Information Technology

CBSE Code: 402 (Skill)

Class IX

Contents
Class IX ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
PART A: Employability Skills .................................................................................................................................... 3
Unit 1: Communication Skills.................................................................................................................................... 3
Unit 2: Self-Management Skills ............................................................................................................................... 10
Unit 3: Basic ICT Skills ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills ................................................................................................................................. 22
PART B: Subject Specific Skills................................................................................................................................ 29
Unit 1: Introduction to IT-ITeS Industry................................................................................................................ 29
Unit 2: Data Entry & Keyboarding Skills ................................................................................................................ 34
Unit 3: Digital Documentation ................................................................................................................................ 35
Unit 4: Electronic Spreadsheet ............................................................................................................................... 39

1
 EDUSOFT AS YOUR TEACHING-LEARNING PARTNER

Dear reader,
Our association does not end with this book in your hands. Quite fairly, it begins! No matter if you are a
teacher or a student, our support for the teaching-learning goes throughout the session. Being in the
learning business we know that learning is an on-going, never-stopping process and learning is something
which must be pursued and practiced together.
Team Edusoft offers many means to add fun and excitement to your teaching-learning.

TEACHER’S CORNER
This is for teachers, of course. Please do register in
the Teacher’s Corner at www.eduitspl.com. This
interface provides you additional teaching-
learning aids in the form of worksheets, reference
material, sample question papers and other such
tools to enrich your teaching approach.

EDUSOFT KNOWLEDGVERSE
Visit the YouTube channel
KNOWLEDGEVERSE which offers
exciting videos on a variety of topics
which you may find useful for your
ongoing learning. These videos can be
used for various purposes - learning
quickly, revision, learning coding,
learning more about various software
and concepts of IT, knowing about best
practices of teaching-learning etc.

ACADEMIC AND SKILL ACTIVITIES

During the session, we conduct webinars, activities, contests and interactions that help you grow as learner
and a teacher. This keeps us in touch to understand your changing needs better and to serve you in an
improved way.
We are constantly striving in making your teaching-learning experience better and exciting in our own
unique ways and will keep you updated on all the futuristic developments we are doing in this regard.
Please visit the following links that offer plentiful academic reference material useful for you:

• 150+ eBooks available at www.eduitspl.com/ebooks

• 500+ eContent videos available at www.youtube.com/edusoftknowledgeverse
• List of eContent videos (sorted class & topic wise) available at www.eduitspl.com/YLS
• Test Generator & Teacher Manuals available at www.eduitspl.com/teachers-corner-2

2
 Class IX
PART A: Employability Skills
Unit 1: Communication Skills
SESSION 1: Communication Cycle
Exercise
1. List the main components of communication process.
The main components or elements of communication process are sender, message, encoding, communication channel,
receiver, decoding and feedback.
2. Who is responsible for the encoding of the message?
Encoding of the message is done by the sender before sending it to the receivers.
3. Who is responsible for decoding the message?
Decoding of the message is done by the receiver after receiving the message.
4. List 3 scenarios of technology-based communication?
Three scenarios of technology communication are conversation over telephone, online chat and video conferencing.
5. What do you mean by the channel of communication? Give some examples.
The medium of communication is called communication channel such as oral, written, technology based.

Exercise
1. Describe a scenario where all the major factors of effective communication come in effect.
One such scenario is classroom. Sender and receiver are teacher and students respectively. The mutually accepted
communication code is the discipline in the classroom wherein students will pay attention to what teacher is explaining.
Teachers encodes the message ie simplifies the concept to be taught with her explanation. Students receive the message
and with their attentive mind, try to understand the explanation given by the teacher (decoding). Then teacher enquired
whether they understood the concept or not by asking questions. This is feedback.
2. List any 4 most important characteristics of effective communication.
1. Communication should be clear in content and purpose.
2. Communication should be complete with least scope of questions.
3. Communication should be based on right facts and should not be vague.
4. Effective communication leads to desired output and achievements.

3. Relate a real-life scenario depicting communication barrier of environment.

During summers, a hot classroom is there with students and teachers. Due to the heat, students find it difficult to
concentrate on what teacher is explaining and teacher is also uncomfortable.
4. Give real life example of communication barrier due to personality traits of the communicators.
A person who is not well conversant in English is trying to sell an item to a customer who understands English only.
Another example: two persons from vastly different culture say Japan and India, trying to exchange their ideas for the
first time.

SESSION 2: Methods of Communication

Exercise
1. Describe a scenario where oral communication is most effective as compared to written.
Teacher’s explanation in the classroom, a leader addressing a gathering of people, two persons discussing a matter to resolve
a dispute between them.
2. List any 3 scenarios where written communication is most effective.
Written communication is most effective in formal setups like official orders, legal notices, agreement with terms and
conditions, pact signed between two governments etc.

3
3. List any 2 major advantages and disadvantages of non-verbal communication.
Advantages of Non-verbal Communication
1. Non-verbal communication complements oral and audio-visual communication.
2. It substitutes for the verbal communication like speaking with proper eye contact and tone.
Disadvantages of Non-verbal Communication
1. Sometimes non-verbal communication becomes vague and send wrong signals.
2. You cannot stop non-verbal communication.
4. List any 3 major advantages and disadvantages of AV communication.
Advantages of AV Communication
1. Use of internet and video conferencing saves cost incurred otherwise on scaling geographical barriers, physical
movement of participants and other related expenses like lodging, food etc.
2. It is an effective way to explain complex ideas and concepts easily.
3. Technology makes it reusable and easy to distribute.
Disadvantages of AV Communication
1. It incurs a lot of cost in infrastructure.
2. It needs maintenance of equipment.
3. Technology and equipment can be complex to operate and learn.

SESSION 3: Communication Perspectives

Exercise
1. Describe a scenario where your visual perspective affected your decoding of a message.
Seeing a man in plain, simple clothes with ordinary personality and we assume that the person is not very bright and
not sufficiently wealthy while actually he could be a learned college professor earning a handsome salary.
2. Relate an example where you interpreted a message depending on your past experiences.
After receiving a bad response from the customer care persons of the company which sold me a TV, I did not buy air
conditioner from them.
3. What do you mean by prejudice?
Believing the information about someone without verifying the facts and disliking the person accordingly is called
prejudice.
4. How our beliefs, emotions and environment influence our communication perspective?
We relate with people according to our value system and beliefs. During communication, our negative emotions affect
the process badly. Reacting in anger spoils the conversation. Our environment determines how we communicate. When
we are with friends on a picnic, our style of communication is different as compared to that in the classroom in front of
teacher.

SESSION 4: Basic Writing Skills

Exercise
1. Types of Phrases: pleasantly surprised (adverbial), meeting her friend (verb), at the airport (prepositional), had been
sitting (verb), the waiting lounge (noun), Lata spotted her (verb), both shared (verb), a lot of experiences (adjective),
of their exciting lives (adjective), time flied very fast (noun, verb and adverb mix), boarded the same flight (verb),
bound to Mumbai (noun).
2.
NOUN PRONOU VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB PREPOPSITI CONJUNCTIO INTERJECTIO
N ON N N
Her Lived Poor Very On Who Wow
Girl
much
She Thought New Suddenly In So Alas
Anna
4
 Loved Useful To And
Mother
Thinking Beautiful Which
Year
Sew Long But
Gift
Buying Colourful
Hair
Wished Too old
hair ribbons
Buy Shining
Clothes
Did Enough
Villagers
Got Short
set of
needles
Called
Threads
Said
glass box
Have
Money
Saying
Idea
Removed
eve of new
year
Showed
Cap
Bought
Barber
Selling

Exercise
A. Fill in the blanks with the suitable article:
1. the 2. The 3. An 4. A 5. The 6. An, A 7. An, the 8. the
B. Is there anything wrong with these sentences? Why?/Why not?
“The” will not be used before nouns here.
1. My brother plays cricket. Abstract Noun
2. She likes chocolates. Plural noun
3. Everything that glitters is not gold. Name of metal
4. I returned the book to Ram. Proper noun - Ram
5. Breakfast is ready. Abstract noun - breakfast
6. My favourite colour is blue. Name of the colour

Exercise
Travelling is fun with adventure. It is a good hobby as it presents opportunities to visit new places and meet interesting people.
Travelling lets us make new friends in far places. We get to learn about various cultures, a variety of languages and cultures.
Visit different places enhances knowledge and we meet different people. It accounts for good health since a tourist is an active
and dynamic person. Travelling keeps us fit. Travelling is also a good career option. One can write about the places travelled and
publish them in the form of books, blogs and articles. When we meet different cultures and people, we develop an understanding
about them. It inculcates good habits such as patience, care, love and concern for others. Overall benefit of travelling is that it
improves personality. The only downside of travelling is that it is an expensive hobby. It needs money to travel to different
places. Food, stay and other related expenses make it an exclusive hobby. It also claims a lot of time.

5
Assessment
1. What do you mean by the term Communication? List the features of effective communication.
Communication is a process to give to and receive information from others. Interacting with others while exchanging
information is called Communication. The features of effective communication are:
• Effective communication is clear, complete and based on right facts.
• In written form, communication is to be concise and to the point.
• Good communication develops relationships, promotes confidence and creates goodwill.
• Effective communication leads to desired output and achievements.
• Effective communication establishes responsibility and accountability.
• It provides right kind of persuasion, guidance and consultation.
2. You need to prepare for a classroom presentation of 10 minutes. How will you ensure effective communication
while presenting?
Following points will ensure effective communication during presentation:
1. The purpose and objectives of presentation should be mentioned clearly.
2. The language of explanation should be simple and correct.
3. Explanation should cover right facts, clearly and in crisp manner.
4. The voice, expressions and gestures should reflect confidence.
5. There should be some time spared for audience to have their queries cleared.
3. Describe any 2 communication barriers.
1. Barriers to effective listening: We jump to conclusions. Mind gets lost in thoughts while listening. Our emotional
state, our capacity of patience, our temperament, likes and dislikes are common barriers in effective listening. Sincere
and attentive listening is required for receiving and decoding of the message successfully.
2. Barriers related to the personality traits of the communicators: We sometimes exhibit following behavioural
or personal traits which act as barriers to effective communication:
• Behaviour due to age difference, attitude, gender, cultural and social differences etc.
• Proficiency of the sender and the receiver in the language they are using to communicate.
• Ailments, disappointments, personal grudges and hidden intentions.
4. You are conversing with your friend about something important in a roadside open café in a crowded market.
Your friend has to rush to receive his mother from the airport also. What are the communication barriers in
this scenario? How these could have been taken care of?
This is an example of situational barrier. Noise and other distractions are there. Friend is also in rush to airport. These
barriers could have been avoided by fixing a prior appointment with the friend and deciding a quiet place to converse.
5. Briefly explain the terms Coding and Decoding taking a simple example.
Coding or encoding means how the message has been communicated by the sender. If the manner of the message is
rude or offensive or if the message is not clear or incomplete then message is not encoded correctly.
For example:
Authoritative message - I want the report on my table first thing in the morning without any excuses.
Normal message – Please manage to get the report tomorrow for sure so that things are not delayed further.
Decoding means how the message has been interpreted by the receiver.
Authoritative message - I want the report on my table first thing in the morning without any excuses. – here, receiver
fells offended and pinned down. He is demotivated to prepare the report and may not do it by inventing a genuine
looking excuse.
Normal message – Please manage to get the report tomorrow for sure so that things are not delayed further. – here,
message is levelled. It respects the receiver and prompts him to prepare the report.
6. Describe communication cycle with a simple example.
Communication Cycle involves following elements. Communication channel is oral, face-to-face.
Sender: Your article needs too many corrections and modifications before we send it to print. [Here message is not
encoded effectively]
Receiver: I spent whole night, cutting on my sleep preparing this article. [Here, receiver has not taken the critique
positively. He responds by giving an excuse. (Feedback)]
Sender: We really appreciate your effort in getting that article ready in such a short time but there are certain parts of
it we need you to look at and revise before we get it into print. [Message is re-encoded in a better form after feedback
from the receiver]

6
 Receiver: Okay, let me know which parts and I shall redo it. [Receiver has decoded the message as desired since it was
encoded well after the feedback]
7. How is oral communication different from written communication?
ORAL COMMUNICATION WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
1. Time taking and more effort is required.
1. It is fastest and easiest hence more effective.
2. Sender and receiver need not be present in
2. Sender and receiver are present in person.
person.
3. Suitable for formal and informal modes of
3. Mostly suitable for formal communication.
conversation.
4. Written messages have no emotions and
4. Creates lesser misinterpretation.
body language involved hence it can be
5. Cannot be used as evidence.
misinterpreted.
6. Cannot be referred to later on.
5. Can be used as evidence of conversation.
6. Can be referred to later.
8. List the advantages of written communication.
• There is advantage of time for choosing suitable vocabulary and tone of the message. Message can be reviewed
before sending.
• It has legal acceptance in most of the cases.
• Longer messages can be created.
• Can be referred to later.
• Written messages can be duplicated and distributed.
• Effective written messages help building good relations.
• With written messages comes responsibility.
9. List any 4 body language features that influence our communication.
Voice, gestures, posture, facial expressions.
10. Explain briefly how verbal and non-verbal communication occur using Audio-visual aids.
Any verbal or non-verbal communication that involves vision and auditory capability is called audio-visual
communication. For example, telephonic conversation involves hearing while video conferencing involves both sense
of sight and vision.
Such communication is supported by technology. Telephone equipment, smart phone, Internet, visual displays,
speakers, microphones, communication channel, presentation software, models, visual aids, video and audio player
software etc. constitute AV communication.
11. You have to make a presentation on your achievements in school to a global audience including students of
other cities over video conferencing. How will you take care of your effective communication?
Following points will ensure effective communication during presentation:
1. Prepare well and rehearse if possible.
2. Body language should be positive.
3. State the objectives of the presentation first.
4. The language of explanation should be simple and correct.
5. Explanation should cover right facts, clearly and in crisp manner.
6. The voice, expressions and gestures should reflect confidence.
7. There should be some time spared for audience to have their queries cleared.
12. What are the disadvantages of non-verbal communication?
Disadvantages of Non-verbal Communication
• Sometimes non-verbal communication becomes vague hence misinterpreted.
• It cannot be stopped.
• It occurs too fast and simultaneously hence difficult to interpret.
• It has cultural and regional differences.
13. Explain the importance of gestures and eye contact while you speak to someone in person.
Gestures: Gestures make the major art of our body language. Gestures that occur in the control of our subconscious
mind convey our state of mind like Movement of hands, fingers, legs. Gestures made consciously are pointing with finger,
nodding, waving, envisaging using hands.
Eye contact: The way we make eye contact tells a lot about us. Right kind of eye contact reflects confidence and
sincerity. Eye contact could be gentle, steady, formal for a few seconds, sweeping, stare or gaze.
14. How does our attitude determine the effectiveness of our communication?
Our attitude builds our behaviour and response to a message. Our positive attitude helps us in relating others easily and
on good terms. This makes the base of effective and positive communication while out negative attitude builds a hostile
7
 environment. We cannot relate with others positively which leads to ineffective communication. A positive attitude
means the person is cheerful, open, optimistic, confident and orderly while negative attitude means stubborn, hopeless,
bad intent and lack of enthusiasm.
15. Describe any two factors that influence our perspective in communication.
Visual Perspective: We judge and make decisions on visual perspective like how someone looks and dresses up. Who
the person is? How important or unimportant he or she is? etc. In accordance to this visual impression we decide to
develop relationship with the person and communicate with him ir her.
Perspective of language: Words have different meanings depending on the context. A good listener catches the
meaning and intent. Language and figures of speech give different meanings to the message. Synonyms and idioms
change our perspective. We should understand the message in its context.
16. What care should we take while we meet and talk to a person for the first time?
First, we should ensure that the environment and surroundings are suitable to communicate. Our perspective helps us
understand people and situations. Our perspective determines how we encode a message as a sender and how we
decode it as a receiver. While communicating with others we should use the simple ad suitable language, we should not
judge the person through some preconceived notions, out attitude should be positive, and we should not carry any
prejudice based on our past experiences. We should also show emotional intelligence.
17. Ravi met a few people in a party and was mixing up well with those wearing expensive clothing and fair
complexion. Which factors are influencing Ravi’s perspective towards the people?

