1.1 = 4.4 m 3 Earth is excavated to make a railway tunnel. The
Since 1 m is equal to 1000 litres,
3
tunnel is a cylinder of radius 7 m and length 450 m.
4.4 m 3 = 4.4 # 1000 = 4400 litres A level surface is laid inside the tunnel to carry the
railway lines. Figure given below shows the circular
(ii) Radius of overhead is 50 cm i.e. 12 meter and
cross - section of the tunnel. The level surface is
height is 175 cm i.e 1.75 = 74 metre.
represented by AB , the centre of the circle is O and
Thus volume of overhead tank,
+AOB = 90c. The space below AB is filled with
22 1 1 7 11
pr2 hcy = 7 # 2 # 2 # 4 = 8 m 3 rubble (debris from the demolition buildings).
Capacity of sump = 411.4 = 3.2

= lbh
Capacity of Overhead tank pr2 hcy 8
(iii) C.S.A. of cylindrical tank

2prhcy = 2 # 22 # 1 # 7 = 5.5 m2
7 2 4
11
(iv) Volume of water in cylindrical tank is 8 m 3 .
11 3 11
8 m = 8 # 1000 litres
Thus time taken to fill tank,
= 11 # 1000 # 1 = 125 minutes
8 11
(i) What is the volume of the biscuits after it is

cooked ?
(ii) What is the volume of air trapped, while cooking
the biscuit ?
(iii) How many biscuits will be there in a box ?
(iv) How much space is vacant in box after biscuits
are packed ?
(v) If weight of 7 biscuits is 50 grams, what will be
the weight of box of biscuits?
Sol :
(i) Volume of the biscuit,
= pr2 h = 22 # 32 # 0.7 = 19.8 cu cm
7
(ii) Volume of air trap
= Volume of biscuit - Volume of sphere Rajesh has been given the task of designing a conical
bottom tank for his client. Height of conical part is
= 19.8 - 18 = 1.8 cu cm
equal to its radius. Length of cylindrical part is the 3
(iii) In a layer, 7 biscuits are arranged whose height times of its radius. Tank is closed from top. The cross
is 0.7 cm . section of conical tank is given below.
Thus total layer in box,
= 14 = 20 layer
0.7
Total biscuits in box = 20 # 7 = 140 biscuits
(iv) From figure it is clear that radius of box is 3 times
of biscuit radius i.e. 3 # 3 = 9 .
Volume of box = pR2 H
= 22 # 9 # 9 # 14
7
= 22 # 9 # 9 # 2
= 3564 cm3
Volume of biscuits = pr2 h # 140
(i) If radius of cylindrical part is taken as 3 meter,
= 19.8 # 140 = 2772 cm3 what is the volume of above conical tank ?
Vacant volume = 3564 - 2772 = 792 cm3 (ii) What is the area of metal sheet used to make this
(v) Weight of 7 biscuits = 50 grams conical tank ? Assume that tank is covered from
top.
Weight of 140 biscuits = 50 # 140
7 (iii) What is the ratio of volume of cylindrical part to
= 1000 grams = 1 kg the volume of conical part?
139. Conical Tank : The advantages of cone bottom tanks (iv) The cost of metal sheet is Rs 2000 per square
are found in nearly every industry, especially where meter and fabrication cost is 1000 per square
getting every last drop from the tank is important. meter. What is the total cost of tank ?
This type of tank has excellent geometry for draining, (v) A oil is to be filled in the tank. The density of oil
especially with high solids content slurries as these is 1050 kg per cubic meter. What is the weight of
cone tanks provide a better full-drain solution. The oil filled in tank ?
conical tank eliminates many of the problems that Sol :
flat base tanks have as the base of the tank is sloped
(i) Length of cylindrical part is three times of radius
towards the centre giving the greatest possible full-
of conical part and height of conical part is equal to
drain system in vertical tank design.
its radius.
(ii) Total surface area of boiler Government of UP is planing to procure tent for the
= SA of cylindrical part + SA of two hemisphere pilgrims during Kumbh Mela. The specification of
2 tent is given below.
= 6pr2 + 2 b 4pr l (1) Lower cylindrical part must have a white colored
2
= 6pr2 + 4pr2 = 10pr2 thick fabric whose cost is ` 60 per square meter.
(2) Top conical part must have PVC coated blue
(iii) Volume of boiler, fabric whose cost is ` 70 per square meter.
= Volume of cylinder+ Volume of two hemisphere
= pr2 l + 2 b 2p # r3 l
3
= pr2 $ 3r + 4p # r3
3
4
= b 3 + 3 l pr3 = 13 pr3
3
13
pr3
(iv) Ratio of volume to the surface = 3
= 13 r
10pr2 30
(v) At r = 3 m volume of boiler,
= 13 pr3 = 13 # p # 33
3 3 The front view of tent is given below with dimension.
= 13 # p # 9 = 117p m 3
141. Kumbh Mela is a major pilgrimage and festival in

Hinduism. It is celebrated in a cycle of approximately
12 years at four river-bank pilgrimage sites: the
Prayagraj (Ganges-Yamuna Sarasvati rivers
confluence), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik (Godavari),
and Ujjain (Shipra).
(i) How much blue PVC coated fabric is required?

(ii) How much white fabric is required ?
(iii) If labour charge for the construction of tent is `
15 per sq. meter what is the total cost of tent ?
(iv) If space requirement of a pilgrims is 6 sq. meter,
how many pilgrims can be accommodate in a
tent?
(v) If total 50000 pilgrims are expected to visit fair,
how many tents are required ?
Sol :
The festival is marked by a ritual dip in the waters. (i) Common radius of conical and cylindrical part is
The seekers believe that bathing in these rivers is a 2 = 21 m. Height of conical part is equal to its radius
42
means to prayascitta for past mistakes, and that it 21 m.

cleanses them of their sins. Surface area of conical part of tent
prl = pr h2 + r2
= 22 # 21 # ]21g2 + ]20g2
7
= 22 # 3 # 29 = 1914 sq. meter
Thus, 1914 sq. meter of blue PVC coated fabric is
required.
Chap 12 Surface Areas and Volumes Page 487
(ii) Surface area of cylindrical part of tent,

= 2prh
= 2 # 22 # 21 # 5
7
= 660 sq. meter
(iii) Total cost is sum of material cost and construction
cost of both type of fabric.
Total cost = White fabric cost + Blue fabric cost
= ^60 + 15h # 1914 + ^70 + 15h # 660
= 75 # 1914 + 85 # 660
= 75 (1914 + 17 # 44)
= `199650
(iv) Total floor area of tent,
pr2 = 22 # 21 # 21
7
= 22 # 3 # 21
= 1386 sq. meter
Pilgrims in a tent = 1386 = 231 pilgrims

6
(v) Total requirement of tent
= 50000 = 216.45
231
Thus, 217 tent are required.
***********
Page 488 Statistics Chap 13
CHAPTER 13
Statistics
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 4. The cumulative frequency table is useful in determining

(a) Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) All of these
1. The middle most observation of every data arranged
in order is called
Cumulative frequency is defined as a running total of
(a) mode (b) median
frequencies. It is helpful in finding the mean, median
(c) mean (d) deviation and mode.
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard] Thus (d) is correct option.
The middle most observation, after arranging all 5. In a frequency distribution, the mid value of a class
observations in ascending or descending order, is is 10 and the width of the class is 6. The lower limit
called the median. of the class is
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) 6 (b) 7
2. For some data x1, x2, ...............xn with respective (c) 8 (d) 12
n
frequencies f1, f2, ......fn , the value of / fi ^xi - x h is Sol :
equal to 1 Let x be the upper limit and y be the lower limit.
(a) nx (b) 1 Since the mid value of the class is 10.
(c) / fi (d) 0 x+y
Hence, = 10
2
x + y = 20 ...(1)
n
/ fi ^xi - x h = 0 Since width of the class is 6,
1
Thus (d) is correct option. x-y = 6 ...(2)

Solving (1) and (2), we get y = 7
3. The median and mode respectively of a frequency Hence, lower limit of the class is 7.
distribution are 26 and 29, Then its mean is
(a) 27.5 (b) 24.5
(c) 28.4 (d) 25.8 6. Consider the following frequency distribution of the
heights of 60 students of a class
We have Mo = 3Md - 2M Height 150- 155- 160- 165- 170- 175-

(in cm) 155 160 165 170 175 180
29 = 3 # 26 - 2M
Number 15 13 10 8 9 5
2M = 78 - 29 of
students
= 49
The upper limit of the median class in the given data
M = 49
2 is
= 24.5 (a) 165 (b) 155
(c) 160 (d) 170
12. A set of numbers consists of three 4’s, five 5’s, six 15. Observations of some data are x5 , x , x3 , 23x , x4 , 25x and
4 where x > 0. If the median of the data is 4, then
3x
6’s, eight 8’s and seven 10’s. The mode of this set of
numbers is the value of x is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (a) 5 (b) 15
(c) 8 (d) 10 (c) 9 (d) 10
Mode of the data is 8 as it is repeated maximum Given observations are x5 , x , x3 , 23x , x4 , 25x and 34x
number of times. Thus (c) is correct option. where x > 0. On arranging the above observations in
13. If the mean of the observation x, x + 3, x + 5, x + 7 and ascending order, we get
x + 10 is 9, the mean of the last three observation is x , x , x , 2x , 2x , 3x , x
5 4 3 5 3 4
(a) 10 1 (b) 10 2 Here, total number of observations are 7, which is
3 3
odd.
(c) 11 1 (d) 11 2
3 3
Median = b n + 1 l observation
th
2
= b 7 + 1 l observation
th
Mean = Sum of all the observations 2

Total no. of observation
= 4 observation = 2x
th
x + x + 3 + x + 5 + x + 7 + x + 10 5
9 = 2 x
5 Median = =4
5
9 = 5x + 25
5 x = 4 # 5 = 10
2
x =4
So, mean of last three observation,
= x + 5 + x + 7 + x + 10 = 5x + 22
3 3
3x + 22 = 3 # 4 + 22
3 3
= 12 + 22 = 34 = 11 1
3 3 3
Thus (c) is correct option. 16. If the mean of the squares of first n natural numbers
is 105, then the first n natural numbers is
14. The mean and median of the data a , b and c are 50
(a) 8 (b) 9
and 35 respectively, where a < b < c . If c - a = 55 ,
then (b - a) is (c) 10 (d) 11
(a) 8 (b) 7
(c) 3 (d) 5 n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
Sum of square, / x2 =
6
Since, a , b and c and are in ascending order, therefore Mean of squares of first n natural numbers,
median is b i.e b = 35 . (n + 1) (2n + 1)
105 =
a + b + c = 50 6
Mean
3 2n2 + 3n + 1 = 630
a + b + c = 150 2n2 + 3n - 629 = 0
a + c = 150 - 35 = 115 ...(1) 2n2 + 37n - 34n - 629 = 0
Also, it is given that c - a = 55 ...(2) n (2n + 37) - 17 (2n + 37) = 0
Subtracting equation (2) and (1), we get (2n + 37) (n - 17) = 0 & n = 17
Since, n is odd, therefore median is = b 17 + 1 l = 9 th
th
a = 30
2
Hence, b - a = 35 - 30 = 5 observation.
Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
Marks Number of Students Then, the mode of the data is

(a) 34.7 (b) 44.7
0-10 3
(c) 54.7 (d) 64.7
10-20 9
20-30 16
Here, modal class is 40-50. Since, it has maximum
30-40 29 frequency which is 20.
40-50 18 So, l = 40 , f1 = 20 , f0 = 12 , f2 = 11 and h = 10
50-60 5 f1 - f0
Mo = l + c
2f1 - f0 - f2 m #
h
Since, the maximum frequency is 29 and the class
corresponding to this frequency is 30-40. So, the
= 40 + b 20 - 12 l # 10
modal class is 30-40. 40 - 12 - 11
= 40 + 80
17
22. If X , M and Z are denoting mean, median and mode
= 40 + 4.7 = 44.7 cars
of a data and X: M = 9 : 8 , then the ratio M : Z is
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 9 Thus (b) is correct option.
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 2 : 5 24. If the mean of a , b , c is M and ab + bc + ca = 0 , the

Sol : [Board Term-1 SQP 2012] mean of a2 , b2 and c2 is KM2 , then K is equal to
Since, Mo = 3Md - 2M (a) 3 (b) 9
Z = 3M - 2X ...(1) (c) 6 (d) 4
Now X :M = 9 :8 Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2016]
X =9 We have a+b+c = M
M 8 3
a + b + c = 3M
X = M 9
8
and a2 + b2 + c2 = KM2
Substituting the value of X in equation (1), we get 3
Z = 3M - 2 # 9M = 3M - 9M Now, (a + b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
8 4
(a + b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 [ab + bc + ca = 0]
Z = 3M
4
(3M) 2 = 3KM2
M =4
Z 3 9M2 = 3KM2 & K = 3
or M :Z = 4 :3 Thus (a) is correct option.
25. In the formula x = a +
/ f i d i , for finding the mean of
23. A student noted the number of cars passing through / fi
a spot on a road for 100 periods each of 3 min and grouped data di ’s are deviation from a of
summarised in the table give below. (a) lower limits of the classes
Number of cars Frequency (b) upper limits of the classes
0-10 7 (c) mid-points of the classes
10-20 14 (d) frequencies of the class marks
20-30 13
30-40 12 Mid-point of the classes = (xi - a),
40-50 20 upper limit + lower limit
where, xi =
2
50-60 11
So, the option (c) is correct, which is the required
60-70 15 answer.
70-80 08 Thus (c) is correct option.
The modal class is 33. The times, in seconds, taken by 150 athletes to run a
(a) 10-20 (b) 20-30 110 m hurdle race are tabulated below
(c) 30-40 (d) 50-60 Class Frequency
Sol : [Board Term-1 Comp 2017] 13.8-14 2
Marks Number of students 14-14.2 4
0-10 3-0 = 3 14.2-14.4 5
10-20 12 - 3 = 9 14.4-14.6 71
20-30 27 - 12 = 15 14.6-14.8 48
30-40 57 - 27 = 30 14.8-15 20
40-50 75 - 57 = 18 The number of athletes who completed the race in less
50-60 80 - 75 = 5 than 14.6 second is :
(a) 11 (b) 71
Class 30-40 has the maximum frequency 30, therefore
this is model class. (c) 82 (d) 130
32. Consider the data: The number of athletes who completed the race in
less than 14.6
Class 65- 85- 105- 125- 145- 165- 185-
85 105 125 145 165 185 205
= 2 + 4 + 5 + 71 = 82
Frequency 4 5 13 20 14 7 4
The difference of the upper limit of the median class 34. Consider the following distribution :
and the lower limit of the modal class is
Marks obtained Number of students
(a) 0 (b) 19
More than or equal to 0 63
(c) 20 (d) 38
Class Frequency Cumulative frequency More than or equal to 30 51
65-85 4 7 More than or equal to 40 48
105-125 13 22
the frequency of the class 30-40 is :
125-145 20 42 (a) 3 (b) 4
145-165 14 56 (c) 48 (d) 51
165-185 7 63
185-205 4 67
Here, N2 = 672 = 33.5 , which lies in the interval Marks obtained Number of students
125 - 145 . Hence, upper limit of median class is 145. 0-10 (63 - 58) = 5
Here, we see that the highest frequency is 20 which 10-20 (58 - 55) = 3
lies in 125-145. Hence, the lower limit of modal class
is 125. 20-30 (55 - 51) = 4
Required difference 30-40 (51 - 48) = 3
= Upper limit of median class 40-50 (48 - 42) = 6
- Lower limit of modal class 50-60 42 = 42
= 145 - 125 = 20 Hence, frequency in the class interval 30-40 is 3.
Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.
41. In a frequency distribution, the mid value of a class is Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
10 and the width of the class is 6. What is the lower We prepare the following cumulative table
limit of the class?
Height x (in cm) Number of cf
Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2014] Students (f)
Let x be the upper limit and y be the lower limit. 150-155 15 15
Since the mid value of the class is 10. 155-160 13 28
x+y 160-165 10 38
Hence, = 10
2
165-170 08 46
x + y = 20 ...(1)
170-175 09 55
Since width of the class is 6,
175-180 08 63
x-y = 6 ...(2)
N = 63
Solving (1) and (2), we get y = 7
Hence, lower limit of the class is 7. We have, N = 63 ; N = 63 = 31.5
2 2
42. For finding the popular size of readymade garments, The cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 38
which central tendency is used? and the corresponding class is 160-165. Thus upper
limit is 165.
For finding the popular size of ready made garments, 45. The median of a set of 9 distinct observations is 20.5. If
mode is the best measure of central tendency. each of the largest 4 observation of the set is increased
by 2, then what is the median of the new set?
Since, n =9
median term = b 9 + 1 l = 5 th item.

th
then,
2
Now, last four observations are increased by 2,
but median is 5th observation, which is remaining
43. If the difference of mode and median of a data is 24, unchanged. Hence there will be no change in median.
then what is the difference of median and mean?
46. If the mean of the observation x, x + 3, x + 5, x + 7
Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2011] and x + 10 is 9, the find the mean of the last three
observation
We have, Mo - Md = 24
We know Mo = 3Md - 2M Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2014]
Now Mo - Md = 2Md - 2M Mean = Sum of all the observations

