5 Integration and Its Applications

5.1 Anti-derivative and indefinite integral

• If we differentiate the function f (x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1, we get

df (x)
= f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
dx
Suppose we have f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1, can we do a reverse operation to find f (x)? This
reverse operation is called anti-differentiation or integration.

• A function F (x) is called an anti-derivative of f (x) if F ′ (x) = f (x) for every x in the
domain of f (x).

• A function can have more than one anti-derivative. For example, for f (x) = 3x2 , any one of
the following functions is an anti-derivative of f (x):

F (x) = x3 − 10 or F (x) = x3 + 15 or F (x) = x3 + π

• Fundamental property of anti-derivatives: Suppose F (x) is an anti-derivative of the continuous

function f (x). Then any other anti-derivative of f (x) will have the form

G(x) = F (x) + C, where C is a constant.

• If we can determine the anti-derivative (or integral) of a function, we say that the function is
integrable.

5.2 Indefinite Integral

Definition 5.2.1. The family of all anti-derivatives of f (x) is given by
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

and is called indefinite integral of f (x), where

•
R
is the integral symbol

• f (x) is the integrand

• dx indicates the variable of integration

• F (x) is an anti-derivative

• C is a constant.

It is important to note that if we differentiate an anti-derivative of f (x), we get f (x), that is

Z 
d
f (x) dx = f (x).
dx

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5.3 Properties of Integrals
Z Z
1. kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx where k is a constant
Z Z
2. k dx = k dx = kx + C, where k is a constant
Z Z
3. 1 dx = 1 dx = 1.x + C = x + C
Z Z
4. 0 dx = 0 dx = 0.x + C = C;
Z Z Z
5. [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx

5.4 The Power Rule of Integration

The general solution of integrals of the form xn dx is given by
R

xn+1
Z
xn dx = +c for n ̸= 1
n+1
Example 5.4.1. Determine the following indefinite integrals.
√
Z Z Z Z
1
(a) x8 dx (b) 4
x dx (c) dx (d) x2.3 dx
x5

Solutions:
x9
Z
1
(a) x8 dx = x8+1 + C = +C
8+1 9
√
Z Z
4
(b) 4
x dx = x1/4 dx = x5/4 + C
5
Z Z
1 1 1
(c) 5
dx = x−5 dx = x−5+1 + C = − 4 + C
x −5 + 1 4x
Z Z
10
(d) x2.3 dx = x23/10 dx = x33/10 + C
33
NOTE:
Always begin by simplifying the integrand before you can carry out any integration (whenever
possible)

Example 5.4.2. Evaluate:

√
Z Z Z Z
(a) 7x dx (b) 2ex dx
3
(c) 2
(x + 3)dx (d) ( 3 x + 5)dx

3t3 − 2t
Z Z   Z  
3 1 3
(e) (−2t + 3t + 5)dt (f) 2
− 3 dx (g) dx
x x 6t

49
 Z
(h) 3e2x dx

Solutions:
Z Z
7
(a) 7x dx = 7 x3 dx = x4 + C
3
4
Z Z Z
1
(c) (x2 + 3) dx = x2 dx + 3 dx = x3 + 3x + C
3
√
Z Z Z
3
(d) ( x + 5) dx = x dx + 5 dx = x4/3 + 5x + C
3 1/3
4
(e)
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
(−2t3 + 3t + 5) dt = −2t3 dt + 3t dt + 5 dt = −2 t3 dt + 3 t dt + 5 dt
1 3
= − t4 + t2 + 5t + C
2 2
.

(f)
Z   Z Z Z Z
1 3 1 3 −2 1 3
− dx = dx − dx = x dx − 3 x−3 dx = − + +C
x2 x3 x2 x3 x 2x2
.

(g)

3t3 − 2t 3t3 t2 1 t3
Z   Z Z Z
2t t
dx = dt − dt = − dt = − +C
6t 6t 6t 2 3 6 3
.

(i)
Z   Z Z Z
2 4 3 1 −2 3
− + e dx =2 dx − 4 x dx + e 1. dx
x x2 x
4
=2 ln |x| + + e3 x + C (Multiple rules).
x

Other standard integrals include:

Z Z
1
1. dx = x−1 dx = ln |x| + C
x
Z
1
2. ekx dx = ekx + C, where k is a constant, k ̸= 0
Zk
For k = 1, ex dx = ex + C

