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Reading and Writing Module 1

33 QUESTIONS
Smart watches and wireless speakers tend to contain batteries that can't be easily ______. Sustainability researcher Mariana
López Davila warns that because new batteries can't be put in once the old ones no longer work, the gadgets stop functioning
and are usually disposed of as trash.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
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A) replaced
B) prevented
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C) invented
D) rated
The following text is adapted from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows. The Mole is dazed after briefly
meeting a stranger while traveling with a friend.
[The] Mole stood still a moment, held in thought. As one wakened suddenly from a beautiful dream, who struggles to recall it,
and can re capture nothing but a dim sense of the beauty of it, the beauty! Till that, too, fades away in its turn.
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As used in the text, what does the word “recall" most nearly mean?
A) Deny
B) Remember
C) Start
D) Overlook
There is no doubt that Irwin Rose must have proved himself to be extraordinarily ______ understanding some of the most
advanced concepts in the field of chemistry --- in 2004 his remarkable talent and hard work was recognized when he was
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among those awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.”
A) modest about
B) adept at
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C) lighthearted about
D) dispassionate in
Some robots such as Wabian (developed in 1995) and ASIMO (developed in 2011) feature humanoid characteristics like the
ability to respond to voice commands so that people will find it easier to interact with them. While these features can help to
______ feelings of comfort in people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the "uncanny valley," meaning that its
appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.
A) constrict
B) counterbalance
C) repudiate
D) engender
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Economists have long observed that firms in related industries tend to cluster in the same area, as is the case in Sheffield, UK,
where many initial iron and steel processing firms as well as iron and steel tube manufacturers are located. The factors causing
such clustering are ______: what drives firms in certain industries to cluster may not be especially relevant among other
industries.
A) variable
B) impressive
C) unknown
D) focused
The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from the
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United States, is visiting his grandparents, Babou and Mamou, in Iran. They are preparing for a holiday celebration.
I felt like a tourist.
But Babou fussed with my cap a little more, even though Mamou had already gotten it settled. He looked me in the eye from
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time to time, like he was looking for something, and thought maybe just maybe I had it in me after all. Babou hummed to
himself as he smoothed out my shoulder seams and rested his hands on them.
“I am glad you are here to see this, Darioush-jan."
Maybe I wasn't such a tourist.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To demonstrate that Babou and Darius aren't very interested in going to new places
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B) To suggest that Babou is planning to visit Darius in the United States soon
C) To emphasize that Darius has been looking forward to an event
D) To show that Babou affects the way Darius thinks of himself
The food industry has long used thermal technologies to preserve food in large batches. Recent advancements in microwave
heating were made through research in Brazil on the preservation of green coconut water. Microwave heating is generally
considered to be an improvement over more conventional thermal preservation methods: whereas conventional methods
transfer energy from the surface of a food to its interior, microwave heating uses electromagnetic waves to generate heat
within the food itself, thus reducing industrial cooking times.
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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A) It explains why conventional heating methods are popular in commercial applications and proposes a shift away from
these methods.
B) It identifies an advantage that microwave heating has over conventional thermal preservation methods.
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C) It emphasizes the simplicity of microwave heating technologies.
D) It suggests that there are possible flaws in microwave heating technologies that have not yet been well researched.
In a large community science effort, biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues collaborated with hundreds of students and other
amateur science enthusiasts for more than three years to study how butterfly color and weather conditions relate to butterfly
behavior. They found that white butterflies were observed on green flowers more often than any other butterflies were, and
that butterflies were observed to feed more often on cloudy days than on other days.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Collaboration between professional scientists and members of the public is especially useful when studying the behavior
of butterflies and other flying insects.
B) A recent study suggested that butterflies' coloring seems to be less relevant to their behavior than weather conditions.
C) A large study suggested that butterfly color and weather conditions might influence the behavior of certain butterflies.

