Resources and Development

Topics in the Chapter

Resources
Classi ication of Resources
→ On the basis of origin
→ On the Basis of Exhaustibility
→ On the Basis of Ownership
→ On the Basis of the Status of Development
Development of Resources
Resource Planning
Land Resources
→ Land Resources in India
Land Use Pattern in India
Land Degradation and Conservation measures
Soil as a Resource
Classi ication of Soils
→ Alluvial Soils
→ Black Soil
→ Red and Yellow Soils
→ Laterite Soils
→ Arid Soils
→ Forest Soils
• Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
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 • Everything available in our
environment which can be
used to satisfy our needs,
Resource? provided, it is
technologically accessible,
economically feasible and
culturally acceptable can
be termed as resource.
On the Basis of Origin

Biotic Resources: These are

obtained from biosphere and have
life such as human beings, lora
and fauna, isheries, livestock etc.

Abiotic Resources: All those things

which are composed of non-living
things are called abiotic resources.
For example, rocks and metals.
Caption
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On the Basis of Exhaustibility

1.Renewable Resources: The resources

which can be renewed or reproduced
by physical, chemical or mechanical
processes are known as renewable
resources. For example, solar and wind
energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
2.Non-Renewable Resources: The
resources once consumed cannot be
replaced are known as non-renewable
resources. These resources take Caption

millions of years in their formation.For

example: Oil, Coal etc.
On the Basis of Ownership

1.Individual Resources: The resources owned privately by individuals are

called Individual resources. For example: Plot, houses etc. owned by a person.
2.Community Owned Resources: The resources which are accessible to all
the members of the community. For example: Public parks, picnic spots
owned by a community.
3.National Resources: The resources which come under nation are known as
National Resources. Technically, all the resources belong to the nation.
4.International Resources: The resources lying beyond 200 kms of Exclusive
Economic Zone in the oceans are called International Resources. No one can
use these resources without the permission of international institutions.
 On the Basis of the Status of
Development

1.Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised.
For example: the regions Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind
and solar energy.
2.Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been
determined for utilisation.
3.Stock: The resources that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due a lack of technology. For
example: water is a compound of two in lammable gases;
hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy but we don't have technical know-
how to use them.
4.Reserves: The resources that have been surveyed and we can use them with present technology but
their use has not been started are known as Reserves. For example: the water in the dams, forests etc.
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Development of Resources

👉Resources are vital for human survival.

👉It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature so, human beings used them indiscriminately and this
has led to the following major problems:
→ Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
→ Accumulation of resources in few hands which divides the society into rich and poor.
→ Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone
layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
👉For a sustained quality of life and global peace, an equitable distribution of resources has become essential.
For using resources judiciously, we need to adopt sustainable economic development
👉Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the
environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future
generations.
 Resource Planning

Resource planning is a complex process which involves :

(i) Identi ication and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation
and measurement of the resources.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national
development plans.
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 Land Resources

Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.

→ It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities,
transport and communication systems.
• Land is present in limited size so we must use them effectively.
Land Resources in India

Caption
Land Use Pattern in India

• The use of land is determined by:

→ Physical factors such as topography, climate,
soil types
→ Human factors such as population density,
technological capability and culture and
traditions etc.
• Land use data, however, is available only for 93
per cent of the total geographical area because
the land use reporting for most of the north-east
states except Assam has not been done fully.
→ Also, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir
occupied by Pakistan and China have also not
been surveyed.

Caption
Land Degradation and Conservation measures

Human activities such as deforestation, over

grazing, mining and quarrying contributed in
land degradation.
Measures to control land degradation:
→ Afforestation
→ Planting of shelter belts of plants →
control on over grazing
→ stabilisation of sand dunes by growing
thorny bushes
→ Proper management of waste lands
→ control of mining activities

Caption
 Soil as a Resource

Soil is the most important

renewable natural resource

• It is the medium of plant growth

and supports different types of
living organisms on the earth.
Caption
 Alluvial Soils:

→ Entire northern plains are made of alluvial

soil.
→ Also found in the eastern coastal plains
particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the
Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
→ Fertile soil therefore, it for agriculture
purpose.
→ Regions of alluvial soils are intensively
cultivated and densely populated.
→ Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime
which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane,
paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
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 Black Soil

→ Black in colour and are also known as regur

soils.
→ Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as
black cotton soil.
→ Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra,
Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the
Krishna valleys.
→ Made up of extremely ine i.e. clayey material.
→ Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.
→ Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash
and lime.
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Red and Yellow Soils:

→ Found in the areas of low rainfall in

the eastern and southern parts of the
Deccan plateau.
→ Also found in parts of Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the
middle Ganga plain and along the
piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
→ Develop a reddish colour due to
diffusion of iron in crystalline and
metamorphic rock
 Laterite Soils:

→ Develops in areas with high

temperature and heavy rainfall.
→ Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly
areas of Odisha and Assam.
→ Suitable for cultivation with adequate
doses of manures and fertilizers.
→ Low Humus content because
decomposers, like bacteria, get
destroyed due to high temperature.
 Arid Solls:

→ Found in the western parts of

Rajasthan.
→ After proper irrigation these soils
become cultivable.
Lacks humus and moisture because
dry climate, high temperature make
evaporation faster.
→ Salt content is very high and
common salt is obtained by
evaporating the water.
 Forest Soils

→ Found in the hilly and

mountainous areas where suf icient
rain forests are available.
→ Feature differs based on location.
→ Loamy and silty in valley sides and
coarse grained in the upper slopes.
→ Silt in the lower parts of the
valleys particularly on the river
terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
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 Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

Natural ways of Soil erosion: Wind,

glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
Human activities: Deforestation, over-
grazing, construction and mining etc.,
contributes in soil erosion.
Measures to control Soil erosion:
→ Strip cropping
→ Planting shelter belts
→ In the hilly areas, using contour
ploughing and terrace farming.