PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

I. THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Real Number(R)
2
-9, - 6, - , 0, 1, 𝜋, 21,
3

Rational Number (Q) Irrational Number (I)

2 1
-9, - , 0, 1, , 5 - 6, 𝜋, 21,
3 4

Integers (Z) Non-Integers

…-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,… 2 1
- ,
3 4

Negative Integers Whole Number (W)

…-3,-2,-1 0,1,2,3,…

Zero Natural Number (N)

0 1,2,3,…

The Real Number System

Set Definition
Real Numbers (R) All numbers that we encounter everyday
Consist of Rational and Irrational numbers
Numbers that can be expressed as the quotient or ratio of
two integers a and b, represented as , where b 0
Have a specific place on the number line
can be written as terminating (1.75, 2.5) or repeating
(0.111…, 2.0909…) decimals
Subsets Definition
Rational Numbers (Q)  Consist of the numbers
Natural Numbers(N)
1,2,3…
 Consist of the natural
Whole Numbers (W)
numbers and zero
 Consist of the natural
Integers numbers, their negatives and
zero
Irrational Numbers (I) Numbers that cannot be expressed as fraction
Have decimal representations that non-terminating and non-
repeating

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

A. INTERGERS AND ITS OPERATIONS

 Integers- refers to the set of whole numbers and their opposites
 Absolute Value- The number of units a number is away from 0 in a
number line
Operations Like Signs Unlike Signs
Add the integers and Subtract the integers
keep the sign and take sign of the
integer with the largest
Example: absolute value
Addition

5 +3 = 8
(-6) + (-10)= -16 Example:
7 +(-4) = 3
(-9) + 4= -5

Change the sign of the subtrahend and then

Subtraction

proceed to addition.

Example:
4 – (-6)= 4 + 6 = 10 (-9) – (-5) = (-9) + 5
=-4
If the signs of the If the signs are the
factors or different, the
Multiplication and Division

dividend/divisors are the product/quotient is

same, the negative.
product/quotient is
positive. Examples:
(3)(-7) = -21
Examples: (-4) (2) = -8
(3)(7) = 21 (32) (-8) = -4
(-4) (-2) = 8 40 (-5) = -8
(-32) (-8) = 4
40 5 = 8

Worksheet 1: Operations of Integers

Perform the operations indicated.

1. (-49) + 8 6. (-560) + 1 11. (-37) (-5)

2. (-200) + (-210) 7. 890 (-10) 12. 4770 30
3. (4520) - (-789) 8. 90 – (-45) 13. (-36) (-5)
4. (-245) - 87 9. -34 – (-7) 14. (511) (2)
5. 56 – 900 10. (-21) (7) 15. 99 – (-1)

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

B. FRACTIONS AND ITS OPERATIONS

 A number whose value can be expressed as the quotient or ratio of
any two numbers a and b, represented by , where b 0.
 It is a part of a whole or a set.

Types of Fractions
 Proper Fraction – fraction in which the numerator is less than the
2
denominator. Example: 7
 Improper Fraction – fraction in which the numerator is more than the
7
denominator. Example:
2
 Mixed Number – fraction consist of a whole number and a proper
1
fraction. Example: 4 2

Reduction of Fractions to its lowest terms

 Divide the numerator and denominator by its greatest common
factor or GCF.
18
Illustrative example: Reduce to its lowest term
24
18 6
=
24 6
Conversions of Fractions
 Improper Fraction to Mixed Number
- Divide the numerator by the denominator
- Write quotient as the number and the remainder will be the
new numerator over the same denominator
77
Illustrative example: Convert to Mixed Number
12 6
6 - 77 5
6 = 12
6
- 17
12
5

 Mixed Number to Improper Fraction

- Multiply the denominator to the whole number then add the
numerator to its product. The sum is the new numerator, then
copy the same denominator.
1
Illustrative example: Convert 3 to Improper Fraction
3
1 1
3 = (3 x 3) + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10, thus we have
3 3

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

- Simply add/subtract the numerators and copy the denominator

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

Similar Fractions
 Similar Fractions are fractions having the same denominators
- Simply add/subtract the numerators and copy the
denominator

Illustrative Examples:
2 5 2:5 7 1 7 1 7;1 6 1
23 15
3 3 3 3 5 5 4 5

Dissimilar Fractions
 Dissimilar Fractions are fractions having different denominators
- Find the LCD of the numerators, divide the LCD by the
denominator then multiply the numerator of the first
fraction, do same way with the second fraction then
perform the operation.