D) Weather conditions and butterfly color seem to have less influence on butterfly behavior than the location where the
butterflies are studied does
President Richard Nixon is most famous for his participation in the 1970s Watergate political scandal, a convoluted tale of
criminality and eroded ethics involving a constellation of associates such as White House Counsel Chuck Colson and White
House Counsel john Dean. But Nixon's legacy is complex: he has been praised for his role in creating the Environmental
Protection Agency, and he once made an attempt at reforming United States health care policy that is arguably a precursor to
the Affordable Care Act, which became law during the Barack Obama administration.
A) Chuck Colson and John Dean were significant figures in the presidency of Richard Nixon.
B) Richard Nixon's reputation is primarily due to the actions of his associates.
C) Some of Richard Nixon's policies influenced the policies of later presidential administrations.
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D) Richard Nixon is commonly linked with an infamous historical event, but this overshadows some of his notable
achievements.
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Tu
SA
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Argentina, Brazil, and the United States are among the world's leading producers of maize (corn), and each country exports a
certain percentage of maize each marketing year, which runs from March to February in Argentina and Brazil and from
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September to August in the United States. A student is researching those percentages and finds that for the marketing year
2012/2013, the percentage of maize exported by ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
A) Argentina decreased from the previous marketing year but remained the highest among the three countries.
B) Brazil exceeded the percentage exported by Argentina for the first time.
C) the United States reached its highest point during the five marketing years.
D) Brazil increased from the previous marketing year but remained lower than the percentage exported by the United
States.
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A student is writing a research paper on the history of irrigation in the United States, situating the development of the Rowena
Reservoir (created in Los Angeles County, California, in 1901) in a larger historical context. The student claims that California's
climate renders irrigation an essential component of agriculture in some parts of the state but not in others.
Which quotation from a study of California agriculture best supports the student's claim?
A) “The usefulness of irrigation infrastructure in California today cannot be overstated, since it is the most common means
of conveying water for agricultural purposes."
B) “Sprinkler irrigation systems are a contemporary way of irrigating that requires machinery to spray water in all directions.
These are currently used throughout the United States and are especially prevalent in California."
C) “The irrigation system developed by the Hohokam people in the 7th century CE in what is now Arizona was simple, but
this system applied hydraulic engineering design features that are in use today throughout California."
D) "Natural humidity, which renders irrigation unnecessary or reduces its importance in the northern reaches of California,
gradually decreases toward the sun-scorched but nonetheless fertile valleys of the southern part of the state."
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Tu
SA
Auxins are a class of hormones that influence plant growth, including leaf orientation (the tendency of leaves to be larger on
one side of their long central axis than the other). University of California, Berkeley biologist Ciera Martinez and colleagues
noted that in certain plants in which leaves grow in pairs, auxins will typically be concentrated in opposite sides of each leaf in
the pair (e.g., on the left side of one leaf in the pair and the right side of the other). Accordingly, they hypothesized that paired
leaves should tend to show opposite-side orientation, and they tested their hypothesis by examining paired leaves from
several species of grapevines.
Which choice best describes data from the graph that support Martinez and colleagues" hypothesis?
A) Although the number of leaf pairs showing same side orientation is fairly high in the riverbank grape, it is much lower in
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both the Amur grape and graybark grape.
B) In the riverbank grape, graybark grape, and Amur grape, all the leaf pairs show opposite -side orientation.
C) Although the exact ratio varies by species, the riverbank grape, graybark grape, and Amur grape all show more leaf pairs
with opposite-side orientations than with same-side orientations.
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D) The number of leaf pairs showing opposite side orientation is fairly high in the graybark grape, but not as high as it is in
the riverbank grape.
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z
Tu
Danijel Jug and colleagues found that tilling --- the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or other machines before planting
crops --- was associated with an increased yield of winter wheat. But some studies of other crops have found the opposite
effect, raising the question of whether the increase in yield found by Jug and colleagues is specific to their study crop.
However, this doesn't seem to be the case: ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?
A) a study using winter wheat yielded 4,860 kilograms per hectare with tilling and only 3,910 kilograms per hectare without
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tilling.
B) Fuseini Issaka and colleagues found a similar association in a study using rice.
C) Yao Guo and colleagues reported an even larger positive effect of tilling on the yield of spring wheat.
D) crop yields with tilling have ranged from 2,693kilograms per hectare for winter barley to 7,420kilograms per hectare for
spring wheat.
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All stainless steel contains varying amounts of iron, carbon, and corrosion-inhibiting chromium. However, ferritic stainless steel,
often used for induction cookers, contains a higher percentage of chromium (at least 10.5%) than does austenitic stainless
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steel and a higher concentration of iron, which is responsible for its magnetic properties. Unlike ferritic stainless steel,
austenitic stainless steel has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure resulting from the addition of nickel to the alloy.
Austenitic stainless steel has two subtypes: the 300 series, often used for storage containers, and the 200 series, which has less
nickel and more nitrogen than the 300 series and is used for dishwashers. Thus, stainless steel used to manufacture ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?

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A) both storage containers and dishwashers will have a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, but stainless steel used to
manufacture storage containers will have less nickel than stainless steel used to manufacture dishwashers will.
B) storage containers will have less nitrogen in its composition than stainless steel used to manufacture dishwashers will.
C) storage containers will have a concentration of nitrogen greater than 10,5%, while stainless steel used to manufacture
dishwashers will not.
D) storage containers will have similar magnetic properties to stainless steel used to manufacture induction cookers.
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In her large scale sculpture Casa-Isla, artist Edra Soto included references to her childhood in Puerto Rico. For example, the
sculpture's steel panels have a crisscrossing pattern inspired by the iron gates ______
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) Soto would see in her neighborhood.
B) Soto would see in her neighborhood?

C) would Soto see in her neighborhood?
D) would Soto see in her neighborhood.
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By analyzing the level of radioactive decay within a fossil specimen, scientists can establish the age of that fossil with a high
degree of precision. When radioactive elements aren't present, scientists turn to ______ analysis of Earth's sediment layers
(strata) to estimate how old a fossil is based on the age of the strata in which the fossil is found.
A) stratigraphy (the
B) stratigraphy --- the
C) stratigraphy: the
D) stratigraphy, the
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17
As an object-oriented computer programming language, Python is used by coders like Black Girls Code founder Kimberly
Bryant ______ programs by manipulating "objects" (that is, specifically defined variables or combinations of variables) into
interacting with each other. Conversely, Prolog, used in software development and artificial intelligence, is not an object
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oriented language.
A) created
B) is creating
C) create
D) to create
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18
Many of the cities and ______ are known by nicknames that correspond to one of their notable features, like landscape, climate,
famous residents, or chief exports. For example, the Puerto Rican municipality of Arecibo has also been called "the Villa of
Captain Correa," a nickname that alludes to what the area is well known for: Antonio de los Reyes Correa, the 17th-
centuryarmy captain who once defended the town.
A) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico,
B) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico

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C) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico
D) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico,
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While the greater adjutant can be found in places like Tram Chim in Vietnam and Hakaluki Haor in Bangladesh, more than
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80percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on the
frontlines of conservation efforts that, through community involvement and scientific ______ aim to bring adjutants back from
near extinction.
A) study ---
B) study,
C) study
D) study:
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Stefan Dimitrescu, a Romanian impressionist painter whose works are distinctive for their heavy brushstrokes, ______ frequently
included in the early twentieth-century art movement the Balchik School, whose members were known for depicting the
ambiance of the Romanian seaside town.
A) have been
B) were
C) is
D) are
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As a behavioral economist, Francesca Gino of Harvard Business School examines human economic behavior through a lens
that, ______ elements of psychology and economies, illuminates how and why (and to what effect) people make particular
choices.
A) combines
B) combining
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C) combine
D) is combining
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Tu
In his essay "Of Sleep," French philosopher Michel de Montaigne explores a relatively light subject, but he addresses heavier
fare in "That Our Mind Hinders Itself." Regardless of subject matter, Montaigne works to question his own perspective
throughout his essays. ______ his personal motto was "What do I know?"
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Still,
B) Conversely,
C) Nowadays,
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D) Fittingly,
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The World Cup of men's soccer, one of the biggest sporting events on the planet, brought 32 national teams from six
continents to the host country, Russia, in 2018. The event, which is held every four years, has expanded greatly since it was
played in Chile in 1962. ______ the World Cup included only 16 teams, all from Europe and the Americas.
A) On the other hand，

