Project by

Sivakumar
Abhijith P
Karthik pv
Aadith s
• SDG stands for "Sustainable Development Goals." The
Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 global goals
established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development. These goals are
designed to address a wide range of global challenges and
guide countries and organizations in their efforts to promote a
more sustainable and equitable world by the year 2030.
 Clean water
&
sanitation
Access to clean water and sanitation is a basic human right. However,2.2 billion
people globally lack access to safe drinking water and 4.2 billion people lack
access to safety managed sanitation services.The consequences of this are dire,
with millions of deaths each year due to waterborne diseases.
 Problems Faced
Water scarcity: is growing problem worldwide,with climate change
and population growth exacerbating the issue. Water scarcity affects
not only people’s health, but also their ability to grow crops and
sustain their livelihoods.it is estimated that by 2025, half of the
world’s population will be living water stressed areas.
Impact on girls and women : The lack of access to clean water
and sanitation has a disproportionate impact on women and girls.
They are often responsible for collecting water for their families
,which can take hours each day. This leaves them little time for Economic impact : It leads to increased
education or other activities, and put’s then at risk of violence healthcare costs and lost productivity due to
and harassment. Also drinking non hygiene water also cause illness. It also makes it difficult for people to
health issues that can effect the whole family. start and maintain businesses, as they may not
have access to the water and sanitation
Health Issue: a list of diseases caused by sewage or sewage
facilities they need.
contaminated water that can occur :

Campylobacteriosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Escherichia coli Diarrhea,

Encephalitis, Gastroenteritis, Giardiasis, Hepatitis A ,Leptospirosis
, Methemoglobinemia, Poliomyelitis, Salmonellosis,Shigellosis,
Paratyphoid Fever, Typhoid Fever, Yersiniosis
 Problems in daily life

▪ The most important chemical risks in drinking water arise from arsenic, fluoride or nitrate, emerging
contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and
microplastics generate public concern.
▪ Microbiologically contaminated drinking water can transmit diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery,
typhoid and polio and is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year.
▪ Diarrhoea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated food and water but there are other
hazards. In 2017, over 220 million people required preventative treatment for schistosomiasis – an acute and
chronic disease caused by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water.
▪ In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry and transmit diseases such as dengue
fever. Some of these insects, known as vectors, breed in clean, rather than dirty water, and household
drinking water containers can serve as breeding grounds. The simple intervention of covering water storage
containers can reduce vector breeding and may also reduce faecal contamination of water at the household
level.
 Water treatment method

Water source
Water intake

pretreatment
disinfection Storage

coagulation flocculation

Distribution

sedimentation filtration
 FOR CLEAN WATER
• Water Source: The source of water, such as a river, well, or reservoir.

• Water Intake: The process of extracting water from the source.

• Pre-Treatment: Removal of large debris, sediment, and particles through processes like screening and settling.

• Coagulation/Flocculation: Addition of chemicals to help particles clump together for easier removal.

• Sedimentation: Allowing the clumped particles to settle at the bottom of a tank.

• Filtration: Passing water through filters to remove finer particles and impurities.

• Disinfection: Treating the water with chemicals (e.g., chlorine) or UV light to kill harmful microorganisms.

• Storage: Storing the treated water in reservoirs or tanks.

• Distribution: Transporting water through pipes to homes and communities.

• Point of Use: Individuals accessing water from taps or other outlets.

Collection For sanitation

Grit removal

Primary
Treatment

Secondary Tertiary
Disposal or Reuse
treatment Treatment
 FOR SANITATION

• Collection: Gathering and transporting wastewater from homes and industries.

• Screening/Grit Removal: Removing large objects and heavy particles from the wastewater.

• Primary Treatment: Allowing the wastewater to settle and separate into sludge and effluent.

• Secondary Treatment: Treating the effluent using biological processes to break down organic matter.

• Tertiary Treatment: Further purifying the water through processes like filtration or chemical treatment.

