Treatment of Water Using Various Filtration Techniques: Review Study
Treatment of Water Using Various Filtration Techniques: Review Study
Treatment of Water Using Various Filtration Techniques: Review Study
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Shabiimam M. A
Pandit Deen Dayal Petroleum University
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1. Introduction
In a developing country like India, rainfall is the most important source of
water, which the country receives abundantly, but due to its uneven distribution
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Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, Anjuman.I Islams. Kalsekar Technical Campus,
Panvel, Mumbai. Email:er.shabi@gmail.com
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Student, Civil Engineering, Anjuman.I Islams. Kalsekar Technical Campus, Panvel, Mumbai
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as well as absence of proper rainwater harvesting, many regions all across the
country suffer with water scarcity. Apart from rainfall other water sources
which are of over flooded by the rainfall may be used. For example, lakes,
rivers, ponds, ground water, etc. These water sources are proving inefficient
because of haphazard growth of the country’s population and deterioration of
water quality due to pollutants and contaminants.
As per the data collected by NITI Aayog, 54 percent of Indians face high to
extremely high water stresses. Water stress refers to the lack of availability of
water or, if at all it is available, the quality is not up to the drinking standards
set up by WHO. One of the most important processes required for improving
the quality of water is Filtration. Filtration removes the minute suspended
particles, bacteria, pathogens as well as heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, etc.
and makes the water safe for drinking. With the advancement in technology, a
number of filtration techniques are now available world-wide. However,
countries like India still face water borne epidemics as the level of pollution in
the country is quite high. The mostly impacted due to this are the rural areas.
Lack of good quality water has deteriorated the people’s health.
This review paper focuses on the various types of Filtration techniques
available and which technique is most suitable for which type of region. We
will study the types of natural substitutes which are available as filtering media,
their properties and uses, etc.
2. Health Impacts Due to Water Pollution
Water pollution related diseases cannot be dodged because anyhow we have to
use water either for drinking, cooking or washing. The diseases related to water
might be of any type viz. viral, bacterial, protozoal, helminthic and leptospiral.
(Aisha Parveen and Shifa Zaidi, 2017)
2.1 Viral Diseases
Diseases that spread through viruses include viral Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E,
Poliomyelitis, Rotavirus, and Diarrhoea in infants etc.
2.1.1 Hepatitis A: This virus causes Inflammation in lever, Jaundice, Pain in
Belly and fatigue, fever and nausea.
2.1.2 Hepatitis E: Presence of this virus causes mild fever, fatigue, loss of
appetite, yellowish skin and dark urine.
2.1.3 Poliomyelitis: Also known as polio, this disease is categorised into two
different forms viz. Paralytic polio and Non paralytic polio. Some of the
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symptoms of polio are Loss of reflexes, severe spasm and muscle pain , loose
and floppy limbs , sudden paralysis , deformed limbs , etc.
2.1.4 Rotavirus: Rotavirus is the main cause of Diarrhoea in infants. The initial
symptoms include fever and vomiting.
2.1.5 Diarrhoea: the symptoms of diarrhoea include abdominal pain, abdominal
cramps, nausea, vomiting, etc.
2.2 Bacterial Diseases
The diseases which spread through bacteria are typhoid and paratyphoid fever ,
bacillary dysentery , E-coli and cholera.
2.2.1 Typhoid: Caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi, this disease may even
prove fatal, if it is not diagnosed early. The typhoid fever is particularly high
which gradually increases upto 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Symptoms include
weakness, abdominal pain, constipation and head ache.
2.2.2 Bacillary Dysentery: The symptoms of this disease may include
abdominal pain, cramps and bloating, flatulence (passing gas), loss of appetite,
urgency to pass stool and dehydration.
2.2.3 E-Coli: Escherichia Coli is a type of bacteria that normally lives in our
intestines and in the guts of some animals. Some E Coli bacteria are harmless
while some are very harmful and can cause diarrhoea if we consume
contaminated water. It can also cause life threatening symptoms such as adult
kidney failure, fever, bleeding, confusion and seizures.
2.2.4 Cholera: This disease is caused by eating food or drinking water
contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera. Signs and symptoms of
cholera include rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst
and muscle cramps.
2.3 Protozoal Diseases
The diseases which are caused due to the presence of protozoa in the drinking
water are amoebiasis and giardiasis. Both of these diseases causes infection in
the intestines due to which symptoms like stomach cramps, loose stool, etc.
may occur. These diseases are often found in people living in developing
countries where there is poor sanitation and lack of accessibility to clean water.