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B) As a result,
C) Then,
D) Similarly,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
- In 1897, twenty Black Us Army infantrymen rode bicycles from Montana to Missouri.
- The 1,900-mile journey took forty-one days.
- The goal was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.
- In 2022, Erick Cedeño, a Black long-distance cyclist, reenacted the journey.
- Cedeño wanted to honor the infantrymen on the journey's125th anniversary.
The student wants to emphasize how far the infantrymen traveled. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The goal of the 1897 journey was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.
B) Over a century later, Erick Cedeño honored the infantrymen by reenacting their 1897 journey.
C) The 125th anniversary of the infantrymen's journey was in 2022.
D) The US infantrymen rode their bicycles from Montana to Missouri traveling a total of 1,900 miles.
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- Mary Kang is a Korean American portrait photographer.
- She is based in New York City and in Austin, Texas.
- One of Kang's photographs features artist Dominique Fung.
- In the portrait, Fung is seated on the floor.
- Five of Fung's paintings are resting against the wall behind her.
The student wants to describe where Fung is in the photograph to an audience already familiar with Kang and Fung. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Five paintings by artist Dominique Fung can be seen in the background of Mary Kang's photograph.
B) In Kang's portrait of her, Fung is seated on the floor, with five of her paintings resting against the wall behind her.
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C) Mary Kang is a photographer based in both New York City and Austin, Texas.
D) Dominique Fung is in a photograph by Mary Kang, a portrait photographer based in New York City and Austin, Texas.
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Tu
- Congo is a country in Central Africa.
- A high percentage of Congo's population (41.5 percent) is under fifteen years old.
- It has the twenty-sixth-largest under-fifteen population in the world.
- Roughly 40 percent of Africa's population is under fifteen years old --- the highest of any continent.
- According to the United Nations (UN), Africa's "high number of young people is an opportunity for the continent's growth ---
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but only if these new generations are fully empowered to realize their best potential."
The student wants to emphasize the global rank of Congo's youth population. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) "Only if these new generations are fully empowered to realize their best potential," says the UN, will Africa's high
percentage of young people lead to the continent's growth.
B) Making up roughly 40 percent of the continent's total population, Africa's under-fifteen population offers "an
opportunity for the continent's growth," according to the UN.
C) With 41.5 percent of its population under fifteen years of age, Congo has the twenty sixth-largest population for that age
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range in the world.
D) Africa's high population of young people is due in part to the high percentage of young people in Congo.
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- The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
- The book explores the concept of nostalgia from various angles.
- Chapter 16 discusses the nostalgic home décor of Russian émigrés.
- Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics" takes on the concept of nostalgia.
- In chapter 17, Boym writes, “The poethics of nostalgia combines estrangement and human solidarity, affect and reflection."
The student wants to explain what Svetlana Boym writes about in chapter 16. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) As Svetlana Boym writes in the seventeenth chapter of her book, "The poethics of nostalgia combines estrangement and
human solidarity, affect and reflection."
B) Literary theorist Svetlana Boym discusses the nostalgic home décor of Russian émigrés in chapter 16 of her book.
C) After discussing the nostalgic home décor of Russian émigrés, Svetlana Boym goes on to discuss various skeptics' takes
on the concept of nostalgia.

D) Svetlana Boym's The Future of Nostalgia explores the concept of nostalgia from various angles.
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Tu
SA
D
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Reading and Writing Module 2

33 QUESTIONS
The following text is from Charles Chesnutt's 1905 novel The Colonel's Dream. Mr. French and Mr. Kirby work together.
Mr. French, the senior partner, who sat opposite Kirby, was an older man --- a safe guess would have placed him somewhere in
the debatable ground between forty and fifty; of a good height, as could be seen even from the seated figure, the upper part
of which was held erect with the unconscious ease which one associates with military training.
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As used in the text, what does the word “placed" most nearly mean?
A) Contracted
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B) Changed
C) Estimated
D) Arranged
The results of randomized clinical trials testing the efficacy of common medical interventions sometimes fail to ______
conclusions that practitioners reach based on their real-world observations of patients. While there are several possible
reasons for this, one is that practitioners may overlook confounding variables that account for the results they attribute to the
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interventions in question.
A) circumvent
B) corroborate
C) disseminate
D) implement
Louise Arner Boyd, who led several scientific expeditions off the coast of Greenland in the 1930s, undoubtedly accomplished
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much, but her place in our historical memory is perhaps more ______ than that of a noteworthy “first" such as Enid Gordon-
Gallien, who led the expedition that first mapped the area around Kalambo Falls between Zambia and Tanzania, a deed for
which she will always be remembered.
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A) uncertain
B) enduring
C) deserving
D) conspicuous
In the 2010s, the price of vintage Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures rose dramatically, which had the counterintuitive
effect of ______ demand: buyers who hadn't previously wanted to purchase old action figures suddenly thronged the market,
believing prices would continue to rise and the toys could be resold later at a profit.
A) monetizing
B) stabilizing
C) precipitating

D) exploiting
In 2013 Fredrik Jutfelt and Maria Hedgarde published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the
behavior of Gadus morhua, a species of fish. However, Jutfelt and Hedgarde's study relied on a mean sample size of only about
16 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Josefin
Sundin and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis.
Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To discuss an aspect of ocean acidification that is frequently overlooked
B) To explain how the behavior of a fish species has changed over time
C) To present a debate between two research teams about a cause of ocean acidification
D) To note a potential concern about the findings of a scientific study
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6
The following text is from Lady Gregory's 1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey, Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been
buying and selling goods at the local fair.
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MRS, TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley Fallon; good morrow, Mrs. Fallon. Well, Bartley, you'll find no cause for complaining today;
they are all saying it was a good fair.
BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not a good fair, Mrs.Tarpey. It was a scattered sort of a fair. If we didn't expect more, we got
less. That's the way with me always; whatever I have to sell goes down and whatever I have to buy goes up. If there's ever any
misfortune coming to this world, it's on myself it pitches, like a flock of crows on seed potatoes.
A) It mounts a counterargument to a claim that Bartley made about the fair.