Visual perspective.
18. How do our past experiences shape our communication perspective? Cite an example.
Our personal experiences help us develop perspective. If I have a disappointing experience with a service company,
I shall avoid using the service of that company in future. Any positive experience helps us meet and relate with people
positively.
19. How is a phrase different from a sentence? Give 2 examples.
A set of words that indicates some object or action but does not makes complete sense is called a phrase while a group
of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence. For example:
Phrase: a beautiful frock Sentence: She is wearing a beautiful frock.
Phrase: is eating Sentence: Raj is eating a mango.
20. Giving 2 example each, explain Noun, Adjective, Verb and Adverb.
Noun is name of a person, place, thing, event, animal or idea. For example, Suman goes to school. I am reading a book.
Verb is any action or state of being. Like, Suman goes to school. I am reading a book.
Adjective describes a noun or pronoun. E.g., I am reading an old book. He is wearing a red cap.
Adverb describes a verb, another adverb or adjective. E.g., He walked down the hill quickly. He looked at her angrily.
21. What is preposition? Give 4 examples of preposition.
Preposition shows the relationship of one noun, pronoun or noun phrase with other. For example, the dog is sitting
under the table. There are two birds in the bush. I kept the pen on the table. There is a mango among the apples.
22. How does articles differ in usage for consonants and vowels? Explain with 2 examples.
Article ‘an’ is used before vowel sounds and ‘a’ is used before a consonant sound. For example, He eats an apple daily.
Butterfly is an insect. They bought a book. I saw an aeroplane.
23. Cite 4 examples where article ‘The’ should not be used.
Gold is an expensive metal.
Both Ravi and Raj went on a picnic today.
I like to eat fruits once a week.
I selected some fresh fruits from the basket.
24. What are the basic rules of good paragraph writing?
1. The topic on which the paragraph needs to be written should be clear.
2. A paragraph should begin with the topic sentence.
3. Major part of paragraph should include the sentences which elaborate on the topic more.
4. Paragraph should end properly with a closing sentence or conclusion.

8
 25. What do you mean by interjection and conjunction? Explain with 2 examples each.
Interjection reflects strong emotions, followed by exclamation sign (!). Like, Oh! Hey! Wow! Alas! Etc.
E.g., Hey! Where have you been so long? Wow! This idea of picnic sounds great.
Conjunction connects two words, phrases or sentences. Like: so, but, and, or, therefore etc.
E.g., I would have loved to come for the party, but I have my exam tomorrow.
He was down with fever, so he didn’t come to the school yesterday.
26. Write a paragraph to describe a train journey you took last.
On our summer vacations, we planned to catch a late evening train to reach Lucknow overnight. On the day of journey,
it was raining heavily. We took a taxi to the railway station. As we reached near the railway station, we got stuck in a
thick traffic jam. Afraid of missing our train, we paid to the taxi driver and rushed with our luggage on foot towards the
railway station in the heavy rain. Completely drenched in water, when we reached the railway station, found that train
was already late by half an hour. We changed our clothes in the wash room in the waiting room. Finally, the train arrived,
and we boarded the train. We reached Lucknow the next day early morning welcomed by a bright and pleasant weather.
27. You need to write an essay about your favourite leader. Which basic writing skills would you apply in doing so?
An essay includes more than one paragraph. We need to apply follow basic writing skills:
1. Correct usage of grammar.
2. Give brief introduction about the leader, describe his qualities as a great leader, his achievements and failures
too. How he learnt from his failures. How he influenced people positively and other important incidents of his
life.
3. Keeping the sentences simple and short.
4. End the essay with a brief conclusion.
28. Identify parts of speech in the following paragraph:
NOUN PRONO VERB ADJECTI ADVER PREPOPSITI CONJUNCTIO
UN VE B ON N
These Remove Large Never In When
Deforestation
Clear Or
Humans
Clearing And
Forest lands
Is Since
Areas
Are
Ecosystem
Replanted
Trees
Destroyed
Animals
Endangered
Living things

Test Your Knowledge

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D
9. C 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D

9
 Unit 2: Self-Management Skills
SESSION 1: Meaning and Importance of Self-Management
Exercise
1. What are the benefits of self-discipline?
The benefits of self-discipline are as below:
• We have a pleasant personality.
• We inspire others too for self-discipline.
• We can think and plan clearly.
• Ability to identify our weaknesses and improve upon them.
• Realising our strengths and their use.
• Self-respect and respect for others.
• Understand importance of time.
• Higher achievement rate.
• People like and respect us.
2. What do you mean by S.M.A.R.T target?
SMART targets are clear, crisp and specific. The achievements of targets should be measurable. Targets should be
achievable - not too difficult to achieve and too easy on efforts. Targets should be realistic – achievable with our
abilities. Targets should be time-bound – they should be achieved in a set timeline.
3. How is time management important in achieving targets?
We plan our goals according to the available time and resources. Managing the time includes keeping track of how
much time we utilise in achieving our targets and finishing our tasks. We should plan well to avoid spending more
than required time on any task. Keeping track of time and utilising the time wisely helps us achieve our targets easily.

SESSION 2: Building Self-Confidence

Exercise
1. What are the possible reasons for low self-esteem?
Common reasons behind lack of self-esteem or self-confidence are:
• Fear of the failure.
• Seeking other's approval instead of believing in self.
• Lack of efforts in overcoming weaknesses.
• Lack of initiative for any achievable task.
• Poor or incomplete preparation.
• Missing opportunities
• Not learning from failures.
2. List the factors that influence our self-confidence?
The factors that influence our self-confidence are society, culture and community, exposure to media and physical
factors.
3. List some steps that you will deploy to enhance your self-confidence.
Steps to enhance our self-confidence are positive attitude, seek and face challenges, positive self-criticism, setting
realistic goals, be helpful, keeping right company, emotionally intelligent and healthy use of social media.

Assessment
1. What do you mean by the term self-management?
Managing oneself in order to achieve desired goals and targets is called self-management.
2. Why is self-management important for us?
Self-management help us in maintaining right kind of discipline to plan our goals and targets and achieve them with hard
and smart work.
3. You need to prepare for the 100 meter race in the annual sports event of your school to be held after 3 months.
Which self-management skills do you need for this.

10
 The self-management required in such scenario are organising self as per the set goals, controlling, reflecting, self-
motivation, self-discipline and time management.
4. What does the term S.M.A.R.T. stand for?

S.M.A.R.T stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Bound.
5. What do you mean by goal and target?
Goal is our aspiration, dream or ambition to achieve something. Once goal is clear, it is divided into short-term SMART
targets.
6. What is the meaning of a measurable and realistic target?
Target should be measurable in such a way that we should be able to tell how much is achieved and how much is yet to
be done. Realistic target is one that is possible for us to achieve considering our capabilities and ability.
7. You need to prepare for a computer quiz to be held next week out of your text book. Which SMART targets would
you set for yourself?
I will check how many chapters in the book need to be prepared. I will prioritise the chapters on the basis of their
difficulty and length. Then, I will decide the number of chapters to be covered daily in 6 days.
SMART target:
I will cover N chapters in N hours each day for the quiz.
8. How does procrastination affect our progress towards our goals?
Many a times we tend to keep on doing the tasks we like and ignore the other important ones. This is called procrastination.
This unknowingly leads to wastage of time and irresponsible behaviour.
9. How does identifying goals and setting targets ease our preparation in achieving something?
Identifying goals gives us the clarity of what we need to achieve. It also gives us direction and focus. Targets help us achieving
the goal by steadily working towards it. Goal is split into short term targets to be achieved one by one and finally reach the
goal.

10. After achieving a goal, how does reflection help you further?

After achieving the goal, reflection helps us in improving further. It shows us the positive or negative difference. In case of
negative difference, we shall look for what went wrong and a how to avoid it next time. Positive difference motivates us to
do even better in future.
11. What is the importance of time management? Why do we have a time table in school?
Time management helps us understand the importance of time. We avoid activities that waste our time and instead utilise
it in achieving our goals. Time table in school is the best example of time management. It helps to cover all the subjects in a
given time period. It also ensures that students easily learn and understand the subjects and teachers can easily cover the
course. Also, along with studies, other cocurricular and extra-curricular activities could be performed.
12. How do prioritisation and self-discipline help us in managing time?

Prioritisation helps us finish important tasks in time. Self-discipline helps us in working towards our goals sincerely.
13. List any 4 major reasons behind lack of self-confidence.

Four major reasons behind lack of self-confidence are fear of failure, making weaknesses an excuse, lack of initiative and
not being prepared.
14. How does preparation of something helps in retaining your self-confidence?
When we are prepared, we know what we are supposed to do in achieving our goals. This naturally gives us self-confidence.
Being well informed and suitably prepared is half the battle won. When we are prepared, we are confident. We must utilise
time to prepare for what we have to achieve.
15. Explain any 2 factors that build a person's self-confidence.
Exposure to Media and Online Social Platforms: We learn a great deal about the outside world from media, movies and the
internet. They mould our thoughts and influence our personality. Negative influences like cyber bullying, crime, violence
badly affect our personality and the way we perceive the world. Positive influences like learning about other cultures, stories
of achievements and inspirations, encourage us to develop a positive personality.

11
 Physical Factors: Impressive physical appearance, pleasant personality and sound mental health are keys to the
development of our self-confidence. Instead of worrying about our looks, we must focus on carrying ourselves well, etiquette
and manners, confident and positive outlook.
16. How does media influence our belief system and values?
Our thoughts are influenced by what we from outside world through television, newspapers, magazines, movies and the
internet. Movies, programs, news and online interactions mould our thoughts and influence our beliefs and personality.
Negative influences like crime and violence badly affect our personality. Positive influences like cultures, stories of
achievements and inspirations, sports, responsible use of social media encourage us to develop a positive and balance belief
system and values.
17. List certain ways to build one's self-confidence.

Certain ways to build one’s self-confidence are having a positive outlook and attitude, always look for new challenges, self-
criticism for self-improvement, setting realistic goals and SMART targets, keeping positive people in company, being
emotionally stable and controlled and responsible use of social media.
18. How will you ensure preparedness while working towards a goal?
Being well informed and suitably prepared is half the battle won. By right planning, setting clear goals and identifying
SMART targets we can prepare well for our achievements. Practicing time management and self-discipline helps us prepare
better.

19. How does keeping right company and healthy use of social media shape your self-confidence?
Feedback from people to learn is good but those who discourage us must be avoided. We should have company of positive
people having positive mental framework.
Social media is a tool to learn, explore, meet others and stay friends. Do not let social media be a manipulating tool of
yourself. Do not be addicted into spending unnecessary time online. Decide your priorities between amusement and work.
Both are necessary so manage time between the two.
20. What are the physical factors that enhance our self-esteem?

Focus on clean appearance, carrying ourselves well, etiquette and manner in dealing with people, confident smile and
positive outlook. Knowing our strengths and working on our weaknesses is the key to better personality. Personal hygiene,
gentle outlook, positive smile, confident stride and elegant dress code.

Test Your Knowledge

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A
9. D 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. D

12
 Unit 3: Basic ICT Skills
SESSION 1: Information and Communication Skills
Exercise
1. How do we use information in various ways?
Information is dealt with by us in following ways:
1. Accessing the information: Various means like computers, communication networks, smart phones help us access
information through world wide web.
2. Creation of information: Computers, digital cameras, digital recorders, smart phones, scanners etc. help us create
information in various forms like text, audio-video and image.
3. Sharing and distributing information: The internet, communication networks and tools like video conferencing, video
chat platforms, smart phones and computers are the tools to disseminate information.
4. Storing and managing information: Databases, computers, storage devices like disks, pen drives, online drives are the
means to store and manage information.
2. How are computers useful in our daily life?
Computers help us in almost all aspects of life be it education, entertainment, travel, our profession, using various services,
communication, using social media, health care, doing our business, doing financial transactions etc.
3. How computers help in running various businesses and industries?
All kinds of business operations are carried out very easily and accurately by computers. Database of all the business details
is maintained by computers. Small shops, supermarkets, big companies, restaurants, small offices use computers for
efficient service. People access the services and buy products from businesses online. New technologies like big data and
cloud computing provide enormous capabilities to the computers for bright future of industries.
4. Why ICT skills are necessary for us in today’s world?
World around us is impossible to believe without the presence of computers. To survive in our trade and profession, we
must have necessary ICT skills. Information and communication technology skills make our lives easier by easing our tasks
up to greater extent. Availing a domestic service, booking travel tickets, hotel room and flights, ordering food, finding a
location using GPS, interacting with people, instant communication are the part of our daily life. It also helps us remain
competitive in our career.

SESSION 2: Computer System

Exercise
1. What is the role of input and output devices in a computer system?
Input devices are used to feed input to the computer in different forms like clicking on command with the mouse, typing
data through keyboard, scanning image using scanner, feeding video through a web camera and recording audio with
microphone.
Output devices generate result of processing in various forms like text, image and video on monitor, hard copy print by
printer, maps by plotter, and audio through speaker.
2. List differences between primary and secondary memory.
Primary memory is usually not permanent. It loses data once power is switched off while secondary memory is permanent
storage. Storage capacity of primary memory is very less as compared to permanent memory which can store data in bulk
form. Primary memory is less expensive than permanent memory.
3. How is RAM different from ROM?
RAM is main working memory of the computer. It stores the working data of the user as long as computer is powered on
while ROM contains permanent instructions. RAM is Read/Write memory as data can be read and written on it while ROM
is Read Only memory. Storage capacity of RAM is higher than that of ROM. RAM is upgradable.
4. What do you mean by peripheral devices?
In addition to standard devices that form the actual computer system for standard input, output and processing operations
there are additional devices which extend the functionality of a computer system such as printing out the content (printer),
transmitting messages over network (modem), scanning images (scanner), recording voice and video (microphone and web
camera).
5. Describe any 5 peripheral devices.