Illustrative Examples:
2 1 4:3 7 1 1 4 4;2
16
3 2 6 6 5 4 2
;16 ;4
2 5

Worksheet 2: Addition and

Subtraction of Fractions

Perform the indicated operation of fractions

1 1 2 5
1. 4.
13 13 9 9

8 1 4 5
2. 5.
9 2 11 3

6 5 12 4
3. 6.
7 2 7 5

Multiplication of Fractions
- Simply multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
Reduce the product to the lowest terms, if necessary.

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

Illustrative Examples:
3 8 3 8 24 2 5 3 5 3 15
4 9 4 9 36 3 8 2 8 2 16

Division of Fractions
- Simply multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
Reduce the product to the lowest terms, if necessary.

Illustrative Examples:
4 1 4 3 4 3 12 2
2
5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5

3 8 3 5 3 5 15
7 5 7 8 7 8 56

Worksheet 3: Multiplication and

Division of Fractions

Perform the indicated operation of fractions

11 1 2 3
1. 𝑥 4. 𝑥7
4 13 5

7 3 2 1
2. 5. 𝑥
8 1 11 3

9 5 2 7
3. 6.
5 2 7 1

C. DECIMALS AND ITS OPERATIONS

thousandths

thousandths
hundredths
Thousands
thousands

hundreds

tenths
ones
tens
Ten

Ten

10 000 1000 100 10 1 0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

Writing decimals in words

- The decimal point is to be write/read as “and”
- Indicate the place value at the end.
Illustrative Examples
1. 100. 004 – One hundred and four thousands
2. 0.2095 – Two thousand ninety-five ten-thousandths.
3. 0.000001 – One millionths

Conversions

Decimal to Fractions Fractions to Decimals

Simply use the place value and then
Divide the numerator by its denominator.
reduce to the lowest terms, if necessary
Example: 18.6 = 18 + 0.06
6
= 18 + 1 6
Example: 15 = 6 15 = 0.04
3 3
= 18 + 5 0r 185

Operations of Decimals
- In addition and subtraction, align the decimal points then
perform the operation.
Illustrative Examples
1. 0.10054 + 9.76 2. 8.008 – 0.11034
0.10054 8.00800
9.76 0.11034
9.86054 7.89776

- In multiplying decimals, simply multiply the numbers. Count the

number of decimal points both multiplier and multiplicand then
affix it in the product.

Illustrative Examples: Multiply 4.02 and 0.03

4.02
0.03
1206
000
000
0.1206

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

- In dividing decimals, make sure that your divisor is a whole

number. If not, make it whole number by moving the decimal
points going to the right. Same movement goes to the dividend.
Then divide.

Illustrative Examples: Divide 7.9 and 0.04

0.04 7.9 Since the divisor is decimal, make it whole number by moving
two places going to the right. Same move for dividend
197.5
4 790
4
39
36
30
28
20
20
0

Worksheet 4: Conversion of Decimal

to Fractions &Vice Versa

Write the following fractions as decimals &decimals as fractions

Fractions Decimals
1. 7/5
2. 3.001
3. 9.45
4. 4/11
5. 6/40

Worksheet 5: Operations of
Decimals

Perform the following operations:

1. 0.9 + 2.1
2. 7.504 – 0.541
3. 5.05 x 2.0004
4. 890 0.002
5. 5.23 + 8.4100 + 21.0003

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

THE ORDER OF OPERATIONS

 When performing multiple operations, remember PEMDAS

P- Parenthesis/Grouping Symbols
E- Exponents
MD- Multiply and Divide (from left to right)
AS- Add and Subtract (from left to right)

Illustrative Examples:

1. (18 6 + 5 -3) + 2 x 4
(3 + 5 -3) + 2 x 4
(8-3) + 2 x 4
5+2x4
5+8 = 13

Worksheet 6: Performing Operations

Perform the following series of operations.