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B) It indicates the degree to which Mrs. Tarpey doubts a certain event will occur.
C) It presents a vivid image to emphasize a claim that Bartley makes.
D) It describes an event that Bartley observed at the fair.
Historians have argued that a crucial component of the Civil Rights Movement's success in the 1960s was the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference's Citizen Education Program (CEP), which invited promising activists from across the South to
its one-week training sessions in Dorchester, Georgia. Led by experienced organizers such as Dorothy Cotton and Septima
Clark, CEP attendees --- more than 7,000 in all --- participated in workshops on topics ranging from public speaking to legal
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doctrine before returning home and using their newly acquired knowledge to spearhead local civil rights initiatives.
A) It illustrates the CEP organizers' efforts to educate participants on a wide variety of topics.
B) It establishes that criticism of the CEP was limited to a few individuals in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
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C) It underscores the extent of the CEP's impact on the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.
D) It suggests that CEP attendees held a diverse array of opinions about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's
political philosophy.
Asteroid 6478 Gault has experienced intermittent mass loss since at least 2013, but in contrast to some other asteroids with
repeated mass-loss episodes, 6478 Gault has not lost mass at its perihelion(the closest point of its orbit to the Sun), and thus
the loss is not attributable to solar energy driven ice vaporization. And as Jane X. Luu et al. point out, the singular nature of
impact ejection makes it untenable as an account of multiple loss episodes of similar duration over several years. Instead, Luu
et al. are likely correct that 6478 Gault is shedding mass due to rotational instability.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A) It discusses a physical process, evaluates possible causes of that process, and then states that a persuasive account of the
process has yet to be put forward.
B) It introduces a natural phenomenon, refutes two potential explanations for that phenomenon, and then presents a third
explanation for that phenomenon that the author regards as plausible.
C) It presents a scientific observation, describes a contrast between that observation and other observations, and then
explains why those other observations should not be considered credible.
D) It describes an astronomical finding, discusses competing theories about that finding that the author regards as flawed,
and then describes new evidence that supports an alternative theory.
Text 1
In South Dakota, many buildings and other structures rest on soil that is expansive, meaning that it swells or shrinks as its
moisture level changes. Civil engineer Jay X, Wang has noted that the effects of expansive soil appear slowly in the form of
gradually growing cracks in foundations, walls, and pavements. Because these effects are incremental and can generally be
repaired (though at some cost), structures in South Dakota are typically not built to resist them.
Text 2
In a 2021 study, Rubayet Bin Mostafiz and colleagues calculated that in the state of Louisiana alone, the annual cost of damage
caused by expansive soils reaches nearly $90 million. But they note that this damage can be mitigated: building vapor barriers
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between structural foundations and the soil can significantly reduce the effects of soil swelling and shrinking.
Based on the texts, how would Rubayet Bin Mostafiz and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the information presented
in Text 1?
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A) They would suggest that engineers in South Dakota consider the cost of reinforcing the vapor barriers between existing
structural foundations and the soil.
B) They would argue that engineers in South Dakota have misjudged the effectiveness of the techniques they use to reduce
the effects of expansive soil.
C) They would encourage engineers in South Dakota to insert vapor barriers between new structures’ foundations and the
surrounding soil.
D) They would recommend that engineers in South Dakota measure the moisture level in the soil beneath proposed
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structures before beginning construction.
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The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1830 short story “Sir William Phips."
Few of the personages of past times (except such as have gained renown in fireside legends as well as in written history) are
anything but mere names to their successors. They seldom standup in our Imaginations like men. The knowledge,
communicated by the historian and biographer, is analogous to that which we acquire of a country by the map, minute,
perhaps, and accurate, and available for all necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and wholly destitute of the mimic charm
produced by landscape painting.

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A) The creativity of historians is restricted by the need to write strictly truthful works.
B) Painting is a superior form of art to mapmaking.
C) Historians are more interested in the lives of famous people than in those of the less famous.
D) The lives of historical figures are usually documented as a collection of facts, rather than as a representation of their
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personalities.
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Thomas Piketty and other historians of capitalism rarely discuss domestic capitalism in Africa before the period of European
colonization, implicitly presenting capitalism as external to and imposed on Africa. Crislayne Alfagali and other Africanist
scholars have shown, however, that in parts of Africa, export-oriented manufacturing, the existence of salaried labor, and other
features of capitalism predated colonization. One reason for this discrepancy is that historians of capitalism tend to focus on
longitudinal economic data drawn from archival records, which do not exist for much of precolonial Africa.
Which statement about Alfagali and other Africanist scholars is best supported by information in the text?
A) They likely have a different view about which activities should be considered capitalist in nature than historians of
capitalism do.
B) They likely view capitalism as having been more beneficial for Africa than historians of capitalism do.
C) They likely differ from historians of capitalism in the methods they use to derive longitudinal economic data from archival
records.