13
 1. Printer: It prints out the hard copy of the documents and images over variety of medium like paper, plastic sheets etc.
Ranging from a simple desk jet printer to industry line printer used to print banners and posters, printers come in a
wide variety to cater to various printing needs of various industries.
2. Scanners: This device is used to scan documents and store them in the computer for later use. A flatbed scanner can
scan whole sheets of documents while handheld scanners are useful for quick scanning of a part of a document like a
few lines or an image.
3. Speakers: Speakers are used to generate sound. They convert analog electric signals into air vibrations. Speakers are
used to listen to music and sounds on the computer.
4. Web camera: It captures live video stream and still images. It is used in live chats, video conferencing and online
classrooms.
5. Plotters: They draw maps and deigns. They are used for computer aided designing by architects and designers.

6. Describe the functioning of processing unit.

A CPU consists of Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU).
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs all arithmetic operations and logic operations. Logic operations test
various logical conditions encountered during processing and different actions to be taken.
2. Control Unit (CU): It coordinates the components of a computer system. The control unit manages the execution of
program instructions by fetching instructions from memory, parsing those instructions as necessary and then
scheduling the appropriate hardware components to act on those instructions.

SESSION 3: Basic Computer Operations

Exercise
1. List the steps to switch on and shutdown a computer system.
Switching a Computer System On
1. Switch on the UPS by a long press on its power button.
2. Press the power button on the CPU cabinet or system unit and switch on the monitor.
Shutting down the Computer
1. Click on Start button.
2. In the Start menu, click on Shutdown.
3. Switch off the monitor and then UPS.
2. What is the use of operating system?
Operating system controls entire functionality of the computer system. It allows the user to interface with the computer
hardware and make use of other software applications on the computer. Common functions are managing hardware devices,
managing software and scheduling programs, files and storage management and system security.
3. What is the GUI?
Graphical User Interface of any operating system or any application is composed of graphical components such as buttons,
menus, windows, toolbars and dialog boxes etc. In GUI, the commands need not to be remembered and it is very easy to
work with the help of mouse.
4. What is the use of a file and folder?
A file is a collection of related information. In other words, a file is a collection of data stored on a storage device. There are
different types of files depending on the types of information they contain, like document, image file, music file, movie file,
etc.
Folder contains files and other folders. Folders help us organise our data.
5. List the main components of a GUI desktop.
Desktop, icons, Start menu, Taskbar, Program Windows, Dialog boxes and Toolbars etc.
Questions 6 to 8 are practical oriented.

14
 SESSION 4: Performing Basic File Operations
Exercise
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Secondary 2. Ctrl+Shift+N 3. Recycle Bin 4. Ctrl+X 5. Delete

C. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a file?
Ans: File stores the data and information on various formats such as text, image or audio-video. Every file has a unique
name and a secondary name which informs about the type file.
2. What is a folder?
Ans: A folder contains files and other folders. Folder is used to organize our data on the computer. A folder that is found
inside another folder is called sub-folder.
3. Write the shortcut key to open Computer window.
Ans: Windows key + E.
4. What is the use of the F2 function key?
Ans: F2 key is used to rename a file or folder.
D. Tick the correct statement and cross out the wrong one.
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True

SESSION 5: Internet and Its Applications

Exercise
1. What do you mean by the terms Homepage and Web page?
A web page generally consists of text, images, audios, videos, links, animations, etc. The homepage is the first web page of a
website. It provides introductory information and the links to the other pages of the website.
2. What is the role of browser in accessing internet?
A web browser is an application software that is used to access the information (websites) on the web. Mozilla Firefox,
Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera are some commonly used browsers.
3. What is electronic mail? What are its advantages over traditional mail?
The term e-mail refers to Electronic Mail. E-mail is a communication system that sends and receives messages through the
internet by using specific e-mail addresses or e-mail IDs.

Advantages of e-mail
E-mail offers many advantages over traditional mailing system listed below:
1. Sending and receiving e-mail is very fast. It is received and delivered within seconds across the world.
2. E-mail is an affordable means of communication as compared to other systems.
3. Sending and receiving e-mail is very easy and convenient. Any type of files can be sent as an attachment through e-mail.
4. Write the steps to compose and send a simple mail without any attachment.
Compose Mail
The steps to compose or create a new mail and send are:
1. Click on Compose button located on the left side pane. A Compose mail frame appears.
2. Type the e-mail address in the To box.
3. Type the subject name in the Subject box to send it with message.
4. Type your message in the message box.
5. Click on Send button.

15
 5. What is the difference between replying a mail and forwarding a mail?
When we reply a mail, the message goes back to the original sender of the email. Forwarding means sending the mail
received from someone to other recipients.

Exercise
1. What is the difference between a blog and a standard website?
Blog, earlier known as Weblog, is an online platform which allows a person to post his/ her views on a particular topic or
issue in the form of an online article for other people to visit and go through. Readers can post their comments on the article
and this way threads of interaction and dialogues begin. Blog is maintained by blogger or blog writer. Blogs may be the part
of a web site.
Website is a huge collection of web pages linked together and identified by a web url. They are maintained by team of
professionals and showcase products and services of an organisation.
2. How a Facebook post different from a Tweet?
Facebook post has no word limit. Tweet is 280 characters max. Posts can be shared. Tweets are forwarded as retweets.
3. Describe the features of Twitter and WhatsApp.
Twitter is social media website where users can post short messages including videos, links and text called Tweets. It needs
user account name called Twitter handle. Username is preceded by @ sign.
People can be followed on Twitter timeline displays all the Tweets which are updating amongst your connections. This is
called Twitter feed.
WhatsApp is a messaging application that you can download to your smartphone and use to easily send messages to other
people's mobile phones freely. It also allows video calls freely by using your phone's data connection. WhatsApp allows
creating groups of your contacts. WhatsApp allows video calling too for all Android versions 4.1 and above.
4. Go to a blogging website and create a simple blog telling about yourself.
Practical assignment.
5. List salient features of Facebook and YouTube.
Facebook
Timeline or wall, Page, Events, Photo Albums, News Feeds, Privacy Settings, Profile picture and Cover Picture etc.
YouTube
It is an online platform dedicated to video sharing. People can shoot videos and upload them on YouTube. It lists the most
trending or popular videos. You can search videos or click on the video thumbnails to watch them. YouTube Channel, video
playlist, restricted viewing by applying parental control and safety mode.
6. What do you mean by a YouTube channel?
YouTube Channel: People who are regular users of YouTube and upload videos on it are recommended to create a channel.
Channel is simple a series or collection of related vidoes. The advantage of having a channel for creator is that popularity of
multiple videos can analysed as one channel. It is easier to manage a channel as compared to individual videos. For users, it
is easier to subscribe the channel so that they get reminder about any new video updated by the channel owner.
7. What is Digital India campaign? List its 4 main initiatives.
To ensure that government services and government schemes’ information reaches to masses online easily, government of
India (GoI) launched Digital India campaign in July 2015.
Connecting rural areas over high speed internet connection to bring the remote areas of the country into mainstream and
improve digital literacy is the ambitious objective of the campaign.
Its 4 main initiatives are:
1. Access to mygov.in portal that lists details of all the government services and schemes.
2. Multi-channel, multi-lingual, multi-service mobile app Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance (UMANG) to
access all government services over handheld devices.
3. Adhaar number has enable to access digital signature service eSign.
4. People can keep digital copies of their important documents over DigiLocker.

8. Go to www.mygov.in and find out various schemes launched by government.

Practical assignment

16
 9. How WhatsApp is different from Twitter? Describe briefly.
Twitter is social media website where users can post short messages including videos, links and text called Tweets. It
needs user account name called Twitter handle. Username is preceded by @ sign.
People can be followed on Twitter timeline displays all the Tweets which are updating amongst your connections. This
is called Twitter feed.
WhatsApp is a messaging application that you can download to your smartphone and use to easily send messages to
other people's mobile phones freely. It also allows video calls freely by using your phone's data connection. WhatsApp
allows creating groups of your contacts. WhatsApp allows video calling too for all Android versions 4.1 and above.

Assessment
1. In what ways do we deal with information. Explain very briefly.
Information is dealt with by us in following ways:
1. Accessing the information: Various means like computers, communication networks, smart phones help us access
information through world wide web.
2. Creation of information: Computers, digital cameras, digital recorders, smart phones, scanners etc. help us create
information in various forms like text, audio-video and image.
3. Sharing and distributing information: The internet, communication networks and tools like video conferencing, video
chat platforms, smart phones and computers are the tools to disseminate information.
4. Storing and managing information: Databases, computers, storage devices like disks, pen drives, online drives are the
means to store and manage information.
2. Explain any 2 roles of ICT in our personal daily life.
Entertainment: Presentation of content today has gained completely a different level. Entertainment, news and field of
journalism are greatly supported by computers. Sports, online games, movies, songs, web series, video interaction with
others have taken the entertainment to a next level.
Social Media: Sharing ideas, information, your personal views, achievements, setbacks or any news with almost anyone and
everyone across the globe in moments over internet is due to the World Wide Web running on networks of computers.
Integrated chat services, photo sharing services, video uploads and video interactions are a routine today. Facebook,
WhatsApp, Snapchat, Skype and YouTube have entirely changed the way we connect with people. Writing, photography,
filmmaking, singing, video editing, video consulting, online coaching, relationship advice are new opportunities today.
3. In which 2 industrial or business areas ICT is playing an important role and how?
Health Care: Online diagnostic services, creatively designed medical equipment, consultancy services, personal doctor on-
call, personal online physical trainer etc. are the examples of ICT intervention in health care.
Banking Industry: Entire financial industry all over the world relies and runs over computers and sophisticated
communication infrastructure. Computers are used by banks to maintain the financial database, customers and day to day
transactional details. Instant online transactions, secured transfer of funds, encrypted communication of data, verifying
authenticity, efficient customer support, reaching out with financial schemes to mass – this all has been greatly
revolutionised using computers.
4. Why is keyboard called standard input device?
Most of the input is given in the form of commands and text to the computer. Since the advent of modern computers,
keyboard has been the device used to give input to the computer hence it is called the standard input device which completes
the computer system.
5. What is swift triple mouse click?
Swift triple mouse click selects the whole paragraph.
6. How do ALU and CU aid in data processing by computer?
The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations and logic operations. Logic operations test various logical
conditions encountered during processing.
Control Unit (CU) is the circuitry that issues commands to other hardware components to execute programs. It manages the
execution of program instructions by fetching instructions from memory, parsing those instructions as necessary and then
scheduling the appropriate hardware components to act on those instructions.
7. List any 2 main functions of CPU.
Functions of CPU
1. The CPU accesses and stores the relevant data and instructions during processing.
17
2. The CPU controls the sequence of operations.
8. Why ROM and RAM called primary memory?
RAM is used to store primary working data of the user and ROM stores instructions required to start up and boot the
computer. Without these two computer cannot start up and function hence they are called primary memory.
9. How is ROM different from RAM?

RAM is main working memory of the computer. It stores the working data of the user as long as computer is
powered on while ROM contains permanent instructions. RAM is Read/Write memory as data can be read and
written on it while ROM is Read Only memory. Storage capacity of RAM is higher than that of ROM. RAM is
upgradable.
10. Why printer is called a peripheral device while not the keyboard?
Computer can still work in absence of a printer. If a printout is required, printer can be attached and installed with the
computer anytime. Printer only extends the functionality of the computer but it is not very necessary part of it.
11. Explain any 2 storage devices.
Digital Card Reader-Writer
Digital card readers are found in devices like laptops, digital cameras and smart phones. These devices have slots to read
from and write on the memory cards. These cards are available in various storage capacities ranging from 16 GB to 1 TB.
External Hard Drives
In addition to computer's main storage device – Hard disk there are external hard drives available. They can be easily
connected with the computer through USB port. External drive is the best suited device for keeping backup of the computer
data since it can store data in the range of 500 MB to 2 TB or even more in near future.
12. Explain the optical disks briefly.
Optical discs can store information or data like video, audio, text, images, games, software etc. Various types of optical discs
are available which can store up to 8 GB data.
CD-ROM stores data for distribution for example, music CDs. It is read-only storage media. It stores data up to 700 MB.
There are following types of CDs:-
CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable): Data can be written once but read many times from it.
CD-RW (Compact Disc Re-Writable): It allows us to erase previous data and write new data on them.
13. What is the basic difference between a printer and a plotter?
Printer prints out the hard copy of the documents and images over variety of medium like paper, plastic sheets etc. while
plotters draws or plots building maps or product designs. It is used by architects and product designers. A Plotter prints
high-quality graphics or drawings.
14. What is operating system? List any 2 functions of operating system.
Operating system controls entire functionality of the computer system. Operating system allows the user to interface with
the computer hardware and make use of other software applications on the computer.
Two Functions of Operating System
Managing hardware devices: Controls functioning and interaction among devices.
Managing software and scheduling programs: Keeps track of installed software and allocates/ deallocates memory to
the required programs.
15. Describe any 4 types of operating system.
Single User OS: Such operating systems allow one user at a time on a system. Examples: DOS and Windows 95
Multi-User OS: Such operating systems support more than one user at a time on the same computer. Examples: Windows 7,
Windows 10, Linux, Unix.
Command Line User Interface OS: Such operating systems provide command line interface for user to type the commands.
E.g. DOS, Unix
Mobile OS: This operating system controls hand-held devices such as smartphones and tabs. E.g., iOS, Android.
16. How is application software different from an operating system?
Application software are used to perform various tasks in a variety of fields while operating system controls the functioning
of the computer system.