Total no. of observation
24 = 2 (Md - M)
9 = x + x + 3 + x + 5 + x + 7 + x + 10
Md - M = 12 5
9 = 5x + 25
44. Consider the following frequency distribution of the 5
heights of 60 students of a class x =4
Height 150- 155- 160- 165- 170- 175- So, mean of last three observation,
(in cm) 155 160 165 170 175 180 = x + 5 + x + 7 + x + 10 = 5x + 22
3 3
Number 15 13 10 8 9 5 3x + 22 = 3 # 4 + 22
of 3 3
students 12 + 22 34
= = = 11 1
3 3 3
What is the upper limit of the median class in the
given data?
53. Find the mode of the following grouped frequency 56. The following data gives the distribution of total
distribution. household expenditure (in <) of manual workers in
a city.
Class Frequency
3-6 2 Expenditure (in <) Frequency
6-9 5 1000-1500 24
9-12 10 1500-2000 40
12-15 23 2000-2500 33
15-18 21 2500-3000 28
18-21 12 3000-3500 30
21-24 03 3500-4000 22
4000-4500 16
Sol :
4500-5000 07
We observe that the class 12-15 has maximum
frequency 23. Therefore, this is the modal class. Then, find the average expenditure which is done by
We have, l = 12 , h = 3 , f1 = 23 , f0 = 10 and f2 = 21 the maximum number of manual workers.
f1 - f0 Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2015]
Mo = l + h
2f1 - f0 - f2 #
We observe that the class 1500-2000 has maximum
= 12 + 23 - 10 # 3 frequency 40. Therefore, this is the modal class.
46 - 10 - 21
We have l = 1500 , h = 500 , f1 = 40 , f0 = 24 and
= 12 + 13 # 3 f2 = 23
15
13 f1 - f0
= 12 + = 14.6 Mo = l + h
5 2f1 - f0 - f2 #
= 1500 + 40 - 24 # 500
54. What is abscissa of the point of intersection of the 80 - 24 - 33
‘‘Less than type’’ and of the ‘‘More than type’’
= 1500 + 16 # 500
cumulative frequency curve of a grouped data ? 23
Sol : = 1847.26
The abscissa of the point of intersection of the
57. If xi ’s are the mid-points of the class intervals of
‘‘Less than type’’ and ‘‘More than type’’ cumulative
grouped data, f i ’s are the corresponding frequencies
frequency curve of a grouped data is median.
and x is the mean, then find / (f i xi - x ).
55. If median is 137 and mean is 137.05, then what is the
value of mode ?
/ (f i xi - x ) = / f i xi - / x
= / f i xi - nx
Mo = 3Md - 2M
= / f i xi - / f i xi = 0 cx =
/ f i xi m
= 3 (137) - 2 (137.05) n
= 411 - 274.10
= 136.90 58. What is the model class for the following distribution?
Marks Number of Marks Number of

PRACTICE
Students students
 Median of a data is 52.5 and its mean is 54, use
Below 10 3 Below 40 57
empirical relationship between three measure of
central tendency to find its mode. Below 20 12 Below 50 75
[Board Term-1 2012] Below 30 28 Below 60 80
Ans : 49.5
Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2017] 66. In the following distribution what is the frequency of
the class 30-40?
Class Frequency Cumulative frequency
65-85 4 7 Marks obtained Number of students
Here, N2 = 672 = 33.5 , which lies in the interval Sol :

125 - 145 . Hence, upper limit of median class is 145.
Marks obtained Number of students
Here, we see that the highest frequency is 20 which
lies in 125-145. Hence, the lower limit of modal class 0-10 (63 - 58) = 5
is 125. 10-20 (58 - 55) = 3
Required difference
20-30 (55 - 51) = 4
= Upper limit of median class
30-40 (51 - 48) = 3
- Lower limit of modal class
= 145 - 125 = 20 40-50 (48 - 42) = 6
50-60 42 = 42
64. The times, in seconds, taken by 150 athletes to run a
110 m hurdle race are tabulated below Hence, frequency in the class interval 30-40 is 3.
Class Frequency
13.8-14 2
14-14.2 4
14.2-14.4 5 67. From the following frequency distribution, find the
14.4-14.6 71 median class :
14.6-14.8 48 Cost of living index 1400- 1550- 1700- 1850-

14.8-15 20 1500 1700 1850 2000
Number of weeks 8 15 21 8
What is the number of athletes who completed the
race in less than 14.6 second? Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
Sol :
We prepare following cumulative frequency table to
The number of athletes who completed the race in less find median class.
than 14.6 second,
= 2 + 4 + 5 + 71 = 82 Cost of living index Number of weeks f c.f.
1400-1500 8 8
65. If the median of a series exceeds the mean by 3, find
1550-1700 15 23
by what number the mode exceeds its mean?
1700-1850 21 44
We have Md = M + 3 1850-2000 8 52
Now Mo = 3Md - 2M We have N = 52 ; N = 26

2
= 3 (M + 3) - 2M Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 44 and
= 3M + 9 - 2M = M + 9 the corresponding class is 1700-1850. Thus median
class is 1700-1850.
Hence mode exceeds mean by 9.

76. Find the median for the given frequency distribution :
Class Frequency Mid-Value fi xi Class 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70-
(fi ) (xi) 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
3-5 5 4 20 Frequency 2 3 8 6 6 3 2
5-7 10 6 60 Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
7-9 10 8 80
Class Frequency c.f.
9-11 7 10 70
40-45 2 2
11-13 8 12 96
45-50 3 5
/ fi = 40 / fi xi = 326
50-55 8 13
Mean M =
/ fi xi = 326 = 8.15
/ fi 40 55-60 6 19
60-65 6 25
74. Find the mode of the following data :
65-70 3 28
Class : 0- 20- 40- 60- 80- 100- 120- 70-75 2 30
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
N = 30
Frequency 6 8 10 12 6 5 3
We have N = 30 ; N
= 15
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] 2
Class 60-80 has the maximum frequency 12, therefore Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 19 and
this is model class. the corresponding class is 55-60. Thus median class
is 55-60.
Hence, l = 60 , f1 = 12 , f0 = 6 , f2 = 6 and h = 20
Now l = 55 , f = 6 , F = 13 , h = 5
f1 - f0
Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h N
-F
Md = l + e
f o#
2
1 0 2 Median, h
= 60 + 12 - 10 20
2 # 12 - 10 - 6 #
= 55 + b 15 - 13 l # 5
6
= 60 + 2 # 20 = 60 + 40
24 - 16 8 5
= 55 + = 55 + 1.67 = 56.67
= 60 + 5 = 65 3
77. Find the mean of the following distribution :
75. The mode of the following frequency distribution is
36. Find the missing frequency f . Class 10- 25- 40- 55- 70- 85-
25 40 55 70 85 100
Class 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Frequency 2 3 7 6 6 6
Frequency 8 10 f 16 12 6 7 Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
Let a = 62.5 be assumed mean.

Mode is 36 which lies in class 30-40, therefore this is Class Frequency c.f. xi Ui = x - a fi ui
h
model class. Interval (fi)
Here, f0 = f , f2 = 16 , f2 = 12 , l = 30 and h = 10 10-25 2 2 17.5 -3 -6
f1 - f0 25-40 3 5 32.5 -2 -6
Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h
1 0 2
40-55 7 12 47.5 -1 -7
16 - f
36 = 30 + 10 55-70 6 18 62.50= 0 0
2 # 16 - f - 12 #
a
16 - f
6 = 10
20 - f # 70-85 6 24 77.5 1 6
120 - 6f = 160 - 10f 85-100 6 30 92.5 2 12
4f = 40 & f = 10 / fi = 30 / fi ui = - 1

85. Find the mean of the following distribution :
We prepare the following table to fine mean.
Class 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
xi fi fi xi interval
3 3 9 Frequency 5 4 1 6 4
4 4 16 Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
5 8 40 xi fi fi xi
7 5 35 3 5 15
10 10 100 9 4 36
Total / fi = 30 / fi xi = 200 15 1 15
Mean, M =
/ fi xi = 200 = 6.67 21 6 126
/ fi 30
27 4 108
84. Given below is the distribution of weekly pocket Total / fi = 20 / fi xi = 300
money received by students of a class. Calculate the / fi xi
pocket money that is received by most of the students. Mean M = = 300 = 15
/ fi 20
Pocket 0-20 20- 40- 60- 80- 100- 120- 86. Find the sum of the lower limit of the median class
Money 40 60 80 100 120 140 and the upper limit of the modal class :
(in Rs.)
Classes 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
Number 2 2 3 12 18 5 2 20 30 40 50 60 70
of
students. Frequency 1 3 5 9 7 3
Class Interval Frequency find median class.
0-20 2 Class 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
20-40 2 20 30 40 50 60 70
40-60 3 Frequency 1 3 5 9 7 3
60-80 12 Cumulative 1 4 9 18 25 28
Frequency
80-100 18
100-120 5 We have N = 28 ; N = 28 = 14
2 2
120-140 2 Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 18 and
the corresponding class is 40 - 50. Thus median class
Total 44
is 40-50.
Class 80-100 has the maximum frequency 18, therefore Lower limit is 40 and upper limit is 5. Their sum is
this is model class. = 40 + 50 = 90
We have l = 80 , f1 = 18 , f2 = 5 , f0 = 12 , h = 20
87. The following table gives the life time in days of 100
f1 - f0
Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h bulbs :
1 0 2
Life Less Less Less Less Less Less
= 80 + b 18 - 12 l # 20 time in than than than than than than
36 - 12 - 5
days 50 100 150 200 250 300
= 80 + 6 # 20 Number 8 23 55 81 93 100
19
of Bulbs
= 80 + 6.31
Change the above distribution as frequency
= 86.31 distribution.
92. Find the unknown entries a , b , c , d in the following Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
distribution of heights of students in a class : From the cumulative frequency distribution,

15 + x = 28 & x = 28 - 15 = 13
Height (in cm) Frequency Cumulative
Frequency and 43 + 18 = y & y = 61
150-155 12 12 Hence, x = 13 and y = 61
155-160 a 25
95. The frequency distribution of agricultural holdings in
160-165 10 b a village below :
165-170 c 43
Area of land (in 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-11 11-13
170-175 5 48 hectare)
175-180 2 d Number of 20 45 80 55 40 12
families
Find the modal agricultural holding of the village.
From the table, Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
12 + a = 25 & a = 25 - 12 = 13 Class 5-7 has the maximum frequency 80, therefore
25 + 10 = b & b = 35, this is model class.
b + c = 43 & Here l = 5 , f1 = 80 , f0 = 45 , h = 2 , f2 = 55
c = 43 - b = 13 - 35 = 8 ^ f1 - f0h
Mode, Mo = l + h
2f1 - f0 - f2 #
and 48 + 2 = d & d = 50 80 - 45
= 5+ 2
160 - 45 - 55 #
93. Find the mode of the following distribution :
= 5 + 35 # 2 = 6.17
60
Classes 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50-
30 35 40 45 50 55 96. Write the median class of the following distribution :
Frequency 25 34 50 42 38 14 Classes 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Sol :
Frequency 4 4 8 10 12 8 4
this is model class. Sol : [Board Term-1 OD 2012]
Now l = 35, f1 = 50 , f2 = 42 , f0 = 34 , h = 5 We prepare following cumulative frequency table to

find median class.
f1 - f0
1 0 2 Classes Frequency Less than c.f.
= 35 + 50 - 34 5
0-10 4 4
100 - 34 - 42 #
10-20 4 8
= 35 + 16 # 5 = 38.33 20-30 8 16
24
30-40 10 26
94. Find x and y from the following cumulative frequency
distribution : 40-50 12 38
50-60 8 46
Classes Frequency c.f.
60-70 4 50
0-8 15 15
N = 50
8-16 x 28
16-24 15 43 We have N = 50 ; N = 25
2
24-32 18 y Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 26 and
32-40 09 70 the corresponding class is 30-40. Thus median class
is 20-20.
101. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution 20-30 25 10 250
:
30-40 35 6 210
Classes 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
40-50 45 p 45 p
Frequency 7 5 10 12 6
26 + p 570 + 45p
Class 18-24 has the maximum frequency 12, therefore We have M =

/ fi xi
/ fi
this is model class.
570 + 45p
Now l = 18 , f1 = 12 , f0 = 10 , f2 = 6 , h = 6 25 =
26 + p
f1 - f0
Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h 650 + 25p = 570 + 45p
1 0 2
650 - 570 = 45p - 25p
= 18 + 12 - 10 6
24 - 10 - 6 # Thus p =4
= 18 + 1.5 = 19.5
104. The data regarding the height of 50 girls of class X
of a school is given below :
102. Find the mean of the following frequency distribution
: Height 120- 130- 140- 150- 160- Total
(in cm) 130 140 150 160 170
Class 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
Number 2 8 12 20 8 50
of girls
Sol : [Board Term-1 2011] Change the above distribution to ‘more than type’
We prepare following table to find mean. distribution.
Classes xi fi fi xi Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
0-6 3 7 21 Heights No. of Girls

6-12 9 5 45 more than 120 50
12-18 15 10 150 more than 130 48
18-24 21 12 252 more than 140 40
24-30 27 6 162 more than 150 28
/ fi = 40 / fi xi = 630 more than 160 6
105. Convert the following distribution to more than

Mean M =
/ fi xi = 630 = 15.75 type, cumulative frequency distribution :
/ fi 40
Class 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
103. The mean of the following frequency distribution is
25. Find the value of p . Frequency 12 18 10 15 5
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Sol : [Board Term-1 2012]
interval We prepare following cumulative frequency table.

Frequency 4 6 10 6 p Class Cumulative Frequency
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] More than 50 60
We prepare following table to find mean. More than 60 48
Class- Mid-Point fi fi xi More than 70 30

Interval xi More than 80 20
0-10 5 4 20 More than 90 5
10-20 15 6 90
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS We have l = 12 , f1 = 17 , f0 = 9 , f2 = 12 and h = 4

f1 - f0
Mo = l + c
2f1 - f0 - f2 m #
Mode h
110. 250 apples of a box were weighted and the distribution
= 12 + b 17 - 9
2 # 17 - 9 - 12 l #
of masses of the apples is given in the following table : 4
Mass (in 80- 100- 120- 140- 160- = 12 + 8 # 4

13
grams) 100 120 140 160 180
= 12 + 2.46
Number of 20 60 70 x 60
apples = 14.46
(i) Find the value of x and the mean mass of the
apples. 112. The mean of the following frequency distribution is
18. The frequency f in the class interval 19-21 is
(ii) Find the modal mass of the apples.
missing. Determine f .
Class 11- 13- 15- 17- 19- 21- 23-
(i) 20 + 60 + 70 + x + 60 = 250
interval 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
210 + x = 250
Frequency 3 6 9 13 f 5 4
x = 250 - 210 = 40
We prepare following cumulative frequency Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]
distribution table.
Class Class Mark Frequency fi xi
Weight fi c.f. xi fi xi
11-13 12 3 36
80-100 20 20 90 1800 13-15 14 6 84
100-120 60 80 110 6600 15-17 16 9 144
120-140 70 150 130 9100 17-19 18 13 234
140-160 40 190 150 6000 19-21 20 f 20f
160-180 60 250 170 10200 21-23 22 5 110
/ f i = 250 / fi xi = 33700 23-25 24 4 96
/ fi xi 33700 Total 40 + f 704 + 20f
M = xi = 250 = 134.8 gm
(ii) Class 120-140 has the maximum frequency 70, We have / fi = 40 + f
therefore this is model class. / fi xi = 704 + 20f
Here, l = 120 , f1 = 70 , f0 = 60 , f2 = 60 and h = 20 / fi x i
Mean, M =
f1 - f0 / fi
Mode, Mo = l + h d 2f - f - f n 704 # 20f
1 0 2
18 =
70 - 60 40 + f
= 120 + 20
2 # 70 - 60 - 40 # 720 + 18f = 704 + 20f
= 120 + 20 # 10 = 125 f =8
40
111. Compute the mode for the following frequency 113. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution:
distribution:
Class 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40-
Size of items 0- 4- 8- 12- 16- 20- 24- 20 25 30 35 40 45
(in cm) 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Frequency 3 8 9 10 3 2
Frequency 5 7 9 17 12 10 6
Class 12-16 has the maximum frequency 17, therefore this is model class.
/ fi u i h Sol : [Board Term-1 2016]

Mean, M = a+
/ fi # Class 60-90 has the maximum frequency 9, therefore
^- 7h this is model class.
= 225 + 50 = 225 - 14 = 211 Here, l1 = 60 , f1 = 9 , f0 = 6 , f2 = 6 and h = 30
25 #
Hence, mean of daily expenditure on food is <211. f1 - f0
1 0 2
117. The weekly expenditure of 500 families is tabulated
= 60 + b 9 - 6
2 # 9 - 6 - 6l#
below : 30
Weekly Expenditure(Rs.) Number of families = 60 + 30 # 3 = 60 + 15 = 75