D) They likely make use of different types of evidence than historians of capitalism typically rely on.
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Geneticist Elaine Ostrander led an international collaboration in which Heather J. Huson and other researchers investigated the
evolutionary history of size variation in modern dogs. The researchers identified multiple versions of the gene regulating the
production of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) in dogs and found that dogs of the same breed consistently share the same
version of the gene. In a discussion of the study, a student hypothesizes that small breeds of dogs (for example, miniature
schnauzers) must share a version that represses IGF-1 production that would otherwise confer larger body size.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student's claim?
A) The majority of the most prevalent dog breeds have limited activity in the gene that regulates IGF-1production.
B) The gene that regulates IGF-1 production is not the only gene that influences body size in dogs but is the only such gene
that shows within-breed version consistency.
C) Some breeds with small body sizes and low IGF-1concentrations have a different version of the gene regulating IGF-1
production than do miniature schnauzers.
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D) The degree of size variation among dogs is greater than that of any other land-based mammal.
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Tu
Scholars cite Mr. President, the 1946 novel by Guatemalan author Miguel Angel Asturias, as a foundational text of magical
realism, the Latin American style of fiction in which antirealistic plot devices often borrowed from the folkloric traditions of
Indigenous and colonial societies in the Americas are deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of representation typical of the
modern novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on authors around the world, including Mo Yan, whose 1986 novel
Red Sorghum resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with folklore namely, that of China.
Which quotation from a literary scholar would most directly support the claim in the underlined portion of the text?
A) "Like many works in the Latin American magical realist tradition, Red Sorghum is indebted to antirealistic elements in the
folkloric tradition of China."
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B) "The logic of the realistic plot of Red Sorghum is repeatedly and productively disrupted by the presence of imagery and
situations drawn from Chinese folklore.”
C) "While Red Sorghum alternates between realistic and antirealistic modes of representation, details suggesting the
influence of Chinese folklore nevertheless occur throughout the novel."
D) Although Chinese folklore clearly informs the style and occasionally antirealistic plot of Red Sorghum, the novel also
shows the inarguable influence of the magical realist tradition of Latin America."
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Indigenous songs are an important resource for ecological information. Songs of the Warlpiri people in Yuendumu, Australia,
convey information about wild edible seeds, and the songs of the Kaluli people in Papua New Guinea replicate rainforest
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sounds to evoke specific locations. There have been efforts made to preserve Indigenous languages over the years --- e.g., the
United Nations International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022-2032). However, such attempts have typically focused on
spoken language despite the fact that some expressions in these languages appear only in songs, Therefore, if those involved
in such efforts want to ensure that a comprehensive range of information is secured, they must ______

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A) recognize that Indigenous languages likely have more unique expressions that represent ecological knowledge than
represent other types of information.
B) incorporate the preservation of songs into their broader efforts to protect Indigenous languages.
C) analyze musical similarities in the songs of the Warlpiri and Kaluli people.
D) acknowledge that Indigenous songs are largely but not entirely composed using phrases taken from spoken language.
15
In a 2012 study that took place in Brazil, Enelton Fagnani, José Roberto Guimara, and Pedro Sérgio Fadini found a negative
association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water. It may seem reasonable to be
skeptical of this finding, since most other studies, such as research conducted in 2016 in the United States by Ramsa Chaves-
Ulloa and colleagues, have found that dissolved organic carbon and mercury levels rise together. Like the latter study,
however, most studies of the topic have been conducted in North America, and many of those study sites have similar
characteristics to one another, suggesting that ______

A) few of the studies conducted in North America have been able to measure dissolved organic carbon and mercury levels
with the same level of precision as in Fagnani, Guimara, and Fadini's study.
B) Fagnani, Guimarà, and Fadini's study may have inadvertently measured a different characteristic of bodies of fresh water
than their levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury.
C) the mercury levels reported in Fagnani, Guimarǎ,and Fadini's study were much higher than those reported in the study by
Chaves-Ulloa and colleagues even though the dissolved organic carbon levels reported in the two studies were
approximately the same.
D) Fagnani, Guimara, and Fadini's finding may differ from the findings of other studies due to a difference in environmental
circumstances that affects the relationship between dissolved organic carbon and mercury in fresh water.
16
As complex life cycle parasites, Gonocerca sp, and Clavinema mariae require multiple host species throughout their
development. Extrapolating from parasite counts on surf smeltand seven other fish species collected from Puget Sound from
1880 to 2019, Chelsea Wood et al. found that the abundance of three host parasites, such as Gonocerca sp., negatively
z
correlated with rising average annual sea temperatures; the abundance of two-host parasites, such as C.mariae, was largely
stable. Noting that fish and other marine vertebrates are especially vulnerable to climate change, Wood et al. observed that all
three host parasites in the study depend on at least two vertebrate species, while all two host parasites depend on only one,
suggesting that ______
Tu
A) population size and density of the eight fish species examined in the study were likely largely unaffected by rising sea
temperatures.
B) although Gonocerca sp. and C.mariae both require surf smelt as a host, C.mariae was more adversely affected by
warming-driven changes in the surf smelt population than Gonocerca sp. was.
C) warming-induced population changes among Puget Sound vertebrates may have suppressed some parasite populations,
but there were no changes among the eight studied host species that affected two host parasite abundance.
SA
D) a parasite's sensitivity to warming temperatures is negatively correlated with the number of unique vertebrate species it
depends on throughout its lifecycle.
17
Entomologists Yash Sondhi and Samuel Fabian have tried to explain why moths fly erratically around light sources at night.
Knowing that flying insects keep their backs pointed toward sunlight during the day, ______
A) moths continually try to reorient their bodies while flying near nighttime lights, the researchers theorize, mistaking such
lights for the Sun.
D
B) moths mistake nighttime lights for the Sun and continually try to reorient their bodies while flying near such lights, the
researchers theorize.
C) the researchers theorize that moths, mistaking nighttime lights for the Sun, continually try to reorient their bodies while
flying near such lights.
D) the researchers' theory is that moths mistake nighttime lights for the Sun, continually trying to reorient their bodies while
@
flying near such lights.
18
In Antarctica, the Dome C East observatory site monitors activity in the upper atmosphere of the southern ______ in Canada,
another observatory site, Rankin Inlet, monitors the sky of the northern hemisphere. Together, they are part of the Super Dual
Auroral Radar Network --- or SuperDARN, as space physicists like Mark Lester call it.
A) hemisphere
B) hemisphere and
C) hemisphere,
D) hemisphere;
19