18
17. Why operating system needs to be loaded first in computer's memory when it is switched on?
Operating system controls entire functionality of computer system, it manages other software applications on the computer,
devices connected to it and memory. It also provides user an interface to work with computer. Until the operating system is
loaded in computer’s memory, user cannot work on the computer therefore operating system should load very first.
18. List any 4 parts of a GUI.
Desktop, Start Menu, Task bar, Icons, windows etc.
19. What do you see on a desktop generally?
Every GUI component appears over the desktop. On the desktop, icons of shortcuts of various programs, Recycle Bin,
Computer and Network are seen. In the background either colour is set or a wallpaper is there. At the bottom, Taskbar is
situated.
20. What is the role of folders?
Folders store files and other folders called sub-folders. They help us organise our data in various folders.
21. Describe the use of taskbar in Windows.
Taskbar is usually found on the bottom of the desktop and displays Start button and system tray. Various parts of the taskbar
are:
1. Start Button: The Start button is found on the left side of the taskbar. When we click on the Start button, a menu appears
which is known as the Start menu. We can find and open all the programs from the Start menu.
2. Quick Launch toolbar: The Quick Launch toolbar provides an easy access (in single- click) to our favourite programs.
These programs can be opened in one click.
3. Middle Section: The Middle Section shows us the programs and files we have opened and allows us to quickly switch
between them.
4. System Tray: The System Tray is used to show the date and time and various other notifications.
22. List the advantages of email over traditional mail.
E-mail offers many advantages over traditional mailing system listed below:
1. Sending and receiving e-mail is very fast. It is received and delivered within seconds across the world.
2. E-mail is an affordable means of communication as compared to other systems.
3. Sending and receiving e-mail is very easy and convenient. Any type of files can be sent as an attachment through e-mail.
23. What is the structure of an email address? Give an example.
E-mail addresses or E-mail ID identifies the receiver. It has username followed by @ sign and then name of the email service
provider website. info@eduitspl.com is an example of an e-mail address.
24. How will you forward an email along with an attachment?
Steps to forward the mail are:
1. Click on mail, which you want to forward.
2. Now, click on arrow next to the Reply option. A menu appears.
3. Select Forward option. A new frame appears below the mail details, to forward the message.
4. Type the email address of the recipients in To text box and type the text in the message.
5. Click on the Attachment the File Upload dialog box appears after clicking on Attachment option to select the
attachments.
6. Click on Send button.

25. What is a blog?

Blog is an online platform which allows a person to post his/ her views on a particular topic or issue in the form of an online
article for other people to visit and go through. Readers can post their comments on the article and this way threads of
interaction and dialogues begin. Blog is an excellent way to showcase your writing and reporting talents or just to share
your thoughts and views in a structured way. A person who writes and maintains a blog is called blogger.
Any person who has basic computer knowledge and has drafting skills can create a blog. Some popular blog services are
WordPress, Blogadda, Blogger, Tumblr etc.
26. How is Facebook a popular social media platform?
Facebook is one of the most popular social website that allows people interact with each other for free. Sending and
accepting friend requests, sharing videos, pictures and posts, creating pages, events and photo albums and online chat are
some exciting features which make Facebook popular.
19
27. What is tweeting and re-tweeting? What do you mean by #savetreescampaign?
A post on Twitter is called tweet. Someone reposting anybody’s tweet is called retweet.
28. Explain YouTube channel and its advantage.
YouTube channel allows people to create a collection of uploaded videos. Channel is a series or collection of related vidoes.
The advantage of having a channel for creator is that popularity of multiple videos can analysed as one channel. It is easier
to manage a channel as compared to individual videos. For users, it is easier to subscribe the channel so that they get
reminder about any new video updated by the channel owner.
Users can create a playlist of their favourite channels depending on their interests like education, sports, cookery etc.
29. How is WhatsApp different from Twitter?
Twitter is social media website where users can post short messages including videos, links and text called Tweets. It needs
user account name called Twitter handle. Username is preceded by @ sign.
People can be followed on Twitter timeline displays all the Tweets which are updating amongst your connections. This is
called Twitter feed.
WhatsApp is a messaging application that you can download to your smartphone and use to easily send messages to other
people's mobile phones freely. It also allows video calls freely by using your phone's data connection. WhatsApp allows
creating groups of your contacts. WhatsApp allows video calling too for all Android versions 4.1 and above.
30. What are various Digital India initiatives taken by Indian government?
1. Multi-channel, multi-lingual, multi-service mobile app Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance (UMANG) to
access all government services over handheld devices.
2. Adhaar number has enable to access digital signature service e-Sign.
3. People can keep digital copies of their important documents over DigiLocker.
4. e-Hostpital application to for enquiring about blood donation services, appointments for checkup diagnostics,
registration and payment for fees of the service availed.
5. Swachh Bharat Mission app to promote cleanliness as a nationwide mission.
6. e-Sampark application to promote communication in regional language.
7. Pradhanmantri Digital Saksharta Abhiyan to make rural households digitally literate.

31. How Digital India campaign will help in rural digital literacy and how will it help in serving masses in a
better way? Give your general idea citing some examples.
To be answered by student after discussion with the teacher.
32. How operating system performs data and storage management?
Operating system keeps track of all the data saved in the computer. It manages the data in the primary memory as well as
on various storage devices i.e., secondary or auxiliary memory. Following are the data and storage management tasks
performed by operating system:
1. It helps in saving, opening and moving files. Operating system does all this with the help of the file system that
determines how your data is stored on a storage device. A file system is a means for operating system to keep track and
manage all our data and program files on various storage media like hard disk drive, DVD, pen drive etc. The file search
feature of operating system relies upon the file system to locate the file on the storage medium.
2. Modern operating systems provide features of compressing the bulk files to conserve disk space, encrypt the data, file
hiding and folder locking features to prevent unauthorized access.
3. Various utilities available of operating system like Disk Manager allows creating disk partitions and formatting them,
defragmenter allows rearranging the data on the hard disk for faster access.
4. System restore feature allows restoring the system to its original state at a particular date and time.
5. Backup/ restore allows taking faster backups of data to external storage devices like tapes by checking last updated
files and also the restorage of the files during any data loss.
6. Operating system has a feature called virtual memory manager that uses a designated size of hard disk storage as virtual
memory where it moves that data from the primary memory which is not being used by the user while computer is
switched on and as soon as it is required the data is reloaded in the memory from the disk. This optimizes the memory
usage.
7. When multiple programs are loaded in the memory, operating system allocates them memory in such a way that the
programs do not interfere with each other. When a program is closed then memory is deallocated from it.

20
 Operating system provides some other features also like RAM check, disk cloning (disk to disk copy), disk mirroring,
storing single bulk file across multiple disks in same computer or remote computers, transferring data from one file
system to another file system like copying file from
Windows NT (New Technology) File System to Compact Disk File System.
33. How can you say that operating system functions as an interface between the user and the computer
system?
All the commands and interaction with computer happens through the command interface of the operating system
or graphical user interface. Without the user interface provided by the operating system, user cannot use computer
hardware, software and other services.
34. Briefly describe the basic components of GUI
After starting Windows and logging into it, what you see on the screen is a desktop which
contains various small pictures called icons. Icons could be shortcuts to other files or
programs or icons of Windows system like My Computer (in Windows 10 it is called This
PC), Recycle bin etc. Double clicking the icons opens up the program associated with that
icon.
Taskbar and Start Menu
Usually, at the bottom of the desktop, you can see a bar stretched from extreme left to right
side. A Start button is on the very left end of the Taskbar. Right side of the Taskbar shows
system time and date and other small indicators like network connection, language, speaker
icon etc. The middle part of the Taskbar displays icons of the active and minimized programs
you have opened to work with. Middle part also shows the icons of the shortcuts to your
frequently used programs. The process of creating such shortcuts is called pinning the
program with Taskbar. It is a good way to quickly access your favourite programs. Such “pin
up” can be done with Start menu also.
Clicking on the Start button displays Start menu which shows the names of all the programs
installed on your computer. These programs are organized under various categories or
folders. Start button also shows options to Shutdown, Restart, Sleep, Search and Run the
program by typing its executable name.

35. What do you mean by a file and a folder?

A file stores the data created by the user while a folder contains files and other folders. Files are of different types
depending on the data they store such as text files, documents, spreadsheets, audio, video, graphics etc. Folders
help in organizing the files on the computer. Files have primary name and extension name such as document1.docx
while folders just have relevant names.

36. What is the difference between moving and copying a file?

Copying a file means the original file remains in its location and its identical copy is created in another location.
Copying is done by pressing Ctrl+C. Moving a file means changing the location of the same file to some other
location. To move a file it needs to be cut by pressing Ctrl+X. The copied or cut file can be pasted to the new location
by pressing Ctrl + V.

37. Write the steps to copy a file on a CD inserted in drive F to a folder named Reports on drive D.
Press Windows+E to open Computer window. In the left pane, go to drive F. In the right pane, locate the desired
file and select it. Press Ctr+C. Then, go to drive D in left pane. Locate the folder Reports. Double click on it to open it
and press Ctrl+V.

38. You are on the desktop (no window is opened). From here, write the steps to go to D drive and create a
folder in it.
On the desktop, open Computer. In Computer window, double click on D Drive. In D drive, right click in the blank
area and select New > Folder. Type the desired name of the folder and press Enter key.

21
 39. You have 100 files in a folder. You need to delete only first, fifth, twentieth and ninetieth file. How will you
do this?
Click on the first file, press Ctrl key and keep it pressed until you select other desired files as mentioned in the
question. Finally, press Delete key on the keyboard.

40. You have 100 files in a folder. You need to delete first 30 files. How will you do this?
Select the first file. Then press Shift key and keep it pressed while clicking on the 30 th file. All 30 files will be selected.
Press Delete key on the keyboard.

Test Your Knowledge

1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. B

14. C 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. A
27. C 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. B 36. C 37. A 38. C 39. D
40. A 41. A 42. C 43. A 44. A 45. C 46. B 47. B 48. B

Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills

SESSION 1: Types of Business and Business Activities

Exercise
1. What is the difference between corporation and cooperative?
A corporation is a business organization that has a separate legal personality from its owners. Ownership in a stock
corporation is represented by shares of stock. The owners enjoy limited liability but have limited involvement in the
company's operations. The board of directors, an elected group from the stockholders, controls the activities of the
corporation.
A cooperative is a business organization owned by a group of individuals and is operated for their mutual benefit. The
persons making up the group are called members. Some examples of cooperatives are water and electricity cooperatives
and housing cooperatives.
2. List any 4 essential business activities.
Human resources, customer service, accounting and sales.
3. Describe any 3 business activities necessary to run the business briefly.
Accounting: Accounting is to tracking the money taken in and the money spent by the business. Retail businesses with a
high number of transactions use daily accounting. Keeping up to date on expenditures and income allows you to see where
you earn and where your business loses money.
Budgets and Finance: Implementing a budget helps us control costs. For smaller businesses, budgets may consist of little
more than a monthly allotment to cover overhead, insurance and payroll. Larger businesses need to set out big budget on
an annual basis. Budget includes expected revenue and costs that is updated regularly.
Sales: Sales are the heart of all businesses. Depending on the industry sales is done by dedicated sales teams that develops
prospects into clients, performs demonstrations and maintains contact with the existing client base.

SESSION 2: Entrepreneurship: Meaning and Characteristics

Exercise
1. How entrepreneurs positively contribute to society?
Entrepreneurs create opportunities for jobs. Entrepreneurs always look for the ideas to transform the world around them.
Entrepreneurs often do more for the greater good than the average person. They make honest money with great struggle
and pay for taxes and public services thereby contributing and returning to the economy. Many of them take green initiatives
for environment and contribute to the charities for social causes.

22
 2. How is an entrepreneur different from businessman?
Entrepreneurs build up the business process to address a problem with some innovative and useful solution. They
constantly improve using the feedback. They usually use public wealth in doing business and thus directly contribute to the
economy. They maintain smaller efficient teams. They usually manage a smaller business entity that can be managed with
continuous innovations. They take manageable risks.
3. List the steps of entrepreneurship development program.
Various steps involved in Entrepreneurship development process are:
1. Setting up concrete objectives of the development program
2. Identifying and nominating valid and genuine candidates
3. Program designs focus on local talents and markets
4. Choosing the right location
5. Program impact analysis for future programs.

4. List main characteristics of entrepreneurship.

Economic and dynamic activity.
Continuous innovations.
Opportunities and potential for growth and profits.
Taking and tolerating risks.
5. Write a short note explaining rewards of entrepreneurship.
The rewards of entrepreneurship are that the approach of risk-reward opens new doors of growth in the form of
opportunities. Despite responsibilities there is greater independence in working. More democratic teams are created. Other
rewards are flexible schedules and processes, creativity and productivity with recognition and fame.

Assessment
1. List the various forms of business ownership.
Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Corporation, Limited Liability Company, Cooperative.
2. How sole proprietorship is different from Corporation?
A sole proprietorship business is owned by only one person. A corporation is a business organization that has a separate
legal personality from its owners.
SP is suitable for small businesses and least costly among all forms of ownership. The liabilities of entire business are faced
by the owner. In corporation, ownership in a stock corporation is represented by shares of stock. The owners enjoy limited
liability but have limited involvement in the company's operations.
3. What do you mean by LLC?
Limited Liability Company has characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership. An LLC is not considered a
corporation but the owners enjoy limited liability like in a corporation. An LLC can decide how it will be taxed as a sole
proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation.
4. How cooperative is different from corporation?
A cooperative is a business organization owned by a group of individuals and is operated for their mutual benefit. The
persons making up the group are called members. Some examples of cooperatives are water and electricity cooperatives
and housing cooperatives.
A corporation is a business organization that has a separate legal personality from its owners. Ownership in a stock
corporation is represented by shares of stock. The owners enjoy limited liability but have limited involvement in the
company's operations. The board of directors, an elected group from the stockholders, controls the activities of the
corporation.
5. How is manufacturing different from Merchandising?
A manufacturing business buys products and uses them to make new products while Merchandising business buys products
at wholesale price and sells the same at retail price.
A manufacturing business combines raw materials, labour, and factory overhead in its production process while a
merchandising business sells a product without changing its form.

23
6. What do you mean by hybrid business type?
Hybrid businesses are companies that may be classified in more than one type of business. A restaurant, for example,
combines ingredients in making a fine meal (manufacturing), sells a cold bottle of wine (merchandising), and fills customer
orders (service).
7. Describe any two business activities.
Human Resources
Human resources are the employees of the company. They are managed under human resource department. Conducting
interviews, hiring applicants and determining benefit packages, addressing interpersonal conflicts etc. are some of HR tasks.
Customer Service
Customer service helps to secure new clients and promotes referrals from your existing clients. Customer-service
departments provide existing customers with a direct contact that offers solutions to issues with bills, faulty products or
shipping errors.
8. What do you mean by human resource?
All the employees that work in an organisation as various teams are called human resource. It is generally the largest
resource of all in the company. HR is managed by a dedicated HR department in larger corporations.
9. How customer service is important for business?
Customer service helps to secure new clients and promotes referrals from your existing clients. Customer-service
departments, unlike front-line staff, provide existing customers with a direct contact that offers solutions to issues with
bills, faulty products or shipping errors.
10. What do you mean by sales and marketing?
Sales is the heart of all businesses. It is done by a dedicated sales team that develops prospects into clients, performs
demonstrations and maintains contact with existing client base.
Marketing promotes the business. Very few businesses can survive without marketing. In large businesses, a good marketing
plan uses mass marketing via television commercials or specifically targeting clients via trade magazines.
11. What do you mean by a service and a product? Explain with an example.
Service is an intangible form of product which is given to the clients in various ways like consultancy, repairs, hospitality,
schools, banks etc.
Product is a tangible entity which is manufactured and sold to the customer. It has some life span.
12. Why entrepreneurship development program required?
Entrepreneurship development programs are required to promote and support entrepreneurship. This is achieved by
deploying various training programs focusing on developing entrepreneurial skills. The process of entrepreneurship
development aids the entrepreneurs to develop their skills by applying what they learn in the training for improved business
activities.
13. How do entrepreneurs aid in promoting nation's economy?
Entire entrepreneurship approach is focused on economic activities since all the activities are centrally focused on creation
of wealth and value for organisation. All operations are planned in such a way that ensures optimum utilisation of all
available resources. Since entire system works on the foundation of uncertainty and adapting to constant challenges,
entrepreneurship is regarded as a dynamic force.
14. List the features of an entrepreneurship development program.
1. Clear objectives to cover for entrepreneurs’ training.
2. Identifying valid and eligible prospective candidates who need training.
3. Focus on talents and markets.
4. Choosing suitable locations for training programs.
5. Meeting the skill requirements of the candidates.
6. Program impact analysis for future improvements.

