Information Technology

Code 402
CLASS: X
LibreOffice Part A

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 Answer Key-Part A
Unit 1: Communication Skills-II

Chapter 1: Methods of Communication

A. Select the correct option.

1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. b
6. d 7. b
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Interpersonal 2. Visual 3. Small Group
4. Posture 5. Verbal 6. Pitch

Chapter 2: Communication Cycle

A. Select the correct option.

1. b 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. b
6. c 7. c
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Communication 2. Desired goal 3. Non-specific
4. Encoding 5. Specific
C. Write T for True and F for False.
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
D. Answer the following questions.
1. Communication cycle is a process where a sender conveys his messages to the
receiver and the receiver acknowledges the messages and send back the
response to it. A communication cycle includes resources such as email threats,
social media outlets, VoIP message outlet etc.
2. Feedback can be positive or negative. Positive feedback indicates that the sender can
continue his communication in the same manner as before. Negative feedback, on
the other hand, suggests a need for change in the mode of communication. If no
feedback is given, it indicates disagreement of ideas.
3. Feedback is important in the following ways:
• Basis of problem-solving: When the receiver gets a message, it is up to him to
agree with the sender or not. If the receiver disagrees with the sender, it can cause
a problem. In this case, the feedback can help the sender justify the response of
the receiver.
• Promotes effective listening: Feedback results in effective listening. When
feedback is given, the sender becomes cautious of the message sent by him.
• Provides motivation: Students need motivation to study and perform the given
task well. Right feedback given at the right time can do wonders
• Improves performance: Good performance is what everybody strives for. It can
take you to new heights. for them.

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 4. The following points should be taken into consideration to make descriptive
feedback effective as:
• Goal-oriented: Feedback should be given keeping the aim of learning in mind as
students work towards achieving the learning objective.
• Actionable: Students should apply their knowledge in order to avoid losing
interest in learning.
• User-friendly: The feedback should be given in an easy way to
understand the language, otherwise, the feedback provided will become
worthless.
• Timely: The students should receive the feedback on time, i.e., when it is still
possible for them to put it to use.
• Continuous: Feedback should be given continuously, along with instructions.
• Consistent: The students should be given consistent feedback.
5. The communication cycle is a process of sharing information between a sender and a
receiver. It includes elements like sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback,
encoding, and decoding. For example, a teacher explains the rules of sitting in the
library to students. The students listen carefully and follow the rules. As a result, the
class gets rewarded for being the most disciplined. Here, the teacher (sender)
delivers the message, students (receivers) respond by following the rules, and their
actions serve as feedback, completing the communication cycle.

Chapter 3: Communication Barriers

A. Select the correct option.

1. b 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. a
6. c
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Obstacle 2. Complicated 3. Listening
4. Barriers 5. Feedback
C. Answer the following questions.
1. Two factors which are responsible for causing interpersonal barriers
during communication are:
• Cultural differences due to varying social interactions in different cultures.
• Poor listeners do not attend carefully to all the information being given by the
speaker, i.e., both verbal and non-verbal signals, including intonation and body
language.
2. It is important to overcome communication barriers because they can hinder our
ability to communicate. Also, barriers can hamper productive and effective
communication which can lead to poor relationships, loss of trust,
misunderstanding, waste of time and energy with other such undesirable
outcomes.
3. Care that should be taken while giving the feedback:
• Keep it simple and appropriate to serve the purpose of communication.
• Use the correct language so that the receiver interprets it correctly.
• Avoid lengthy and complicated messages.

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 Chapter 4: Effective Communication

A. Select the correct option.

1. a 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. a
6. d
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Point of view 2. Content 3. Non-verbal
4. Connected 5. Negative
C. Answer the following questions.
1. Key factors for effective communication are:
• Content: It refers to the language that has been used in the message
and interpreting the meaning of words differently. Some words have
different meanings depending on the context, which may confuse at
times. To make communication effective, construct proper sentences
and use the rightwords.
• Process: It refers to the way the message is delivered-the non-verbal
elements in the speech like the tone of voice, gestures, body language
and the state of mind can be identified during communication. Effective
communication happens only when the verbal message is consistent
with the tone and body language.
• Context: It refers to the situation or environment in which the message
is delivered, including the physical environment, cultural factors, and
developmental factors.
2. The content of a message is important because the transmitted content will be
received and understood by the receiver in a manner that was intended by the
sender. It also means that you want to say, what you say, and what the receiver
interprets, is consistent.
3. The 7 C's of effective communication are known as the seven principles of
communication which help us to focus our thoughts and ideas for effective
communication. The 7 C’s include the following:
• Clear: Constructing the message with clarity so that the message can be
conveyed effectively if the sender has clarity in his thoughts.
• Concise: To explain things in a brief yet comprehensive manner and adding
unnecessary details make our communication ineffective.
• Concrete: To make the communication believable and credible, in order to
create trust between the communicators.
• Correct: Accuracy is an important element of communication in order to
avoid miscommunication and mistrust, and creates a positive image in the
mind of the receiver.
• Coherent: A coherent message is logical and makes sense to the receiver.
Coherence deals with the fluency of communication. Without coherence, the
receiver of the message will lose track of what you want to convey.