Butterfly is a 1988 painting by the Japanese artist Ay-0. Like many of Ay-O's paintings, Butterfly, which portrays a swimmer
performing the butterfly stroke, attempts to make use of the entire visual light ______ sporting rainbow-striped goggles, the
rainbow-hued swimmer splashes through a wavy rainbow of water.
A) spectrum:
B) spectrum, while
C) spectrum while
D) spectrum
20
The 20th century saw the founding of many Latino advocacy ______ to protect and advance the rights of Latino Americans, both
the Mexican American Political Association (1960) and the Partido Nacional de La Raza Unida (1970) contributed to the history
of US civil rights.
z
A) groups and established
B) groups, established
Tu
C) groups established
D) groups.Established
21
Estonia, Spain, and the other member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, share a commitment to the
principle of collective defense, each NATO member ______to defend the others if necessary.
SA
A) has pledged
B) pledges
C) pledging
D) is pledging
22
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks comparative price list data for its thirty-eight
member countries. For instance, in July 2021, a hypothetical basket of goods priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the United
States would have cost 73 USD and 117 USD in fellow OECD ______ and Norway, respectively.
D
A) nations; Estonia
B) nations: Estonia
C) nations Estonia
@
D) nations, Estonia
23
Modernista architects championed nature in their designs. ______ the domed entryway and ornate floral ironwork of Umbracle,
a Modernista pavilion designed by Josep Fontserè i Mestre, couldn't exactly grow in a forest. Still, one sees natural influences
in Fontserè i Mestre's penchant for curves (rather than right angles) and plant-and animal-inspired flourishes.
A) Similarly,
B) Furthermore,
C) Thus,
D) Granted,
24

In a 1984 study by Warren et al., the researchers determined the ratio of three different plant subtypes within the diet of sheep:
graminoids, forbs, and browse. ______ the researchers determined the relative quantities of the plants the animal consumed.
A) Next,
B) That is,
C) In addition,
D) By contrast,
25
- Artist Victor Vasarely of Hungary won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1967.
- The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition.
z
- It is administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Vasarely's winning artwork was a sculpture entitled Alom.
The student wants to identify the sculpture for which Vasarely won a Carnegie Prize gold medal. Which choice most effectively
Tu
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) In 1967, an artist from Hungary won a Carnegie Prize gold medal for a sculpture.
B) Vasarely won a Carnegie Prize gold medal for the sculpture Alom.
C) The Carnegie Museum of Art awarded Vasarely a gold medal in 1967.
D) The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
SA
26
- Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the sounds they represent.
- Onomatopoeias used to represent the same sound often vary from language to language.
- This variation is due in part to differences in how languages are structured.
-“Du-dunk" is a Swedish onomatopoeia that represents the sound of a heartbeat.
- “Dag dig-dug" is an Indonesian onomatopoeia that represents the sound of a heartbeat.

D
- The term "onomatopoeia" combines the Greek words for “name" (onoma) and “to make" (poiein).
The student wants to provide a specific example of onomatopoeia. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The term “onomatopoeia," which refers to words that imitate the sound they represent, combines the Greek words for
"name" and “to make.”
@
B) The languages of Swedish and Indonesian use different words to represent the sound of a heartbeat.
C) Differences in how languages are structured can cause variations in the words used in different languages to represent
the same sound.
D) The Indonesian word “dag-dig dug" both imitates and represents the sound of a heartbeat.
27
- Vexillology is the study of flags.
- The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants, or landforms.
- These symbols often represent an aspect of the region's history, culture, or landscape.
- The flag of San Marino includes a laurel branch.
- The flag of Croatia includes leopards.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to make and support a generalization about symbols
on flags?
A) Vexillology is the study of flags; accordingly, vexillologists are interested in flags from around the world.
B) San Marino's flag includes a laurel branch, a symbol that is important to that country's national identity.
C) The flags of some countries include symbols of plants; San Marino's, for example, includes a laurel branch.
D) Many countries feature symbols on their flags, and the study of these designs is known as vexillology.
z
Tu
SA
D
@

Math Module 1
33 QUESTIONS
The equation d = 29w + 100 gives the total amount of money d, in dollars, that James plans to save w weeks after he starts to
save. What is the total amount of money, in dollars, he plans to save in 10 weeks?
A) 340
z
B) 390
C) 440
D) 490
Tu
2
Carrie has c dollars and Marjani has m dollars. Carrie has 3 times as many dollars as Marjani, and together they have a total of
$28.00. Which system of equations represents this situation?
A) c=3m; c+m=28
B) m=3c; c+m=28
C) c=28m; c+m=3
SA
D) m=28c; c+m=3
What is the positive solution to the given equation?
A)
B)
C)
D
D)
A car travels at a speed of at least 40 miles per hour but no more than 65 miles per hour for a certain part of a trip. Which
inequality represents this situation, where z is the speed of the car, in miles per hour, on this part of the trip?
@
A) x ≥ 40
B) x ≥ 65
C) 40 ≤x ≤65
D) x ≤ 105
The graphs of the equations in the given system of equations intersect at the point (x, y) in the xy-plane. What is the value of
y?
A) 9
B) 26