6
0-1000 150
119. Find the median of the following data :
1000-2000 200
2000-3000 75 Height (in cm) Less Less Less Less Less
than than than than than
3000-4000 60
120 140 160 180 200
4000-5000 15
Number of 12 26 34 40 50
Find the median expenditure. students
We prepare following cumulative frequency table to Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
find median class. We prepare following cumulative frequency table to

find median class.
Expenditure f (families) c.f.
Height Frequency c.f .
0-1000 150 150
100-120 12 12
1000-2000 200 350
120-140 14 26
2000-3000 75 425
140-160 8 34
3000-4000 60 485
160-180 6 40
4000-5000 15 500
180-200 10 50
/ f = 500
Total N = 50
We have N = 500 ; N = 250
2 We have N = 50 ; N = 25
Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 350 and 2
the corresponding class is 1000-2000. Thus median Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 26 and
class is 1000-2000. the corresponding class is 120-140. Thus median class
is 120-140.
-F
N
Median, Md = l + d
f n
2
h N
-F
Median, Md = l + d
f n
2
h
= 1000 + 250 - 150 # 1000
200
= 120 + b 25 - 12 l # 20
= 1000 + 500 = 1, 500 14
Thus median expenditure is Rs. 1500 per week. = 120 + 260

14
118. Following frequency distribution shows the expenditure = 120 + 18.57 = 138.57
on milk of 30 households in a locality :
Daily 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150

expenditure
on milk (Rs.)
Number of 5 6 9 6 4
households
Find the mode for the above data.
123. Heights of students of class X are given in the Run scored 2000- 4000- 6000- 8000- 10000-
following distribution : 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Heights (in 150- 155- 160- 165- 170- Number of 9 8 10 2 1
cm) 155 160 165 170 175 batsmen
Number of 15 8 20 12 5 Find the mode for the above data.
students Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
Class 6000-8000 has the maximum frequency 10,

Find the modal height.
therefore this is model class.
Sol : [Board Term-1 2015] Here f0 = 8 , f1 = 10 , f2 = 2 , h = 2000 , and l = 6000
Class 160-165 has the maximum frequency 20, f1 - f0
therefore this is model class. Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h
1 0 2
Now l = 160 , f1 = 20 , fo = 8 , f2 = 12 , h = 5
= 6000 + b 10 - 8 l # 2000
f1 - f0 20 - 8 - 2
= 6000 + 2 # 2000
1 0 2
10
= 160 + b 20 - 8
40 - 8 - 12 l #
5
= 6000 + 400 = 6400
= 160 + b 12 l # 5 126. A group of students conducted a survey of their

20
locality to collect the data regarding number of plants
= 163 and recorded it in the following table :
Thus modal height is 163 cm. Number 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15
of plants
124. A school conducted a test (of 100 marks) in English Number 2 4 5 1 2
for students of Class X . The marks obtained by of houses
students are shown in the following table :
Find the mode for the above data.
Marks 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90- Sol : [Board Term-1 2015]
obtained 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Class 6-9 has the maximum frequency 5, therefore this
is model class.
Number 1 2 4 15 15 25 15 10 2 1
of Now l1 = 6 , f1 = 5 , f0 = 4 , f2 = 1, h = 3
students
f1 - f0
Find the modal marks. 1 0 2
= 6+ 5-4 3
10 - 4 - 1 #
this is model class. = 6 + 1 # 3 = 6 + 0.6 = 6.6
5
Here l = 50 , f1 = 25 , f0 = 15 , f2 = 15 , h = 10 127. If the median for the following frequency distribution
f1 - f0 is 28.5, find the value of x and y :
1 0 2
Class Frequency
= 50 + 25 - 15 10
50 - 15 - 15 # 0-10 5
10-20 x
= 50 + 10 # 10
20
20-30 20
= 50 + 10 = 55
30-40 15
125. The following frequency distribution shows the 40-50 y
number of runs scored by some batsman of India in 50-60 5
one-day cricket matches :
Total 60

/ fi xi
Mean M = = 2640 = 26.4
Class xi fi fi xi / fi 100
0-6 3 10 30 We have N = 100 ; N = 50

2
6-12 9 p 9p Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 60 and
12-18 15 4 60 the corresponding class is 20-30. Thus median class
is 20-30.
18-24 21 7 147
-F N
Median, Md = l + d
f n
2
24-30 27 q 27q h
30-36 33 4 132
= 20 + 50 - 24 # 10
36-42 39 1 39 36
Total / fi = / fi xi = = 20 + 7.22 = 27.22

26 + p + q = 40 408 + 9p + 27q
132. If the median of the following data is 240, then find
We have / fi = 40 ,
the value of f :
26 + p + q = 40
Classes 0- 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600-
p + q = 14 ...(1) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Mean M =
/ xi fi Frequency 15 17 f 12 9 5 2
/ fi
408 + 9p + 27q Sol : [Board Term-1 2011]
14.7 =
40 We prepare following cumulative frequency table to
588 = 408 + 9p + 27q find median class.
180 = 9p + 27q Classes fi c.f.
p + 3q = 20 ...(2) 0-100 15 15
Subtracting equation (1) from (2) we have, 100-200 17 32
2q = 6 & q = 3
200-300 f 32+f
Substituting this value of q in equation (2) we get
300-400 12 44+f
p = 14 - q = 14 - 3 = 11
400-500 9 53+f
Hence, p = 11, q = 3
500-600 5 58+f
131. Find the mean and median for the following data : 600-700 2 60+f
60 + f
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 From table, N = 60 + f & N =
2 2
Since median is 240 which lies between class 200-300.
Sol : [Board Term-1 2011] Thus median class is 200-300.
We prepare following cumulative frequency table to N
-F
Median, Md = l + d
f n
2
find median class. h
60 + f
Class xi (class fi fi xi c.f. - 32
marks) 240 = 200 + = 2
G # 100
f
0-10 5 8 40 8 60 + f - 64
40 = ; E # 100
10-20 15 16 240 24 2f
20-30 25 36 900 60 8f = 10f - 40

30-40 35 34 1190 94 2f = 40
40-50 45 6 270 100 f = 20
/ fi = 100 / fi xi = 2640
Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 440 and Class 20-30 has the maximum frequency, therefore
the corresponding class is 1000-2000. Thus median this is model class.
class is 1000-2000.
Now l = 20 , f1 = 25 , f2 = 13 , f0 = 12 , h = 10
-F N
Median, Md = l + d
f n
2
h f1 - f0
1 0 2
= 1000 + b 300 - 250 l # 1000 25 - 12
= 20 + b
50 - 12 - 13 l #
190 10
= 1000 + 50 # 1000 = 1000 + 5000
190 19
= 20 + 13 # 10
= 1000 + 263.16 25
= 20 + 5.2 = 25.2
= 1263.16 = Rs. 1263.16
139. Find the mean of the following data :
137. Find the mean for the following data :
Class 24.5- 29.5- 34.5- 39.5- 44.5- 49.5- 54.5- Class Less Less Less Less Less
29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 54.5 59.5 than than than than than
Frequency 4 14 22 16 6 5 3 20 40 60 80 100
Sol : [Board Term-1 2011] Frequency 15 37 74 99 120
We prepare following table to find mean.
Class Class fi fi xi We prepare following table to find mean.
marks ^xi h
C.I. fi xi xi fi
24.5-29.5 27 4 108
0-20 15 10 150
29.5-34.5 32 14 448
20-40 22 30 660
34.5-39.5 37 22 814
40-60 37 50 1850
39.5-44.5 42 16 672
60-80 25 70 1750
44.5-49.5 47 6 282
80-100 21 90 1890
49.5-54.5 52 5 260
54.5-59.5 57 3 171
/ fi = 120 / xi fi = 6, 300
/ fi = 70 / fi xi = 2, 755 Mean M =
/ fi xi = 6300 = 52.5
/ fi 120
Mean M =
/ fi xi = 2755 = 39.36
/ fi 70 140. The sum of deviations of a set of values x1 , x2 , x3 ,
............, xn , measured from 50 is - 10 and the sum of
138. Find the mode of following data : deviations of the values from 46 is 70. Find the value
of n and the mean.
Marks Below Below Below Below Below
10 20 30 40 50 Sol : [Board Term-1 Delhi 2013]
Number of 8 20 45 58 70 We have,
students n n
/ ^xi - 50h = - 10 and / (xi - 46) = 70
i=1 i=1
n
Class-Interval Frequency
/ xi - 50n = - 10 ...(1)
i=1
n
0-10 8 and / xi - 46n = 70 ...(2)
i=1
10-20 12 Subtracting (2) from (1) we get,
20-30 25 - 4n = - 80 & n = 20
30-40 13 Substituting this value of n in equation (1) we have
40-50 12 n
/ xi - 50 # 20 = - 10
Total 70 i=1
Sol : [Board Term-1 Foreign 2015] n

nx = / xi
Mode, Mo = 55 i=1
n
Modal class = 45 - 60 Now, / ^xi - x h = ^x1 - x h + ^x2 - x h + ... + ^xn - x h
i=1
Frequency of the class preceding, n
f1 = 5 / ^xi - x h = (x1 + x2 + ... + xn) - nx

i=1
Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class, n n n
/ ^xi - x h = / xi - nx = / ^xi - x h
f2 = 10 i=1 i=1 i=1
n
Let the frequency of modal class be f . Hence, / ^xi - x h =0
i=1
f - f1
Mode Mo = l + h
2f - f1 - f2 #
55 = 45 +
f-5
15
2f - 5 - 10 #
f-5
=c
2f - 15 m #
10 15 148. The median of the following data is 525. Find the
f-5 values of x and y , if total frequency is 100 :
10 =
15 2f - 15
Class Frequency
2 f - 15
3 = 0-100 2
2f - 15
4f - 30 = 3f - 15 100-200 5
4f - 3f = - 15 + 30 & f = 15 200-300 x
300-400 12
146. The sum of deviations of a set of values x1 , x2 , x3 , 400-500 17
............, xn , measured from 50 is - 10 and the sum of
deviations of the values from 46 is 70. Find the value 500-600 20
of n and the mean. 600-700 y
Sol : [Board 2018 Comp] 700-800 9
We have, 800-900 7
n n
/ ^xi - 50h = - 10 and / (xi - 46) = 70 900-1000 4
i=1 i=1
n
/ xi - 50n = - 10 ...(1) Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi STD]
i=1
n
We prepare cumulative frequency table as given below.
and / xi - 46n = 70 ...(2)
i=1
Class Interval Frequency (f) Cum. freq. c.f.
Subtracting (2) from (1) we get,
0-100 2 2
- 4n = - 80 & n = 20
100-200 5 7
Substituting this value of n in equation (1) we have
200-300 x 7+x
n
/ xi - 50 # 20 = - 10 300-400 12 19 + x
i=1
n
400-500 17 36 + x
/ xi = 990
i=1
n
500-600 20 56 + x
Mean M = 1 c / xi m = 990 = 49.5 600-700 y 56 + x + y
n i=1 20
Hence, n = 20 and mean = 49.5 700-800 9 65 + x + y
800-900 7 72 + x + y
147. Prove that / ^xi - x h = 0
900-1000 4 76 + x + y
Sol :
n N = 100
We have x = 1 c / xi m
n i=1
60 - 10f1 Class 35-40 has the maximum frequency 50, therefore

= 2.5
12 this is model class.
60 - 10f1 = 30 Now, l = 35 f1 = 50 , f0 = 34 , f2 = 42 , h = 5
10f1 = 30 & f1 = 3 f1 - f0
From equation (1), we get f2 = 9 - 3 = 6 1 0 2
Hence, f1 = 3 and f2 = 6 = 35 + b 50 - 34
2 # 50 - 34 - 42 l #
5
151. The arithmetic mean of the following frequency
= 35 + 16 # 5
distribution is 53. Find the value of k . 24
Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 = 35 + 10 = 105 + 10 = 115 = 38.33

3 3 3
Frequency 12 15 32 k 13
153. The table below show the salaries of 280 persons:
Salary (In thousand <) No. of Persons
Class Class Frequency fi x i
5-10 49
Interval Marks (x i ) ( fi )
10-15 133
0-20 10 12 120
15-20 63
20-40 30 15 450
20-25 15
40-60 50 32 1600
25-30 6
60-80 70 k 70k
30-35 7
80-100 90 13 1170
35-40 4
Total 72 + k 3340 + 70k
40-45 2
Mean, M =
/ fi x i
/ fi 45-50 1
53 = 3340 + 70k Calculate the median salary of the data.

72 + k
Sol :
53 ^72 + k h = 3340 + 70k
[Board 2018]
3816 + 53k = 3340 + 70k Salary No. of Persons (f) c.f.

(In thousand <)
70k - 53k = 3816 - 3340
5-10 49 49
17k = 476 & k = 28
10-15 133 182
Hence, value of k is 28.
15-20 63 245
152. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution 20-25 15 260
Class 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 25-30 6 266
Interval 30 35 40 45 50 55
30-35 7 273
Frequency 25 34 50 42 38 14
35-40 4 277
40-45 2 279
Class Interval Frequency 45-50 1 280
25-30 25 N = 280 = 140
We have
30-35 34 2 2
Commutative frequency greater than just greater
35-40 50
than N2 = 140 is 182 and the corresponding class is
40-45 42 10-15. Thus median class is 10-15.
45-50 38 N
-F
Median Md = l + e
f o
2
h
50-55 14
50-55 52.5 -2 x - 2x Let a be assumed mean where a = 54
-1 -y Mean, M = a +
/ fi ui h
55-60 57.5 y
/ fi #
60-65 62.5 = a 0 6 0
= 54 + 18 # 4 = 55.2
65-70 67.5 1 8 8 60
70-75 72.5 2 4 8 Class 52-56 has the maximum frequency 14, therefore
75-80 77.5 3 2 6
Here l = 52 , f1 = 14 , f0 = 10 , f2 = 10 , h = 4
80-85 82.5 4 3 12
f1 - f0
85-90 87.5 5 2 10 Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h
1 0 2
Total / fi = / fi ui = = 52 + 14 - 10 4 = 54
31 + x + y 22 - 2x - y 28 - 10 - 10 #
Hence mean is 55.2 and mode is 5.
Here, / fi = 31 + x + y = 40
158. On the sports day of a school, 300 students participated.
x+y = 9 ...(1) Their ages are given in the following distribution :
/ fi ui = 22 - 2x - y Age 5-7 7-9 9-11 11- 13- 15- 17-
Mean M = a+
/ fi ui h (in years) 13 15 17 19
/ fi # Number of 67 33 41 95 36 13 15
^22 - 2x - y h students
63.5 = 62.5 + #5
40 Find the mean and mode of the data.
2x + y = 14 ...(2) Sol : [Board Term-1 Foreign 2015]
Solving equation (1) and (2) we have x = 5 and y = 4 We prepare following table to find mean.
157. The following distribution gives the weights of 60 Age xi fi fi xi

students of a class. Find the mean and mode weights 5-7 6 67 402
of the students.
7-9 8 33 264
Weight 40- 44- 48- 52- 56- 60- 64- 68- 9-11 10 41 410
(in kg) 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72
11-13 12 95 1140
Number 4 6 10 14 10 8 6 2
of 13-15 14 36 504
students 15-17 16 13 208

17-19 18 15 270
We prepare following table to find mean. / fi = 300 / fi xi = 3, 198
/ fi xi
3, 198
C.I. xi fi ui = xi - a fi ui Mean, M =
/ fi300
=
= 10.66
h
40-44 42 4 -3 -12 Class 11-13 has the maximum frequency 95, therefore
44-48 46 6 -2 -12
Now l = 11, f1 = 95 , f0 = 41, f2 = 36 , h = 2
48-52 50 10 -1 -10
f1 - f0
52-56 54 = a 14 0 0 Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h
1 0 2
56-60 58 10 1 10 95 - 41
= 11 + 2
190 - 41 - 36 #
60-64 62 8 2 16
64-68 66 6 3 18 = 11 + 54 # 2
113
68-72 70 2 4 8 = 11 + 0.95 = 11.95
/ fi = 60 / fi ui = 18
= 700 + 7 # 175 Let a be assumed mean,

28
a = 649.5
= 700 + 43.75 = 743.75
M = a +e
/ fi ui h
161. Calculate the average daily income (in Rs.) of the
Mean,
/ fi # o
following data about men working in a company :
= 649.5 + 57 # 100
200
Daily income (Rs.) 100 200 300 400 500 = 649.5 + 28.5
Number of men 12 28 34 41 50
= 678
Hence, mean life time of a bulb is 678 hours.
163. If the mean of the following frequency distribution
Class xi (class fi fi xi
is 91, and sum of frequency is 150, find the missing
mark)
frequency x and y :
0-100 50 12 600
100-200 150 16 2400 Class 0- 30- 60- 90- 120- 150-
30 60 90 120 150 180
20-300 250 6 1500
Frequency 12 21 x 52 y 11
300-400 350 7 2450
400-500 450 9 4050 Sol : [Board Term-1 2011]
/ fi = 50 / fi xi = 11, 000 We prepare following table to find mean.
Class xi fi fi xi
Mean M =
/ xi fi = 11000 = 200
/ fi 50 0-30 15 12 180
Average daily income is Rs. 220. 30-60 45 21 945
162. The following table gives the life time of 200 bulbs. 60-90 75 x 75x
Calculate the mean life time of a bulb by step 90-120 105 52 5460
deviation method :
120- 135 y 135y
Life time 400- 500- 600- 700- 800- 900- 150
(in hours) 499 599 699 799 899 999 150- 165 11 1815
Number of 24 47 39 42 34 14 180
bulbs Total /f=i /fi xi =
x + y + 96 = 150 8400 + 75x + 135y