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 •
Complete: A complete message will have all the information the receiver
needs to know. To ensure that a message is complete, it is essential to think
of the questions the receiver might have when he receives the message.
• Courteous: The message should convey respect for the receiver so that the
feelings and views of the receiver along with his knowledge, experience, and
age, must be considered. It shows respect for the receiver.
4. The main principles of effective communication are as follows:
• Simple language: The language and words used in communication should be
simple and understandable by both the sender and the receiver.
• Definite: The communication should be definite, i.e., its aim should be clear in the
mind of the sender.
• Complete and concise: The information provided in the communication should be
complete and to the point.
• Appropriate medium: A proper medium of communication should be used, taking
several factors into account such as timing, the distance between the sender and
the receiver, and the nature of the interaction.
• Authentic: Information given should be factual, i.e., it should not be misleading or
false.
• Courteous: The sender should be polite and courteous while communicating.
5. The benefits of effective communication are:
• Effective communication allows the people involved to build trust and remove any
negative emotions. This results in a desire to work towards a common goal.
• Effective communication skills increase our self-respect because we can deliver
our message confidently and receive the outcome we have hoped for.
• Effective communication reduces misunderstandings and prevents us from
overlooking important information.
• Effective communication creates a comfortable environment where people of the
same or different genders, religions, and cultural backgrounds who behave and
think differently can share their thoughts, feelings, and ideas

Chapter 5: Basic Writing Skills

A. Select the correct option.

1. b 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. a
6. c 7. c 8. c
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Sentence 2. Predicate 3. Proofreading
4. Indefinite 5. Definite
C. Answer the following questions.
1. A phrase is a group of words that form a unit within a sentence but is incomplete
independently. A phrase lacks both the subject and the object. Following are the
different types of phrases:
• A noun phrase acts as a noun in a sentence. Example: We all love eating
ice cream.
• A verb phrase is a group of main verbs and helping verbs within a sentence.
Example: This jewelry may be worth millions of rupees!

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 •An adjective phrase is built around an adjective and consists of adjectives
and/or articles. Example: Radhika walked on the stage very gracefully.
• An adverbial phrase is built around an adverb by adding words before or are
it. Example: We strolled through the gardens very slowly.
• A prepositional phrase always begins with a preposition and is followed by a
noun. Example: All rooms below the deck are for sleeping.
2. ‘The’ is the definite article. It can be used with both countable nouns (singular
as well as plural) and uncountable nouns.
• The usage depends on the sound at the beginning of the next word. Use
‘a’ when the next word starts with a consonant sound.
• Its main use is to specify a person, place, or thing.
• It is used when the noun that follows is already known.
3. Difference in the usage of ‘a’ and ‘an’

Usage of ‘a’ Usage of ‘an’

1. Before a singular countable noun when 1. ‘an’ performs a similar function as ‘a’.
it is mentioned for the first me Example: It is used before singular countable
This is a river. nouns which begin with a vowel sound
(a, e, i, o, u).
Examples: He has an axe.
2. The following words begin with vowel 2. The following words begin with
leers but have consonant sounds. consonant leers but have vowel sounds.
Therefore, they have the article ‘a’ before Therefore, they have the article ‘an’
before
them. Examples: an honour; an honest

them. Examples: a union (The U at the man; (The H at the beginning of honour
beginning of union sounds like You.) and honest is silent.)

4. Exclamatory Sentences:
• What a beautiful sunset this is!
• Oh no, I forgot my keys!
Declarative Sentences:
• The Earth revolves around the Sun.
• I enjoy reading books during my free time.
Interrogative Sentences:
• Where are you going tomorrow?
• Did you complete your homework?
Imperative Sentences:
• Please close the door quietly.
• Finish your project before the deadline.

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 Brain Developer

Section 2
A. Answer the following questions.
1. Public communication takes place between two people. For example, two friends
talking face-to-face or two business colleagues using a telephone or an email.
2. Following are three basic methods used in the process of communication:
1. Verbal
2. Non-verbal
3. Visual
3. Verbal communication is the most popular means of sharing information. People
use word to exchange their thoughts, feelings, or ideas with others. Language is
the most important tool for verbal communication.
4. Encoding refers to how the sender wishes to communicate the message, i.e.,
using spoken or written language, signs, or body language.
5. Verb is a word that shows an action or a state of being. It shows what someone
is doing, did, or will do. Adverb is a word that modifies or describe a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb, expressing manner, place, time or degree.
6. An article is a word that is used to modify a noun. ‘A’, ‘An’, and ‘The’ are known
as the articles.
7. A sender is the person who expresses his opinion, idea, or message and sends it
to the receiver. A receiver is the person for whom the message is intended.
8. Simple language should be used to make the communication understandable by
both sender and receiver.
9. Feedback plays a vital role in learning where learning is an ongoing process.
• Proper feedback prevents from getting distracted and helps in remaining
aligned to the goal.
• It helps to focus on the improvement areas and learn continuously which
opens a new world of opportunities.
10. Difference between specific and non-specific feedback:
Specific feedback Non-specific feedback
• Specific feedback provides detailed • Non-specific feedback gives a
information about something vague response to the
particular. receiver.