C) 81
D) 89
A)
B)
C)
D)
z
Tu
SA
The scatterplot shows the relationship between two variables, x and y. A line of best fit for the data is also shown. For how
many of the 9 data points is the actual y-value less than the y-value predicted by the line of best fit?
D
A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7
@
Jasmin grows bean pods in her garden. This year, she harvested 490 bean pods and saved 10% of them to plant next year.
How many of the harvested bean pods did Jasmin save to plant next year?
A) 39
B) 49
C) 57
D) 59
6(3x - 4)=42
Which equation has the same solution as the given equation?
A) 3x-4=36

B) 3x-4=7
C) 3x-24=42
D) 3x-24=48
10
What is an x-intercept of the graph of the equation y= (x + 8)( x - 11)( x + 12) in the xy-plane?
A) (1,0)
B) (0,8)
C) (11,0)
D) (0,12)
11
Each side of equilateral triangle S is multiplied by a scale factor of k to create equilateral triangle T. The length of each side of
z
triangle T is greater than the length of each side of triangle S. which of the following could be the value of k?
A) 0
B) 43/44
Tu
C) 1
D) 44/43
12
Which expression is equivalent to 2(x – 7/2)(x + 6)?
A)
SA
B)
C)
D)
13
y=9x-15
5x+y=41
D
The solution to the given system of equations is (x, y). What is the value of x+y?
A)
B)
C)
@
D)
14
A salesperson earns 2 points for each call made to a potential customer and 6 points for each visit made to a potential
customer. Last week, the salesperson earned a total of 366 points. The equation 2x + 6y= 366 represents this situation. Which
is the best interpretation of 6y in this context?
A) The number of calls the salesperson made to potential customers last week
B) The number of visits the salesperson made to potential customers last week
C) The total number of points the salesperson earned from calls made to potential customers last week
D) The total number of points the salesperson earned from visits made to potential customers last week
15
y = (2/5) x + 7

One of the two equations in a system of linear equations is given. The system has infinitely many solutions. If the second
equation in the system is y= mx + b, where m and b are constants, what is the value of b?
A) - 7
B) – 1/7
C) 1/7
D) 7
16
The kinetic energy, in joules, of an object with mass 75 kilograms traveling at a speed of v meters per second is given by the
function K,
Which of the following is the best interpretation of K(0)= 0 in this context?
z
A) The kinetic energy of the object is 0 joules when the mass of the object is 0 kilograms.
B) The speed of the object is 0 meters per second when the mass of the object is 0 kilograms.
Tu
C) The kinetic energy of the object is 0 joules when the object is traveling at a speed of 0 meters per second.
D) The height of the object is 0 meters when the object is traveling at a speed of 0 meters per second.
17
A)
SA
B)
C)
D)
18
D
@
The table shows three values of x and their corresponding values of y, where n is a constant, for the linear relationship between
s and y. What is the slope of the line that represents this relationship in the xy-plane?
A) – 71/2
B) – 2/71
C) (n+71) / (-2)
D) (2n - 71) /2
19
Square A has side lengths that are 192 times the side lengths of square B. The area of square A is k times the area of square B.
What is the value of k?
A)

B)
C)
D)
20
What is the value of tan 50π/ 3 ?
A)
B)
C)
D)
z
21
A conservation specialist hung artificial nesting structures each in the shape of a right rectangular prism for a species of native
duck. Each structure has a height of 12 inches. The length of each structure's base is x inches, which is 1 inch more than the
Tu
width of the structure's base. Which function V gives the volume of each structure, in cubic inches, in terms of the length of the
structure's base?
A) V(x) = x(x + 12)(x + 1)
B) V(x) = x(x + 12)(x - 1)
C) V(x) = 12x (x + 1)
D) V(x) = 12x(x - 1)
22
SA
D
@
Line r is shown in the xy-plane. Line t (not shown) is perpendicular to line r and passes through the point (5, 8). What is the y-
coordinate of the y-intercept of line t?
A)
B)
C)
D)

Math Module 2
33 QUESTIONS
Which of the following is a graph of a decreasing exponential function?
z
Tu
A)
SA
B)
D
@
C) 图片缺失

D)
z
2
Tu
A) (0,3)
B) (0,4)
C) (0,6)
D) (0,7)
3
SA
If 2x+5=9, what is the value of 8x-4?
A)
B)
C)
D)
The product of a positive number z and the number that is 1 less than s is equal to 12. What is the value of x?
D
A) 0.5
B) 4
C) 11
D) 13
@
A cylinder has a diameter of 6 inches and a height of 24 inches. What is the volume, in cubic inches, of the cylinder?
A) 9π
B) 144π
C) 216π
D) 864π