96 + x + y = 150
Life time xi u i = xi - a fi fi ui
(in hrs) h x + y = 54 ...(1)
399.5-499.5 449.5 -2 24 - 48
x =
/ fi xi
499.5-599.5 549.5 -1 47 - 47 / fi
599.5-699.5 649.5 0 39 0 8400 + 75x + 135y
91 =
150
699.5-799.5 749.5 1 42 42
13650 = 8, 400 + 75x + 135y
799.5-899.5 849.5 2 34 68
75x + 135y = 5250
899.5-999.5 949.5 3 14 42
5x + 9y = 350 ...(2)
Total / fi / fi ui
= 200 = 57 Solving equation (1) and (2) we get x = 34 and y = 20
167. Daily wages of 110 workers, obtained in a survey, are 168. On annual day of a school, 400 students participated
tabulated below : in the function. Frequency distribution showing their
ages is as shown in the following table :
Daily 100- 120- 140- 160- 180- 200- 220-
Wages 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Ages (in 05- 07- 09- 11- 13- 15- 17-
(in<) years) 07 09 11 13 15 17 19
Number 10 15 20 22 18 12 13 Number of 70 120 32 100 45 28 5
of students
Workers
Find mean and median of the above data.
Compute the mean daily wages an modal daily wages
of these workers.
Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard] find mean and median.
Let a = 170 be assumed mean.
C.I. fi c.f. xi ui = fi ui
CI xi (f) xi - 170 xi - 170 fi ui xi - a
20
h
05-07 70 70 6 -3 -210
100-120 110 10 - 60 -3 - 30
07-09 120 190 8 -2 -240
120-140 130 15 - 40 -2 - 30
09-11 32 222 10 -1 -32
140-160 150 20 - 20 -1 - 20
11-13 100 322 12 0 0
160-180 170 22 0 0 0
13-15 45 367 14 1 45
180-200 190 18 20 1 18
15-17 28 395 16 2 56
200-220 210 12 40 2 24
17-19 5 400 18 3 15
220-240 230 13 60 3 39
/ fi / fi ui / fi / fi ui
= 400 = - 366
= 110 =1
Assumed mean, a = 12
Mean, x = a+
/ fi ui h
/ fi # Mean, M = a+
/ fi ui h
/ fi #
= 170 + 1 # 20
110
= 12 + - 366 # 2
= 170 + 0.1818 400
= 170.1818 = 12 - 183 = 12 - 1.83

100
Hence, mean daily wages of the workers is < 170.1818
Here the maximum frequency is 22 and the = 10.17
corresponding class is 160-180. So, 160-180 is modal We have N = 400 ; N = 200
class. 2
Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 222 and
Now l = 160 , h = 20 , f = 22 , fi = 20 and f2 = 18
the corresponding class is 9-11. Thus median class is
f - f1 9-11.
Mode Mo = l + h
2f - fi - f2 # N
-F
Md = l + d
f n
2
22 - 20 Median, h
= 160 + 20
2 # 22 - 20 - 18 #
= 160 + 40 = 9 + 200 - 190 # 2
6 32
= 160 + 6.666
= 9 + 10 # 2 = 9 + 0.625
= 166.67 32
Hence, modal daily wages of the workers is < 166.67. = 9.625
96 + x + y = 150 N
-F
Md = l + d
f n
2
Median, h
x + y = 54 ...(1)
/ fi xi = 120 + b 25 - 12 l # 20
x = 14
/ fi
8400 + 75x + 135y = 120 + 18.57 # 138.57
91 =
150 Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
13650 = 8, 400 + 75x + 135y = 3 # 138.57 - 2 # 145.2
75x + 135y = 5250 = 415.71 - 290.4 = 125.31
5x + 9y = 350 ...(2) Hence, mean is 145.2, median is 138.57 and mode is
125.31.
Solving equation (1) and (2) we get x = 34 and y = 20
172. The following table gives the daily income of 50 COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS
workers of a factory.
173. BINGO is game of chance. The host has 75 balls
Daily 100- 120- 140- 160- 180- numbered 1 through 75. Each player has a BINGO
income 120 140 160 180 200 card with some numbers written on it.
(in Rs.)
Number 12 14 8 6 10
of
Workers
Find the mean, mode and median of the above data.
C.I. fi c.f. xi ui = fi ui
xi - a
h
100-120 12 12 110 -2 - 24
The participant cancels the number on the card when
120-140 14 26 130 -1 - 14
called out a number written on the ball selected at
140-160 8 34 150 0 0 random. Whosoever cancels all the numbers on his/
160-180 6 40 170 1 6 her card, says BINGO and wins the game.
The table given below, shows the data of one such
180-200 10 50 190 2 20
game where 48 balls were used before Tara said
/ f = 50 / fi ui = - 12 ‘BINGO’.
Numbers announced Number of times
Let a be assumed mean be a = 150
0 – 15 8
Mean M = a+
/ fi ui h
/ fi # 15 – 30 9
= 150 + - 12 # 20 30 – 45 10
50
45 – 60 12
= 150 - 4.8 = 145.2
60 – 75 9
Now N = 50 ; N
2 = 25 Based on the above information, answer the following:
Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 26 and (i) Write the median class.
the corresponding class is 120-140. Thus median class (ii) When first ball was picked up, what was the
is 120-140. probability of calling out an even number?
Now l = 120 , f = 14 , F = 12 and h = 20 (iii) Find median of the given data.
(iv) Find mode of the given data.
Sol : A stopwatch was used to find the time that it took a

(i) We prepare the following commutative frequency group of students to run 100 m.
distribution table.
Time (in sec) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
AIQ Number of cf Mid-point fixi
weeks f xi No. of 8 10 13 6 3
students
270-280 4 4 275 1100
280-290 10 14 285 2850 questions.
290-300 14 28 295 4130 (i) Estimate the mean time taken by a student to
finish the race.
300-310 20 48 305 6100
(ii) What will be the upper limit of the modal class ?
310-320 24 72 315 7560 (iii) What is the sum of lower limits of median class
320-330 8 80 325 2600 and modal class ?
Total 80 24340 (iv) How many students finished the race within 1
minute?
Mean =
/ f i xi
= 24340 = 304.25
/ fi 80 Sol :
(ii) Cumulative frequency just greater than (i) We prepare the following commutative frequency
2 = 2 = 40 is 48 and the corresponding class is 300-
N 80
distribution table.
310. Thus median class is 300-310.
Time Number of Mid- f i xi Cumulative
(iii) Since 310-320 has highest frequency i.e. 24, thus
(in sec) students value frequency
310-320 is model class. (f i) xi cf
(iv) Here l = 300, , N = 80 , F = 28 , f = 20 and h = 10
0-20 8 10 80 8
-F
N
Md = l + d
f n
2
Median, h 20-40 10 30 300 18
40 - 28 40-60 13 50 650 31
= 300 + b 20 l # 10
60-80 6 70 420 37
= 300 + 6
= 306 80-100 3 90 270 40
Total / f = 40
i / fi xi
175. 100 Metres Race : The 100 metres is a sprint race in = 1720
track and field competitions. The shortest common
outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular
Mean =
/ f i xi
= 1720 = 43
and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It / fi 40
has been contested at the summer Olympics since Mean time taken by a student to finish the race is 43
1896 for men and since 1928 for women. The World sec.
Championships 100 metres has been contested since (ii) Since 40-60 has highest frequency i.e. 13 upper
1983. The reigning 100 m Olympic or world champion limit of modal class is 60.
is often named “the fastest man or woman in the
(iii) Cumulative frequency just greater than
world”.
N 40
60. Thus median class is 40-60 and lower limit is 40.

Sum of lower limits of median class and modal class
= 40 + 40 = 80 .
(iv) The number of students finished the race within
1 min (i.e. 60 sec)
= cumulative frequency of class 40-60
= 31
176. Living Index : Cost of living indexes are meant to

compare the expenses an average person can expect
to incur to acquire food, shelter, transportation,
(ii) From cumulative frequency we get that 28 employee

received up to 70 % salary. Rest 80 - 28 = 52
employee received more than 70 % salary.
(iii) From cumulative frequency we get that 10
employee’s salary is cut by more than 40 %.
(iv) Class 80-90 has the maximum frequency 24,
therefore this is model class. Lower limit is 80.
(v) Cumulative frequency just greater than
N 80
181. Traffic Management : A traffic enforcement camera

is a camera which may be mounted beside or over a
road or installed in an enforcement vehicle to detect
The Covid-19 pandemic has stalled economic activity motoring offenses, including speeding, vehicles going
at an unprecedented scale globally, raising the spectre through a red traffic light. A worldwide review of
of job losses and salary cuts. Most of companies studies found that speed cameras led to a reduction
decided to bring down the salary by upto 50 %. of 11% to 44% for fatal and serious injury crashes.
The following table shows the salaries (in percent) The British Medical Journal recently reported that
received by 80 employee during lockdown. speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents
and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider
Salary Received 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90- deployment.
(in %) 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of employee 4 10 14 20 24 8
questions.
(i) What is the mean salary (in %) received ?
(ii) How many employee received more than 70 %
salary ?
(iii) Find the total number of employee whose salary
is reduced by more than 40 % ?
(iv) What is the lower limit of mode class of salary (in
%) received?
(v) Which is the median class of salary (in %)
received?
Sol : In order to monitor reckless driving on Mumbai
(i) We prepare following cumulative frequency table. road, special cameras have been installed at many
traffic light. The following table shows a frequency
C.I. fi c.f. xi fi xi distribution table for the speed of 100 vehicles passing
through a particular spot on a day.
40-50 4 4 45 180
50-60 10 14 55 550 Speed 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90-
(in km/h) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
60-70 14 28 65 910
Number of 1 3 7 16 35 29 7 2
70-80 20 48 75 1500 Vehicles
80-90 24 72 85 2040 Based on the above information, answer the following
90-100 8 80 95 760 questions.
/ f i = 80 / fi xi = 5940 (i) Find the number of vehicles whose speed is more
than 70 km/h ?
M =
/ fi xi = 5940 = 74.25
(ii) Find the number of vehicles whose speed is less
/ fi 80 than 50 km/h ?
(i) Required Mean = A +

/ fi d i
/ fi
= 55 - 1200
420
=< 52.14
(ii) Total toll tax received by a vehicle =< 52.14
Total number of vehicles = 420
Average toll tax received in a day
=< (52.14 # 420)
=< 21898.80
(iii) Class 50-60 has the maximum frequency 120,
Sol :
Now l = 50 , f1 = 120 , f2 = 70 , f0 = 110 , h = 10
We prepare following cumulative frequency table
f1 - f0
1 0 2 Class Class Frequency x i fi c.f.
120 - 110 interval mark (x i) (fi)
= 50 + 10
240 - 110 - 70 #
100-120 110 7 770 7
= 50 + 10 120-140 130 12 1560 19
6
= 50 + 1.67 140-160 150 18 2700 37
= 51.67 160-180 170 13 2210 50
(iv) Empirical relation, Total 50 7240
3Md = Mo + 2M / fi xi
(i) M = = 7240 = 144.8 km/charge
3Md = 51.67 + 2 # 52.14 / fi 50
Thus average mileage is 144.8 km/charge.
3Md = 155.95
(ii) Class 140-160 has the maximum frequency 18,
Md = 155.95 = 51.98 therefore this is model class.
3
Now l = 140 , f1 = 18 , f2 = 13 , f0 = 12 , h = 20
183. Electric scooters are plug-in electric vehicles with two f1 - f0
or three wheels. The electricity is stored on board in a Mode, Mo = l + d 2f - f - f n h
1 0 2
rechargeable battery, which drives one or more electric 18 - 12
motors. Leading manufacturer of electric scooter, Hero = 140 + 20
36 - 12 - 13 #
Scooter Pvt Ltd wants to declare the mileage of their
electric scooters. For this, they recorded the mileage = 140 + 6 # 20
11
(km/charge) of 50 scooters of the same model. Details = 140 + 120 = 140 + 10.91
of which are given in the following table. 11
= 150.91 km/charge
Mileage 100- 120- 140- 160- (iii) Cumulative frequency just greater than
(km/charge) 120 140 160 180
N 50
Number of scooters 7 12 18 13 160. Thus median class is 140-160.

Based on the above information, answer the following Now, l = 140 , N
2 = 25 , F = 19 , f = 18 and h = 20
questions. -F N
Median, Md = l + d
f n
2
h
(i) What is the average mileage.
(ii) What is the modal value of mileage ? = 140 + 25 - 19 # 20
(iii) What is the median value of mileage ? 18
(iv) What about the mileage can be claimed by the = 140 + 60 = 146.67 km/charge
9
manufacturer for his scooter ?
Median of the distance travelled is 224.12 km
(i) Thus x = 9
(ii) y = 15
186. Life insurance is a contract between an insurance

policy holder and an insurer or assurer, where the
insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a
sum of money upon the death of an insured person
(often the policy holder). Depending on the contract,
other events such as terminal illness or critical illness
can also trigger payment. The policy holder typically
pays a premium, either regularly or as one lump sum.
Sol :
We prepare following cumulative frequency table
Monthly Number of Cumulative

Consumption (in kwh) families Frequency
0-100 2 2
100-200 5 7
200-300 x 7+x
300-400 12 19 + x
400-500 17 36 + x SBI life insurance agent found the following data for
500-600 20 56 + x distribution of ages of 100 policy holders. Calculate
the median age, if policies are given only to persons
600-700 y 56 + x + y having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years.
700-800 9 65 + x + y
Age (in years) Number of policy holders
800-900 7 72 + x + y
Below 20 2
900-1000 4 76 + x + y
Below 25 6
Total 76 + x + y
Below 30 24
Since total frequency is 100 ,
Below 35 45
76 + x + y = 100
Below 40 78
x + y = 100 - 76 = 24
Below 45 89
Here median is 525, thus median class is 500-600. Also
N
2 = 2 = 50 .
100 Below 50 92
Now, l = 500 , N
= 50 , F = 36 + x , f = 20 and Below 55 98
2
h = 100 . Below 60 100

-F
N
(i) What is the median value of age ?
Median, Md = l + d
f n
2
h
(ii) What will be the upper limit of the modal class?
50 - 36 - x
525 = 500 + b 20 l # 100 (iii) What is the mode value of age ?
(iv) Find the mean value of age using empirical
25 = (14 - x) # 5 relation.
25 = 70 - 5x Sol :
70 - 25 = The given table is cumulative frequency distribution.
x = 5 9
We write the frequency distribution as given below:
Now y = 24 - 9 = 15
(ii) Class 60-80 has the maximum frequency 29, (i) What is the upper limit of median class ?
therefore this is model class. Lower limit of this class (ii) What is the median value of students per teacher?
is 60.
(iii) What is the lower limit of model class ?
(iii) Here, l = 60 , f1 = 29 , f0 = 21, f2 = 17 and h = 20
(iv) What is the model value of students per teacher ?
f1 - f0
Mode, Mo = l + h d 2f - f - f n (v) What is the mean value of students per teacher ?
1 0 2
= 60 + 29 - 21 20 Sol :
2 # 29 - 21 - 17 #
(i) We prepare following cumulative frequency table
= 60 + 8 20 to find median class.
58 - 38 #
= 60 + 8 = 68 Students per teacher Number of School c.f
(iv) Now 3Md = Mo + 2M = 68 + 2 # 53 20-25 5 5
Md = 174 = 58 25-30 15 20
3
30-35 25 45
Hence median is 58.
(v) Since median is 58 and corresponding class is 40- 35-40 30 75
60. Upper limit of this class is 60. 40-45 15 90
188. Student-teacher ratio expresses the relationship 45-50 10 100

between the number of students enrolled in a school N = 100
and the number teachers employed by the school.
Student-teacher ratio is important for a number of We have N = 100 ; N = 50
2
reasons. It can be used as a tool to measure teacher
workload as well as the allocation of resources. A low Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 75 and
student-teacher ratio indicates the burden on a single the corresponding class is 35-40. Thus median class is
teacher of teaching multiple students as well as the 35-40 and upper limit is 40.
lack of time that each student gets. N
-F
Md = l + d
f n
2
(ii) Median, h
= 35 + 50 - 45 # 5
30
= 35 + 5 = 215 = 35.83
6 6
therefore this is model class. Lower limit of this class
is 35.
(iv) Here, l = 35 , f1 = 30 , f0 = 25 , f2 = 15 and h = 5
f1 - f0
Mode, Mo = l + h d 2f - f - f n
1 0 2
A survey was conducted in the 100 secondary school
= 35 + 30 - 25 5
of Rajasthan and following frequency distribution 60 - 25 - 15 #
table was prepared :
= 35 + 5 # 5
20
Students per teacher Number of School = 35 + 1.25 = 36.25
20-25 5 (v) Now 3Md = Mo + 2M
25-30 15 3 # 215 = 36.25 + 2M
30-35 25 6
2 # 215 = 4 # 36.25 + 8M
35-40 30
430 = 145 + 8M
40-45 15
8M = 430 - 145 = 285
45-50 10
285
M = 8 = 35.625
Chap 13 Statistics Page 543
189. A TV reporter was given a task to prepare a report on

the rainfall of the city Dispur of Indian in a particular
year. After collecting the data, he analysed the data
and prepared a report on the rainfall of the city, Using
this report, he drew the following graph of a particular
time period of 66 days
Survey manager of Amul dairy has recorded monthly

expenditures on milk in 100 families of a housing
society. This is given in the following frequency
distribution :
Monthly expenditure (in Rs.) Number of families

