HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH

COMPOSITE WALL
(KCHT-101)
 Foreword
Welcome to the fast growing family of K.C. product owners. We appreciate your interest in us
and thank you for buying our product.

You have chosen the finest quality product in the market which is produced using latest techniques
and has underwent strict quality control tests. It is a product that we are proud to build and you
are proud to own it.

Our products are easy to understand and operate. They are excellent for students who are trying to
gain practical knowledge through experiments.

However your comfort and safety are important to us, so we want you have an understanding of
proper procedure to use the equipment. For the purpose, we urge you to read and follow the step-
by-step operating instructions and safety precautions in this manual. It will ensure that your
favourite product delivers reliable, superior performance year after year.

This manual includes information for all options available on this model. Therefore, you may find
some information that does not apply to your equipment.

All information, specifications and illustrations in this manual are those in effect at the time of
printing. We reserve the right to change specifications or design at any time without notice.

Customer satisfaction is our primary concern. Feel Free to contact us for any assistance. So what
are you waiting for, roll up your sleeves and let us get down to work!

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

 Important Information About This Manual

Reminder for Safety

Modification on Equipment:

This equipment should not be modified. Modification could affect its performance, safety or
disturbance. In addition damage or performance problems resulting from modification may not be
covered under warranties.

Precautions and Maintenance:

This is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that could cause minor or moderate personal injury
or damage to your equipment. To avoid or reduce the risk, the procedures must be followed
carefully.
1. Objective …………………………………… 1

2. Aim …………………………………… 1

3. Introduction …………………………………… 1

4. Theory …………………………………… 1

5. Description …………………………………… 2

6. Utilities Required …………………………………… 2

7. Experimental Procedure …………………………………… 2

8. Observation & Calculation …………………………………… 3

9. Nomenclature …………………………………… 5

10. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions …………………………………… 6

11. Troubleshooting …………………………………… 6

12. References …………………………………… 6

13. Block Diagram …………………………………… 7

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
(Rev. 1)
 HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
1. OBJECTIVE:
To study the heat transfer through conduction in composite wall.

2. AIM:
2.1 To calculate total thermal resistance of composite wall.

2.2 To calculate total thermal conductivity of composite wall.

2.3 To calculate thermal conductivity of one material in composite wall.

2.4 To plot the temperature profile along the composite wall.

3. INTRODUCTION:
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the high
temperature region to the low temperature region. Energy is transferred by conduction
and heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient:

q T

A X

When the proportionality constant is inserted,

T
q  kA
X

Where q is the amount of heat transfer and ΔT/ ΔX is the temperature gradient in the
direction of heat flow. The constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.

4. THEORY:
A direct application of Fourier’s law is the plane wall.

Fourier’s equation:

 kA
Q T2  T1 
X

Where the thermal conductivity is considered constant. The wall thickness is X, Q, A
are amount of heat transfer and heat transfer area respectively. T1 and T2 are surface

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 1 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 temperatures. If more than one material is present, as in the multilayer wall, the analysis
would proceed as follows:

The temperature gradients in the three materials (A, B, C), the heat flow may be written

T A TB T
Q  k A A  k B A  k C A C
X A X B X C

Q
q
A

For material A thermal conductivity can be calculated as following:

qX A
kA 
T A

5. DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of a heater sandwiched between two asbestos sheets. Three
slabs of different material are provided on both sides of heater, which forms a composite
structure. A small press-frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the
slabs. A PID is provided for varying the input to the heater and measurement of input
power is carried out by a digital energy meter & stopwatch. Eight temperature sensor are
embedded between inter faces of the slab, to read the temperature at the surface.

6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
6.1 Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp combined socket
with earth connection.

6.2 Bench Area Required: 1.0 m x 1.0 m.

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

7.1 STARTING PROCEDURE:

7.1.1 Ensure that mains ON/OFF switch given on the panel are at OFF position.

7.1.2 Connect electric supply to the set up.

7.1.3 Switch ON the mains ON / OFF switch.

7.1.4 Note down the ambient temperature readings.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
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 7.1.5 Set the input for heater by PID, Set Value (SV) is in the range 40o to 80oC.

7.1.6 After 1.5 hrs. Note down the reading of PID and temperature sensors in
the observation table after every 10 minutes interval till observing change
in consecutive readings of temperatures (± 0.2 oC).