15. Describe any 4 characteristics of entrepreneurship.

1. Entire entrepreneurship approach is focused on economic activities since all the activities are centrally focused on
creation of wealth and value for organisation. Since entire system works on the foundation of uncertainty and adapting
to constant challenges, entrepreneurship is regarded as a dynamic force.
2. Entrepreneurship has the process of looking for new, viable ideas. and improvements in the existing modes of business
operations.
3. Due to constant innovations and improvements in the process entrepreneurs have more potential for further growth
and return on investments.
24
4. Being ready to take risks and looking at them as potential opportunities is the essence of entrepreneurship.

16. How entrepreneurs benefit from taking risks in business?

Being ready to take risks and looking at them as potential opportunities is the essence of entrepreneurship. Willingness to
tolerate the problems posed by risks, finding the ways to overcome them with new ideas and implement the learning in the
growth of the business is the basic strategy of every entrepreneurial entity.
17. Discuss the roles of entrepreneurship in brief.
1. Entrepreneurs invest their own resources and arrange for capital and investments. The source of funding may be
investors, lenders and the public. This mobilizes public wealth and benefits people as well as all stakeholders.
2. Entrepreneurs are job creators. This job creation by new businesses is very rewarding for nation’s economy as it
addresses problem of unemployment up to some extent.
3. Entrepreneurs set up new businesses and industrial units in less developed and backward areas. The growth of
industries and business in these areas leads to infrastructure improvements like better roads and rail links, airports, stable
electricity and water supply, schools, hospitals, shopping malls and other public and private services.
4. Contribution in economic growth. India's MSME sector, accounts for over 35% of the country's GDP.
5. Entrepreneurs play a key role in increasing the standard of living in a community. They create jobs and also develop
and adopt innovations leading to improved quality of life of their employees, customers, and other stakeholders in the
community.
6. Entrepreneurs aid in community development like education and training, healthcare, and other public services. And
help build the pool of educated and skilled workers.

18. List any 6 rewards of entrepreneurship.

1. Entrepreneurs are the captain of their business with full independence.
2. Flexible schedules and processes.
3. Do what you believe.
4. Lead enthusiastic teams
5. Stay creative and productive.
6. Recognition and fame.

19. How do entrepreneurs contribute to industrial and social development?

Entrepreneurs give to society. Entrepreneurs often do more for the greater good than the average person. They make honest
money with great struggle and pay for taxes and public services thereby contributing and returning to the economy. Many
of them take green initiatives for environment and contribute to the charities for social causes.
Entrepreneurship, in its core, has the process of looking for new, viable ideas. Working environment of an entrepreneur
entity encourages regular reviews and analyses of the processes and their outcomes. Such constant evaluations lead to the
birth of innovative ideas and improvements in the existing modes of business operations.
20. How can you say that entrepreneurs are innovative and independent?
Entrepreneurship, in its core, has the process of looking for new, viable ideas. Working environment of an entrepreneur
entity encourages regular reviews and analyses of the processes and their outcomes. Such constant evaluations lead to the
birth of innovative ideas and improvements in the existing modes of business operations.
Despite responsibilities there is greater independence since entrepreneurship invites abilities to work independently yet in
coordination with flexible decision-making system.
Test Your Knowledge
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. D

25
 Unit 5: Green Skills

SESSION 1: Environment, Natural Resources and Conservation

Exercise
1. Define the terms environment and ecosystem.
Our environment is everything that surrounds us- from the trees, mountains, roads, buildings, things and even people. It is
a combination of both natural and human-made elements.
Community of living and non-living organisms living interdependently with each other is called ecosystem. like, Forest, Pond
etc. An ecosystem is a dynamic entity with constant interactions occurring among the organisms and with the surroundings.
2. How does pollution affect environment?
The contamination of the surrounding environment by the addition of foreign/unwanted substances is known as pollution.
Air Pollution is posing a serious threat to both flora and fauna. Air pollution is believed to end lives of over 20 lakh people
every year. Incurable respiratory diseases among animals, aorist rainfall, acid rain, global warming, depletion of ozone layer,
the rise in temperature, withering of plants, drought-like conditions, the grimy appearance of buildings etc. are only because
of air pollution.
Because of pollution and misuse of resources water table has already depleted from its normal level and the water which is
available is again in impure from which can cause serious diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid, retarded growth and
stomach/peptic ulcers etc.
3. What are the ill effects of deforestation and global warming?
Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. In these
cases, trees are never re-planted. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and
millions of animals and living things have been endangered.
Removal of green cover and excessive industrialisation increases global warming due to ozone layer depletion and UV rays
entering earth’s atmosphere. Increase in Carbon dioxide and chloro-floro carbons increase earth’s temperature leading to
global warming.
4. How can we prevent ill effect of man’s actions on environment?
Human greed, heavy industrialisation, rampant over exploitation of natural resources has brought the humans and
environment to the brink of destruction. The Green Economy is an alternative vision for growth and development and
sustainable development. Green Economy can promote safer economic, environmental and social well-being. Green
economy addresses low carbon emissions, efficient use of resources, and social benefits.

SESSION 2: Green Economy

Exercise
1. What do you mean by green economy? Explain briefly.
The Green Economy is an alternative vision for growth and development and sustainable development. Green Economy can
promote safer economic, environmental and social well-being. Green economy addresses low carbon emissions, efficient
use of resources, and social benefits. Green economy improves social well-being, equity and reduces environmental risks. It
is a viable alternative to today's economic structures, which encourage waste and threats to the environment. The concept
of the green economy is emerging as a priority for government for sustainable and environment-friendly growth.
2. Describe the importance of green economy in the modern world in brief.
Green economy addresses low carbon emissions, efficient use of resources, and social benefits. Better and steady growth in
income, proper employment opportunities and related activities need to be more public oriented and prevent the damage
to biodiversity and ecosystem.
Improved energy security and environmental and public health have greater scope to implement green initiatives. This is a
priority for government for sustainable and environment friendly economy.
3. List the steps we can deploy to achieve green economy.
Will power and commitment of the government.
Laws and legal framework.
Green policies.
Support renewable technology.
Innovations in energy sector.
26
 4. How green policies and political commitments achieve green economy?
Policy makers should put proper mechanisms in place to prevent natural resource abuse. Secondly,
government bodies need to promote funding for entrepreneurs that provide innovative solutions to
energy issues. Government needs to promote green investment and research.
Political bodies of government should commit to the green growth path for economy. This could include
better research and development, resorting to innovative renewable technologies and renewable
energies.

Assessment
1. What do you mean by environment?
Environment is a combination of both natural and human-made elements. These elements are divided into two types: Biotic
and Abiotic. Biotic elements are all the living organisms. Abiotic elements include all the non-living things. Land, air, water,
plants and animals all comprise the natural environment.
2. Which components is our environment made of?
Our environment is mainly made of the lithosphere - the hard top layer of the earth, the Hydrosphere — various sources of
water and different types of water bodies, the atmosphere — the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth and the biosphere
that includes all life.
3. What is Ecosystem?
Community of living and non-living organisms living interdependently with each other is called ecosystem. Like, Forest,
Pond etc. An ecosystem is a dynamic entity with constant interactions occurring among the organisms and with the
surroundings.
4. Give an example of an ecosystem and briefly explain it.
In a river, members of ecosystem are fish, aquatic plants, insects, insect eating birds, amphibians like frog, microorganisms
of soil and water etc. Fish and water animals release carbon dioxide used by aquatic plants and plants release oxygen for
animals to absorb.
5. List any 5 disastrous effects on environment caused by human activities.
1. Rapid endangerment of rare animals and plants species due to extensive poaching.
2. Greater demand for precious animal parts and ornamental goods made from them.
3. Erosion of soil and deterioration of soil fertility.
4. Water pollution due to fertilisers, pesticides, domestic and industrial waste.
5. Air pollution due to toxic industrial emission and fuel combustion.

6. What do you mean by deforestation? What are its causes and effects?
Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use.
These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. In these cases, trees are never re-planted. About half
of world’s original forests have been destroyed so far and millions of animals and living things have been endangered.
Causes:
• Trees are cut down (deforestation) for many reasons including
• To be used, sold or exported as timber, wood or fuel (charcoal). This is called logging.
• To be used for farming purposes (grazing fields for livestock, or large-scale farming activities)
• To make room for human settlement and urbanization (these include making space for shelter, industries, and
roads)
• To make room for mining.
Effects:
• Global warming.
• Irregular rains.
• Floods
• Soil erosion.
• Draught.
7. What are the effects of air pollution and possible solutions?
Air Pollution is a serious threat to both flora and fauna. Respiratory diseases among animals, acid rain, global warming,
depletion of ozone layer, the rise in temperature, drought-like conditions, etc. are because of air pollution.

27
If the rate at which pollution is increasing right now continues then soon quality air for breathing will cease to exist and the
whole ecosystem will be disturbed.
Solution: The industries should be set up far from residential areas and proper filters should be used to check out toxic
emissions from the industries. Deforestation should be stopped and afforestation should be promoted. Power Plants
emissions should be controlled. Migrating towards cleaner sources of energy like solar and wind energy.
8. What are the effects of water pollution and possible solutions?
If the misuse of water is not stopped then pure drinking water won’t be available for consumption. Due to misuse of water,
water table has already depleted from its normal level and the water which is available is in impure from which can cause
serious diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid, retarded growth and stomach/peptic ulcers etc.
Solution: The domestic and sewage water should be recycled by correctly mixing it with soil which increases the fertility of
the soil. The industrial toxic waste, on the other hand, should not be disposed of directly in the water bodies at all. Alternative
disposable techniques should be developed or should be disposed of after proper treatment. The use of pesticides and
insecticides should be minimized.
9. What is global warming?
Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere
and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Ozone layer depletion is done by Chloro-
fluoro-carbons. Extreme heat waves, melting of glaciers, and severe droughts cause water shortages and increase the risk
of wildfires.
Rising sea levels will cause flooding in coastal areas. Forests, farms, and cities face heat waves, heavy downpours and floods.
All these damage and destroy agriculture and fisheries. Diseases like allergies, asthma and infections outbreaks are
becoming more common.
10. How have human activities endangered animal species?
Humans are largely responsible when animals become extinct, endangered or threatened. Humans destroy precious
habitat—the natural environment of a living thing—when they fill swamps and marshes, dam rivers and cut down trees to
build homes, roads and other developments. Oil spills, acid rain and water pollution have been devastating for many species
of fish and birds. Humans have over hunted and over harvested species, leading to their endangerment, and often, extinction.
Habitat loss due to forest fires, deforestation, pollution, over killing and poaching has led to the extinction of rare animal
species.
11. Name a few endangered species.
Some endangered species are: giant panda, tiger, whooping crane, blue whale, Asian elephant, sea otter, snow leopard and
gorilla.
12. How is radioactive waste and Electronic waste dangerous for environment?
Radioactive waste is nuclear fuel that is produced after being used inside of a nuclear reactor. This is very dangerous and
remains this way for thousands of years. It must be handled in the right manner. Industries like mining, defence, medicine,
scientific research, nuclear power generation which produce by-products that include radioactive waste.
Electronic wastes include discarded electronic devices like old cell phones, computers, batteries etc. They degenerate very
slow and are hazardous.
13. What do you understand by the concept of green economy?

Human greed, heavy industrialisation, over exploitation of natural resources has brought the humans and environment to
the brink of destruction. Green Economy is an alternative vision for growth and development. Green Economy promotes
safer economic, environmental and social well-being. Green economy addresses low carbon emissions, efficient use of
resources, and social benefits. It improves social well-being, equity and reduces environmental risks.
14. Which problems does green economy address?
Green Economy can promote safer economic, environmental and social well-being. An inclusive green economy improves
social well-being, equity and reduces environmental risks. It is a viable alternative to today’s dominant economic structures,
which encourages waste, cause resource scarcities, and which are threats to the environment.
15. Explain briefly how we can achieve green economy?
Certain general steps that can be taken to achieve green economy are:
Political commitment: Government bodies should commit to the green growth path for economy. This could include better
research and development, resorting to innovative renewable technologies in industry.
Legal and regulatory framework: Policies for green regulatory systems to prevent climate change. Laws must be enforced
with heavy hand to eliminate the damages to environment.

28
 Green policies: Policy makers should introduce mechanisms to prevent natural resource abuse. Government needs to
promote funding for entrepreneurs that provide innovative solutions to energy issues. Government need to promote and
support green efforts in private industry.
Technology viability: Use public funds to support renewable technology.
Institutional setup: Institutional adjustments to adopt innovative solutions and attract new investments for clean energy,
biogas, windmills etc.
Test Your Knowledge
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B

PART B: Subject Specific Skills

Unit 1: Introduction to IT-ITeS Industry
SESSION 1: Introduction
Exercise
1. What is Information Technology? How does it help in enabling various business services?
Information Technology (IT) encompasses 4 basic operations:
1. Creating information
2. Managing information
3. Storing information
4. Exchanging information.
IT includes all types of technology used to manage information, such as computer hardware technology and various
software applications used to create, store and transfer information.
IT is an integral part of almost all modern businesses. Modern businesses run on computers, networks, communication
technology and information systems are essential parts of every business today. Every business, large, medium or small,
needs to invest in technology to compete. IT brings a variety of benefits to a business, like automating most business
operations, enhancing the customer relations, developing a business a relationship with potential customers. This helps in
reducing costs, improving efficiency, maximising profit, minimising waste, providing better service to customers,
supporting better relationships with key partners, and allowing customers to better guide the business.
2. What is BPO? List any of its 5 application areas.
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services allow executing business operations through an external service provider who
is not the part of the business system. BPO also comes under IT services as IT plays a very useful role in optimising the
business performance. The BPO industry is highly organised and hence various kinds of jobs are outsourced in India. India
has proven its expertise in last many years by reducing costs with firm control on the quality of the service. Some of the BPO
services are as follows:
1. Financial & Accounting Services.
2. Taxation and Insurance Services.
3. E-Publishing and web Promotion.
4. Legal Services and content Writing.
5. Multimedia & Design Services.
3. How is BPO different from BPM?
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services allow executing business operations through an external service provider who
is not the part of the business system.
BPM includes multinational companies, local i.e. Indian service providers and global inhouse centers.