0-175 10
175-350 14
350-525 15
525-700 x
Based on the above graph, answer the following 700-875 28
questions :
(i) Identify less than type ogive and more than type 875-1050 7
ogive from the given graph. 1050-1225 5
(ii) Find the median rainfall of Dispur.
(iii) Obtain the Mode of the data if mean rainfall is (i) How many families spend between Rs 350- 700 on
23.4 cm milk ?
Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard] (ii) What is the upper limit of median class ?
(i) Curve-1 shows less than ogive and curve-2 shows (iii) What is the median expenditure on milk?
more than ogive.
(ii) The abscissa of intersecting point of less than and (iv) What is the lower limit of model class ?
more than ogive give the median. Thus median is (v) What is the model expenditure on milk?
21 cm.
Sol :
(iii) Mode of data,
(i) Since number of families is 100,
Mo = 3Md - 2M 10 + 14 + 15 + x + 28 + 7 + 5 = 100
= 3 # 21 - 2 # 23.4 79 + x = 100
= 63 - 46.8 x = 100 - 79 = 21
= 16.2 cm Thus 15 + 21 = 36 families spend between Rs 350-
700 on milk.
190. Amul, is an Indian dairy cooperative society, based
at Anand in the Gujarat. Formed in 1946, it is a (ii) We prepare following cumulative frequency table
cooperative brand managed by a cooperative body, to find median class.
the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation C.I. f c.f.
Ltd. (GCMMF), which today is jointly owned by 36
lakh (3.6 million) milk producers in Gujarat. Amul 0-175 10 10
spurred India’s White Revolution, which made the 157-350 14 24
country the world’s largest producer of milk and milk
350-525 15 39
products.
C.I. f c.f. The length of time taken by 80 drivers to complete a

journey is given in the table below:
525-700 21 60
Times 70- 80- 90- 100- 110- 120-
700-875 28 88 (in minutes) 80 90 100 110 120 130
875-1050 7 95 Number of 4 10 14 20 24 8
1050-1225 5 100 drivers
N = 100 (i) What is the estimate of the mean time taken to
complete the journey ?
We have N = 100 ; N = 50
2 (ii) In which interval does the median of the
Cumulative frequency just greater than N2 is 60 and distribution lie?
the corresponding class is 525-700. Thus median class
(iii) In which interval does the mode of the distribution
is 525-700 and upper limit is 700.
lie?
N
-F
Md = l + d
f n
2
(iii) Median, h (iv) What is the model time taken to complete journey ?
(v) What is the median time taken to complete
= 525 + 50 - 39 # 175
21 journey ?
= 525 + 11 # 175 Sol :

21
(i) We prepare the following table :
= 525 + 91.6 = 616.6 C.I. fi c.f. xi fi xi
(iv) Class 700-875 has the maximum frequency 28,
therefore this is model class and lower limit is 700. 70-80 4 4 75 300
(v) Here l = 700 , f0 = 21, f1 = 28 f2 = 7 , h = 175 80-90 10 14 85 850
f1 - f0 90-100 14 28 95 1330
1 0 2
100-110 20 48 105 2100
= 700 + b 28 - 21
2 # 28 - 21 - 7 l #
175 110-120 24 72 115 2760
120-130 8 80 125 1000
= 700 + 7 # 175
28
/ f i = 80 / fi xi = 8340
= 700 + 43.75
M =
/ fi xi
= 8390 = 104.25
= 743.75 / fi 80
(ii) Cumulative frequency just greater than
191. Formula one Portugese Grand Prix technical team at
N 80
the Algarve International Circuit are analysing last

year data of drivers’ performance to provide valuable
inferences to commentators on how the drivers can
improve this year.
(iv) Here, l = 110 , f1 = 24 , f0 = 20 , f2 = 8 and h = 10
f1 - f0
1 0 2
= 110 + 24 - 20 10
2 # 24 - 20 - 8 #
= 110 + 4 # 10 = 112
20
(v) Now 3Md = Mo + 2M = 112 + 2 # 104.25
= 320.5
Md = 320.5 = 106.83
3
***********
Page 538 Probability Chap 14
CHAPTER 14
Probability
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 3. One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled

deck of 52 playing cards. The probability that it is a
red ace card, is
1. Two dice are rolled together. The probability of
getting sum of numbers on the two dice as 2, 3 or 5, is: (a) 1 (b) 1
13 26
(a) 7 (b) 11 (c) 1 (d) 1
36 36 52 2
(c) 5 (d) 4 Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard]
36 9
In a deck of 52 cards, there are 2 cards of red ace.
Thus n (S) = 52
Total number of outcomes is 36.
Here, all favorable possible outcome is (1, 1), (1, 2), Favorable outcomes,
(2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (1, 4) and (4, 1). n (E) = 2
n (S) = 36 Probability of getting red ace,
No. of favourable outcome, n (E)
P (E) = = 2 = 1
n (S) 52 26
n (E) = 7
Required probability,
n (E) 4. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck
P (E) = = 7 of 52 playing cards. The probability of getting a face
n (S) 36
Thus (a) is correct option. card is
(a) 1 (b) 3
2. From the data 1, 4, 7, 9, 16, 21, 25, if all the even 2 13
numbers are removed, then the probability of getting (c) 4 (d) 1
13 13
at random a prime number from the remaining is
(a) 2 (b) 1
5 5 Total cards, n (S) = 52
(c) 1 (d) 2
7 7 There are 12 face cards.
Sol : [Board 2024 OD Standard] n (E) = 13
n (E)
If we remove even number from data 1, 4, 7, 9, 16, 21, P (face card) P (E) = = 12 = 3
25 we have 1, 7, 9, 21, 25 only. Here prime number is n (S) 52 13
only 7. Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus n (S) = 5 5. A bag contains 5 pink, 8 blue and 7 yellow balls. One
Favorable outcomes, ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the
probability of getting neither a blue nor a pink ball ?
n (E) = 1
Probability of getting prime number, (a) 1 (b) 2
4 5
n (E) 7 13
P (E) = =1 (c)
20
(d)
20
n (S) 5
n (E) = x 16. Which of the following cannot be the probability of

n (E) an event?
P (E) =
n (S) (a) 1 (b) 0.1
3
x
0.08 = 6000
(c) 3% (d) 17
16
x = 0.08 # 6000 = 480
Hence, she bought 480 tickets. Probability of an event always lies between 0 and 1.
Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.
13. The probability that a number selected at random 17. If the probability of an event is p , then the probability
from the numbers 1, 2, 3, ......, 15 is a multiple of 4 is of its complementary event will be
(a) 4 (b) 2 (a) p - 1 (b) p
15 15
(c) 1 (d) 1 (c) 1 - p (d) 1 - 1
15 5 p
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic] Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2017]
Total possible outcome, n (S) = 15 Since,

Number of multiples of 4 between 1 to 15 are 4, 8, 12 P (E) + P (E ) = 1
i.e. 3 favourable outcome. P (E) = 1 - P (E )
n (E) = 3 = 1-p
n (E) Thus (c) is correct option.
Required Probability, P (E) = = 3 =1
n (S) 15 5
18. The probability expressed as a percentage of a
particular occurrence can never be
14. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability (a) less than 100
of getting at most one head is (b) less than 0
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) greater than 1
4 2
(c) 2 (d) 3 (d) anything but a whole number
3 4
Probability expressed as a percentage always lie
All possible outcomes are {HH, HT, TH, TT}. between 0 and 100. So, it cannot be less than 0.
Thus n (S) = 4 Thus (b) is correct option.
Favourable outcomes are {HT, TH, TT}.
19. One ticket is drawn at random from a bag containing
n (E) = 3 tickets numbered 1 to 40. The probability that the
Probability of getting at most one head, selected ticket has a number which is a multiple of 5 is
P (E) =
n (E)
=3 (a) 1 (b) 3
n (S) 4 5 5
Thus (d) is correct option. (c) 4 (d) 1

5 3
15. If an event cannot occur, then its probability is Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 thus

(a) 1 (b) 3 8 outcome.
4
(c) 1 (d) 0 n (S) = 40
2
n (E) = 8
n (E)
The event which cannot occur is said to be impossible P (E) = = 8 =1
event and probability of impossible event is zero. n (S) 40 5
Thus (d) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.
26. If a letter is chosen at random from the letter of 29. If a number x is chosen at random from the numbers
English alphabet, then the probability that it is a - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2 . Then, the probability that x2 1 2 is
letter of the word DELHI is
(a) 2 (b) 4
5 5
(a) 1 (b) 1
5 26 1 3
(c) (d)
5 5 5
(c) (d) 21
26 26 Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015]
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2017] Total number of possible outcomes are 5.
The English alphabet has 26 letters in all. The word We observe that x2 1 2 when x takes anyone of the
DELHI has 5 letter, so the number of favourable following three values - 1, 0 and 1.
outcomes is 5.
We have n (S) = 5
n (S) = 26
n (E) = 3
n (E) = 5
Required probability, n (E)
P (E) = =3
n (E) n (S) 5
P (E) = = 5
n (S) 26 Thus (d) is correct option.
30. Which of the following relationship is the correct?
27. The probability that a two digit number selected at (a) P (E ) + P (E ) = 1 (b) P (E ) - P (E ) = 1
random will be a multiple of 3 and not a multiple of (c) P (E ) = 1 + P (E ) (d) None of these
5 is
Sol :
(a) 2 (b) 4
15 15 P (E ) + P (E ) = 1
(c) 1 (d) 4
15 90 Thus (a) is correct option.
31. Two dice are thrown together. The probability that
24 out of the 90 two digit numbers are divisible by 3 sum of the two numbers will be a multiple of 4, is:
and not by 5.
(a) 1 (b) 1
n (S) = 90 2 3
1 (d) 1
n (E) = 24 (c)
8 4
Required probability, Sol : [Board Term-2 Comp. 2014]
n (E)
P (E) = Total number of outcomes is 36.
n (S)
24 Here, all possible outcome is (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 6),
= = 4 (3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2) and (6, 6),
90 15
Thus (b) is correct option. n (S) = 36
28. If in a lottery, there are 5 prizes and 20 blanks, then n (E) = 9

the probability of getting a prize is P (sum of two numbers will be multiple of 4)
(a) 2 (b) 4 n (E)
5 5 P (E) = = 9 =1
1 n (S) 36 4
(c) (d) 1
Sol : [Board 2010]
32. A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the
We have n (S) = 20 + 5 = 25 word ASSASSINATION, then the probability that
n (E) = 5 the letter chosen is a vowel is in the form of 6 ,
2x + 1
Required probability, then x is equal to
n (E) (a) 5 (b) 6
P (E) = = 5 =1
n (S) 25 5 (c) 7 (d) 8
ONE MARK QUESTIONS Sol : [Board 2020 SQP Standard]
Given numbers are - 5 , - 4 , - 3 , - 2 , - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

5 and their squares are 25, 16, 9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25.
37. What is the probability that a number selected at
random from the numbers 1, 2, 3, ......, 15 is a multiple Total number of outcomes n (S) = 11.
of 4? Favourable outcome are - 1, 0, 1, thus number of
favourable outcomes is n (E) = 3 .
n (E)
Total possible outcome, n (S) = 15 Required probability, P (E) = = 3
n (S) 11
Number of multiples of 4 between 1 to 15 are 4, 8, 12
i.e. 3 favourable outcome. 41. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack
of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a red king.
n (E) = 3
n (E)
Required Probability, P (E) = = 3 =1 Total no. of cards, n (S) = 52
n (S) 15 5
Number of red kings, n (E) = 2
PRACTICE
 One ticket is drawn at random from a bag n (E)

P (a red king), P (E) =
containing tickets numbered 1 to 40. Find the n (S)
probability that the selected ticket has a number = 2 = 1
52 26
which is a multiple of 5.
[Board 2010] PRACTICE
1
Ans : 5  A card drawn at random from a well shuffled deck
of 52 playing cards. What is the probability of
38. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the getting a black king?
[Board 2020 OD Basic]
probability of getting at most one head ?
Ans :
All possible outcomes are {HH, HT, TH, TT}. 42. If the probability of wining a game is 0.07, what is the
probability of losing it?
Thus n (S) = 4
Favourable outcomes are {HT, TH, TT}. Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
n (E) = 3 P (winning the game), P (E) = 0.07

Probability of getting at most one head, P (number less game), P (E ) = 1 - P (E)
n (E) = 1 - 0.07
P (E) = =3
n (S) 4 = 0.93
39. A die is thrown once. What is the probability of PRACTICE

getting a number less than 3?  If the probability of winning a game is 5
, find the
11
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] probability of losing the game.
There are 6 possible outcome for a die. [Board Term-2 2014]
6
Ans :
n (S) = 6 11
Favourable outcome are 1 and 2 i.e. two outcomes.  A girl calculates the probability of her winning
n (E) = 2 the game in a match and find it 0.08. What is the
probability of her losing the game?
P (number less than 3)
[Board Term-2 2012]
n (E)
P (E) = =2 =1 Ans : 0.92
n (S) 6 3
40. A number is chosen at random from the numbers - 5 , 43. If a card is selected from a deck of 52 cards, then find
- 4 , - 3 , - 2 , - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Then the probability the probability of its being a red face card?
that square of this number is less than or equal to 1 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2011]
is .......... . In a deck of 52 cards, there are 12 face cards i.e., 6 red
and 6 black cards.
51. A bag contains 3 red and 2 blue marbles. If a marble PRACTICE

is drawn at random, then find the probability of  If P Ê h = 0.20 , then what is the probability of
drawing a blue marble. ‘not E ’ ?
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2013] [Board Term-2 Delhi 2013]
There are 5 marbles in the bag. Out of these 5 marbles Ans : 0.80
one can be choose in 5 ways. Since, the bag contains
2 blue marbles. Therefore, one blue marble can be
55. A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Shalini
drawn in 2 ways.
takes out one candy without looking into the bag.
n (S) = 5 What is the probability that she takes out an orange
n (E) = 2 flavoured candy?
Required probability, Sol : [Board Term-2 2012]
Bag contains only lemon flavoured candies. So, getting

n (E)
P (E) = =2 an orange flavoured candy is an impossible.
n (S) 5
P (E) = 0
52. A single letter is selected at random from the word
PROBABILITY. What is the probability that the 56. Out of 200 bulbs in a box, 12 bulbs are defective. One
selected letter is a vowel? bulb is taken out at random from the box. What is
Sol : [Board 2007] the probability that the drawn bulb is not defective?
There are 11 letter in word PROBABILITY. Out of Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2016]
these 11 letter, 4 letter are vowels. Total number of bulbs,
n (S) = 11 n ^S h = 200
n (E) = 4 Number of favourable cases,
Required probability, n Ê h = 200 - 12 = 188
n (E) Required probability,
P (E) = = 4
n Ê h
n (S) 11
P Ê h = = 188 = 47
53. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting n ^S h 200 50
“at most 2.” 57. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack
of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting neither a
All possible outcome i.e. sample space, red card nor a queen.
S = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
Number of all possible outcome, There are 26 red cards out of total 52 cards and 2
n ^S h = 6 black queen also.
Favourable outcomes, Total number of cards, n (S) = 52
E = "1, 2, Cards which are neither red nor queen,
Number of favourable outcome, n Ê h = 52 - (26 + 2) = 24
n Ê h = 2 Required probability,
n Ê h n Ê h
Thus P Ê h = =2=1 P Ê h = = 24 = 6
n ^S h 6 3 n ^S h 52 13
54. If E be an event such that P Ê h = 73 , what is P (not 58. A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random.
E ) equal to? Determine the probability that the chosen letter is a
Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2014] consonant.
We have P Ê h = 3 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2015, 2020 Delhi STD]

7 In the English language there are 26 alphabets.
P ^not E h = 1 - P Ê h Consonant are 21. The probability of chosen a
consonant
= 1-3 = 4
7 7
Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29. n Ê h = 4