1. 23 + 3 (9 3 -1 +2) -8
2. (14-10) – 3 x 5 + 6 2
3. 100 25 𝑥 5+ 6-8
4. 5 + 9 3 + 7 -2 x 1
5. 7 x 5 + 10 – 8 2

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

II. RATIO AND PROPORTION

Ratio Rate Proportion

A comparison of two or Refer to a ratio whose An equation or statement
more amounts or quantities, two amounts represent that expresses the
such as a and b, which can different quantities. equality of two ratios.
be expressed in the May be expressed as:
following equivalent way: Example:
a:b, a/b or = or
35 miles/hr
5 minutes/seconds
a:b = c:d

Extremes- Means Property

 In any proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the
extremes.
= or a:b = c:d we get ad = ac

Sample problems in finding missing terns of a proportion

In 4:x = 8:10, solve for x.

4:x = 8:10
8(x) = 4(10)
8x = 40 , divided both sides by 8 to get the value of x
x= 5

Worksheet 7: Ratio and Proportion

Solve for the unknown value. Show your solution

1: 4 :9 = x:36 2. 8 :19 = 14:n

3. 72 = 12 4. 1: 2 = n : 9
1.5 x
5. You jog 3.6 miles in 30 minutes. At that rate, how long will it take you to
jog 4.8 miles?

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

III. NUMBER THEORY

A. Divisibility Rules

Divisibility Rule
by
2 If the number is even number or if ends with 0,2,4,6,8
3 If the sum of all individual digits in a number is divisible by 3
4 If the last two digits of the number is divisible by 3
5 If the last digit of the number is either o or 5
6 If the number is even and is divisible by 3
7 Double the last digit. Subtract the doubled last digits from the
number without the last digit. if the difference is a multiple of 7, then
it is divisible by 7.
8 If the last three digits of the number is divisible by 8
9 If the sum of the individual digits in the number is divisible by 9
10 If the last digit of the number is 0
11 If after subtracting and adding the digits successively the result is
divisible by 11

B. FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

 The factors of integers n are the positive integers that divide n evenly
without remainder. Examples: the factors of 24 are 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,and
24
 The multiples of n are the integers that n divide without any
remainder.
Example: The multiples of 7: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35,…
C. PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS
 Prime Numbers-counting numbers that have exactly two distinct
positive divisors (1 and itself). For example: 2 since the divisors are 1
&2
 Composite numbers- counting numbers greater than 1 that have
positive factors other than 1 and itself. For example 4: since the
divisors are 1 &4, 2 & 2.

Prime Factorization

- The process of expressing a number as products of factors,

each of which is a prime number

There are two methods:

 Factor tree method

 Continuous Division Method

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

Factor Tree Method Continuous Division Method

56 2 56
7 8
2 28
2 4
2 14
2 2 7
56 = 7 x 8 56 = 7 x 8
= 7 x (2x4) = 7 x (2x4)
=7x2x2x2 =7x2x2x2
= 23 x 7 = 23 x 7

D. GCF & LCM

GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

 Refers to the largest common factor of two or more numbers

Illustrative example: Find the GCF of 45 and 60

Method 1: Intersection of Sets (List all factors in ascending order)

45 = (1,3,5,9,15,45)
60 = (1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20,30,60)
Common Factors are 1,3,5,15
GCF is 15 (the largest among the common factors)

Method 2: Prime Factorization

45 = 3 x 3 x 5
60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
Common Prime Factors: 3 x 5
GCF is 15

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)

 Refers to the smallest number that the two or more numbers will divide
without remainder

Illustrative example: Find the LCM of 18 and 20

Method 1: Intersection of Sets (List all multiples in ascending order)

18 = (18,36,54,72,90,108,126,144,162,180,198)
20 = (20,40,60,80,100,120,140,160,180,200)
Common multiple is 180

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

IV. BASIC ALGEBRA

A. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

 TRANSLATING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSON

KEYWORDS:

Add Subtract Multiply Divide Equal

Plus, sum, Minus, Times, Divide by, is, result, total,
increased by, difference, multiplied by, quotient, into equal to,
more than, decreased by, product of
exceeds less than,
reduced

Example: Translate 3x
Answer: The product of 3 and x or 3 times x

Algebraic Expression vs Algebraic Equation

Algebraic Expression – contain numbers, variables, and operations to state a

relationship. For example: 2x -3, 7n, 3x, 10

Algebraic Equation – two algebraic expressions set equal to each other.