2.4 Helminthic Diseases
These diseases may give rise to severe infections like round worm and thread
worm. The egg of the round worm usually enters the human body through
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contaminated water and food and hatches inside the intestine. These then lead to
various problems such as stomach pain, irritability, loss of appetite and
diarrhoea. If it is not treated, then it may lead to anaemia and malnutrition.
Thread worms are also called Pin Worms. They may cause severe itching of the
anus when the mature female parasites begin to lay eggs in that area.
3. Treatment of Water Using Various Filtration Techniques
3.1 Slow sand Filtration
Slow Sand Filter (SSF) dates back to the Eighteenth century as its need was felt
after discovering that the outbreak of diseases like cholera and typhoid were
linked to the consumption of contaminated water (Huisman and Wood, 1974).
As suggested by the name, a Slow Sand Filter uses a sand bed as a filter
medium followed by a coarser material such as gravel. Most of the biological
treatment is done by the sand, and the gravel is used to prevent sand from
clogging the under-drain piping. The under-drainage system is used to collect
the filtered water from the filter. SSF is very effective in removing particulate
matter which is greater than the pore size of the filter. Some bacteria and
viruses, therefore, percolates deeper into the sand bed before removal, however,
with passage of time, the size of the pores gets reduced because of the
deposition of particulate matter and the filtering effectiveness is increased. It
was found that virus removal efficiency of SSF increases with increasing bed
depth and decreasing rate of filtration and increasing water temperature (Troyan
and Hansen, 1989). The run time of the filter ranges from 60 to 80 days, but in
some cases, it may also reach 100 days (Ellis, 1985). The cleaning of SSF is
done by draining the water level down to the sand bed level and then removing
1 to 2 cm of the bio film.
3.2 Rapid sand Filtration
Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) was introduced in the late 80s as the need to build a
water treatment facility in limited portion of land was felt and the SSFs were
huge and took up a huge portion of valuable land. Two types of rapid filters are
mainly used viz. Rapid gravity filter and Rapid pressure filter.
The tanks of a rapid gravity sand filter are usually open to atmosphere while
those of a rapid pressure filter remain closed. The main difference between the
two is that one uses gravity for mobility of water and the other uses pressure. Its
main components are the chamber, filter sand, gravel support, under-drainage
system and wash water troughs. RSF alone cannot treat the water that is why it
needs pre-treatments like sedimentation and flocculation and post-treatment like
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has also been used in most of the portable water filters used today owing to its
easy availability and good water purification property.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, various water filtration techniques were discussed. Taking into
consideration the advantages and disadvantages of each of the techniques, it can
be easily decided that which type of filtration technique is suitable for which
type of region. Naturally available adsorbents further enhance the pollutant
removal and help us to achieve the sustainability that we have been trying to
achieve since so many years. These techniques help in getting rid of the water
borne diseases which is the major thread.
References
Aisha Perveen and Sayeda Shifa Zaidi. (2017). Effects of Water Pollution on
Human Health: A Review. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 1, 503-509.
Ellis, K.V. (1985). Slow Sand Filtration. CRC Critical Reviews In
Environmental Control, 15(4): 315-354
Hamid, S. H. A., Lananan, F., Din, W. N. S., Lam, S. S., Khatoon, H., Endut,
A., & Jusoh, A. (2014). Harvesting microalgae, Chlorella sp. by bio-
flocculation of Moringa oleifera seed derivatives from aquaculture
wastewater phytoremediation. International Biodeterioration &
Biodegradation, 95, 270-275.
Huisman, L and Wood, W E (1974). Slow Sand Filtration. World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Pp 1-89.
Matter, C. G. (2018). Membrane Filtration (Micro and Ultrafiltration) in Water
Purification. Handbook of Water and Used Water Purification, 1-17.
Ndabigengesere, A., & Narasiah, K. S. (1998). Quality of water treated by
coagulation using Moringa oleifera seeds. Water research, 32(3), 781-
791.
Oladoja, N. A., & Pan, G. (2015). Modification of local soil/sand with Moringa
oleifera extracts for effective removal of cyanobacterial
blooms. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2, 37-43.
Sharma, S., & Bhattacharya, A. (2017). Drinking water contamination and
treatment techniques. Applied Water Science, 7(3), 1043-1067.
Troyan, J. J., & Hansen, S. P. (1989). Treatment of microbial contaminants in
potable water supplies: technologies and costs. Noyes Data Corp. Park
Ridge, N.J. Pp.5-54. Website: https://www.webmd.com (Accessed 2nd
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