Number of favourable outcomes,n Ê h = 10 P (an odd no. or a no. <4),
n Ê h n Ê h 4
P Ê h = = 10 = 1 P Ê h = = =2
P (prime ),
n ^S h 30 3 n ^S h 6 3
66. A box contains 90 discs, numbered from 1 to 90. If one 70. Find the probability of getting a sum of 9, when two
disc is drawn at random from box, find the probability dice are thrown simultaneously.
that it bears a prime number less than 23. Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2011]
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] If two dice are thrown there are 6 # 6 = 36 possible
Number of possible outcomes, outcomes. Thus there are 4 favourable outcome (3, 6),
(6, 3), (4, 5) and (5, 4). In these case sum of both
n (S) = 90 faces are 9.
Prime numbers less than 23 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19. Number of total outcomes,
Number of favourable outcomes n (S) = 36
n Ê h = 8 Number of favourable outcomes
P (prime no. less than 23) n Ê h = 4
n Ê h
P Ê h = = 8 = 4 n Ê h
n ^S h 90 45 P Ê h = = 4 =1
n ^S h 36 9
67. From the number 3, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, one number
71. Can 1.1 be probability of an event ?
is selected at random, what is the probability that the
selected number is mean?
No. Since the probability of an event cannot be more
than 1.
Total outcomes, n (S) = 10
72. A bag contains 3 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn
Mean,
at random from the bag. What is the probability that
M = 3 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 70 = 7 the drawn ball is not red ?
10 10
Thus 7 is the mean of given numbers and frequency
of 7 is 3 in given data. There are total 3 + 5 = 8 balls in bag. Thus total
possible outcomes,
Number of favourable outcomes,
n (S) = 8
n Ê h = 3
5 black balls are not red. Thus favourable outcome
n Ê h
P (mean), P Ê h = = 3 n Ê h = 5
n ^S h 10
P (drawn ball is not red),
68. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
n Ê h
a prime number. P Ê h = =5
n ^S h 8
73. If three different coins are tossed together, then find
Total outcomes, n (S) = 6
the probability of getting two heads.
Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5.
n Ê h = 3 All possible outcomes are {HHH, THH, HTH, HHT,
n Ê h TTT, TTH, THT, HTT}.
P (prime no.), P Ê h = =3=1
n ^S h 6 2 Number of possible outcomes,
69. In tossing a die, what is the probability of getting an n (S) = 8
odd number or number less than 4 ? Number of favourable outcomes,
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] n Ê h = 3
Total outcome, n (S) = 6 P (getting two heads),
Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5 and number less than 4 are 1, n Ê h
P Ê h = =3
2, 3. Thus there are 4 favourable outcome. n ^S h 8
 Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the Favourable outcome are 1 and 2 i.e. two outcome.
probability that the sum of numbers appearing n (E) = 2
is 10.
P (number less than 3),
n (E)
=2 =1
1
Ans : 12 P (E) =
n (S) 6 3
79. In a lottery, there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks. What 83. If a number x is chosen at random from the numbers
is the probability of getting a prize? - 3 , - 2 , - 1. 0, 1, 2, 3, then find the probability of
x2 < 4 .
Total number of possible outcomes,
Possible outcome are - 3 , - 2 , - 1. 0, 1, 2, 3 i.e 7
n (S) = 10 + 25 = 35 outcomes.
Total number of prizes, Thus n (S) = 7
n (E) = 10 Favourable outcomes are x2 < 4 i.e. = - 1, 0, 1.
Probability of getting a prize, n (E) = 3
n (E)
P (E) = = 10 = 2 n (E)
n (S) 35 7 P (x2 < 4), P (E) = =3
n (S) 7
80. Two different coins are tossed simultaneously, What is
the probability of getting at least one head? PRACTICE
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi OD Basic]  If a number x is chosen a random from the number
- 3 , - 2 , - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3. What is probability that
All possible outcomes are {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
x2 # 4 ?
Thus n (S) = 4 [Board 2020 Delhi Standard]
5
Favourable outcomes are {HT, TH, HH}. Ans : 7
n (E) = 3
 A number is chosen at random from the numbers
Probability of getting at least one head, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 . What will be the
n (E) probability that square of this number is less than
P (E) = =3
n (S) 4 or equal to 1.
81. A pair of dice is thrown once. What is the probability Ans : 3
7
of getting a doublet?
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Standard] 84. A bag contains cards with numbers written on it
There are total 62 = 36 possible outcomes. Thus from 1–80. A card is pulled out at random. Find the
n (S) = 36 probability that the card shows a perfect square.
Favourable outcomes are (1, 1), (2, 2 ), (3, 3), (4, 4), Sol : [Board Term-2 2016]
(5, 5) and (6, 6). We have S = "1, 2........... 80,

Number of favourable outcomes, Number of possible outcomes,
n (E) = 6 n ^S h = 80
P (getting doublet), Favourable outcome are {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64}
n (E)
P (E) = = 6 =1 Number of favourable outcomes,
n (S) 36 6
n Ê h = 8
82. A die is thrown once. What is the probability of
n Ê h
getting a prime number. P Ê h =
n ^S h
= 8 = 1
There are 6 possible outcome for a die. 80 10
n (S) = 6
91. A bag contains 5 red, 8 green and 7 white balls. P (at least one girl),
One ball is drawn at random from the bag, find the n Ê h
P Ê h = =3
n ^S h
probability of getting : 4
(i) not a white ball,
(ii) neither a green nor a red ball. 94. Find the probability that a leap year has 53 Sundays
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012, 2014] Sol : [Board Term-2 2014]
Bag contains 5 red, 8 green and 7 white balls i.e. total 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days
20 ball. 2 days can be MT, TW, WTh, ThF, FS, SS, SM out
Total number of possible outcomes, of which SS and SM are favourable outcome.
n (S) = 20 Total number of possible outcomes,
(i) not a white ball, n (S) = 7
There are 5 red and 8 green balls which are not white. Thus number of favourable outcome,
Thus number of favourable outcome, n Ê h = 2
n (E1) = 13 n Ê h
P Ê h = =2
P (not a white ball), n ^S h 7
n (E1)
P (E1) = = 13 95. Two coins are tossed together. Find the probability of
n (S) 20 getting both heads or both tails.
(ii) neither a green nor a red ball.
There are 7 white balls which are neither a green nor
Possibilities are HH, HT TH, TT out of which HH
a red ball.
and TT are favourable.
n (E2) = 7
n (S) = 4
P (neither a green nor a red ball)
n Ê h = 2
n Ê2h
P Ê2h = = 7 n Ê h
n ^S h 20 P (HH or TT), P Ê h = =2=1
n ^S h 4 2
92. A bag contains 3 red, 4 green and 5 white candles,
one candle is drawn at random from the bag, find the 96. One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52
probability that candle is not red. cards. Find the probability of getting :
(i) a non face card,
(ii) a black king.
Total number of possible outcomes are 3 + 4 + 5 = 12.
n (S) = 12 Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2012]
When candles not red, there are 9 possibilities, Total cards, n (S) = 52
(i) There are 12 face cards and thus 40 non-face cards.
n Ê h = 9
n (E1) = 40
P (candle is not red),
n (E1)
n Ê h P (non-faces), P (E1) = = 40 = 10
P Ê h = = 9 =3 n (S) 52 13
n ^S h 12 4
(ii) There are 2 black king
93. In a family of two children find the probability of n (E2) = 2
having at least one girl. n Ê2h
P (black king), P Ê2h = = 2 = 1
Sol : [Board Term-2 2017] n ^S h 52 26
All possible outcomes, 97. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective
S = {GG, GB, BG, BB} and others are good. Nuri will buy a pen if it is good,
Total number of possible outcomes, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper
draws one pen at random and gives it to her. What is
n (S) = 4
the probability that :
Favourable outcomes are GG, GB and BG. (i) she will buy it ?
Thus n Ê h = 3 (ii) she will not buy it ?
Sol : [Board 2020 Delhi Basic] Sol : [Board 2020 OD Basic]
Total no. of days in November = 30 If there are three children in family all possible
outcome are {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, GGB, GBG,
So, it has 4 weeks and 2 days. 4 weeks have 4 Sundays.
BGG, GGG}.
The two remaining days should be
Sunday, Monday So, the total number of outcomes,
Monday, Tuesday n (S) = 23 = 8
Tuesday, Wednesday
At-least two of them are boys means all those cases
Wednesday, Thursday
in which we have either 2 or 3 boys. Thus favourable
Thursday, Friday
outcome are {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB}
Friday, Saturday
Saturday, Sunday Number of favourable outcome,
Thus number of possible outcomes, n (E) = 4
n (S) = 7 The probability of having at least two boys
n (E) 4
Number of favourable outcome, P (E) = = =1
n (S) 8 2
n (E) = 2
105. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as
So, the probability of getting 5 Sunday in the month
shown below:
of November,
A A B C C C
n (E)
P (E) = =2 The die is thrown once. What is the probability of
n (S) 7
getting (i) A, (ii) C ?
103. Two dice are tossed simultaneously. Find the Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]
probability of getting Total possible outcomes, n (S) = 6
(i) an even number on both dice.
(i) Probability of getting letter A,
(ii) the sum of two numbers more than 9.
n (E1) = 2 .
n (E1)
There are 36 possible outcomes of rolling two dices. =2 =1
P (E1) =
n (S) 6 3
n (S) = 36 (ii) Probability of getting letter C ,
(i) an even number on both dice. n (E2) = 3
Favourable outcome are (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 2) n (E2)
(4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 2), (6, 4) and (6, 6). P (E2) = =1
n (S) 6
Number of favourable outcomes
n (E1) = 9 PRACTICE
P (an even number on both dice),  A child has a die whose six faces show the letters
n (E1) as shown below:
P (E1) = = 9 =1
n (S) 36 4 A B C D E A
(ii) sum of two numbers more than 9 The die is thrown once. What is the probability of
Favourable outcome are (4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), getting (i) A, (ii) D ?
(6, 5) and (6, 6). 1 1
Ans : 3 , 6
n (E2) = 6
106. A game consists of tossing a coin 3 times and noting
P (sum of two numbers more than 9), the outcome each time. If getting the same result in
n (E2) all the tosses is a success, find the probability of losing
P (E2) =
n (S) the game.
= 6 =1 Sol :
36 6 [Board 2019 Delhi]
Possible outcomes are {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH,

104. In a family of three children, find the probability of TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}.
having at least two boys. Total possible outcomes,
111. From a pack of 52 playing cards, Jacks, Queens and (ii) a multiple of 5
Kings of red colour are removed. From the remaining, Multiple of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45.
a card is drawn at random. Find the probability that Total multiple of 5 number,
drawn card is
n (E2) = 5
(i) a black king,
n Ê2h
(ii) a card of red colour, P (multiple of 5), P Ê2h = = 9
n ^S h 49
(iii) a card of black colour. (iii) Even prime
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015] Only 2 is even prime number. Therefore
There are total 52 cards out of which 6 cards are n (E3) = 1
removed.
n Ê3h
P (even prime), P (E3) = = 1
n ^S h
Total number of all possible outcomes, 49
n (S) = 52 - 6 = 46 113. Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find
Number of black king, the probability of getting :
n (E1) = 2 (i) at least one head,
(i) a black king, (ii) almost one head,
Probability of drawing black king (iii) no head.
n (E1) Sol :
= 2 = 1
[Board Term-2 2012, 2014]
P (E1) =
n (S) 46 23 There are 4 possible outcome when two unbiased coins
(ii) a card of red colour, are tossed simultaneously.
Total red card, Sample space S ={HH, HT, TH, TT}
n (E2) = 26 - 6 = 20 n (S) = 4
Probability of drawing red colour card (i) at least one head,
n Ê2h
P Ê2h = = 20 = 10 Favourable outcomes are {HT, TH, HH}.
n ^S h 46 23
n (E1) = 3
(iii) a card of black colour.
n (E1)
Total card of black colour, P (E1) = =3
n (S) 4
n (E3) = 26
(ii) almost one head,
Probability of drawing black colour card Favourable outcomes are {HT, TH, HH}.
n Ê3h
P Ê3h = = 26 = 13 n (E2) = 3
n ^S h 46 23
n Ê2h
P Ê2h = =3
112. A bag contains cards numbered 1 to 49. Find the n ^S h 4
probability that the number on the drawn card is : (iii) no head.
(i) an odd number Favourable outcomes is {TT} only.
(ii) a multiple of 5 n (E3) = 1
(iii) Even prime
n Ê3h
P Ê3h = =1
Sol : [Board Term-2 2014] n ^S h 4
Total cards, n (S) = 49
114. Three different coins are tossed together. Find the
(i) an odd number probability of getting
Odd number are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, (i) exactly two heads.
23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47 and 49. (ii) at least two heads
Total odd number, n (E1) = 25 (iii) at least two tails.
n (E1) Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016]
P (odd number), P (E1) =
n (S) Sample space for three coins tossed is {HHH, HHT,
n Ô h HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
= = 25
n ^S h 49 n ^S h = 8
No. of favourable outcomes, (i) has a number which is a perfect square.

n (E2) = 10 Perfect squares are 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 and
100.
P (perfect square),
n Ê2h
P Ê2h = = 10 = 1
n ^S h 100 10 n (E1) = 9
(iii) a number which is divisible by 7 P (Perfect square),
Number divisible by 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, n (E1)
P (E1) = = 9
63, 70, 77, 84, 91 and 98 i.e. 14 numbers. n (S) 100
No. of favourable outcomes, (ii) has an odd number which is not less than 70.
n (E3) = 14 Favourable outcomes are 71, 73, 75, ......101.
P (a number divisible by 7), Number of favourable outcomes,
n Ê3h n (E2) = 16
P Ê3h = = 14
n ^S h 100 P (odd number not less than 70),
n Ê2h
118. There are 100 cards in a bag on which numbers from P Ê2h =
1 to 100 are written. A card is taken out from the bag n ^S h
at random. Find the probability that the number on = 16 = 4
the selected card. 100 25
(i) is divisible by 9 and is a perfect square. 120. All red face cards are removed from a pack of playing
(ii) is a prime number greater than 80. cards. The remaining cards are well shuffled and
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2016] then a card is drawn at random from them. Find the
Since bag consists of 100 cards, there are 100 possible probability that the drawn card is :
outcomes. (i) a red card
n ^S h = 100 (ii) a face card
(iii) a card of clubs
(i) is divisible by 9 and is a perfect square.
Number divisible by 9 and perfect square are 9, 36 Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2015]
and 81 i.e. 3 numbers. Since red face cards are removed, number of all
n (E1) = 3 possible outcomes are 52 - 6 = 46
Required probability, n (S) = 46

n (E1) (i) a red card
P (E1) = = 3 No. of remaining red cards,
n (S) 100
(ii) is a prime number greater than 80. n (E1) = 26 - 6 = 20
Prime numbers greater than 80 and less than 100 are n (E1)
83, 89 and 97 i.e 3 numbers. P (red card), P (E1) = = 20 = 10
n (S) 46 26
n (E2) = 3 (ii) a face card
Required probability, Number of remaining face cards,
n Ê2h n (E2) = 12 - 6 = 6
P Ê2h = = 3
n ^S h 100 P (a face card),
Cards numbered 2 to 101 are placed in a box. A card is n Ê2h
P Ê2h =
119.
= 6 = 3
selected at random from the box, find the probability n ^S h 46 23
that the card selected : (iii) a card of clubs
(i) has a number which is a perfect square. Number of cards clubs
(ii) has an odd number which is not less than 70. n (E3) = 13
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012] P (a card of clubs),
Since box consists of 100 cards, there are 100 possible n Ê3h
P Ê3h = = 13
outcomes. n ^S h 46
n ^S h = 100
(i) at least one tail, (ii) Spade card

Number of favourable outcomes, Number of spade cards
n (E1) = 7 n (E2) = 13
P (at least one tail), P (Spade cards),
n (E1) n Ê2h
P (E1) = =7 P Ê2h = = 13 = 1
n (S) 8 n ^S h 52 4
(ii) no tail, (iii) Black king or a red queen,
Number of favourable outcomes, Number of kings = 4
n (E2) = 1 Number of black cards = 26 - 2 = 24
n Ê2h
P Ê2h =
Thus there are 4 favourable outcome.
P (no tail), =1
n ^S h 8 n (E3) = 24 + 4 = 28
125. A game consists of tossing a one-rupee coin three P (a black Kind or a red queen)
times and noting its outcome each time. Find the n Ê3h
P Ê3h = = 28 = 7
probability of getting : n ^S h 52 13
(i) three heads,
127. Two dice are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 1, 1, 2, 2,
(ii) at least two tails.
3, 3 respectively. They are thrown and the sum of the
Sol : [Board Term-2 Foreign 2015] numbers on them is noted. What is the probability of
Sample space for three coins tossed is {HHH, HHT, getting even sum :
HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}.
Sol :
n ^S h = 23 = 8 Total number of outcomes = 6 # 6 = 36
(i) three heads, Possible sum of two numbers on the two dice are 2, 3,
Favourable outcome is {HHH} i.e. only one outcome. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. i.e. outcomes favourable to event are
Thus n (E1) = 1 (1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 1), (1, 3), (1, 3), (3, 3),
(4, 2), (4, 2), (5, 1), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 3), (6, 2), (6, 2)
n (E1)
P (three heads), P (E1) = =1 Hence, number of outcomes favourable to E is 18.
n (S) 8
(ii) at least two tails. n (S) = 36
Favourable outcome are {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT}. n (E) = 18
n (E2) = 4
n (E)
n Ê2h P (E) = = 18 = 1
P (at least two tails), P Ê2h = =4=1 n (S) 36 2
n ^S h 8 2
128. Three unbiased coins are tossed together. Find the
126. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 probability of getting :
cards. Find the probability of getting : (i) at least two heads,
(i) a red face card, (ii) almost two heads.
(ii) a spade,
(iii) either a king or a black cards.
Sample space for three coins tossed is {HHH, HHT,
Sol : [Board Term-2 2012, 2015] HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}.
Total cards, n (S) = 52 n ^S h = 8
(i) Red face card (i) Sample space for at least 2 heads is {HHH, HHT,
Total number of red-face card, HTH, THH}
n (E1) = 6 Number of favourable outcomes,
P (red face cards) n (E1) = 4
n (E1) P (at least two heads).
P (E1) = = 6 = 3
n (S) 52 26 n (E1)
P (E1) = =4=1
n (S) 8 2
(i) Drawn card is queen P (perfect square numbers)

No. of favourable outcomes, n Ê2h
P Ê2h = = 9 = 1
n (E1) = 1 n ^S h 90 10
n (E1)
P (queen), P (E1) = =1 135. Two different dice are thrown together. Find the
n (S) 5 probability that the number obtained :
(ii) second card drawn is an ace (i) have a sum less than 7.
Since, queen was kept, number of all possible outcomes (ii) have a product less than 16.
n (S) = 5 - 1 = 4 (iii) is a doublet of odd numbers.
Number of favourable outcomes Sol : [Board Term-2 Delhi 2017]
n (E2) = 1 There are 36 possible outcomes of rolling two dices.