• It is beneficial as it gives the receiver • It may not be of much help as

something substantial to think about it does not guide the receiver
and work on areas which need properly to achieve the
improvement. desired goals.
• For example -It was impressive that • For example:-”Great job”,
you started with a question to hook here the remark is not specific
the listeners. I like it” and does not indicate what
went right that led to success.

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11. Prejudice can cause miscommunication due to some personal grudges or due to
biases against a particular person leading to false assumptions and causing
miscommunication, for example, if you do not like somebody personally, even if
he is saying something in your favor, you may not believe him. The mistrust that
you have against that person has caused a barrier between the two of you.
12. Various measures can be taken to overcome all the communication barriers
• Use correct language to ensure that the receiver correctly interprets the
meaning of the message being conveyed.
• Be sensitive and empathetic and be confident of having the attention and
interest of the receiver.
• Use proper communication channels to prevent noise and other distractions.
• Be sensitive and empathetic and be confident of having the attention and
interest of the receiver.
13. The information being conveyed through the communication should be clear
because the message is the first step in any communication and it must be as
transparent as possible.
• In order to make it simple, avoid using complex words, sentences, and
confusing language.
• Effective message can be conveyed if the sender has clarity in his thoughts.
• The message should be easily understood by the receiver; this will happen
when the purpose of communication is clear.
• The message should have a single goal and not a mixture of ideas.
14. Three principles of communication are:
• Content: It refers to the language that has been used in the message and
interpreting the meaning of words differently.
• Process: It refers to the way the message is delivered-the non-verbal elements
in the speech like the tone of voice, gestures, body language and the state of
mind can be identified during communication.
• Context: It refers to the situation or environment in which the message is
delivered, including the physical environment, cultural factors, and
developmental factors.
15. Feedback is important in the following ways:
• Basis of problem-solving: When the receiver gets a message, it is up to him to agree
with the sender or not. If the receiver disagrees with the sender, it can cause a
problem. In this case, the feedback can help the sender justify the response of the
receiver.
• Promotes effective listening: Feedback results in effective listening. When feedback
is given, the sender becomes cautious of the message sent by him.
• Provides motivation: Students need motivation to study and perform the given task
well. Right feedback given at the right time can do wonders
• Improves performance: Good performance is what everybody strives for. It can take
you to new heights. for them.

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16. Adjective refers to a word that describes, modifies, or gives more information about
a noun or a pronoun. Examples: cold, happy, young, two, fun.

B. Competency based questions.

1. Some tips to be followed by Aaryan while addressing the audience:
• He should deliver a formal oral communication to the intended audience with
clarity and usage of appropriate words.
• Maintain a rhythm to express one’s attitude and different array of emotions such
as surprise, happiness, curiosity, etc.
• His tone should help in creating an impact on the listeners while reflecting the
attitude and emotions.
• Always speak in a clear, slow and conversational tone in order to be an effective
communicator.
• He can use different non-verbal prompts like body movements, gestures, facial
expressions, symbols, images, signal charts, and so on to express sentiments,
attitudes, or information.
2. If Priya wants to get immediate approval from her father other than phone, she
can use to send a message to her father. Here, the text message can act as a
channel between the sender and the receiver.

Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-II

Chapter 6: Stress Management and its Techniques

A. Select the correct option.

1. b 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. a
6. b 7. c 8. b
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Disease 2. Stressors 3. Stress Management
4. Fight or Flight 5. Cortisol
C. Answer the following questions.
1. Life is a chain of events marked by pain, anxiety, unmet expectations, failures,
fear, and anticipation of loss. The endless greed for materialistic pleasures,
achieving our goals, pressure from society or bitter past experiences create a
chaotic atmosphere in our lives. All this leads to a state of emotional disturbance
widely known as ‘Stress’.
2. Stress can be caused by multiple factors, including:
• Personal issues: Health problems, financial difficulties, relationship challenges, or
major life changes.
• Work-related stress: Deadlines, excessive workload, lack of recognition, or
conflicts with colleagues.
• Academic stress: Exams, assignments, or fear of failure.
• Environmental factors: Noise, pollution, overcrowding, or unsafe surroundings.
• Social pressures: Peer pressure, societal expectations, or lack of support from
family and friends.

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 3. Following are the importance of stress management:
• Stress management allows a person to react positively in stressful situations.
• It provides ways to measure different levels of stress so that the inflicted person
can resort to self-help or seek help from a professional.
• It helps to identify distinct stressors. They can be self-induced or triggered due to
external situations.
4. Following are the different types of stressors:
• Positive stressor
• Dangerous stressor (leads to stressful situations)
• Irrelevant stressor
5. Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage emotions of ourselves and others. It
fuels your performance both in the workplace and personal life.
6. Following are the steps to manage stress:
Be Aware that You are Stressed: To manage stress effectively, first of all, you really
need to know whether you are experiencing stress or not. This awareness helps you
take proactive steps to handle situations. Signs like headache, sleeplessness,
sadness, excessive worrying, nervousness, etc., are some common symptoms of
stress.
Identify What is Causing You Stress: If you find out that you are stressed, then you
must concentrate on finding out the reason for your stress. For example, sometimes
you worry when you do not have enough money to have food, you are not prepared for
the exam, or you have family pressures to choose a particular subject, etc. By
pinpointing the root causes of your stress, you can address them more effectively.
Apply Stress Management Methods: After identifying the cause of your stress, you
can follow various stress management methods. They include physical exercise, yoga,
meditation, vacations with friends and family, nature walks, healthy diet, positivity,
sleep, etc.