• Disposal/Reuse: Either safely discharging treated water into the environment or reusing it for non-potable
purposes.
 Attribute
Clean water and sanitation are essential aspects of public health and sustainable development.
Access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities is crucial for preventing waterborne diseases,
improving overall health, promoting economic development, and ensuring a higher quality of life.
Here are some key details about clean water and sanitation:
• Clean water:
Importance: Clean water is vital for drinking, cooking, personal hygiene, and various industrial and
agricultural processes. It is essential for maintaining health and preventing waterborne diseases.
Waterborne Diseases: Contaminated water can lead to the spread of diseases such as cholera,
diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery. These diseases can cause severe health issues and even lead to
death, particularly in vulnerable populations.
Access to Clean Water: Access to clean water means having a reliable and safe supply of water that
is free from harmful contaminants. Unfortunately, many regions around the world still lack access to
clean water, which disproportionately affects marginalized communities.
Water Treatment: To ensure water is safe to drink, various treatment processes are employed,
including filtration, disinfection (using chlorine or other disinfectants), and in some cases, advanced
treatment methods like reverse osmosis.
Water Sources: Clean water can come from various sources, such as rivers, lakes, groundwater, and
treated municipal supplies. Ensuring the quality of these sources and preventing pollution is critical.
 Sanitation:
• Importance: Sanitation refers to the safe disposal of human waste, proper sewage
management, and maintaining hygienic conditions. Poor sanitation can lead to the
contamination of water sources, soil, and the spread of diseases.
• Open Defecation: Lack of proper sanitation facilities can lead to open defecation, which
contributes to the spread of diseases and contamination of the environment. Providing access
to proper toilets and sanitation infrastructure is crucial for addressing this issue.
• Sanitation Facilities: Sanitation facilities include toilets, latrines, and sewage systems. These
facilities should be designed and maintained to prevent the contamination of water sources
and the environment.
• Hygiene Education: Promoting good hygiene practices, such as handwashing with soap, is an
integral part of sanitation efforts. Proper hygiene practices can significantly reduce the risk of
disease transmission.
• Waste Management: Proper management of solid waste, wastewater, and sewage is essential
for maintaining a clean and healthy environment. This involves collecting, treating, and
disposing of waste in a way that minimizes environmental impact.
 Water harvesting through
condensation
• Water harvesting through condensation is a method of obtaining freshwater by collecting moisture from the air and
converting it into liquid water. This process mimics the natural phenomenon of dew formation and can be particularly
useful in regions with limited access to freshwater sources. Here's how water harvesting through condensation
typically works:
• Air Collection: A key component of this process is collecting air, which contains moisture in the form of water vapor.
The system usually includes a surface or structure designed to attract and cool the air, causing the moisture to
condense into liquid water.
• Cooling: Cooling is achieved using various methods, such as radiative cooling, passive cooling, or active refrigeration.
The cooling process lowers the temperature of the air and, as a result, decreases its capacity to hold water vapor.
When the air reaches its dew point temperature, condensation occurs, and water droplets form on the collection
surface.
• Collection Surface: The surface where condensation takes place is designed to maximize the efficiency of water
droplet collection. Common materials used include specially coated metals, plastics, or other materials that encourage
droplets to form and flow into a collection system.
• Collection and Storage: Once the water droplets form on the collection surface, they need to be directed into a
collection container or system. This can involve using channels, pipes, or other mechanisms to gather the condensate
and store it in a reservoir.
• Purification and Treatment: Depending on the source of air and local environmental conditions, the collected
condensate may need purification and treatment to ensure it is safe for drinking and other uses. Treatment methods
may include filtration, UV sterilization, chlorination, or other disinfection processes.
• Distribution: After purification, the harvested water can be distributed for various purposes, such as drinking,
irrigation, or household use.
• Suitable for Arid Regions: It can provide a source of freshwater in arid and water-scarce regions where traditional water sources are
limited.
• Sustainable: It relies on natural processes and renewable resources, such as air moisture and solar energy for cooling, making it
environmentally friendly.
• Advantages of water harvesting through condensation:
• Reduced Dependence on Groundwater: It can reduce the over-extraction of groundwater resources, helping to mitigate the depletion of
aquifers.
• Low Energy Requirements: Passive condensation systems can operate with minimal energy input, making them cost-effective and
sustainable.
• Challenges and limitations:
• Energy Requirements: Active condensation systems that use refrigeration or cooling mechanisms may consume significant energy, making
them less sustainable in some cases.
• Environmental Conditions: The efficiency of condensation-based systems heavily depends on local climate and temperature variations.
Humid environments are more favorable for condensation.
• Maintenance and Hygiene: Keeping the collection surfaces clean and maintaining water quality can be challenging, particularly in dusty or
polluted environments.
• Scale: Scaling up condensation systems to meet the water demands of entire communities or cities can be complex and costly.
• Water harvesting through condensation is a promising technology for addressing water scarcity issues, especially in regions where
traditional water sources are scarce. However, its feasibility and effectiveness depend on various factors, including local climate conditions,
technology choices, and maintenance practices.
There are different types of
condensation-based water harvesting
systems