29
 SESSION 2: IT Applications
Exercise
1. How has IT influenced our daily life and work place?
In our daily life, we use air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens and many other appliances
using software. We can store and manage all the information about our important tasks, appointments, schedules and list
of contacts in a computer. Computer is, therefore, playing a vital role in our lives and we cannot imagine the world without
computers.
In offices, computers and software applications help in accomplishing a wide variety of tasks more effectively. In the
industries, where attention to detail, speed, and efficiency are important, such as assembly-line, automation is an essential
need and has become common. Web services and Office productivity applications form the basis of modern business.
2. How do computers help in managing a library?
Nowadays, many libraries are computerised. Each book has a bar code associated with it. This makes it easier for the library
to a keep track of library members, books and the availability of a specific book. Library management software is used to
issue and return the book. Each book in the library has a magnetic strip attached to it that is deactivated before the book
can be borrowed.
3. Write a note on how IT has impacted the education sector positively.
The students, teachers and educational administrators and every stakeholder in the education sector has been benefitted
by integration of IT in education.
ICT in the classroom: There are many ways in which the ICT is used for education in the classroom, such as
1. E-learning classrooms with digital learning content.
2. Smart-board presentations.
3. Videos on science experiments and places difficult to reach like marine life, physiology of the body, space etc.
4. Image and video processing (creation and editing).
5. Desktop publishing of magazines and other documents.
6. Educational games and activities.
7. Computer based learning through educational disks.
8. Information search and analysis on the Internet.
Education — anywhere anytime: Any student in India can access the NCERT books online through the website
www.epathshala.nic.in or mobile app. Apart from this there are a variety of websites and mobile apps to access educational
resources on any topic. You can also contact a teacher/trainer via Internet to use WBT (Web-based Training). In this way
education has reached the far flung areas by reaching the unreached.
Teaching aids and media: ICT is used mostly as a teaching aid in schools to:
1. Use multimedia (pictures, animations, audio-visuals) to explain topics difficult to explain.
2. Make the lessons more engaging and interesting through interactive & animated presentations.
3. Organise lessons, lesson plans, worksheets etc. using the computer.
4. Collect and organise the information relevant to the subjects.
4. Write a brief note on LMS.
Learning Management Systems (LMS) are used by several institutions to train students and enterprises to train their man
power. A trainees can register themselves on the official website to access LMS and can get many services from LMS. The
student can be benefited by using LMS, as it can be used to:
1. Follow lessons anytime, anywhere and by using any device.
2. Submit queries seeking clarity on any topic, getting replies, submit comments through forums.
3. Take part in the co-curricular activities via video.
4. Monitoring the progress and academic performance (usually by parents through parent login).
5. Discuss how IT has revolutionized healthcare sector.
ICT has revolutionized the health sector great deal. Patient Management Sub-System is used to maintain and manage
patients’ records. Hospital Management Module takes care if various activities pertaining to hospital administration. The
computerised machines are used for ECG, EEG, Ultrasound and CT Scan. The variety of measuring instruments and surgical

30
 equipment are used to monitor patients’ conditions during complex surgery. Expert systems help in diagnosis. Health care
manufacturing companies use computers to aid the production of diagnostic tools and instruments. Laboratory and
dispensaries are equipped with advanced computerised machines. They are used in scanning and diagnosing different
diseases.
6. What is E-Governance? How IT has realized the vision of E-Governance?
The government makes use of advanced communication technology and large-scale computer applications in its daily
operations thus encouraging G2C (Government to Customer) e-governance practices. Digital India and e-governance
initiative of Government of India are best examples of this. Government and non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). In
addition to this, International Government Agencies use ICT applications to communicate and provide various services to
the people and is called as e-governance. There are various official web portals of the Government of India for e-governance.
There are various advantages of e-governance. The Income tax department, sales tax department, preparations of voters
list, preparation of PAN card makes use of the computer system. Many government services are available online. Electricity
bills can now be paid online. The government uses electronic voting for elections, by replacing the traditional voting slip
and ballot box. People can enroll themselves in the electoral roll through the State Election Commission portal. Computers
are common-place in modern society, and tend to make previously laborious manual tasks of data entry much simpler and
quicker.

Assessment
A. Select the correct option. – 1 Mark each.
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. B

B. Answer the following questions. – 2 Marks each.

1. What is the basic difference between IT and ITeS?
Information Technology (IT) facilitates faster transmission of information in various fields catering to our requirements.
Based on IT is the Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS) sector which has not only changed our impression as
technology people on the international front but has also contributed to our nation’s economy significantly. In this session,
we shall explore the fundamentals of Information Technology (IT) and IT enabled Services (ITeS).
2. Name the 4 operations that IT encompass?
Information Technology (IT) encompasses 4 basic operations:
1. Creating information
2. Managing information
3. Storing information
4. Exchanging information.
3. How is data different from information? Explain with an example.
Computers take data and instructions as input, process the data as per the instructions given and produce the meaningful
results as output. This output is information. Data refers to the facts or raw material, which are processed to get the
information. For example, Number of items sold, unsold and returned in a shop is factual data of the stock in that shop. We
can draw various conclusions out of this data-set. This conclusion is information.
4. Explain ITeS.
Business services whose quality is improved by incorporating Information Technology in the business systems are called
IT enabled Services (ITeS). ITeS is also called web-enabled services or remote services that cover the entire operations
which exploit Information Technology for improving efficiency of an organisation. When business services are enabled, they
provide a wide range of career options that include opportunities in all enterprises and companies. ITeS is defined as
outsourcing of processes that can be enabled with information technology and covers diverse areas like finance, HR,
administration, health care, telecommunication, manufacturing, etc.
C. Answer the following questions. – 3 Marks each.
1. What are BPO services? How are they different from BPM?
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services allow executing business operations through an external service provider who
is not the part of the business system. BPO also comes under IT services as IT plays a very useful role in optimising the
business performance. The BPO industry is highly organised and hence various kinds of jobs are outsourced in India. India
has proven its expertise in last many years by reducing costs with firm control on the quality of the service.

31
BPO services are executed through an external service provider who is not the part of the business system while BPM
includes multinational companies, local ie Indian service providers and global inhouse centers.
2. What do you mean by LMS?
Learning Management System is a software or a web service that is used to create learning material, courses and training
content for various learners. It also allows the enrolment of students and empanelment of teachers or instructors. LMS is
used to manage courses, learners, trainers and the data related to them such as course details and schedules, learners’
performance in various assignments, tests and exams and registration and management of trainers. In this era of
information, LMSs have become standard tool to provide online training to the learners. The benefits of LMS include
centralised management of all the details related to courses, learners and trainers. This way, it is very economical. Today,
LMSs run on online platforms called cloud and can be accessed anytime, anywhere.
3. Discuss the advantages of BPO services.
BPO Service Industry is doing exceptionally well in India because of the following advantages:
1. BPO service providers in India invest in hi-tech hardware and software to deliver the best of services. They follow quality
checks to ensure error free and exceptional service.
2. Government of India is encouraging BPO Industry in India by providing necessary infrastructure and logistical support.
3. BPO Industry in India is highly developed and capable of delivering numerous types of BPO services in exceptional quality.
4. What is a BPM industry?
The organisations within the IT-BPM industry includes Multinational Companies which have their headquarters outside
India but operate in multiple locations worldwide, Indian Service Providers who have their headquarters in India while
having offices at many international locations and Global In-house Centers who cater to the needs of their parent company
only and do not serve external clients.
5. What is the role of IT in education?
Computers and Information Technology are extensively used in education for teaching-learning and assessment. The
software and hardware technology is used for creation and transmission of information in various forms including still
pictures, audio, video and animation to the learners. The learning becomes easier and accessible through IT. A lot of teaching
resources are available for teachers to teach in a better way. Online assessment helps to assess the students without any
bias. The students, teachers and educational administrators and every stakeholder in the education sector has been
benefitted by integration of IT in education.
6. Briefly discuss the role of IT in medical field.
ICT has revolutionised the health sector great deal. Patient Management Sub-System is used to maintain and manage
patients’ records. Hospital Management Module takes care if various activities pertaining to hospital administration. The
computerised machines are used for ECG, EEG, Ultrasound and CT Scan. The variety of measuring instruments and surgical
equipment are used to monitor patients’ conditions during complex surgery.
With the advancement in computer hardware and software technology, various high-tech machines are used in the
diagnosis and treatment of critical diseases. Using expert system, diseases can be diagnosed at the early stages and the
patients can be given treatment accordingly. Some of these machines are:
Computerised axial tomography Machine (CAT)
ECG—Electrocardiogram Machine
EEG (Electro-encephalography)
Blood Sugar Testing Machine
Blood Pressure Measuring Machine
7. How IT has been useful in Government and Public Services?
IT and ITeS has enabled the government top run most of its functions and operations using advanced ICT tools. Such a
government is called eGovernment and the mode is called eGovernance. Government uses advanced ICT tools to serve the
common people. Digitalisation of government platforms and websites is an example of this. This model helps in reaching
the unreached in remote areas easily and serve them better. The middle-men are removed and service becomes more
transparent and quicker. People can easily access and avail almost all the public services today in online mode using their
mobile devices and computers. Bills are paid online. Money transfers occur directly into the bank accounts of the
beneficiaries from the government accounts. This minimises corrupt practices and empowers people.

32
D. Answer the following questions. – 5 Marks each.
1. Discuss IT applications in certain major areas.
IT in education
Computers and Information Technology are extensively used in education for teaching-learning and assessment. The
software and hardware technology is used for creation and transmission of information in various forms including still
pictures, audio, video and animation to the learners. The learning becomes easier and accessible through IT. A lot of teaching
resources are available for teachers to teach in a better way. Online assessment helps to assess the students without any
bias. The students, teachers and educational administrators and every stakeholder in the education sector has been
benefitted by integration of IT in education.
IT in communication
Communication is used to convey messages and ideas, pictures, or speeches. A person who receives this must understand
clearly and correctly. Modern communication makes use of computer system, handheld devices and communication
network. We use computers for email, chatting, FTP, telnet and video conferencing.
IT in banking
Modern banking systems run on computers. Every activity of bank is now online. The customer’s data and transactions are
recorded by computers. Recurring deposits (e-RD), Fixed deposits (e-FD), money transfers (NEFT, RTGS), etc,. are done
using Internet. Capital market transactions, financial analysis and related services are available in online platforms. Bank
customers use Automated Teller Machines (ATM) for cash deposits and withdrawal, or to view current balance.
2. How is LMS different from traditional way of training and learning?
Learning Management Systems (LMS) are used by several institutions to train students and enterprises to train their man
power. LMS is different from traditional learning system in that, uses can:
1. Follow lessons anytime, anywhere and by using any device.
2. Submit queries seeking clarity on any topic, getting replies, submit comments through forums.
3. Take part in the co-curricular activities via video.
4. Monitoring the progress and academic performance (usually by parents through parent login).
3. How do businesses and banks harness the power of IT?
IT in business
Computers are used in various business enterprises for various operations such as payroll calculations, preparing
budgeting, sales analysis, financial forecasting, managing inventory and maintaining stocks. Transactions are done through
the internet (e-commerce). IT facilitates marketing, customer visit, product browsing, shopping basket checkout, tax and
shopping, receipt and process order. E-commerce offers services pertaining to processing inventory management,
transactions, documentation, presentations, and gathering product information. Smart cards, such as credit cards and debit
cards are used in shops. These cards have a metallic strip on which the user’s Personal Identification Number (PIN), and
account number is stored and can be read when it is passed through a special reader. Airlines use large-scale computer
applications for their reservations system, both in the airports and in central reservations call-centers. Other businesses
that have large-scale computing requirements are insurance claims systems and online banking, which both have large
numbers of users and operators interacting across a sophisticated system.
IT in banking
Modern banking systems run on computers. Every activity of bank is now online. The customer’s data and transactions are
recorded by computers. Recurring deposits (e-RD), Fixed deposits (e-FD), money transfers (NEFT, RTGS), etc, are done using
Internet. Capital market transactions, financial analysis and related services are available in online platforms. Bank
customers use Automated Teller Machines (ATM) for cash deposits and withdrawal, or to view current balance.
4. Discuss the role of government in serving the masses using IT.
The government makes use of advanced communication technology and large-scale computer applications in its daily
operations thus encouraging G2C (Government to Customer) e-governance practices. Digital India and e-governance
initiative of Government of India are best examples of this. Government and non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). In
addition to this, International Government Agencies use ICT applications to communicate and provide various services to
the people and is called as e-governance. There are various official web portals of the Government of India for e-governance.
There are various advantages of e-governance. The Income tax department, sales tax department, preparations of voters
list, preparation of PAN card makes use of the computer system. Many government services are available online. Electricity
bills can now be paid online. The government uses electronic voting for elections, by replacing the traditional voting slip
and ballot box. People can enroll themselves in the electoral roll through the State Election Commission portal. Computers
are common-place in modern society, and tend to make previously laborious manual tasks of data entry much simpler and
quicker.
33
 5. Write a note on IT applications in general in our daily lives.
If we look around, we can observe the use of computer and Information Technology in various areas such as homes,
workplaces, in the modern service industries and in many other aspects our life. Personally, we use IT for entertainment or
amusement like listening to music, watching videos, playing games, doing office work and assignments, video chatting and
exchanging messages, managing daily plans, reading online books, paying utility bills, booking ticket for traveling, hotels,
shows, conducting bank operations, etc. The various application areas are business, banking, insurance, education,
marketing, health care, engineering design, military, communication, animation, research, agriculture and government.
A personal computer (PC) or a laptop is used to work at home along with entertainment such as to do household accounts,
play games, surf the web, use e-mail, create music, and pursue a range of other hobbies. They are also used to play games. It
includes action games, role playing games, puzzles and many more. A PC with a CDROM drive, sound card, and speakers can
play audio CD. A computer can be used from home to study a wide range of online training courses. Computers and digital
devices are now used for online shopping and e-commerce.
In our daily life, we use air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens and many other appliances
using software. We can store and manage all the information about our important tasks, appointments, schedules and list
of contacts in a computer. Computer is, therefore, playing a vital role in our lives and we cannot imagine the world without
computers.