P (second card drawn is an ace), n (S) = 36
n Ê2h (i) have a sum less than 7.
P Ê2h = =1
n ^S h 4 Favourable outcome are (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4),
(1,5) (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3),
133. From all the two digit numbers a number is chosen at
(4, 1), (4, 2) and (5, 1).
random. Find the probability that the chosen number
is a multiple of 7.
Sol : [Board Term-2 OD Compt. 2017] n (E1) = 15
All possible outcomes are 10, 11, 12 ........., 98 and 99. P (have sum less than 7),
No. of all possible outcomes n (E1)
P (E1) = = 15 = 5
n (S) 36 12
n (S) = 90
(ii) have a product less than 16.
All favourable outcomes are 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56,
Favourable outcome are (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5),
63, 70, 77, 84, 91 and 98 i.e 13 outcome.
(1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,
No. of favourable outcomes
2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1), (5,
n Ê h = 13 2), (5, 3), (6, 1) and (6, 2).
P (getting a number multiple of 7), No. of favourable outcomes,
n Ê h n (E2) = 24
P Ê h = = 13
n ^S h 90
P (have a product less than 16),
134. A box contains cards, number 1 to 90. A card is drawn n Ê2h
P Ê2h = = 24 = 2
at random from the box. Find the probability that the n ^S h 36 3
selected card bears a : (iii) is a doublet of odd numbers.
(i) Two digit number. Favourable outcome are (1, 1), (3, 3) and (5, 5).
(ii) Perfect square number No. of favourable outcomes,
n (E3) = 3
We have 90 cards and thus there are 90 possible
outcomes. P (a doublet of odd number),
n Ê3h
n (S) = 90 P Ê3h = = 3 = 1
n ^S h 36 12
(i) No. of cards having 2 digit number 90 - 9 = 81.
Number of favourable outcomes, FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
n (E1) = 81
P (selected card bears two digit number) 136. What is the probability that a randomly taken leap
n (E1) year has 52 Sundays?
P (E1) = = 81 = 9
n (S) 90 10 Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]
(ii) Perfect square number between 1 to 90 are 1, 4, 9,
Number of days in a leap year = 366
16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81 i.e. 9 numbers.
No. of favourable outcomes, Number of weeks = 366 = 52.28
7
n (E2) = 9 So, there will be 52 weeks and 2 days
From equation (1) and (2), we have 141. All the red face cards are removed from a pack of
y + 11 52 playing cards. A card is drawn at random from
3y - 11 = the remaining cards, after reshuffling them. Find the
4
12y - 44 = y + 11 probability that the drawn card is
(i) of red colour
12y - y = 11 + 44
(ii) a queen
11y = 55 & y = 5 (iii) an ace
From equation (1) we have (iv) a face card.
x = 3 # 5 - 11 = 4 Sol : [Board Term-2 OD 2015]
There are 52 - 6 = 46 cards after removing black face

Hence, total number of marbles in the jar,
cards. We have 46 cards and thus there are 48 possible
x + y + 11 = 4 + 5 + 11 = 20 outcomes.
n (S) = 46
140. Cards marked with numbers 3, 4, 5, .........50 are
placed in a bag and mixed thoroughly. One card is (i) red colour
drawn at random from the bag. Find the probability Number of red cards, n (E1) = 26 - 6 = 20
that number on the card drawn is : n (E1)
P (red colour), P (E1) = = 20 = 10
(i) Divisible by 7. n (S) 46 23
(ii) A perfect square. (ii) a queen
(iii) A multiple of 6. No. of queen, n (E2) = 4 - 2 = 2
n Ê2h
Sol : [Board Term-2 SQP 2016] P (a queen), P Ê2h = = 2 = 1
We have 48 cards and thus there are 48 possible n ^S h 46 23
outcomes. (iii) an ace
n (S) = 48 No. of ace, n (E3) = 4
n Ê3h
(i) Divisible by 7. P (an ace), P Ê3h = = 4 = 2
Number of cards divisible by 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, n ^S h 46 23
(iv) a face card
35, 42 and 49.
No. of favourable outcomes, Number of face cards, n (E 4) = 12 - 6 = 6
n Ê 4h
n (E1) = 7 P (a face card) P Ê 4h = = 6 = 3
n ^S h 46 23
P (cards divisible by 7),
PRACTICE
n (E1)
P (E1) = = 7  All the black face cards are removed from a pack
n (S) 48
(ii) A perfect square. of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a
Number of cards having a perfect square are 4, 9, 16, (i) face card
25, 36 and 49. (ii) red card
No. of favourable outcomes, (iii) black card
n (E2) = 6 (iv) king
[Board Term-2 2014]
P (cards having a perfect square), 3 13 10 1
Ans : , , ,
n Ê2h
23 23 23 23
P Ê2h = = 6 =1
n ^S h 48 8
142. A box contains 20 cards from 1 to 20. A card is drawn
(iii) A multiple of 6. at random from the box. Find the probability that the
Number of multiples of 6 from 3 to 50 are 6, 12, 24, number on the drawn card is
30, 36, 42, and 48. (i) divisible by 2 or 3
No. of favourable outcomes, (ii) a prime number
n (E3) = 6 Sol : [Board Term-2 2015]
P (multiple of 6 from 3 to 50), We have 20 cards and thus there are 20 possible
n Ê3h outcomes.
P Ê3h = = 8 =1
n ^S h 48 6 n (S) = 20
n Ê 4h Three digit number are made using the digits 4, 5,

P Ê 4h =
146.
= 8 = 2
n ^S h 52 13 9 (without repetition). If a number among them is
selected at random, what is the probability that the
145. A bag contains 15 balls of which x are blue and the
number will :
remaining are red. If the number of red balls are
increased by 5, the probability of drawing the red (i) be a multiple of 5 ?
balls doubles. Find : (ii) be a multiple of 9 ?
(i) P (red ball) (iii) will end with 9 ?
(ii) P (blue ball) Sol : [Board Term-2 2014]
(iii) P (blue ball if of 5 extra red balls are actually Total number of three digit numbers are 459, 495, 549,
added) 594, 945 and 954. Thus we have 6 possible outcomes.
Sol : [Board Term-2 2015] n (S) = 6
Total ball, n (S) = 15 (i) be a multiple of 5
Blue ball n (B) = x Multiple of 5 are 495 and 945.
Red ball n (R) = 15 - x n (E1) = 2
Now probability of drawing red ball, P (multiple of 5),

n (E1)
P (R) =
n (R)
= 15 - x ...(1) P (E1) = =2=1
n (S) 6 3
n (S) 15
If the number of red balls are increased by 5, i.e. total (ii) be a multiple of 9
the probability of drawing the red balls doubles. All are multiple of 9.
In this case, number of total ball, n (E2) = 6
n (S l ) = 15 + 5 = 20 P (multiple of 9),
and number of red ball, n Ê2h 6
P Ê2h = = =1
n (Rl ) = 15 - x + 5 = 20 - x . n ^S h 6
(iii) will end with 9
Now in this case probability of drawing red ball,
Numbers 459 and 549 ends with 9.
nl (R) -
P (Rl ) = = 20 x n (E3) = 2
n (S)
l 20
According to the question, we have P (ending with 9),
P (Rl ) = 2P (R) n Ê2h
P Ê3h = =2=1
n ^S h 6 3
20 - x = 2 b 15 - x l
20 15 147. A number x is selected at random from the numbers
1, 2, 3 and 4. Another number y is selected at random
1- x = 2- x 2
20 15 from the numbers 1, 4, 9 and 16. Find the probability
2x - x = 2-1 that product of x and y is less than 16.
15 20
8x - 3x =1
60 We have,
5x = 60 & x = 12 Total possible outcome are 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 8, 9, 12,
16, 16, 18, 27, 32, 36 48 and 64 which are shown in
(i) P (red ball) following table.
n (R)
P (R) = = 15 - 12 = 3 = 1 # 1 2 3 4
n (S) 15 15 5
1 1 2 3 4
(ii) P (blue ball)
n (B) 4 4 8 12 16
P (R) = = 12 = 4
n (S) 15 5 9 9 18 27 36
(iii) P (blue ball if of 5 extra red balls are actually
16 16 32 48 64
added)
nl (R) There are 16 possible outcomes,
Pl (R) = = 3+5 = 8 = 2
nl (S) 15 + 5 20 5 n (S) = 16
Sol : P (getting a red card),

There are 36 possible outcomes of rolling two dices. n Ê2h
P Ê2h = = 22 = 1
n (S) = 36 n ^S h 44 2
(i) even sum (iii) a Jack of black colour
Favourable outcome are (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 1), (2, 2), Number of Jacks (black),
(2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1) (3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), n (E3) = 2
(5, 1), (5, 3) (5, 5) (6, 2), (6, 4) and (6, 6).
P (getting a black coloured Jack),
n Ê3h
P Ê3h = = 2 = 1
n ^S h
n (E1) = 18 44 22
n (E1) (iv) a face card
P (even sum), P (E1) = = 18 = 1 or 0.5
n (S) 36 2 Number of face cards in the deck,
(ii) Even product
n (E 4) = 12 - 6 = 6
Favourable outcome are (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1),
P (getting a face card),
(2,2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6),
n Ê 4h
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 2) (5, 4), P Ê 4h = = 6 = 3
(5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5) and (6, 6). n ^S h 44 22
Number of favourable outcomes 153. A bag contains 20 balls out of which x balls are red.
n (E2) = 27 (i) If one ball is drawn at random from the bag, find
P (have a product less than 16), the probability that it is not red.
n Ê2h (ii) If 4 more red balls are out into the bag, the
P Ê2h = = 27 = 3 = 0.75
n ^S h 36 4 probability of drawing a red ball will be 54 times
3 the probability of drawing a red ball in the first
Probability of getting even product is or 0.75.
4 case. Find the value of x .
152. From a deck of 52 playing cards, Jacks and kings of
red colour and Queen and Aces of black colour are Total ball, n (S) = 20
removed. The remaining cards are mixed and a card Red ball n (R) = x
is drown at random. Find the probability that the (i) not red
drawn card is
n (R)
(i) a black queen P (red ball), P (R) = = x
n (S) 20
(ii) a card of red colour P (no red ball),
(iii) a Jack of black colour
P (R ) = 1 - x = 20 - x ...(1)
(iv) a face card 20 20
(ii) Now two more red balls are added.
Total ball nl (S) = 20 + 4 = 24
There are 52 - ^2 + 2 + 2 + 2h = 44 cards in deck.
There are total x + 4 red ball.
Thus we have 44 possible outcomes.
nl (R) = x + 4
n (S) = 44
nl (R)
(i) a black queen P (red balls), Pl (R) = = x+4
nl (S) 24
Number of black Queens in the deck, Now, according to the question,
n (E1) = 0 x+4 = 5 x
24 4 # 20
P (getting a black queen), x+4 = x
n (E1) 24 16
P (E1) = = 0 =0 16x + 64 = 24x
n (S) 44
Hence it is an impossible event 64 = 8x & x = 8
(ii) a card of red colour For first case, substituting x = 8 in equation (1) we
Number of red cards, have
n (E2) = 26 - 4 = 22 P (R ) = 20 - 8 = 12 = 3
20 20 5
(iv) What is the probability that the drawn ball is a (i) What is the probability the person is a woman or
solid coloured and bears an .even number? a Republican ?
Sol : [Board 2023 OD Standard] (ii) What is the probability the person is a Democrat
?
(i) Total number of balls = 15
(iii) What is the probability the person is a Independent
Number of Ball bears number 8 = 1
men ?
P (Getting ball bears number 8) = 1 (iv) What is the probability the person is a Independent
15
(ii) Number of balls having even numbers = 7 men or green party men ?
P (Getting even number balls) = 7 (v) What is the probability the person is not a
15 Independent Women or Republican men ?
(iii) Number of balls bearing a number, which is
multiple of 3 = 5 Sol :
P (Getting balls having multiple of 3) = 5 Total possible outcomes in all case is 100 because
15 there are total 100 person and out of which we have
= 1
3 to select one for interview.
(iv) Solid coloured balls = 8 n (S) = 100
Number of solid coloured balls having an even number (i) Person is a woman (W) or a Republican (R),
= 4. Let E1 be the event that the selected person is a
P (Getting Solid Coloured even number Ball) woman or a Republican.
= 4 Favourable outcome, n (E1) = 53 + 20 = 73
15
n (E1)
Probability, P (E1) = = 73 = 0.73
158. Political survey questions are questions asked to n (S) 100
gather the opinions and attitudes of potential voters. (ii) Person is a democrat,
Political survey questions help you identify supporters Let E2 be the event that the selected person is
and understand what the public needs. Using such democrat.
questions, a political candidate or an organization can Favourable outcome, n (E2) = 39
formulate policies to gain support from these people.
n (E2)
Probability, P (E2) = = 39 = 0.39
n (S) 100
(iii) Person is a Independent men,
Let E3 be the event that the selected person is
Independent men.
Favourable outcome, n (E3) = 7
n (E3)
Probability, P (E3) = = 7 = 0.07
n (S) 100
(iv) Person is a Independent men or green party men,
Let E4 be the event that the selected person is
A survey of 100 voters was taken to gather information Independent men or green party men.
on critical issues and the demographic information Favourable outcome, n (E4) = 7 + 3 = 10
collected is shown in the table. One out of the 100
n (E4)
voters is to be drawn at random to be interviewed on Probability, P (E4) = = 10 = 0.1
n (S) 100
the India Today News on prime time.
(v) Person is not a Independent Women or Republican
Women Men Totals men,
Republican 17 20 37 Let E5 be the event that the selected person is not a
Independent Women or Republican men.
Democrat 22 17 39
Favourable outcome, n (E5) = 100 - (8 + 20) = 72
Independent 8 7 15 n (E5)
Probability, P (E5) =
Green Party 6 3 5 n (S)
Totals 53 47 100 = 72 = 0.72
100

n (E4)
Probability, P (E4) = = 5 =1
n (S) 15 3
(v) The probability of drawing a solid colour and an
even number
Let E5 be the event that the that the selected ball is
having a solid colour and an even number i.e 2, 4, 6, 8.
The fifteen numbered pool balls (no cueball) are
placed in a large bowl and mixed, then one is drawn n (E5)
out. n (S)
(i) What is the probability of drawing the eight ball ? = 4
15
(ii) What is the probability of drawing a number
163. Double-six Dominos : It is a game played with the 28
greater than fifteen ?
numbered tiles shown in the diagram.
(iii) What is the probability of drawing an even
number ?
(iv) What is the probability of drawing a multiple of
three ?
(v) What is the probability of drawing a solid color
and an even number ?
Sol :
Total possible outcomes in all case is 15 because there
are total 15 ball and out of which we have to select
one ball.
Thus n (S) = 15
(i) The probability of drawing the eighth ball,
Let E1 be the event that the selected ball is the eight
ball.
n (E1)
Probability, P (E1) = = 1
n (S) 15
(ii) The probability of drawing a number greater than
fifteen ,
Let E2 be the event that the selected ball is having a
number greater than fifteen.
n (E2)
n (S)
The 28 dominos are placed in a bag, shuffled, and then
= 0 =0
15 one domino is randomly drawn. Give the following
(iii) The probability of drawing an even number, answer.
Let E3 be the event that the selected ball is having an (i) What is the probability the total number of dots
even number i.e 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 on the domino is three or less ?
Favourable outcome, n (E3) = 7 (ii) What is the probability the total number of dots
on the domino is greater than three ?
n (E3)
Probability, P (E3) = = 7 (iii) What is the probability the total number of dots
n (S) 15
(iv) The probability of drawing a multiple of three, on the domino does not have a blank half ?
Let E4 be the event that the selected ball is having (iv) What is the probability the total number of dots
multiple of three i.e 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 on the domino is not a “double” (both sides the
same) ?
n (E2)
Probability, P (E2) = = 29 = 0.29
n (S) 100
(iii) Family has less than three children,
Let E3 be the event that the family has less than
three children.
Favourable outcome, n (E3) = 51 + 20 + 19 = 90
n (E3)
n (S)
= 90 = 0.90
100
(iv) Here (iii) is most likely to occur because
probability is maximum. Sol :
Here sample space is area of circle of 8 inch.
165. Abhinav Bindra is retired sport shooter and currently Thus n (S) = p82 in2.
India’s only individual Olympic gold medalist.
(i) The probability that you score at least 4,
His gold in the 10-meter air rifle event at the 2008
Summer Olympics was also India’s first Olympic gold Let E1 be the event that she hit the circle in the
medal since 1980. He is the first Indian to have held radius of 6 inch to score 4. Favourable outcome will
concurrently the world and Olympic titles for the be area of this 6 inch circle.
men’s 10-meter air rifle event, having earned those Favourable outcome, n (E1) = p62 in2.
honors at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2006 n (E1)
= p62 = 9
2
ISSF World Shooting Championships. Bindra has also Probability, P (E1) = 16