1. Passive Condensation:
2. Active Condensation:
3.Fog Collectors
4. Atmospheric Water Generators (AWGs)

Condensation-based water harvesting has the potential to provide a sustainable source of freshwater
in regions where traditional sources are scarce or unreliable. However, it is essential to consider factors
such as energy requirements, cost, and environmental impacts when implementing such systems.
Additionally, the efficiency of these systems can be affected by factors like temperature, humidity
levels, and air quality in the local environment.
1.Passive Condensation: These systems rely on natural temperature
differences, often occurring at night, to facilitate condensation without
active cooling. Passive systems are typically smaller in scale and may be
used for personal water needs, like collecting dew on a plastic sheet.
2.Active Condensation: These systems use mechanical cooling
methods to lower the air temperature and facilitate more significant
water condensation. They are often larger and more efficient, suitable
for community or commercial applications.
3.Fog Collectors: In foggy regions, specially designed fog collectors
capture water droplets from fog and convert them into liquid water.
These collectors typically consist of mesh-like structures that capture
the droplets as they pass through the fog.
4.Atmospheric Water Generators (AWGs): AWGs are commercial
systems that use refrigeration and dehumidification processes to
extract water from the air. They are commonly used for residential or
industrial purposes and can produce a significant amount of
freshwater.
Waste Water Recycling using plants
Several aquatic plants have been used in water purification and wastewater
treatment. Among die most widely used are cattails, totora, water hyacinth, and
duckweed.

This Reduce the risk of added chemicals plants and Biologically Active
soil can clean Dirty water. This is easiest way to fix when we
collaborate with nature. Grey water, Black water. Wetland Plants. -
Roots of wetland Plants are like giant place where huge amount of
microorganism (bacteria, fungi) and these can actually biodegrade
most minor pollutants breaking them down to harmless elements.
And this become a livingfiltre and some of the wetland plant can
absorb heavy metals from water up into the tissue. Very simplest
version of how his concept is used. In waste water treatment is the
constructed wetlands.so in this example : - waste water flows into
gravel filled basin that planted within wetland plant also some sort of
baffles are kept in the system so that the water is forced to move up
and Down through the system ensuring maximum contact with the
plant roots and then at the end of the system much cleaner water
emerges.
 Treatment for black water

Anaerobic Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen

Septic tank
Tank tank tank tank

Septic tank where Anaerobic tank Oxygen tank with

settlement of soild with no oxygen plants with excess Same process takes place like
takes place which further oxygen,where before
biological activity
helps to digest
takes place, and
the sludge water get filtered
Filtered
material through all of those water
plant roots
reference
▪ INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
▪ WIKIPEDIA
▪ THE WORLD BANK
▪ UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MANDISON