In triangle PQR, QR is extended to point S. The measure of ∠PQR is 114°, and the measure of ∠PRS is 158°. What is the
measure of ∠QPR?
A) 66°
z
B) 44°
C) 33°
Tu
D) 22°
Sarah used wax to make candles. The function f(x) = - 12x+ 60 approximates the weight, in ounces, of wax Sarah had
remaining after making a candles. Which statement is the best interpretation of the y-intercept of the graph of y= f(x) in the
xy-plane in this context?
A) Sarah used approximately 12 ounces of wax for each candle.
B) Sarah had approximately 12 ounces of wax when she began to make the candles.
SA
C) Sarah had approximately 60 ounces of wax when she began to make the candles.
D) Sarah used approximately 60 ounces of wax for each candle.
ak= (b/11)(14+m)
The given equation relates the positive variables a, b, k, and m. Which equation correctly expresses m in terms of a. b, and k?
A) m = 11(ak-14) / b
B) m = ak – 14 – b/11
D
C) m= ak – 14b / 11
D) m = 11ak / b - 14
9
@
A) 3
B) 10/3
C) 11/3
D) 4
10
If x/y =2 and 5x/ty = 50, what is the value of t?
A) 1/5
B) 2/5
C) 5/2
D) 5
11
A piece of string with a length of 30 inches is cut into two parts. One part has a length of x inches, and the other part has a
length of y inches. The value of x is 3 more than 2 times the value of y. What is the value of x?
A)
B)
C)
D)
12
z
Which equation has no solution?
A) -15x- 1/6 = -15x – 1/6
B) -15x- 1/6 = -15x + 1/6
Tu
C) -15x- 1/6 = 15x – 1/6
D) -15x- 1/6 = 15x + 1/6
13
F(x) = (9/5)(x-273.15)+32
The function F gives the temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, that corresponds to a temperature of x kelvins. If a temperature
increased by 9.40 kelvins, by how much did the temperature increase, in degrees Fahrenheit?
SA
A) 16.92
B) 48.92
C) 474.75
D) 506.75
14
D
In the given system of equations, a is a positive integer constant. The system has no real solutions. What is the least possible
value of a?
A)
B)
@
C)
D)
15
An environmental scientist is investigating the volatility of 175 organic compounds by finding the boiling point of each
compound. The mean boiling point of all 175 compounds is 183 degrees Celsius. The scientist classifies each of these
compounds as either semivolatile or volatile. Of the 175 compounds, 50 compounds were classified as semi-volatile, and these
50 compounds have a mean boiling point of338 degrees Celsius. The remaining125 compounds were classified as volatile.
What is the mean boiling point, in degrees Celsius, of the 125 compounds classified as volatile compounds?
A)
B)
C)
D)
16
For the given function f, the value of f(x) increases by p% for every increase of a by 8. What is the value of p?
A) 30
B) 41
C) 60
D) 69
17
A carpenter charges a flat rate of $306 for the first 3 hours of work and $85 for each additional hour of work. Which equation
gives the total amount y, in dollars, that the carpenter charges for x hours of work, where x >3?
A) y = 85x + 51
B) y = 306x + 85
z
C) y = 306x + 561
D) y = 85x + 306
Tu
18
SA
A)
B)
C)
D)
19
D
@
The table summarizes the distribution of age and assigned group for 120 participants in a study. One of these participants will
be selected at random. What is the probability of selecting a participant from group A, given that the participant is at least 10
years of age?
A) 5/24
B) 5/16
C) 9/20
D) 5/8
20

The table shows three values of x and their corresponding values of g(x), where g(x) = f(x)/(x+4) and f is a linear function. What
is the y-intercept of the graph of y = f(x) in the xy-plane?
A) (0,36)
B) (0,9)
C) (0,4)
z
D) (0,-9)
21
Tu
The mass of object A is 481% of the mass of object B, and the mass of object A is 0.074% of the mass of object C. If the mass
of object C is p% of the mass of object B, what is the value of p /1,000 ?
A)
B)
C)
D)
22
SA
1/cx = x / 128 + 1/c
In the given equation, c is a constant. If the equation has exactly one solution, what is the value of c?
A)
B)
C)
D)
D
@

Reading and Writing Module 1 Answers

33 QUESTIONS
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. D
z
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. A
Tu
11. D
12. C
13. B
14. B
15. A
16. B
17. D
18. B
19. B
20. C
SA
21. B
22. D
23. A
24. D
25. B
26. C
27. B
D
@

Reading and Writing Module 2 Answers

33 QUESTIONS
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. C
z
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. D
Tu
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. D
16. B
17. C
18. D
19. A
20. D
SA
21. C
22. C
23. D
24. B
25. B
26. D
27. D
D
@

Math Module 1 Answers

33 QUESTIONS
1. B
2. A
3. 29
4. C
5. D
6. 50
z
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. C
Tu
11. D
12. C
13. 25
14. D
15. D
16. C
17. B
18. A
19. 36864
20. A
SA
21. D
22. 44/3
D
@

Math Module 2 Answers

33 QUESTIONS
1. D
2. B
3. 12
4. B
5. C
6. B
z
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. A
Tu
11. 21
12. B
13. A
14. 25
15. 121
16. D
17. A
18. 5/72
19. B
20. A
SA
21. 650
22. -32
D
@

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Reading and Writing Module 1

I felt like a tourist.

“I am glad you are here to see this, Darioush-jan."

Maybe I wasn't such a tourist.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

C) To emphasize that Darius has been looking forward to an event

D) To show that Babou affects the way Darius thinks of himself

C) It emphasizes the simplicity of microwave heating technologies.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

B) Richard Nixon's reputation is primarily due to the actions of his associates.

both the Amur grape and graybark grape.

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Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Soto would see in her neighborhood.

B) Soto would see in her neighborhood?

@DSATuz Telegram channel @DSATuz

D) would Soto see in her neighborhood.

B) stratigraphy --- the

A) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico,

B) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico

C) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico

D) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico,

A) On the other hand，

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- The 1,900-mile journey took forty-one days.

- In 2022, Erick Cedeño, a Black long-distance cyclist, reenacted the journey.

- Cedeño wanted to honor the infantrymen on the journey's125th anniversary.

C) The 125th anniversary of the infantrymen's journey was in 2022.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Mary Kang is a Korean American portrait photographer.

- She is based in New York City and in Austin, Texas.

- One of Kang's photographs features artist Dominique Fung.

- In the portrait, Fung is seated on the floor.

- Congo is a country in Central Africa.

- It has the twenty-sixth-largest under-fifteen population in the world.

range in the world.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.

- The book explores the concept of nostalgia from various angles.

- Chapter 16 discusses the nostalgic home décor of Russian émigrés.

- Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics" takes on the concept of nostalgia.

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@DSATuz Telegram channel @DSATuz

Reading and Writing Module 2

@DSATuz Telegram channel @DSATuz

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To discuss an aspect of ocean acidification that is frequently overlooked

D) To note a potential concern about the findings of a scientific study

A) It mounts a counterargument to a claim that Bartley made about the fair.

C) It presents a vivid image to emphasize a claim that Bartley makes.

D) It describes an event that Bartley observed at the fair.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

B) Painting is a superior form of art to mapmaking.

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Which choice most logically completes the text?