n (S) p8
won nine medals at the Commonwealth Games and (ii) The probability that you score at least 6,
three gold medals at the Asian Games. Let E2 be the event that she hit the circle in the
radius of 4 inch to score 6. Favourable outcome will
be area of this 4 inch circle.
Favourable outcome, n (E2) = p42 in2.
n (E2)
= p42 = 1
2
Probability, P (E2) = 4
n (S) p8
(iii) The probability that you hit the bull’s eye,
Let E3 be the event that she hit the bulls eye.
Favourable outcome will be area of 2 inch circle.
Favourable outcome, n (E3) = p22 in2.
n (E4)
= p22 = 1
2
Probability, P (E3) = 16
n (S) p8
(iv) The probability that you score exactly 4 points,
Let E4 be the event that she hit the circular band in
the radius of 4 inch to 6 inch. Favourable outcome
A circular dartboard has a total radius of 8 inch, with will be area of this circular band.
circular bands that are 2 inch wide, as shown in figure. Favourable outcome, n (E4) = p (62 - 42) in2.
Abhinav is still skilled enough to hit this board 100% n (E4) p (62 - 42)
of the time so he always score at least two points each Probability, P (E4) = =
n (S) p82
time he throw a dart. Assume the probabilities are
related to area, on the next dart that he throw. = 20 = 5
64 16
(i) What is the probability that he score at least 4 ? 166. Apurvi Singh Chandela is an Indian Shooting player
(ii) What is the probability that he score at least 6 ? who competes in the 10 metre air rifle event. She
(iii) What is the probability that he hit bull’s eye ? won the gold medal in the 2019 ISSF World Cup in
(iv) What is the probability that he score exactly 4 New Delhi. She is the world champion and currently
points ? ranked number one in 10 metre air rifle shooting. She
is a recipient of Arjuna award.
In a sample of 50 people, 21 had type O blood, 22 had selected person have type AB blood.
type A blood, 5 had type B blood, and 2 had type AB Favourable outcome, n (E4) = 2
blood. Set up a frequency distribution and find the
n (E4)
following probabilities. Probability, P (E4) = = 2 = 0.02
n (S) 50
(i) What is the probability that a person has type O
P (E4) = -
1 P (E4)
blood ?
(ii) What is the probability that a person has type A = 1 - 0.04 = 0.96
or type B blood ?
168. Computers in Elementary Schools : Computer-based
(iii) What is the probability that a person has neither learning (CBL) refers to any teaching methodology that
type A nor type O blood ? makes use of computers for information transmission
(iv) What is the probability that a person does not or input. At an elementary school level, computer
have type AB blood ? applications can be used to display multimedia lesson
Sol : plans or students can input examination answers
Frequency distribution table is as follows. into a computer to facilitate grading and evaluation.
Multimedia formats and applications that allow
Type Frequency students to pause content are especially valuable in
early childhood education especially since students
A 22
are coming to school with different competencies,
B 5 learning styles and speeds for absorbing information.
AB 2
O 21
Total 50
Total possible outcomes in all case is 50 because there
are total 50 sample and out of which we have to select
one.
Thus n (S) = 50
(i) Person has type O blood,
Let E1 be the event that the selected person has type
O blood.
n (E1)
Probability, P (E1) = = 21 = 0.42
n (S) 50
(ii) Person has type A or type B blood, Total 1000 elementary and secondary schools of
Let E2 be the event that a person has type A or type Rajasthan were classified by the number of computers
B blood. they had.
Favourable outcome, n (E2) = 22 + 5 = 27
Computers 1–10 11–20 21–50 51–100 100 more
n (E2)
Probability, P (E2) = = 27 = 0.54 Schools 250 210 290 170 80
n (S) 50
(iii) Person has neither type A nor type O blood, i.e Choose one school at random and find the following
person has type B or type AB probability.
Let E3 be the event that the selected person has (i) Find the probability that it has 50 or fewer
neither type A nor type O blood. computers.
Favourable outcome, n (E3) = 5 + 2 = 7 (ii) Find the probability that it has more than 100
n (E3) computers.
Probability, P (E3) = = 7 = 0.14
n (S) 50 (iii) Find the probability that it has no more than 20
(iv) Person does not have type AB blood, computers.
Let E4 be the event that the selected person does not (iv) Find the probability that it has more than 50
have type AB blood. Let E4 be the event that the computers.
Favourable outcome, n (E1) = 45 (ii) Total odd number are 50 and 5 numbers are one
n (E1) digit odd number. Hence two digit odd number are 45.
Probability, P (E1) = = 45 = 0.45 Thus favourable outcomes,
n (S) 100
(ii) Patient stayed less than 6 days, n (E2) = 50 - 5 = 45
Let E2 be the event that a patient stayed less than 6 P (Two digit odd number),
days i.e 3, 4, or 5 days. n (E2)
P (E2) = = 45 = 0.45
Favourable outcome, n (E2) = 13 + 22 + 45 = 80 n (S) 100
n (E2) (iii) Favourable outcomes are {11, 33, 55, 77, 99}.
Probability, P (E2) = = 80 = 0.80 Number of favourable outcomes is 5. Therefore
n (S) 100
(iii) Patient stayed at most 4 days, n (E3) = 5
Let E3 be the event that the selected patient stayed P (odd number multiple of 11),
n Ê3h
at most 4 days i.e. 3 or 4 days.
P Ê3h = = 5 = 0.05
Favourable outcome, n (E3) = 13 + 22 = 35 n ^S h 100
n (E3) (iv) Favourable outcomes are 71, 73, 75, ......99.
Probability, P (E3) = = 35 = 0.35
n (S) 100 Number of favourable outcomes,
(iv) Patient stayed at least 5 days, n (E 4) = 15
Let E4 be the event that the selected stayed at least P (odd number not less than 70),
5 days i.e. 5, 6, or 7 days n Ê 4h
P Ê 4h = = 15 = 0.15
Favourable outcome, n (E4) = 45 + 14 + 6 = 65 n ^S h 100
n (E4) (v) Total odd number are 50 and out of which {11,
Probability, P (E4) = = 65 = 0.65 33, 55, 77, 99} are multiple of 11. Thus 50 - 5 = 45
n (S) 100
numbers are not multiple of 11.
171. Cards on which numbers 1, 2, 3 .......... 100 are written Therefore n (E5) = 45
(one number on one card and no number is repeated), P (odd number not multiple of 11),
put in a bag and are mixed thoroughly. A card is n Ê5h
P Ê5h = = 45 = 0.45
drawn at random from the bag. Find the following n ^S h 100
probability. 172. Insurance : An insurance company selected 1000
Sol : drivers at random in a particular city to determine
(i) What is the probability that card taken out has a a relationship between age and accidents. The data
odd number ? obtained are listed in following table.
(ii) What is the probability that card taken out has a
two digit odd number ? Age 0 1 2 3 Over 3
(iii) What is the probability that card taken out has a Under 20 50 62 53 35 20
odd number which is multiple of 11? 20–29 64 93 67 40 36
(iv) What is the probability that card taken out has
30–39 82 68 32 14 4
an odd number which is not less than 70 ?
(v) What is the probability that card taken out has 40–49 38 32 20 7 3
an odd number which is not multiple of 11 ? Over 49 43 50 35 28 24
Sol :
(i) There are 100 cards in bags. Thus we have 100
possible outcomes for all cases.
n (S) = 100
Odd numbers 1 to 100 are 50.
n (E1) = 50
P (an odd number),
n (E1)
P (E1) = = 50 = 1 = 0.5
n (S) 100 2
Chap 14 Probability Page 579
Compute the probabilities of the following events for 173. Deepika Kumari is an Indian athlete who competes
a driver chosen at random in the city: in the event of archery, is currently ranked World
(i) E1 : being under 20 years old and having exactly No. 9, and is a former world number one. She won
three accidents in 1 year a gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in
(ii) E2 : being 30–39 years old and having one or more the women’s individual recurve event. She also won a
accidents in 1 year gold medal in the same competition in the women’s
team recurve event along with Dola Banerjee and
(iii) E3 : having no accidents in 1 year
Bombayala Devi. Kumari qualified for the 2012
(iv) E4 : being under 20 years old or having exactly
Summer Olympics in London, where she competed in
three accidents in 1 year
the Women’s Individual and Women’s team events,
Sol : finishing in eighth place in the latter.
From the given table we make the following table.
Age 0 1 2 3 Over 3
Under 20 50 62 53 35 20
20–29 64 93 67 40 36
30–39 82 68 32 14 4
40–49 38 32 20 7 3
Over 49 43 50 35 28 24
Total 277 305 207 124 87
Total possible outcomes in all case is 1000 because
there are total 1000 driver and out of which we have Deepika can hit the rectangular target shown 100% of
to select one . the time at a range of 80 m. Assuming the probability
n (S) = 1000 the target is hit is related to its area, answer the
(i) E1 : being under 20 years old and having exactly following.
three accidents in 1 year (i) What is the probability the Deepika hits within
the triangle ?
(ii) What is the probability the Deepika hits within
n (E1)
Probability, P (E1) = = 35 = 0.35 the circle ?
n (S) 1000
(iii) What is the probability the Deepika hits within
(ii) E2 : being 30–39 years old and having one or more
the circle but outside the triangle ?
accidents in 1 year
(iv) What is the probability the Deepika hits within
Favourable outcome,
the rectangle but outside the circle ?
n (E2) = 68 + 32 + 14 + 4 = 118
n (E2)
Probability, P (E2) = = 118 = 0.118
n (S) 1000
(iii) E3 : having no accidents in 1 year
Favourable outcome,
n (E3) = 277
n (E3)
Probability, P (E3) = = 277 = 0.277
n (S) 1000
(iv) E4 : being under 20 years old or having exactly
three accidents in 1 year
Favourable outcome,
n (E4) = 50 + 62 + 53 + 35 + 20 + 40 + 14 + 7 + 28 Sol :
= 309 Deepika can hit the rectangular target shown 100% of
n (E4)
Probability, P (E4) = = 309 = 0.309 the time, thus area of rectangle is sample space.
n (S) 1090
n (S) = 90 # 70 = 6300 cm2
(i) E1 : Probability the Deepika hits within the

triangle,
Favourable outcome is the area of triangle. Base of
triangle is 70 cm and height of triangle is 35 cm.
1
Favourable outcome, n (E1) = 2 # 70 # 35
= 1225 cm2
n (E1)
n (S)
= 1225 = 7
6300 36
(ii) E2 : Probability the Deepika hits within the circle,
Favourable outcome is the area of circle of radius 35
cm.
22
Favourable outcome, n (E2) = p352 = 7 # 35 # 35
In a medical experiment, a Remdesivir is found to
= 3850 cm2 help 2,400 out of 4,000 people. If a doctor prescribes
n (E2) the Remdesivir for a particular patient, what is the
Probability, P (E2) = = 3850 = 11
n (S) 6300 18 approximate empirical probability that the patient
(iii) E3 : Probability the Deepika hits within the circle will be helped?
but outside the triangle, Sol :
Favourable outcome is the difference of area of circle Here total sample space is 4000 people.
and triangle.
n (S) = 4000
Favourable outcome, n (E3) = 3850 - 1225
Let E be the event that Remdesivir helps the patient.
= 2626 cm2
Favourable outcome
n (E3)
Probability, P (E3) = = 2625 = 5 n (E) = 2400
n (S) 6300 12
(iv) E4 : Probability the Deepika hits within the Probability that the patient will be helped,
rectangle but outside the circle, n (E)
P (E) = = 2400 = 6 = 0.6
Favourable outcome is the difference of area of n (S) 4000 10
rectangle and circle.
Favourable outcome, n (E4) = 6300 - 3850
= 2450 cm2
n (E4)
n (S)
= 2450 = 7
6300 18
Alternative :
Event E4 is complement of E2 .
Thus P (E4) = 1 - P (E2)
= 1 - 11 = 7
18 18
174. Remdesivir was the first drug approved by the FDA

for treating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is indicated for 175. Out of 460 times at bat, a baseball player gets 207
treatment of COVID-19 disease in hospitalized adults hits. What is the approximate empirical probability
and children aged 12 years and older who weigh at that the player will get a hit next time at bat?
least 40 kg.
Chap 14 Probability Page 581
(iv) What is the probability of getting a doublet of

even number ?
(v) What is the probability of getting a product of
numbers greater than 16?
Sol :
(i) All possible outcome are given as below:
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
Number of all possible outcomes in all case,
n (S) = 6 # 6 = 36
Favourable outcome are $2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12. . We may
get as follows
{(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2),
(3, 3), (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 5), (5, 3), (4, 4), (6, 4), (4, 6),
(5, 5), (6, 6)}
Thus number of favourable outcomes,
Sol :
n (E1) = 18
Here total sample space is 460 batting.
P (sum as an even number),
n (S) = 460
n (E1)
Let E be the event that baseball player gets hits. P (E1) = = 18 = 1
n (S) 36 2
Favourable outcome
(ii) Favourable outcome are "2, 3, 5, 7, 11, , which may
n (E) = 207 be as follows
Probability that the player will get a hit next time, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 6),
n (E) (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 5), (5, 6)}
P (E) = = 207 = 0.45
n (S) 460 Thus number of favourable outcomes,
176. In two dice game, the player take turns to roll both n (E1) = 15
dice, they can roll as many times as they want in one P (sum as a prime number),
turn. A player scores the sum of the two dice thrown n (E2)
and gradually reaches a higher score as they continue P (E2) = = 15 = 5
n (S) 36 12
to roll. If a single number 1 is thrown on either die, (iii) Favourable outcomes are {(5, 5), (6, 4), (4, 6), (6,
the score for that whole turn is lost. Two dice are 5), (5, 6), (6, 6)}
thrown simultaneously. Thus number of favourable outcomes,
n (E3) = 6
P (sum of atleast 10),
n Ê3h
P Ê3h = = 6 =1
n ^S h 36 6
(iv) Favourable outcomes are {(2, 2), (4, 4), (6, 6)}
(i) What is the probability of getting the sum as an
Thus number of favourable outcomes,
even number ?
n (E3) = 3
(ii) What is the probability of getting the sum as a
P (doublet of even number),
prime number ?
n Ê 4h
(iii) What is the probability of getting the sum of at- P Ê 4h = = 3 = 1
least 10? n ^S h 36 12
Favourable outcome are {6, 9, 12, 15}, therefore

n (E) = 4
Probability of drawing a number multiple of 3 and
greater than 5 by the third boy is,
n (E)
P (E) = = 4 =1
n (S) 16 4
(iv) Probability of getting number greater than 17 is
zero because there is no card having number 17.
(v) Here we must note that we have 16 card because
we have not replaced card in third draw.
Total outcomes n (S) = 16
Favourable outcome are {3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15},
therefore
n (E) = 7
Probability of drawing a number multiple of 3 or 7 by
the fifth boy,
n (E)
P (E) = = 7
n (S) 16
***********

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CBSE 2025

Chapter-wise Question Bank

NODIA AND COMPANY

CHAP 2. Polynomials 27-56

CHAP 3. Pair of Linear Equation in Two Variables 57-102

CHAP 4. Quadratic Equations 103-153

CHAP 5. Arithmetic Progression 154-203

CHAP 6. Triangles 204-236

CHAP 7. Co-ordinate Geometry 237-274

CHAP 8. Introduction of Trigonometry 275-312

CHAP 9. Some Applications of Trigonometry 313-366

CHAP 10. Circle 367-407

CHAP 11. Areas Related to Circles 408-437

CHAP 12. Surface Areas and Volumes 438-479

CHAP 13. Statistics 480-537

CHAP 14. Probability 538-584

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OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 3. The sum of exponents of prime factors in the prime-

1001 = x # 143 & x = 7

6. The HCF and the LCM of 12, 21, 15 respectively are = 2 # 32 # 11

Using prime factorization method, (c) x3 y3 (d) x2 y2

144 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 Sol : [Board Term-1 2014, 2011]

and 198 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 11 b = xy3 = x # y # y # y

LCM # HCF = First number # second number

 Find the HCF and the LCM of 36, 63, 90.

prime-factorisation of 196 ? Ans : 22 # 3 # 5 # 7

Sol : [Board 2020 OD Standard]

of prime factorization. We have 1001 = x # 143 & x = 7

= 2 4 # 32 Sol : [Board 2019 OD]

HCF # LCM = Product of number

Sol : [Board Term -1 2014]

Here a and b are two positive integers such that the

35. If HCF (a, b) = 12 and a # b = 1, 800 , then find LCM

should be multiplied so that the square root of the We have y = 5 # 13 = 65

We have 1200 = 12 # 100 TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

required smallest natural number is 3. Assume that 5 - 2 3 is a rational number. Therefore,

If the number 6n for any n, were to end with the digit

65 = 5 # 13 We have HCF (306, 1314) = 18

117 = 32 # 13 LCM (306, 1314) = ?

47. Explain whether 3 # 12 # 101 + 4 is a prime number

A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number

Sol : [Board Term-1 2015, 2014] [Board Term-1 2013]

 Complete the following factor tree and find the

[Board Term-1 2015]

 Find the missing numbers a, b, c and d in the given

51. Show that 5 6 is an irrational number.

Let 5 6 be a rational number, which can be expressed

52. Write a rational number between 2 and 3.

We have 2 = 200 and 3 = 300

LCM (p, q) # HCF (p, q) = a3 b3 # a2 b where p and q are co-primes and q ! 0 .

Assume that (5 + 3 2 ) is a rational number. Sol : [Board Term-1 2011]

p - 5q respectively. If they start tolling together, after what

36 = 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 = 22 # 32 FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

Breadth, b = 6 m 25 cm = 625 cm 3 =a,

= 25 # 19 = 52 # 19 Squaring both the sides, we have

HCF(l, b, h) = HCF (850, 625, 475) a2 = 3b2

the prime 5. This is not possible because the only Sol :

COMPETENCEY BASED QUESTIONS

73. You have a piece of construction paper that measures