Chapter 7: Ability to Work Independently

A. Select the correct option.

1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a
6. b 7. b 8. c
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Internal 2. Seekers 3. Self-regulation
4. Independent 5. External
C. Answer the following questions.
1. Four elements that keep a person motivated are:
• Personal drive to achieve, the desire to improve, or to meet specific standards
• Commitment to personal or organisational goals
• Initiative or readiness to act on opportunities
• Optimism, which is the ability to continue and pursue goals in the face of
failures
2. Advantages of working independently includes:
• Boosts self-confidence: Independent people are likely to be more confident in
handling problems because they can take actions and are prepared to do things
without support or permission from others.

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 • Makes the person self-reliant: An independent person is resourceful and
relies only on himself.
• Makes the person emotionally independent: Independent people
experience challenging life situations without involving other people.
3. Self-regulation is important to become independent as we can say that the
fundamentals of being independent are the ability to work on your own, with minimal
direction, confidence, self-awareness, self-motivation, and self- regulation.
4. Self-regulation is the ability to understand and manage your reaction to things
happening around you.
5. Goal setting is an essential factor in your personal life. With a clear vision and
goals, you can take meaningful steps towards achieving your dreams and
objectives. Goal setting is all about finding and listing your goals and then
planning on how to achieve them.
6. We can manage our time by practicing the four steps of effective time management:
Organise, Prioritise, Control, and Track.
• Organise: Plan and arrange your tasks and activities in a structured manner using
tools like calendars, to-do lists, and planners. Break down bigger tasks into smaller
parts and allocate specific times for each task.
• Prioritise: Determine which tasks are most important and need immediate
attention. Categorise tasks as urgent, important, not urgent, and neither urgent nor
important, and complete high-priority tasks first.
• Control: Manage distractions by setting boundaries, such as turning off
notifications and avoiding non-essential activities. Practice saying no to low-priority
tasks that could divert your attention.
• Track: Monitor your progress to stay accountable and measure productivity.
Evaluate how you spend your time, check if you’re meeting your goals, and adjust
your schedule as needed to improve your time management strategies.

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 Brain Developer

Section 2
A. Answer the following questions.
1. Yoga is practiced for self-development, enlightenment of the soul, and spiritual growth. It
includes physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation that help in relieving
stress and uplifting one’s mood.
2. Some stress management techniques include time management,
physical exercise, yoga, meditation, vacations with family and friends,
healthy diet, and taking nature walks.
3. Stress can be defined as a reaction to any external stimuli that triggers
changes in one's personality.
4. External self-awareness requires understanding how other people perceive us.
It often surfaces in situations when people are the centre of attention.
5. Following are the two types of motivations:
• Internal motivation
• External motivation
6. Interests refers to the things that you like the most and do in your free time, things that
you do on your own, even if no one asks you to do them. Abilities, on the other hand,
refers to the ability to analyse complex situations.
7. Stress management refers to a wide range of techniques that enable a person to cope
with psychological stress effectively. It covers all the tools and mechanisms that alleviate
‘chronic’ stress, and assist in eradicating anxiety and negative thoughts.
8. Stress does not always have a negative impact on us. It can sometimes be
useful and help us to accomplish great things. For instance, some challenges
are difficult to face and cause stress; and yet, they help us to push our limits.
This is known as 'eustress'. Eustress provides us with energy and motivation
to achieve our goals. Example: Suppose a child took a test and performed
well. To achieve this result, he might have planned his schedule, prioritised his
activities, set up a daily routine, etc. The situation was a bit stressful, but the
child managed to reduce the effects of stress by planning well.
9.
External self-awareness Internal self-awareness
This type of self-awareness requires This type of self-awareness represents how
understanding how other people we see our values, passion, aspirations,
perceive us. External self-awareness thoughts, feelings, behaviours, strengths,
often surfaces in situations when people weaknesses, and their impact on others
are the centre of
attention.
For example, while giving a presentation For example, feeling nervous when you
or talking to a group of friends. realise that your teacher has caught you
lying.

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 People who have a high degree of High job and relationship satisfaction,
external self-awareness may be personal and social control, and
categorised as 'pleasers'. They are happiness are some of the positive
aware that their actions and behaviours aspects of internal self-awareness,
are being evaluated, so they often whereas anxiety, stress, and depression
behave in a socially acceptable way. are some of the negative aspects.
External self- awareness can also cause
people to
become distressed, anxious, or worried
about how others perceive them.