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 ax
Z
3. ax dx = +C
ln a
2x
Z
For example, if a = 2, then 2x dx = +C
ln 2
For example,
Z Z
(i) 2e dx = 2 ex dx = 2ex + c
x

e2x
Z Z  
2x 2x 3
(ii) 3e dx = 3 e dx = 3 + C = e2x + c
2 2
Z Z
2 1
(iii) dx = 2 dx = 2 ln |x| + c
x x
x4 e4x
Z  
3 4x 1
(iv) x −e +− dx = + − ln|x| + c
x 4 4
Exercise 12.
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals:
Z  3t Z √
√
Z    
4 3 e 21 1
(a) + − 7 dx (b) + + 24 dt (c) x3 +4 x+ √
3
dx
x2 x 4 4t x
Z  
7 21 1
(d) 4n − 4 − 4n − 9 dn
n e

5.5 Definite Integral and Area under the curve

5.5.1 Definite Integral
Definition 5.5.1. Integrals containing an arbitrary constant c in their results are called indefinite
integrals
Z since their precise value cannot be determined without further information. The general
form is f (x) dx.
Z b
Definite integrals are those in which limits are applied. The general form is given as f (x) dx,
a
where
Z a and b are called the lower limit and upper limit respectively.
If f (x) dx = F (x) + c, then

Z b
f (x) dx = [F (x) + c]ba = [F (a) + c] − [F (b) + c] = F (b) − F (c)
a

Notice that the addition of integration constant c, can hence be ignored for definite integrals, since
it cancels out when the limits are used.
For example,
Z 3  3 3  3   3 
2 x 3 1 1 2
a) x dx = +c = +c − + c = (9 + c) − ( + c) = 8
1 3 1 3 3 3 3

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 3 3
x3 33 (−2)3
Z     
2 1
b) (4 − x ) dx = 4x − = 4(3) − − 4(−2) − =8
−2 3 −2 3 3 3
Z 1 Z 3 Z 4
4x 2 θ+2
c) 3e dx (d) (x − 4x + 3) dx (e) √ dθ
0 1 1 θ
Z 4 Z 3 2
2 2x + 1
f) dt (f) dx
2 3t 1 3x
Example 5.5.1. Further examples include:
0 0
x3 3x2 03 3(0)2 (−2)3 3(−2)2
Z      
2 8 18 26
(a) (x − 3x) dx = − = − − − = + =
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3
Z −2
5 Z 5 −2
√ √ √
1 √
(b) √ dx = x−1/2 dx = (2x1/2 )|51 = 2( x)|51 = 2( 5 − 1) = 2 5 − 2
1 x 1

5.5.2 Area under and between the curves

Definition 5.5.2. Suppose f is continuous and f (x) ≥ 0 on the closed interval [a, b]. Then the
area under the curve y = f (x) on [a, b] is given by the definite integral of f on [a, b]. That is,
Z b
Area = f (x) dx.
a

Fig. 24: Area under curve

Example 5.5.2. Find the area under the curve y = 2x, above the x-axis, and between x = 1 and
x=2
Solution: Here f (x) = 2x. Geometrically, the required area is as shown in figure 2 below.

Fig. 25: Area under curve

52
Area under curve = Area of trapezium = 21 (4 + 2) × 1 = 3
Similarly, by integration,
2 2
x2
Z 
Area = 2x dx = 2 = 2[2 − 1/2] = 3
1 2 1

Example 5.5.3. Find the area under the parabola y = x2 − 2x + 2, above the x-axis, and between
x = 0 and x = 1
Solution:
Z 1
Area = (x2 − 2x + 2) dx
0
1
x3

2
= − x + 2x
3 0
1
= −1+2
3
4
=
3
Example 5.5.4. Find the area of the region between the curve y = x3 − 6x2 + 8x and the x-axis.
Solution: Since y = x3 − 6x2 + 8x = x(x2 − 6x + 8) = x(x − 2)(x − 4), the curve crosses the x-axis
at x = 0, x = 2 and x = 4.

Since part of the region R with 2 < x < 4 lies above the x-axis, we must calculate two separate
integrals, one with respect to y between x = 0 and x = 2 and the other with respect to −y between
x = 2 and x = 4.
Thus, the required area is
Z 2 Z 4
3 2
Area = (x − 6x + 8x) dx + (x3 − 6x2 + 8x) dx
0 2
 2  4
1 4 1 4
= x − 2x3 + 4x2 + x − 2x3 + 4x2
4 0 4 2

=4+4=8

53
5.5.3 Practice Exercise
1. Find the area of the region lying above the x-axis and under the parabola y = 4x−x2 [Answer:
32
3 ]

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 − 7x + 6, the x-axis, and the
lines x = 2 and x = 6. [Answer: 56
3 ]

3. Find the region and area bounded by y = x2 − 4, the x-axis and the lines x = −1 and x = 2.
[Answer: 9 squared units]

4. Find the region and area between the curve y = x(x − 3) and the ordinates x = 0 and x = 5.
[Answer: 13 61 ]

5.6 Area Between Curves

Assume that f (x) and g(x) are two continuous functions such that f (x) ≥ g(x) for a < x < b.
Then the curve y1 = f (x) lies above the curve y2 = g(x) between x = a and x = b. The area of the
region between the two curves and lying between x = a and x = b is given by the formula
Z b
Area = (f (x) − g(x)) dx
a

