Student Unit 3.4 Cell Membranes, Surfaces and Junctions

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Unit 3.

4:

Cell membranes, surfaces


and junctions
This Lecture Outcomes

• Conclude that biological membranes are


arranged in a Fluid mosaic model
• Recognize the components of biological
membranes and their functions
• Recognize structure and functions of cell wall
and extra-cellular matrix (ECM)
• Identify Intercellular junctions and its types
Summary of unit 3

• 3.1 & 3.2 Internal components of the cell


• 3.3 Exterior of the cell
• 3.4 Transport of substances into and out of
the cell
Biological membranes
• Control traffic into and out of the cell.
• Membranes are made of macromolecules:
• Membranes are
arranged
according to the
Fluid Mosaic
Model.

Proteins embedded or attached to a double layer of phospholipids.


The fluid quality of membranes
• Membranes are not static sheets of molecules
1.Movement of phospholipids

(Fig. 8.4a p. 141)


The fluid quality of membranes
2. Membrane proteins can be ……........OR ………....

(Fig. 8.5 p. 141)


The fluid quality of membranes
3. Fatty acids & membrane fluidity

(Fig. 8.4b p. 141)


The fluid quality of membranes
4. Cholesterol: another lipid component in animal cell
membrane

• At warm temperatures, it restrains the movement of phospholipids and


reduces fluidity

• At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.


The mosaic quality of membranes

• Membranes are made of

macromolecules

1.
2.
3.
1. Membrane Lipids

1. Phospholipids
- The most abundant lipids
in membranes
– Amphipathic molecules

2. Cholesterol
– found in animal cell
membranes
– maintains membrane
fluidity
2. Membrane carbohydrates
• Branched ……………………………
 Polymers of fewer than 15 sugar units
 Restricted to exterior surface of plasma membrane
 Two types:
 …………………: oligosaccharides covalently bonded to lipids
 ………………………: oligosaccharides covalently bonded to

Exterior surface
proteins (more common)
Glycolipids
Interior surface

Glycoproteins
What is the function of
membrane carbohydrates?
• Cell-cell recognition: the ability of a cell to
distinguish one type of neighboring cell from
another
 Important in cell sorting and organization as tissues
and organs differentiate during development
 The basis for rejection of foreign cells by the
immune system
 An example is RBC grouping (A, B , AB or O)
RBCs grouping is based on their plasma
membrane glycolipids

O type A type

B type AB
type
3. Membrane Proteins

1. Peripheral proteins
are not embedded in
the lipid bilayer at all.
– Bound to surface

2. Integral proteins
penetrate the
hydrophobic core of
the lipid bilayer
(transmembrane
protein)
What is the function of membrane
proteins?
• Transport
 Hydrophilic channels
ATP
 Changing shape of protein
Enzymes

• Enzymatic activity
 Carry out steps of a metabolic pathway

• Signal transduction Signal

 transmission of message to inside of the cell


due to external messenger (e.g. hormones)
Receptor
What is the function of membrane
proteins?

• Cell-cell recognition
Glyco-
 Some glycoproteins serve as identification protein

Tags.
• Intercellular joining
 Hook cells by various kinds of junctions
 Example: gap or tight junctions
• Attachment
 Binding cytoskeleton and ECM
Where are the components of the plasma
membrane synthesized?

(Fig. 8.8 p. 144)


Membranes have distinctive inside
and outside faces
Outside Face
Inside Face
What structure is found outside the
plasma membrane in plant cells?

• Plant cells are encased by


…………………….
 Cell wall: protective layer
external to plasma membrane
in plant cells
 Made of cellulose microfibrils
embedded in a matrix of other
polysaccharide and protein
What are the functions of the cell wall?
• Protection of plant cell
• Maintains plant cell's shape
• Prevents excessive uptake of water

What is the structure of the cell wall?


• Primary cell wall
• Middle lamella
• Layers of secondary
cell wall
What structure is found outside the
plasma membrane in animal cells?
• The ………………………
• ECM is composed mainly
of glycoproteins
 Collagen fibers
 Proteoglycans
 Fibronectins
 Integrins
(Fig. 7.29 p. 133)
What are the functions of the ECM?

• Support
 Protection of body cells
• Adhesion to surfaces
• Movement of chemical molecules and food
particles
• Regulation
How do changes in the external environment lead
to changes in gene expression?
Cell communication via integrins
What are the functions of the ECM?

• Support
 Protection of body cells
• Adhesion to surfaces
• Movement of chemical molecules and food
particles
• Regulation
How do changes in the external environment lead
to changes in gene expression?
Cell communication via integrins
How do cells connect and communicate
with each other?
Intracellular junctions
• ……………… have:
 Tight junction
 Desmosomes
 Gap junctions

• ……………… have:
 Plasmodesmata
How do cells connect and communicate
with each other?

Intracellular junctions
of animal cells:
• All junctions are
commonly found in
epithelial tissues
 Epithelial tissue:
specialized group of
cells that line the
internal surface of
body
Intracellular junctions
• Tight junction (animals):
 membranes of neighboring
cells are tightly pressed
against each other
 prevents the leakage of
extracellular fluid across a
layer of epithelial cells
• Desmosomes (animals):
 anchoring junctions
 keratin proteins- fastening the
cell
Intracellular junctions
• Gap junctions (animals):
 communicating junctions
 special membrane proteins
surround a pore through which
ions, sugars, amino acids and
other small molecules may
pass

• Plasmodesmata (plants):
 allows communication
between plant cells
Fun Fact
• Proteins called connexins form the building
blocks of gap junctions.

• connexin mutations associated with


cataracts and hearing loss

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