For example: x + 2 = 7

 FACTORING

a. COMMON MONOMIAL FACTOR (USE OF GCF)

Look for the common factors in the coefficients and variables.

Illustrative Example: Factor 4x4 + 12x3

Common factor for 4 and 12 is 4
Common factor for x4 and x3 is x3 (the variable with the lowest exponent)

Thus the factors are 4x3 (x+3)

b. DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

To factor two perfect squares, take the square root of each term. Then
express the factors as two binomials which one has a plus sign then the other
has minus sign.

Illustrative Example: Factor x2 – 49

Square root of x2 is x
Square root of 49 is 7

The factor for x2 – 49 is (x +7) (x-7)

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

c. PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIALS

Has two equal binomial factors; has two forms and factored as follows:
x2 +2xy +y2 = (x + y)2 x2 -2xy +y2 = (x - y)2

Illustrative example: Factor b2- 10b + 25

*Check first that the first and third term are perfect squares, then the middle
term is a product of 2 and the square root of first time the square root of the
third term), if so then…
Square root of b2 is b
Square root of 25 is 5
The factor for b2- 10b + 25 is (b-5)2

d. GENERAL TRINOMIAL IN THE FORM ax2 + bx + c, where a =1

The constant terms of the factors have a sum of b and a product of c.
Use trial and error to find the factors

Example: Factors x2 + 5x + 6
*Find the factors of 6 in which the sum is 5 and its product is 6
Factors of 6: 1 & 6, 2 & 3
Try: 1+6 = 7, thus 1 & 6 are not the right factors
2 + 3 = 5, thus this is the right factors
The factor of x2 + 5x + 6 is (x+2) (x+3)

Worksheet 8: Factor the following

Find the factor of the following algebraic expressions

1. 9x2 _ 4
2. x2 – 7x + 10
3. x2 – 18x + 81
4. 10x7y8 – 25 x4y3 + 15 x2y
1 2_
5. x 49
36

 Laws of Exponents

1. Product Rule – am  an = a m+n

-when multiplying with like bases, keep the same base and add the
exponents.

Examples: x4  x 3 = x 7

2x3  5x9 =10 x12

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

2. Quotient Rule - = a m-n

- when dividing like bases, keep the base the same and subtract the
exponent of the denominator to the exponent of the numerator.

Examples: = x 10-3 = x7

2 2 2
= 3;2 4;2
= 3;2 4;2
= 4x y2
5 5 5

3. Power of a Power Rule – (a m)n =amn

-when raising base with a power to another power, keep the base the
same and multiply the exponents.

Examples: (x 3)4 = x12

(2x5)(8x2)= 16x10

4. Power of a Product Rule – (ab)n =anbn

Example: (x y)2 = x2y2
(2ab)2 = 22x2y2
= 4x2y2
2
5. Power of a Quotient Rule – ( ) =

3
Examples: ( ) =
2 3 2 2 2 2 8
( 3 ) =3 = ==
3 3 3 27

6. Fractional Rule
=

Examples: 16 = 161 = 2

2 = 22
7. Negative Exponent Rule
1
(a-m) =

1
Examples: (x -3) =
1 1
(2;2 ) = =4
2

8. Zero Power Rule

(a0) = 1

Examples: (100 0) = 1
(xy)0 = x0y0 = (1)(1) = 1

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 PEER REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION AND SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL (PRISM)

Worksheet 9: Laws of Exponents

Simplify the following:

1. (2𝑥 4 yz)2 3𝑤 2 3

25𝑥 1 𝑦9
2. ( )
5𝑥 𝑦
4𝑥𝑦 𝑥 −
3. ( )( )
2𝑥 5
2
5 𝑥
4. ( )
𝑥

5. 2𝑥 2

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