Example 5.6.1. Find the area A of the region mathcalR under the line y = 12 x + 2, above the
parabola y = x2 and between the y-axis and x = 1
Solution: Sketch the required region R as follows,

54
So that,
Z  1   Z 1 
1 2 1 2
Area(A) = x + 2 − (x ) dx = x + 2 − x dx
0 2 0 2
 2 1
x x3 23
= + 2x − = square units
4 3 0 12

Example 5.6.2. Find the region and area bounded by the parabolas y = 6x − x2 and y = x2 − 2x
Solution: By solving 6x − x2 = x2 − 2x, we see that the parabolas intersect when x = 0 and x = 4;
that is at (0, 0) and (4, 8).
By completing the square, the first parabola has the equation y = 9 − (x − 3)2 , therefore, it has its
vertex at (3, 9) and opens downward. Likewise, the second parabola has the equation y = (x−1)2 −1.
Therefore, its vertex is at (1,-1) and it opens upwards.
Notice that the first parabola y = 6x − x2 lies above the second parabola in the region R.

So that the required area of the region R is

Z 4 Z 4
2 2
Area = [(6x − x ) − (x − 2x)] dx = (6x − x2 − x2 + 2x) dx
0 0
4
6x2 2 3

64
= − x + x2 = square units
2 3 0 3

5.6.1 Practice Exercise

1
1. Find the area contained between the line y = x and the curve y = x2 . [Ans: 6]
1
2. Find the area contained between the two curves y = 3x − x2 and y = x + x2 . [Answer: 3]

3. Find the region and area bounded by the curve y = x3 , x = −2 and x = 1. [Ans: 4.25 units2 ]
4
4. Calculate the area of the segment cut from the curve y = x(3 − x) by the line y = x. [Ans: 3]

5.7 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Definition 5.7.1. If f is a continuous function defined on a closed interval [a, b] and F is an
antiderivative of f , then

55
 Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
where

Z b
• f (x) dx is the definite integral of f on the interval [a, b].
a

• a and b are the limits of integration.

NOTE: The definite integral is often referred to as a limit of a sum. Also, a definite integral can
be used to represent the area under a curve.

5.8 Business Application Problems

From marginal analysis, we have the following derivations:

1. Total Cost function, C(x) from the marginal cost function, M C(x) = C ′ (x):
Z
C(x) = M C(x) dx

2. Revenue function, R(x) from the marginal revenue function, M R(x) = R′ (x):
Z
R(x) = M R(x) dx

3. Profit function, P (x) from the marginal profit function, M P (x) = P ′ (x):
Z
P (x) = M P (x) dx

Example 5.8.1.

1. Consider the marginal profit for producing q units of a product given by the linear function

M P (q) = 40 − 0.05q

where M P (q) is in dollars per unit.

(a) Knowing that P = 0 when q = 0, recover the profit function P .

(b) Use your solution from part (a) to find the total profit realised from selling 200 units of
product.

Solutions: (a) P = 40q − 0.025q 2 (b) $ 7000.

56
2. The TuffyToe Company determines that the marginal cost function for their new walking
shoe is given by

M C(x) = C ′ (x) = 50 − 0.8x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 60

where x is the number of shoes produced per shift and M C(x) = C ′ (x) is the marginal cost
measured in dollars per shoe.

(a) Evaluate C ′ (10) and interpret

Z 50
(b) Evaluate C ′ (x) dx and interpret
0

Solution:
(a) Evaluating, we get
C ′ (10) = 50 − 0.8(10) = 42
At a production level of 10 shoes/shift, the cost is increasing at a rate of 42.00 dollars/shoe.

(b)
Z 50 Z 50
′
C (x) dx = (50 − 0.8x) dx = (50x − 0.4x2 )|50
0
0 0
=[50(50) − 0.4(50)2 ] = 1500

At a production level of 50 shoes/shift, the cost of production is $ 1500.

3. The ScandiTrac Company determines that their marginal profit function for producing and
selling a new economy model of cross-country ski machine at a mall is given by

M P (x) = P ′ (x) = 0.3x2 + 0.2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 30

where x is the number of machines produced and sold and P (x) is the marginal profit function
measured in dollars per ski machine.
(a) Knowing that $ 704 profit is made when 20 ski machines are sold, recover the profit
function P .
Z 20
(b) Evaluate P ′ (x) dx and interpret.
10

Solutions: (a) 0.1x3 + 0.1x2 − 136.0. (b) At a production level of 20 machines, the profit
from the last 10 machines is $ 730.00.
4. The rate of change in the number of U.S billed international telephone calls can be modelled
by
r(t) = 63.8e0.798t , 1 ≤ t ≤ 10

where t represents the number of years since 1984 and r(t) represents the rate of change in
the number of U.S billed international telephone calls, measured in millions of calls/year.