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 10. A seeker is someone who always wants to know more, to the point where their mind
becomes restless. If you're a seeker you're not just curious -- you are defined by your
curiosity. They do not know who they are, what they stand for, or how others perceive
them. They feel frustrated with their performance and relationships.
11. It is important to be self-aware because it influences our personal
development. When you are self-aware, you are more confident, innovative,
and empathetic. Your decision-making abilities and communication skills are
also enhanced. Those with enhanced self-awareness can work independently
and become more effective leaders. Thus, self-awareness is an essential
factor in achieving success and becoming independent.
12. Independent people experience challenging life situations without involving
other people. Emotional independence improves their relations with friends
and family and make them stronger.

B. Competency based questions

1. Arnita should possess the following skills in order to help the students become
self-motivated and charge of their learning.
● She should set high but realistic goals
● She should take an appropriate level of risk
● She should look for constant feedback in order to improve
● She should be committed to personal or organizational goals
● She should utilize opportunities
● She should continue to. Pursue goals despite setbacks
2. Rahul must do some of these stress management techniques to relax his mind
during exam time.
● He should do Meditation. It will bring positivity into his life and helps to restore
calm and peace in his life. Regular practice of meditation reduces stress, anxiety,
and depression. It is a natural and inexpensive way that provides immunity to
stress.
● Meditation will help him to change his perspective during difficult situations.
● Meditation will provide him a stronger sense of motivation.
● He should go for nature walk regularly take some time out of his busy schedule
to appreciate nature's beauty. The fluttering of leaves, the sound of waterflowing,
soft breeze, brightly-coloured blossoms—all have a calming effect on his mind.
● Nature walk will him to calm his troubled mind.

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 Unit 3: Information and Communication Technology Skills

Chapter 8: Basic Computer Operations

A. Select the correct option.

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d
6. c 7. d 8. d
B. Answer the following questions.
1. Main advantage of Graphical User interface includes:
• This operating system is graphic based and interactive in nature.
• The commands have been replaced by graphic symbols displayed on
the computer screen called icons.
• The user can perform all operations by clicking on these icons.
• Now, a user does not need to remember the lengthy commands or their
syntax as they had to do in Command-line Interface (CLI) or Character
User Interface (CUI).
2. Operating System acts as an interface between the software and computer hardware. It
is a specialised set of programs that manages the overall functioning of the computer
and its resources. An operating system controls and monitors the execution of other
programs and applications. Some common examples of operating systems: Windows,
Macintosh (Mac), Linux, DOS, and Unix.
3. Multitasking is the ability of a computer to perform more than one task at a single
instant of time. An operating system that is capable of doing multiple tasks or
executing processes while using common processing resources like CPU is called
multitasking operating system.
4. Icons, Start button, and Taskbar are some components of the Windows desktop.
5. Five keys on the keyboard are:
Alphanumeric keys: There are 26 alphabet keys from A to Z.
Punctuation keys or special character keys: All the keys associated with
punctuation, such as comma (,), period (.), semicolon (;), brackets ([ ]), parenthesis ({
}), and so on, are known as punctuation keys or special character keys.
Function keys: These keys are used to perform specific tasks. These keys are placed
on the top row of the keyboard and are labelled from F1 to F12.
Navigation keys: The navigation keys are used to navigate through a document.
Combination keys: These keys are used in combination with other keys to perform an
action.
6. To prevent unauthorised access to your computer, you can use a password while
logging in to your system.

Chapter 9: Managing Files and Folder

A. Select the correct option.
1. b 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. a
6. d
B. Answer the following questions.
1. A file system defines the ways in which files are named and placed logically for storage
and retrieval.
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 2. Files are used to store information whereas folders are used to organise files.
3. Steps for renaming a file or folder:
• Right-click on the file or folder and select the Rename option. Type new name and
press the Enter key.
4. Recycle Bin is a folder that holds all the deleted files/folders that are moved to it, if they
are not permanently deleted. To restore a file or folder to its original location, select it
and click on Restore the selected items in the Restore group on the Recycle Bin Tools
tab.
5. To delete a file from a folder, select the file/ that you want to delete and press
the Delete key, or right-click on the file and select the Delete option from the
shortcut menu.

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 Chapter 10: Care and Maintenance of a Computer