Unit 2: Data Entry & Keyboarding Skills

SESSION 1 to 5
Assessment
1. Describe the function of any three keys of a keyboard under following categories.
a. Punctuation keys: Used to type punctuation marks. E.g. colon (:), single quotes and double quotes.
b. Special keys: They perform some useful operations either alone or in combination with other keys. E.g. Escape key is
used to close or exit any pop-up or dialog box, Shift key is used to type alphabets in upper case, Ctrl key is used in
combination with letter B to make text bold.
c. Navigation keys: These keys are used to move across a document. E.g. arrow keys to move cursor in corresponding
four directions, page up and page down to scroll one page up or down, home and end keys to bring the cursor to the
beginning and end of the line respectively.
d. Command keys: Delete, backspace and insert keys are command keys used to remove text and insert the text.
e. Function keys: These are 12 keys F1 to f12 for certain specific functions such as F2 is mostly used to edit text, F1
displays help, F5 runs programs in program editors or runs show in a presentation software.
2. What are the uses of mouse buttons and its scroll wheel?
Left mouse button: Single click of this button is used to select items. Double click opens files or runs programs. (Triple
click selects whole paragraph.). Using left button, we can also click an item to grab it and then move the mouse to move the
item and finally release the button to drop the item. This is called drag-drop.
Right mouse button: Its click displays shortcut menus or pop-up menus.
Scroll wheel: This wheel helps user scroll vertically (roll the wheel up and down) or horizontally (press the wheel and
move the mouse sideways) through the document.

Test Your Knowledge

1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. B

SESSION 6 to 10
All Exercises are practical oriented.

34
 Unit 3: Digital Documentation
Assessment

A. Select the correct option. – 1 Marks each.

1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. B 14. A
15. A 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. A

B. Answer the following questions. – 2 Marks each.

1. List any two major features of a word processor.
1. Create and edit various types of documents such as letters, brochures, newsletters, resume etc.
2. Check and correct spellings and grammar.
2. List 4 examples of popular word processors.
Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer, Google Docs, OpenOffice Writer, WordPerfect, Apple Pages.
3. What do you mean by WYSIWYG?
WYSIWYG refers to Wat You See Is What You Get. This is the feature of all the modern word processing software in
which user sees the exact view of the document as it will be visible on taking its printout in real in terms of colour,
layout, font sizes and formatting etc.
4. What is the major difference between Normal View and Web View?
Normal view allows document editing and shows all the parts of a page such as the rulers, page margins, header
footers and page numbers etc. In Web view, the document is treated is a single flow of text. There are no page
numbers, headers and footers and sections etc.
5. What is the use of Navigator?
Navigator window helps in switching easily and quickly between various parts of a document such tables, drawing
object, links etc. It is useful while working with large documents.
6. What is the difference between deleting the text using Delete key and Backspace key?
Pressing Delete key erases the letters of the text on the right side of the cursor while pressing Backspace key removes
the text to the left side of the cursor.
7. Rajeev has typed a multipage story in which he wants to replace all the occurrences of the word “Calcutta” to
“Kolkata”. But he does not want to replace uppercase CALCUTTA anywhere in the document. Help Rajeev.
Edit menu > Find and Replace option > In the dialog box, check Match case checkbox > Replace All button.
8. Suman has a multipage project report in which she needs to replace the words “the” with “The”. But she does
not want that the string “the” anywhere in “these” should change. What should she do to do this?
Edit menu > Find and Replace option > In the dialog box, check Whole words only checkbox > Replace All button.
9. What is the significance of spell check and thesaurus features?
Spell check feature helps in finding and correcting spelling errors while thesaurus feature helps in finding out the
synonyms and antonyms of the selected words to replace them with suitable one.
10. How will you set the page margins, size, orientation and border of a page?
Format menu > Page Style option > In Page Style dialog box, go to Page tab and set the page margins, size and
orientation of the page. In Borders tab, apply the settings for the page border.
11. How is justified text different from center aligned text?
Justified text spreads evenly along the left and right margins of the page over the full width of the page. Center aligned
text is placed at and is spread out from the exact center of the left and right margin.
12. Veena is drafting computer lab rules. She can make the bullet list or numbered list but which should be more
suitable? Justify your answer.
Since, lab rules are not sequential steps to be followed, a bullet list is suitable enough.
13. Anu is writing the steps to assemble a computer. She can make the bullet list or numbered list but which
should be more suitable? Justify your answer.
The steps to assemble a computer need to be followed in a proper sequence hence a numbered list shall be most
suitable.
14. Name any 4 types of document styles.
Paragraph, Character, Frame, Page.
15. Why do we need to divide a document into sections?
It is easier to manage a larger document by dividing it into various sections. For example, a book can be divided into
sections of each chapter. This way each section can be edited as separate unit and can have its own header footers
and page numbers etc.
16. Briefly explain various text cases in a word processor.
Uppercase – All the letters are in capital case. E.g. HELLO.
Lowercase - All the letters are in capital case. E.g. hello.
Toggle Case – On changing the case, capital letters turn into lowercase and vice versa. E.g. hELlo > HelLO.
Sentence Case – First letter of the first word is in uppercase only. E.g. He is eating food.
Capitalize Each Word – First letter of each word is in uppercase. E.g. He Is Eating Food.
Cycle Case – On clicking on this option repeatedly, the cases change consecutively.
35
17. What is the significance of headers and footers?
Headers and footers are used to keep the content which needs to be displayed on each page of a document such as page
numbers, titles, company logo, repeated headings etc. We an decide for a different content in header/footers on
alternate pages. We can also set different content for the header/footer of first page since usually, first page is cover
page of the document.
18. Ravi has a 100 pages document. He needs to print the pages from 5 to 10, page number 55, 81 and pages from
90 to 96 in landscape orientation. Help him in doing this.
Ravi will go to File menu > Print option. In the Print dialog box, he will select Pages option button and mention 5-10, 55,
81, 90-96 in the text box. Then, he will choose Landscape orientation in Orientation drop-down. Finally, he will click on
Print button.
19. What do you mean by mail merge? What is the role of a data source in mail merge?
Mail merge feature allows to generate copies of documents such as letters or invitations for each of the recipients with
same content and varying details like recipient’s name, address etc. Data source is the document that stores all the
varying details (data) that need to be merged with the main document. When these details are merged with the main
document, the copies merged documents are created.
20. What is the advantage of mail merge?
Mail merge feature allows to generate copies of documents such as letters or invitations for each of the recipients with
same content and varying details like recipient’s name, address etc. This way, copies of main document are generated
for each recipient automatically. This faster way saves a lot of time and effort.

C. Answer the following questions. – 3 Marks each.

1. List any 5 features of a word processor.
1. Format and edit document by applying various styles and formatting options.
2. Headers and Footers to keep repeating information such as page numbers, titles, logos on each page.
3. Printing the document with various settings and orientations.
4. Inserting shapes and images to enhance the documents.
5. Mail merge feature to generate multiple common documents for various recipients.
2. Discuss full screen and zoom view of a document.
In Full screen view (View menu > Full screen), document covers the whole computer screen and other interface
components are hidden. It is useful in reviewing the content of the document. View menu and Status bar also provide
various zoom options to view the document in various enlargements. It is also comfortable for people with lower eye
sight.
3. What is the significance of Undo feature?
While drafting and designing a document we tend to perform any undesired action on the document. Such unwanted
actions can be rolled back or cancelled by using Undo feature. Pressing Ctrl + Z undoes the last action performed. This
feature sabes time from doing frequent corrections due to applying undesired action on the document. Undo feature
has multiple levels of undoing that means every time you Undo, the consecutive previous actions will be cancelled.
4. What is the advantage of headers and footers? How will you set a different header for the first page?
In a multi-page document, there is some information which formally needs to be displayed on every page such as report
titles, chapter headings, page numbers, logo image, section headings. These details can be displayed in the header or
footer region of the document. When such details are kept in the header or footer section a document then they appear
automatically on each page of the document. To set different header for the first page – at the partition of a page, in
header drop-down, select Format Header option or Format menu > Page Style > Header. In Page Style dialog box, go to
Header tab and unselect ‘Same content on first page’ checkbox.
5. What do you mean by indent and spacing in a document?
Line spacing is the distance between the two adjacent lines. Paragraph spacing is the distance between the two
consecutive paragraphs. Indentation means shifting the text slightly towards right side. These settings can be done in
‘Indent & Spacing’ tab in Paragraph dialog box under Format menu > Paragraph option.
6. Discuss different tabs in a word processor.
When we press Tab key on the keyboard, the text shifts by a few spaces by default. This can be changed by setting tab
stop positions by going to Format menu > Paragraph option > Paragraph dialog box > Tabs tab. We can select various
tabs such as Left, Right, Centered, and tabs for Decimal places. For each tab we can set the Position in Cms. Tab stops
can also be set by clicking at desired points over the Ruler at the top of the page.
7. What is the use of document styles? List various document styles.
Document styles are predefined formatting of the content which can be applied on the new text. Users can also define
their own styles from the text formatted by them. Having styles is very useful for larger documents which have various
sections with different standard formatting. Styles provide a consistent look to the document and make it look more
professional. Various types of styles are Paragraph, Character, Frame, Page, List and Table styles.

36
8. Give two examples of multi-column documents. Ravi wants to create a two-page document but he needs second
page with two columns while first page with only single column. How will he do this?
A variety of documents such as magazines, journals, newspapers and articles have text laid out across multiple columns
on the page. For the document with 2 pages and different number of columns, Ravi can divide the document into
different sections. Then, the page in first section can be kept single columns and second page (in second section) can be
divided into 2 columns (Format menu > Columns option > Columns dialog box).
9. Discuss the different ways in which text can be wrapped around an image or a shape.
Text can be wrapped around an image or a shape in various ways such as simply around it (parallel), if there is less than
2 cm spacing between the text and the image then text is not placed beside the image (optimal), the text can be placed
before or after the image and behind the images also.
10. Explain the terms - Main document, data source, merged fields, merged document.
Main document contains the main text or content of the letter which should go in all the copies of mail, data source
contains the details or data which should be merged with main document through merged fields inserted in required
places. Usually, number of records merges equals number of copies of the letter created later. Merged documents are
the copies of the main document with variable information coming from data source such as name, address, city etc.

D. Answer the following questions. – 5 Marks each.

1. What is a word processor? Briefly discuss any 4 features of a word processor.
An application software that allows us to create various documents is called a word processor. Using it we can create a
variety of documents such as letters, reports, resumes, invitations, visiting cards, tabular reports etc. We can edit and
format the document in various ways and enhance with images, shapes and styles. Some features of a word processor
are:
1. Mail merge: This feature allows to generate multiple documents automatically for multiple recipients faster and easy.
2. Styles and templates: Various document styles can be used to apply consistent formatting on the document.
Templates are predesigned documents which can be modified as per our requirements.
3. Spell check and Thesaurus: Document can be reviewed to find and correct spellings as well as in-built dictionary
provides synonyms and antonyms in the form a thesaurus.
4. Add useful repeating information on headers. We can also place page numbers in headers or footers.
2. Explain the use of spell check and Thesaurus.
Spelling mistakes are natural while drafting a document. A red wavy line appears below the misspelt word. User can
right click on such word and select the suitable correct spellings suggested in the context menu that appears.
Alternatively, we can select Spelling option in Tools menu. The Spelling dialog box, displays the next misspelt word and
suggests correct spellings. User has the choice to ignore or apply correct spellings. User can insert a newly found word
into the program dictionary. The Tools > Thesaurus option allows applying various synonyms of the words.
3. Briefly discuss major page styling options of a word processor.
Page styling is related to the page not the text. Format menu > Page Style option opens the Page Style dialog box in
which we can apply various page styling options. In Page tab, the page size, orientation margins and page number styles
can be set. Area tab allows to apply various color, gradient, patterns etc. on the page in different styles. Transparency
tab sets the page transparency. Header tab and Footer tab provide headers and footers settings like different footers on
first page etc., height, margins etc. Borders tab allows applying page border styles, colours, width etc., Columns tab
allows setting multiple column settings. Footnote tab allows setting footnote options like colour, thickness etc.
4. Write a note on how will you use various styling options of a word processor.
A library of pre-defined styles is available in Writer. For various components of the document, there are different style
types such as Paragraph style, Character, Frame, Page, List and Table styles. Various style options can be used as follows:
New Style from Selection: This option in Formatting toolbar allows the user to create new style from their own pre-
formatted text and save that style with a unique name.
Update Selected Style: This option in Formatting toolbar allows you to modify an existing style. Modification can be
saved and used later.
Loading Predesigned Styles: In Styles menu, select Load Styles option to bring up Load Styles dialog box in which various
style templates are available under various categories to choose from.
5. How will you apply basic formatting on a shape (line and fill)?
Shapes can be inserted by selecting various shapes arranges in categories in Insert > Shape menu or in Drawing toolbar.
After inserting a shape, we can select it for formatting. In the Sidebar, various properties of the selected shape are
displayed in the Properties panel. In this panel, Line section, select various line styles, line width, colours and
transparency options for the selected shape. Under Area section, various Fill colours and patterns can be chosen to fill
along with transparency setting.
6. What do you mean by rotating, cropping and resizing an image?
Rotating an image means turning around the image by some degree on the axis of the image. This is done by selecting
the image and clicking Rotate button on the Drawing Object Toolbar, grabbing the tiny handles on the selection corners
of the image by the help of mouse and rotating while mouse left is clicked.

37
 Cropping means, removing the unwanted area of an image starting from its outer edges. This is done by selecting the
image and clicking Crop Image button on the Drawing Object Toolbar. 8 handles appear around it which can be grabbed
with left mouse button and dragged inwards to crop the image.
A selected image can simply be resized into larger or smaller size by grabbing its selection handles with mouse and
dragging.
7. Discuss various text wrapping options of a word processor.
Various text wrapping options for image and shapes are:
1. None: no text wrapping and text remain above and below the object.
2. Parallel: The text flows around the object.
3. Optimal: Prevents text wrapping if spacing between the text and image is less than 2 cms.
4. Before: The text appears to the left side of the image or object.
5. After: The text appears to the right side of the image or object.
6. Through: The object flows over the text.
8. Briefly discuss printing features of a word processor.
Printing features involves 2 aspects – i. Printer setup and ii. Printing
In Printer Setup, we do the settings of Printer properties such as which is the default printer if there are multiple
printers installed. The other default settings of a printer can be done based on your frequent requirements like page
size, type of paper, print quality, colour modes (black and white or coloured), which sides of pages to print, which part
of content to print etc.
In printing, we can preview before actually printing the document to ensure that page is ready as we need. In print
preview, we can setup following properties:
Printer: Select the target printer in case multiple printers are installed.
Range and copies: Specify which pages to print like All pages, selective pages such as 1-5 means print pages 1 to 5 and
number of copies to print.
Page Layout: Specify paper size, orientation (portrait/landscape) etc.
9. Taking a small example, explain the standard process of mail merge briefly.
A book store needs to send new year greetings letters to all its customers in various cities. They have the address
details of all the customer. They can use mail merge feature to do this.
Prepare main document: First of all, the main greeting letter is drafted with common content. The blank spaces will be left
in it to insert the name and address of the customers.
Prepare data source: The names, address, city, pin and contact number of the customers will be arranged in a table in
separate document and saved by the name Customer.odt.
Setup Data Source: Go to File menu > Wizard > Address Data Source option
In the wizard, select “Other external data source” > Click Next > Settings button > Select Database Type as Writer
Document > Click Next > Browse and locate Customer.odt > click Next > Give name of data source as customer > Click
Finish.
Apply mail merge: Go to View menu > Toolbars > Mail Merge option. This will open Mail Merge toolbar.
Go to View menu > Data Sources option > In data explorer, open the table under your data source name and drag drop
fields into your main document where you need them.
In Mail Merge toolbar, click Next Mail Merge Entry button to see the first letter. Save your merged document or print it.