57
 (a) Evaluate and interpret r(6)
Z 11
(b) Evaluate and interpret r(t) dt
1

Solution:

(a) r(6) = 63.8e0.798(6) = 7659.89 In 1990 U.S billed international calls were increasing at
the rate of 7659.9 millions of calls/year.
(b)
Z 11
63.8 0.798t 11
63.8e0.798(t) dt =[ e ]|1
1 0.798
=518865.44 − 177.57 = 518688

From 1985 to 1995 there were 518,688 million U.S billed international calls.

5. The U.S Department of Energy reports that the import rate of petroleum products into the
United States is given by the function

P ′ (t) = 6.79t2 − 11.44t + 325.32, 3 ≤ t ≤ 25

where t is the number of years since 1970 and P ′ (t) represents the rate of imports per day
annually measured in (thousands of barrels imported each day/year ).

(a) Evaluate P ′ (6) and interpret the result.

(b) Integrate the rate function to determine the total increase in imports of petroleum into
the United States from 1973 to 1978.

Solutions: (a) In 1976 the rate of imports was 501.12 (thousands of barrels imported each
day/year ). (b) 2409.7 thousand of barrels imported each day.

6. The marginal revenue function for the FrontRide Bus Company is given by

M R(x) = R′ (x) = 0.000045x2 − 0.03x + 3.75, 0 ≤ x ≤ 500

(a) Knowing that R(x) = 0 when x = 0, recover the revenue function R.

(b) Find the price-demand function p for the bus company. Recall that the general formula
for the revenue function is

R(x) = (quantity produced).(price of each unit) = x.p(x)

(c) What should the price be when the demand is 100 passengers?

Solutions: (a) 0.000015x3 − 0.015x2 + 3.75x (b) 0.000015x2 − 0.015x + 3.75 (c) $ 2.40.

58
5.9 Practice Exercise
1. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
Z 4 Z 6 3 9 −1
x−3 2x − 7
Z Z Z
3
(a) 3x dx (b) (4x−2) dx (c) (8x +3x−1) dx (d) √ dx (e) dx
1 3 −2 4 x −2 x3
2. The FlowStop Company determines that the marginal cost for the new line of faucet is given
by

M C(x) = 1.50 + 0.04e0.02x

(a) Evaluate M C(20) and interpret

(b) If the number of units of the part produced increases from 100 to 150, what is the total
increase in cost?

Solution:

(a) M C(20) = 1.50+0.04e0.02(20) = 1.56 At a production level of 20 faucets the cost is rising
at a rate of about 1.56 dollars/faucet.
(b) Z
C(x) = M C(x) dx and 100 ≤ x ≤ 150

Z 150
(1.50 + 0.04e0.02x ) dx =[1.50x + 2e0.02x ]|150
100
100
=[1.50(150) + 2e0.02(150) ] − [1.50(100) + 2e0.02(100) ]
=265.17 − 164.778 = 100.39

Total increase in cost is $ 100.39

3. The TinyTot Toy Company determines that the marginal cost for producing a new action
figure is given by

M C(x) = C ′ (x) = 4 − 0.02x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 100

where x is the number of toys made daily and M C(x) = C ′ (x) is the marginal cost measured
in dollars per toy.

(a) Evaluate C ′ (30) dx and interpret.

Z 30
(b) Evaluate C ′ (x) dx and interpret.
0

4. By market analysis, the SatSet Satellite TV Company determines that their marginal revenue
function for their best-selling satellite dish is given by

M R(x) = R′ (x) = 50 + 0.04x3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 40

59
 where x represents the number of units produced and sold monthly and M R(x) = R′ (x) is
the marginal revenue measured in dollars per satellite dish.
Z 30
(a) Evaluate R′ (x) dx and interpret.
20
(b) Sketch the region determined in part (a).

Solutions: (a) The revenue from the 21st through 30th satellite dishes is $ 65500.

5. The marginal average cost function for producing x promotional banners is given by
100
M AC(x) = − ,x > 0
x2
(a) Knowing that it costs $2.50 per banner to produce 100 banners, recover the average cost
function AC(x).
(b) Knowing the average cost function AC from part (a), find the cost function C. Recall
that, by definition,
C(x)
AC(x) = .
x
(c) Using the cost function from part (b), evaluate C(100) and interpret.

Solutions: (a) − 100

x + 3.50 (b) −100 + 3.5x (c) The cost of producing 100 banners is $
250.

Practice exercise 3: To be sent to the students

** End of Topic Five **

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