7.1.7 Perform the experiment at different Set Value (SV).

7.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE:

7.2.1 When experiment is over switch OFF the heater switch.

7.2.2 Switch OFF the power supply to the set up.

8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

8.1 DATA:
Thermal conductivity of cast iron k1 = 52 W/moC Cast iron thickness X1 = 0.02 m
Thermal conductivity of bakelite k2 = 1.4 W/moC Bakelite thickness X2 = 0.015 m
Diameter of slab d = 0.25 m Press wood thickness X3 = 0.012 m
Energy meter constant EMC = 3200 pulses/kWhr

8.2 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sn P tP PV T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

8.3 CALCULATIONS:
P 3600 1000
Q   (W)
t p EMC 20


A d 2 (m2)
4

Q
q (W/m2)
2 A

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
Page No. 3 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 (T1  T7 )  (T2  T8 ) o
T  ( C)
2

T o
Rt  ( C m2/W)
q

X  X 1  X 2  X 3 (m)

q  X
K eff  (W/m oC)
T

X3
k 3 (W/m oC)
 T  X 1 X 2 
    
 q  k1 k 2 

X A  0 (m)

X A1  X A  X 1 (m)

X A2  X A  X 1  X 2 (m)

X A3  X A  X 1  X 2  X 3 (m)

(T1  T2 ) o
TA1  ( C)
2

(T 3T 4) o
TA2  ( C)
2

(T 5T 6) o
TA3  ( C)
2

(T 7T8 ) o
TA4  ( C)
2

8.4 CALCULATION TABLE:

Sr. T Rt keff k3 TA1 TA2 T A3 TA4

Q (W)
No (oC) ( Cm2/W)
o
(W/moC) (W/moC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
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 To plot the graph of length (XA, XA1, XA2, XA3) vs. temperature (TA1, TA2, TA3, TA4).

9. NOMENCLATURE:

Nom Column Heading Units Type

A Area of heat transfer m2 Calculated
D Diameter of slab m Given
o
Keff Total thermal conductivity of composite wall W/m C Calculated
k1 Thermal conductivity of cast iron W/m oC Given
k2 Thermal conductivity of bakelite W/m oC Given
k3 Thermal conductivity of press wood W/m oC Calculated
Q Amount of heat transfer W Calculated
q Heat flux W/m2 Calculated
o
Rt Total thermal resistance of composite wall C m2/W Calculated
o
T1-T2 Interface temperature of cast iron and heater C Measured
o
T3-T4 Interface temperature of cast iron and bakelite C Measured
o
T5-T6 Interface temperature of bakelite and press wood C Measured
o
T7-T8 Top surface temperature of press wood C Measured
o
T9-T10 Cold Water Inlet & Outlet Temperature C Measured
o
TA1 Average temperature at the interface of cast iron C Calculated
slab and heater
o
TA2 Average temperature at the interface of cast iron C Calculated
slab and bakelite slab
o
TA3 Average temperature at the interface of bakelite C Calculated
slab and press wood slab
o
TA4 Average temperature at the surface of press wood C Calculated
slab
X1 Cast iron thickness m Given
X2 Bakelite thickness m Given
X3 Press wood thickness m Given
XA Reference point to measure distances m Calculated
XA1 Distance of reference point to cast iron slab m Calculated
XA2 Distance of reference point to bakelite slab m Calculated
XA3 Distance of reference point to press wood slab m Calculated
o
∆T Overall temperature difference C Calculated

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
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 ∆X Total thickness of wall m Calculated
P Number of Pulses Measured
tP Time of pulses sec Measured

10. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

10.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 volts and more than 230
volts.

10.2 Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF
switches given on the panel are at OFF position.

10.3 Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.

10.4 Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
11.1 If electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light, check the main
supply.

12. REFERENCES:
12.1 Holman, J.P (2008). Heat Transfer. 9th Ed. ND: McGraw Hill. pp 23-24.

12.2 Kern, D.Q (2007). Process Heat Transfer. 16th Ed. ND: McGraw Hill. pp 14-15.

12.3 Domkundwar A (2003). A Course in Heat & Mass Transfer. 6th Ed. NY: S.C
Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd. pp A.4 – A.5.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
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13. BLOCKDIAGRAM:

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
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