A. Select the correct option.

1. c 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. c
6. a
B. Write T for True and F for False.
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
C. Answer the following questions.
1. A virus can cause problems in a computer in many ways. Some of them are as
follows:
• Unusual behaviour of the computer, such as programs crashing frequently.
• Modified speed or frequent system hangs.
• Appearance of unexpected error messages.
2. Some precautions which should be taken to protect your computer against virus:
• Login through your credentials: Use a password to login to your system as this
acts as a first line of defense against unauthorised access.
• Encrypt data: Encrypting data means protecting sensitive information, such as
personal details, financial information, and confidential documents.
• Security programs: Installing reliable antivirus software is a must. The antivirus
should be regularly updated. It should also be programmed to regularly scan and
quarantine the system.
• Installation of firewalls: Restricting access to unwanted sites through appropriate
settings in the browsers should also be done as a mandatory act.
3. Antivirus software is computer programs, which are designed to identify, prevent,
and remove viruses from a computer. McAfee, Scan AVG, Quick Heal are some
examples of antivirus software.
4. Computer maintenance refers to taking care of the computers and maintaining them
properly on a regular basis.
5. Following are the features of an antivirus software:
• Scan the computer files to look for known viruses, matching definitions from
the virus dictionary
• identify, prevent, and remove viruses from a computer.
• Identify suspicious behaviour from any computer program that might indicate
infection.
 Brain Developer
Section 2
Answer the following questions.
1. Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft. It provides a
Graphical User Interface (GUI) that makes the interaction between the user
and computer easy.
2. Windows taskbar holds icons of commonly used applications, system date
and time, volume, battery, and so on.
3. Following are the different types of operating systems:
• Single User Operating System: It could support only one user to do
one thing at a time.
• Graphical user interface (GUI): This operating system is graphic
based and interactive in nature.
• Multi-user Operating System: Multi-user operating systems allow more
than one user to use the same computer at the same time
• Multitasking Operating Systems: An operating system that is capable
of doing multiple tasks or executing processes while using common
processing resources, like CPU, is called a multitasking operating
system.
• Multithreading operating system: These are operating systems that
allow different parts of an application or program to run simultaneously.
• Real Time Operating (RTO) System: It is designed to handle real-life
scenarios and problems. Such operating systems have the capability to
priorities the processes, minimize execution time, and work
independently.
• Distributed Operating System: Distributed operating system runs on
computers which are located in different geographical areas,
interconnected through a network. It controls these interconnected
systems and makes them appear to be a single computer.
4. Operating system is the first program that gets loaded into a computer
memory. It acts as an interface between hardware and software. It also
manages the overall functioning of a computer and its resources. An
operating system controls and monitors the execution of the other programs
and applications. It performs basic tasks, such as recognising input from the
keyboard, sending output to the monitor, managing files and directories on the
storage devices, and controlling peripheral devices. Some common examples
of operating systems are Windows, Macintosh (Mac), Linux, DOS, and Unix.
5. GUI- This operating system is graphic based and interactive in nature. In it, menus and
icons are available to perform all operations, just by clicking on them. Now, a user does
not need to remember the lengthy commands or their syntax as they had to do in
Command-line Interface (CU) or Character User Interface (CUI).
6. In hierarchal file system, access to the data starts at the top and proceeds
downward throughout the level of hierarchy. The files are organised into
folders and sub-folders in a tree-like structure.
7. Sometimes your computer may be very slow and you might be getting disk
errors. It may happen due to the temporary Internet files that need to be
deleted from your computer regularly. By default, the Temp folder contains
temporary files and folders. To delete temporary files and folder follow these
steps:
• Click on Start > Run and type %temp% in the text box.
• Select all the files by pressing Ctrl+A key combination.
• Press Delete key. You will get a message box asking for confirmation.
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 • Click Yes to confirm. All the files from this folder will be deleted.
8. Some precautions which should be taken to protect our computer hardware
healthy:
• Keep the computer system and its peripherals away from dust and moisture.
• Cover the computer system when not in use to protect it from dust.
• Replace the faulty part immediately.
• Take regular backup of your data. You can use an external hard disk to store
the less frequently required files. You can also use the cloud space for storage.
• Always keep the software updated.
• Completely uninstall the unwanted programs from your computer regularly.
• Keep your anti-virus software up-to-date. Plan a full scan of the system on a
weekly basis.
• Keep the computer system away from direct heat and magnetic fields.
• Always shutdown the computer properly.
9. A virus can cause problems in a computer in many ways. Some of them are as
follows:
• Unusual behaviour of the computer, such as programs crashing frequently.
• Modified speed or frequent system hangs.
• Appearance of unexpected error messages.
10. Some precautions which should be taken to protect your computer against virus:
• Use a password to login to your system as this acts as a first line of defense against
unauthorised access.
• Installing reliable antivirus software is a must. The antivirus should be regularly
updated. It should also be programmed to regularly scan and quarantine the system.
• Restrict the access to unwanted sites through appropriate settings in the browsers.
• Be vigilant when accessing or uploading information on the internet.
• Taking backups regularly is a good practice. This not only protects us against data
loss but also helps to restore the integrity of the data.
• Keep your applications and operating system updated at all times.
• Scan all portable storage devices, such as pen drive etc., before use as these are the
most common sources of virus attacks.
• McAfee, Scan AVG, Quick Heal are some examples of antivirus software.
11. Spams refers to unwanted emails that you get from unknown senders. These emails are
sent for the purpose of advertising, spreading malware, phishing, and often have
inappropriate content. If you open a spam mail, it is possible that a virus may attack your
system or personal details may be at risk. We should never respond to such emails and
delete them on regular basis.
12. Trojans have different behaviour once they gain access into the system. For
example, some trojans change the desktop by adding silly desktop icons, prevent
applications from running; especially antivirus applications. Trojans are also known to
create a backdoor on a computer that gives an easy and unauthorised access to
malicious users; thus, allowing your confidential or personal information to be
compromised. Unlike viruses and worms, Trojans neither reproduce by infecting other
files nor do they self-replicate. They require human action to run. Beast and Zeus are
examples of trojan horse.