38
 Unit 4: Electronic Spreadsheet
All Exercises are practical oriented.
Assessment
A. Select the correct option. – 1 Marks each.
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. B 14. B
15. D 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. C 21. D 22. D

B. Answer the following questions. – 2 marks each.

1. List any 2 major features of a spreadsheet program.
• Maintaining and keeping track of financial and mathematical figures and records over the time.
• Analysis of data through various tools like graphs, pivot tables and goal seeking methods.
2. List 4 examples of popular spreadsheet program.
OpenOffice Calc, MS Excel, Google Sheets, Apple Numbers
3. What do you mean by a cell, active cell and cell range?
Cross-section of a column and row is called cell. It has unique address such as B5, H10 etc. Active cell is the cell that has
cursor resting on it currently, its address is visible in the address bar. Selection or mention of consecutive cell is called cell
range like A1:B5 is a cell range.
4. How are data and labels different from each other? Give example.
Values that represent the details about an entity are called data. Calculations are cone on data. Labels identify data in the
form of either column heading or row heading. E.g. Age is label and 28 is data.
5. How are cell address and cell reference related to each other?
Cross-section of a column and row is called cell. It has unique address such as B5, H10 etc. While using a formula or
function we refer to the cell by its address to access the value stored in it. This process is called cell referencing.
6. How will you give a name to a cell range?
Select the desired cell range > Data menu > Define Range option > In Define Database Range, specify a relevan name and
click on Add button then OK the dialog box.
7. Describe a few properties you can change in font while formatting a cell.
Font – applies various font faces from the font dropdown.
Font size – defines the size of the text in points.
Colour – allows to select the desired colour for the text.
8. Name any 4 operators that are used for arithmetic calculations in Excel.
Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiply (*), Divide (/), Percentage (%)
9. How will you calculate the average of values stored in 20 non-adjacent cells?
Go to a cell and type =average(. Then, select the cells one by one with mouse while pressing Ctrl key and then type ) and
press Enter key.
10. Give any 2 major differences between a formula and a function?
i. A formula is defined by the user according to his/her requirement while function has a particular syntax.
ii. Formula is an expression composed of cell addresses, values and arithmetic operators while function usually needs
arguments to process.
11. How will you change the width of multiple adjacent columns at once?
Click in the column head and drag to select the adjacent columns then grab the partition between the two adjacent
columns with mouse and drag mouse to resize. Leave the left click, all the columns will gain same width at once.
12. What is the advantage of fill handle?
Fill handle (black dot at bottom-right corner of the cell cursor) helps in filling the series of numbers, months, month
names etc. by filling initial values and dragging with mouse.
39
13. What is the significance of Increment value in filling a series?
Increment value determines by how much the next value should be generated. For example, if values are 1, 5 then
increment value 5 is subtracting 1 from itself to get 4 which is added to 5 to generate next value i.e. 9 and so on.
14. What do you mean by cell referencing? List its types.
While using a formula or a function we refer to the cell by its address to access the value stored in it. This process is called
cell referencing. There are 3 types of cell referencing are – relative (by default, in which cell address changes
automatically if formula is copied to other cells), absolute (cell address remains fixed if formula is copied to other cells)
and mixed (either row number or column remains fixed, not both).
15. What is the role of $ sign in cell referencing?
In default relative referencing, the cell address in a formula or a function changes if the formula or function are copied to
other cells. To stop this default action and keep the cell references fixed we use $ sign. If $ is put before column and row
number both then entire cell address gets fixed (absolute), if $ is put before any of these then it is mixed referencing.
16. How is absolute referencing different from mixed referencing?
Refer to question 15.
17. List any 4 common chart types and their use.
Bar or column chart – to compare values
Pie chart – to analyse distribution or percentage breakup.
Line chart – continuous data over a period of time.
Area chart – to see the magnitude of change over a time period.
18. What is the significance of charts?
Looking at a data set and analysing the figures is difficult as compare to presenting the same data in the graphical form of
a chart. Chart is the visualisation of the data and helps in easy and quick analysis.

C. Answer the following questions – 3 marks each.

1. List any 5 features of a spreadsheet program.
i. Performing arithmetic calculations such as financial figures, numbers and numerical values.
ii. Visualising and analysing the data using charts.
iii. Automatic calculations using formulas and functions.
iv. Data checks through data validations and formatting data based on conditions called conditional formatting.
v. Managing data using sorting, filtering and macros.
2. Briefly describe the structure of a spreadsheet.
A spreadsheet is a set of vertical columns and horizontal rows. Columns are identified by alphabet and their combinations
such as first columns is denoted by A while 27th column is AA. Rows are simply numbered as 1, 2,3 and so on. Cross-section
of a column and row is called cell. It has unique address such as B5, H10 etc. Active cell shows the rectangular cursor resting
on it. At the top there is formula and address bar to edit the formula and function. Each sheet in the spreadsheet program
has a name at the bottom which can be changed. A set of worksheets is called workbook which is saved by a file name.
3. Explain the terms cell range, cell reference and cell address.
When we need to refer to a set of multiple adjacent cells at once then we use cell range. Selection of adjacent cells represent
a cell range. In formula and function we refer to the range as starting cell: ending cell of the range. E.g. A1:C5 has 15 cells in
range. While using a formula or a function we refer to the cell by its address to access the value stored in it. This process is
called cell referencing. Cross-section of a column and row is called cell. It has unique address such as B5, H10 etc.
4. What are the different types of data can be stored in a worksheet?
We can store data values in different formats like numbers with decimal places or currency symbols and dates in different
formats. The usual text used to describe the data as column heading or row heading is called label. For example, column
heading of the cells containing marks of the students can be Marks and that of holding student names can be Names. We can
also store functions and formulas in the cells for automatic calculations.
5. How is a function different from a formula?
Functions and formula both are used for automatic calculations. Functions are used on bulk or aggregate values. Formulas
may contain functions in the m for calculations. A function is different from formula in following ways:

40
 i. Function has a unique name while formula is an expression composed of values and operators.
ii. Functions are built-in and available in entire application software while formulas are user defined as per the
requirements.
iii. Functions take values to be processed as arguments.
6. What is a function? Explain the use of any 2 common functions.
A function is a pre-defined executable unit that performs a specific task, for example, calculating sum or average etc.
Depending on the task, function has a unique relevant name such as SUM(), AVERAGE() etc. Most of the functions have a set
of parentheses in which they take the cell addresses and ranges or values for processing. Two common functions are:
i. SUM(cell addresses or cell range): It returns the sum total of the values passed to it in the form of comma separated list
or a cell range. E.g. SUM(A1:A5) will return total of all the values in cells A1 to A5.
ii. COUNT(cell addresses or cell range): It returns the sum total of the number and date values passed to it in the form of
comma separated list or a cell range. E.g. COUNT(A1:A5) will return the count of all the values in cells A1 to A5.
7. Briefly explain the use of auto fill feature.
To create a sequence of values across the cells is called autofill feature. Electronic spreadsheets allow to create series of
numbers or dates, month names and week names just by filling initial values and dragging the fill handle (tiny square at the
bottom right corner of the rectangular cursor of the active cell) with mouse. Numbers need two initial values to enter and
then dragging them generates rest of the values. E.g. dragging 1 and 3 will give 5, 7, 9 and so on in next cell.
8. Rajeev has a discount value in one cell. He needs to deduct this same value from the prices of 20 items using a
formula. Which referencing is best suited for this and why?
Since discount value is in one cell which has to be referred to with all 20 items while calculating the discount so the cell
address of discount value needs to remain fixed. For this purpose, absolute referencing of discount value should be done. If
the discount value is in cell A1 and price of the first item is in cell B1 then formula for discount of first item can go in cell C1
as B1 - $A$1. When we drag down this formula for other items then the cell reference A1 will remain unchanged.
9. Discuss mixed referencing in brief.
In certain cases, we need to just fix either row or column of the referred cells in a formula. Then such referencing is called
mixed referencing.

Here, note in the formula, only row number of item price (C$2) and column of discount value ($B3) are fixed.

10. How are charts useful in comparison to plain data set?

Looking at a data set and analysing the figures is difficult as compare to presenting the same data in the graphical form of a
chart. Chart is the visualisation of the data and helps in easy and quick analysis. When we observe only a set of values in
plain tabular format in a dataset of a variety of values then visually it is very challenging to derive conclusions. But, if the
dataset is converted into a visual, colourful chart or graph then it is easier to compare and analyse the scenario. Hence,
charts are a good tool to analyse data.

D. Answer the following questions – 5 marks each.

1. What is a spreadsheet? Briefly discuss any 4 major features of a spreadsheet program.
Spreadsheet is a tool to perform arithmetic calculations. Popularly known as electronic spreadsheets, they allow us to
perform automatic calculations with the help of formulas and functions. They are fast, flexible and easy to maintain. 4 Major
features of a spreadsheet program are:
1. Automatic calculations: We can use quick and easy calculations using built-in functions and by defining our own formulas
depending on the requirements.
2. Charts: We can present data visualisation using variety of charts and graphs for easy and efficient analysis.
3. Data analysis: Electronic spreadsheets provide several tools such as Pivot table, goal seek etc. for analysis and business
planning.
5. Data management: There are several tools available for managing data in different ways, such as sorting data, conditional
formatting, data validation etc.
41
2. Write a note on Auto fill feature by giving at least 3 distinct examples.
Sometimes you need to enter a series of data (numbers, days, dates, etc.) then instead of typing every entry manually,
FillCells feature can be used. Some of the frequently used popular series are numbers, weekdays, dates and months. A simple
use is to fill serial numbers. This can be done using the fill handle. Simply type the first value in the desired cell then grab
the lower right corner of the cell with left mouse click and drag down as long as you need the numbers to fill across rows.
There are various fill options available in Sheet menu > Fill Cells to fill series across rows and columns in either directions
(up/down and left/right). After selecting the desired blank cells, you can use Fill Series option to fill values with various
increments. Mention the Start value, End Value and Increment.
AutoFill option in the Fill Series dialog box helps in filling a continuous series from Starting value. Here, various series of
numbers, weekdays, Months and dates are shown.

3. Giving an example, explain the difference between absolute and mixed referencing.
In absolute cell reference if formula is moved or copied to another cell, the cell
addresses in the formula will not change. As shown here, the formula is =A3-
((A3*$B$1)/100). On copying this formula down to other rows, the cell reference
B1 remains fixed.
In mixed cell referencing either row or columns is fixed using $ sign, not both. Let’s
modify the same example with multiple discounts across columns B to F.
Notice the formula in cell C6 i.e., =$A6-(($A6*C$2)/100). Here, columns A and row
2 are fixed. Rest of the columns and row references will change when formula will
be copied to other cells. For instance, in cell E8, the formula will be =$A8-
(($A8*E$2)/100).

4. Why do we have absolute and mixed referencing when relative referencing works well and is so useful?
Refer to question 3.

5. How will you perform following calculations on all the values shown here?

i. Count
ii. Average
iii. Maximum
i. Count(a1, b3,c2,d1) OR a clever trick is to take whole range count(a1:d3) to cover all values
ii. Average(a1, b3,c2,d1) OR a clever trick is to take whole range average(a1:d3) to cover all values
iii. Max(a1, b3,c2,d1) OR a clever trick is to take whole range max(a1:d3) to cover all values
6. Consider the following worksheet. The discount percentages are given in row 1 and amount is given in column A.
In cell B2, calculate the amount payable after 5% discount on amount in cell A2. The formula should be copied to
other cells later. The formula is: amount – ((discount percentage * amount)/100).

42
 =$A2-(($A2*B$1)/100)
7. Consider the following worksheet. Cell A6 stores the sum of range A1:A5. In cell B1, calculate the difference
between the value in cell A1 and the sum in cell A6. The formula in cell B1 should be copied down to other cells in
column B. Then, in cell C1, calculate the square of the value in cell B1. The formula in cell C1 should be copied down
to other cells in column C.

In cell B1: =A1 - $A$6

In cell C1: =B1 * B1
8. Briefly discuss various cell number and date formats in a spreadsheet.
Number formats: Number format has two placeholders - # and 0. Both signify single digit but # is used for fixed number of
digits. If 0 is used in formatting then any blank spaces in the values are filled by extra zeroes.
For example, ##.# means two digit number with a single digit in decimal place. So, number 35.68 will be formatted as 35.6.
In the format ##.00#, a number 79.3488 will be formatted as 79.348. You can define your own format in User-defined
section under Category list in the Format Cells dialog box.
For example, 0000000000.## means 10 digits before decimal places and two after decimal but for any value that has digits
less than 10, zeroes will be displayed. Some other examples are:
####.# will display 3456.78 as 3456.8
#.000 will display 9.9 as 9.900
#.0# will display 13 as 13.0 and 1234.567 as 1234.57
Date format: Dates can be written in a variety of formats such as 10-Jan-2022, 10/01/2022, Jan-10-2022, 01/10/2022 etc.
Click on Date category in the Format Cells dialog box select the desired format.
9. What is the significance of a chart? Briefly describe the use of any 3 distinct types of charts.
A chart is a visual representation of the data i.e. it allows us to illustrate the data graphically. Data displayed in the form of
chart is easier to visualise and analyse. We can see how data values relate to each other. Thus, charts are useful in business
forecasts, predictions, assessing the trends, making decisions and summarising the values graphically.
Column Chart: This chart displays the data in the form of vertical columns. It typically displays categories along the
horizontal axis and values along the vertical axis. It allows to compare a single category of data between two or more items.
Line Chart: In this type of chart, data is plotted in a form of line with connecting dots. It displays categories along the
horizontal axis and values along the vertical axis. It shows continuous data/data trends over a period of time.
Pie Chart: In this type of chart, data is displayed in the form of circles that shows the size of items in one data series,
proportional to the sum of the items.
10. How is a pie chart different from a column chart?
A pie chart shows the distribution in proportion of other values in the form of percentage or values or both. The purpose of
pies chart is to analyse the distribution of values for example, what is the percentage contribution of each salesman in the
total sale or what is the percentage contribution of marks by each student in overall result.
A column chart, on the other hand, is useful in analysing the comparative performance of the items. At one glance we can
figure out the higher and lower values in comparison to others. For example, comparative performance of students in a test
or performance of players scored run in a match.
Note: Hand diagrams of example charts can also be drawn with the answer.

43
44