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 Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills

Chapter 11: Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship

Brain Developer

Section 2
A. Answer the following questions.
1. Entrepreneurship plays an influential role in the economic growth and the standard
of living of society because there is a direct relationship between entrepreneurship
and society.
As we know, that entrepreneurs need society to establish their businesses, so in
the same way society cannot function without the presence of entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs also play an important role in the growth of their local community,
region, and state by contributing to their economic growth as well as of the country.
This same economic growth drives development and progress in society.
2. Job seekers are those persons who look for jobs to earn their livings, on the other
hand, job creators are those who generate jobs for other people. As an
entrepreneur, it is their duty to facilitate new business opportunities of employment
for the people.
For example, when a few IT companies were founded in the 1990s, millions from
other sectors benefitted from it. Businesses in associated industries, like call center
operations, network maintenance companies, and hardware providers flourished.
Education and training institutes nurtured a new class of IT workers, who were
offered better, and high-paying jobs. Infrastructure development organizations and
real estate companies capitalized on this growth as workers migrated to
employment hubs seeking better opportunities.
3. The three most important qualities to become a successful entrepreneur are:
• The first most important quality is passion. Entrepreneurs are not motivated by profit
alone. Building a business takes a lot of time and effort. The entrepreneurs love what
they do, and this acts as their biggest motivation.
• The second most important quality is motivation. Entrepreneurs do not depend on a
manager or colleague to push them towards their goals. Their drive comes from
within and helps
them motivate others.
• The third most important quality is optimism. Entrepreneurs are optimistic about the
future and are always looking ahead. Successful entrepreneurs want to excel in their
business.
4. The main functions of an entrepreneur are:
• Decision Making: The primary task of an entrepreneur includes taking vital

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 business decisions related to purchasing and sale of the finished goods and
services. This further decides the policy of production by determining what
to produce, how much to produce, how to produce, where to produce, how
to sell, and so on.
• Management Control: The next function of an entrepreneur is to establish
the management and control of his business, for which he must possess
good management skills and select the right type of people to work with him.
• Division of Income: Another important function is to make necessary
arrangements for the division of total income among the different factors of
production. He needs to plan in such a way that even when the business
faces a loss in business, he has to pay rent, interest, wages, and other
contractual incomes.
• Risk-taking and Uncertainty-Bearing: Risk-taking is the most important
function of an entrepreneur. Estimating the production is risky as an
entrepreneur is required to produce goods and services foreseeing their
future demand.
• Innovation: The last and one of the very crucial functions of an
entrepreneur is to be innovative and innovate continuously new products,
new techniques or discover new markets. This will work as a competitive
advantage for them to grow and adapt the business according to the
demand and changing trend.
5. The three most common myths about entrepreneurship:
• The first most common myth is “Entrepreneurs’ Idea Need to be Unique or
Special”. It is not true, ideas can be based on an existing concept, but with new
innovation and execution.
• The second most common myth is- “Entrepreneurs have a Big Business”. It is not
true that successful entrepreneurs operate large and well established businesses.
However, entrepreneurs usually start small, concentrate on scaling gradually, and
prioritise innovation.
• The third most common myth is- “Entrepreneurs Need a Lot of Money to Start
their Business”. It is also not true Most entrepreneurs fund their business from
personal savings, or by borrowing from friends or money lending institutions.
6. The two keys roles performed by an entrepreneur are:
• Entrepreneurs' primary role is fulfilling customer needs. For this, they understand
what customers want and need, and then provide products or services that meet
those expectations.
• Entrepreneurs can contribute significantly to the environment, community, and
economy by using local materials. They can use the material and human resources
that are available locally.
7. Agricultural Entrepreneurship refers to applying entrepreneurial skills and innovation
in farming to improve productivity, market access, and income.
Following are the benefits to Farmers:
• Increases crop yield using modern techniques.
• Provides better market access for fair prices.
• Diversifies income through value-added products.

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 8. Entrepreneurs are neither high nor low risk-takers. They prefer situations in which they
can get a profitable outcome. They like challenges that they believe will lead to positive
results. Knowing which business to start and which to avoid is the first important step.
An entrepreneur should hence be capable of taking calculated risks
9. Entrepreneurs do the following to run their business:
• Decision-making: The primary task of an entrepreneur is to decide the policy of
production.
• Management Control: The entrepreneur is responsible for the management and
control of his business.
10. Two qualities of a good entrepreneur are:
• Open-minded: Entrepreneurs realise that every event and situation is a business
opportunity.
• Confidence: Successful entrepreneurs do not doubt their ability to succeed.
11. Wage employment refers to a type of work where individuals are hired by an employer
and are paid a fixed wage or salary for the work they perform. The employer determines
the tasks, working hours, and conditions of employment.

B. Competency based questions

1. For handling such a situation, I would like to bring into my friend's notice about all
the hard work we had put together and the research done before starting up this
business. I would also like to make him understand that being patient and giving our
hundred percent is the only key to success. I would also tell him that being
successful is not a one-day task, but we need to be consistent with our work and
not lose our confidence.
2. The five suggestions that will help them in making their new venture successful are:
• The first suggestion will be to always be work with “Determination”. Successful
entrepreneurs believe that all things are possible. Failures do not stop them.
Instead, they look at defeat as an opportunity for success and always keep on
working towards their goals.
• The second suggestion would be to always be “Competitive”. Successful
entrepreneurs are fiercely competitive by nature and utilize every opportunity to
strongly establish themselves better than the rest.
• The third suggestion will be to have “Strong People Skills”. Successful
entrepreneurs have strong communication skills, problem-solving abilities,
empathy for others, and a willingness to work together towards the common
welfare. Successful entrepreneurs always keep motivating their employees and
ensure maximum productivity. They are very good at highlighting the benefits of
their business and launching their products.
• The fourth suggestion will be to always be “Disciplined”. Successful
entrepreneurs eliminate any distractions that might stop them from achieving
their goals. They plan strategies and outline tactics to accomplish them. They
have a disciplined approach to their work and take steps every day towards the
achievement of their objectives.
• The fifth suggestion would be having “Strong Work Ethics” The successful
entrepreneurs display strong ethical qualities at their workplace. They are a role
model for work ethics and inspire all their employees to showcase the same.

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 Unit 5: Green Skills

Chapter 12: Sustainable Development

Brain Developer
Section 2
A. Answer the following questions.
1. Following are the differences between conventional approach and sustainable
approach:
Conventional approach
• In this approach, the environment was considered a separate entity, detached
from human emotion or action; whereas development was a term used to
describe political goals and economic progress.
• Environmental protection agencies were added to the existing government
structures to address environmental issues.
• The focus was on countering the ill-effects of the policies which caused
environmental degradation (cure).

Sustainable approach
• In this approach, the environment is where we live and development is what we
all do to improve our lives. Both are inseparable.
• Major departments and government agencies including the in-charge of
investment, employment, food, energy, and other economic and social
development played key roles in national decision making, and determines
whether environmental resources were maintained, protected, or degraded.
• The focus is on correcting the policies that are the source or root cause of
adverse environmental effects (prevention).
2. In many regions, challenges persist regarding ensuring access to nutritious and sufficient
food for all people. The amount of food grown, such as rice and wheat, is insufficient
because more land is allocated for other activities. Additionally, the available land is
degraded due to the use of chemical fertilisers.
Consequently, these factors contribute to increased levels of hunger and malnutrition.
3. The major purpose of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to achieve a more
sustainable future for all by addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality,
climate change, environmental degradation, prosperity, peace, and justice. They aim to
foster economic growth, address social needs like education, health, social protection,
and job opportunities while tackling climate change and environmental protection.
4. Four ways using which we can contribute to reduce inequality are:
• Promoting cultural diversity and celebrating sensitivity towards all cultures.
• Providing accessible local services that support community health, social, and
cultural well-being.
• Supporting education and job opportunities for marginalized groups.
• Adopting inclusive economic growth strategies that uplift the poor and reduce
social disparities.
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5. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It integrates
economic, environmental, and social considerations into decision-making to ensure long-
term prosperity and environmental preservation.
6. The United Nations formulated 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
7. Two SDGs formulated to address the problems related to water are:
• Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
• Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development.
8. Four man-made disruptions that cause ecological imbalance are:
• Deforestation for fuel, furniture, and construction of homes.
• Pollution of rivers and ponds due to garbage dumping and inadequate management
practices.
• Excessive use of chemical fertilizers degrading the soil.
9. We can contribute to sustainable development by being responsible environmental
citizens. This involves protecting the environment through efforts like conserving energy,
minimizing waste, recycling, and reducing pollution. Supporting inclusivity, equality, and
community well-being is equally important. We can promote awareness, use resources
responsibly, and adopt eco-friendly practices like switching to renewable energy.
Additionally, helping others, mentoring young learners, and working together as a society
can create a better and more sustainable future for all.

B. Competency based questions

1. To avoid wastage of paper, the following steps can be taken:
• All the unused papers can be collected by the students and can be bound into a
notebook and used as a revision notebook.
• Also, the unused one side of the paper can be used for mathematical
calculations or practicing diagrams.
2. Following changes can be adopted to contribute towards achieving sustainable
development:
• Preventing wasting water by avoiding using showers for taking baths, washing
the car by using an excess amount of water and checking all the leaking taps.
• Preventing wasting paper by efficiently using each and every paper and also
buying notebooks made of recycled papers.
• Preventing petrol and diesel wastage by sharing vehicles and switching off the
engine at red lights.
3. Yes, the following ways can be adopted to reduce the garbage and sustainably
reuse the leftovers by:
• Emphasizing on the wise use of resources leading to the minimum use of
resources for maximum ben fit without wastage.
• Creating awareness that instead of wasting food, students must be
inculcated with the value of sharing food with their friends.
• Leftovers can be used by feeding animals nearby.

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