Wiki

A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ WI-kee) is a form of online

hypertext publication that is collaboratively edited
and managed by its audience directly through a
web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple
pages that can either be edited by the public or
limited to use within an organization for
maintaining its internal knowledge base.

Wikis are enabled by wiki software, otherwise

known as wiki engines. A wiki engine, being a
form of a content management system, differs
from other web-based systems such as blog Editing display showing MediaWiki markup language
software or static site generators, in that the
content is created without any defined owner or
leader, and wikis have little inherent structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the
users.[1] Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a simplified markup language and
sometimes edited with the help of a rich-text editor.[2] There are dozens of different wiki engines in use,
both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are free and
open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access);
for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access
without enforcing access control. Further rules may be imposed to organize content.

There are hundreds of thousands of wikis in use, both public and private, including wikis functioning as
knowledge management resources, note-taking tools, community websites, and intranets. Ward
Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described wiki as "the
simplest online database that could possibly work".[3] "Wiki" (pronounced [wiki][note 1]) is a Hawaiian
word meaning "quick".[4][5][6]

The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based website, as well being one of the
most popular websites on the entire internet, having been ranked consistently as such since at least 2007.[7]
Wikipedia is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a
specific language. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles, standing at
6,857,311 as of July 2024.[8]

Characteristics
In their 2001 book The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web, Ward Cunningham and co-author Bo
Leuf described the essence of the Wiki concept:[9][10]

"A wiki invites all users—not just experts—to edit any page or to create new pages within the
wiki website, using only a standard 'plain-vanilla' Web browser without any extra add-ons."
 "Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between
different pages by making page link creation intuitively easy
and showing whether an intended target page exists or not."
"A wiki is not a carefully crafted site created by experts and
professional writers and designed for casual visitors.
Instead, it seeks to involve the typical visitor/user in an
ongoing process of creation and collaboration that
constantly changes the website landscape."
A wiki enables communities of editors and contributors to write
documents collaboratively. All that people require to contribute is a
computer, Internet access, a web browser, and a basic understanding of
a simple markup language (e.g. MediaWiki markup language). A single Ward Cunningham
page in a wiki website is referred to as a "wiki page", while the entire
collection of pages, which are usually well-interconnected by
hyperlinks, is "the wiki". A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through
information. A wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex, and networked text, while also allowing for
editor argument, debate, and interaction regarding the content and formatting.[11] A defining characteristic
of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can be created and updated. Generally, there is no review
by a moderator or gatekeeper before modifications are accepted and thus leads to changes on the website.
Many wikis are open to alteration by the general public without requiring registration of user accounts.
Many edits can be made in real-time and appear almost instantly online, but this feature facilitates abuse of
the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication to edit pages, and sometimes even to read them.
Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba, and Steve Wheeler write that the open wikis produce a process of
Social Darwinism. "... because of the openness and rapidity that wiki pages can be edited, the pages
undergo an evolutionary selection process, not unlike that which nature subjects to living organisms. 'Unfit'
sentences and sections are ruthlessly culled, edited and replaced if they are not considered 'fit', which
hopefully results in the evolution of a higher quality and more relevant page."[12]

Editing

Source editing
Some wikis have an edit button or link directly on the page being viewed if the user has permission to edit
the page. This can lead to a text-based editing page where participants can structure and format wiki pages
with a "lightweight markup language", sometimes known as wikitext, wiki markup or wikicode (it can also
lead to a WYSIWYG editing page; see the paragraph after the table below). For example, starting lines of
text with asterisks could create a bulleted list. The style and syntax of wikitexts can vary greatly among wiki
implementations, some of which also allow HTML tags.

Layout consistency
Wikis have traditionally employed plain-text editing, utilizing simpler conventions than HTML to denote
style and structure. Restricting access to HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) within wikis hinders
users from modifying content layout and formatting. However, this restriction offers advantages. It fosters
uniformity in appearance by curbing CSS modifications and ensures that users cannot introduce JavaScript
code that might impede access for others.

Basic syntax

Visual editing
Wikis can also make WYSIWYG editing available to users, usually through a JavaScript control that
translates graphically entered formatting instructions into the corresponding HTML tags or wikitext. In
those implementations, the markup of a newly edited, marked-up version of the page is generated and
submitted to the server transparently, shielding the user from this technical detail. An example of this is the
VisualEditor on Wikipedia. WYSIWYG controls do not, however, always provide all the features available
in wikitext, and some users prefer not to use a WYSIWYG editor. Hence, many of these sites offer some
means to edit the wikitext directly.

Version history
Some wikis keep a record of changes made to wiki pages; often, every version of the page is stored. This
means that authors can revert to an older version of the page should it be necessary because a mistake has
been made, such as the content accidentally being deleted or the page has been vandalized to include
offensive or malicious text or other inappropriate content.

Edit summary
Many wiki implementations, such as MediaWiki, the software that powers Wikipedia, allow users to supply
an edit summary when they edit a page. This is a short piece of text summarizing the changes they have
made (e.g. "Corrected grammar" or "Fixed formatting in table"). It is not inserted into the article's main text
but is stored along with that revision of the page, allowing users to explain what has been done and why.
This is similar to a log message when making changes in a revision-control system. This enables other users
to see which changes have been made by whom and why, often in a list of summaries, dates and other
short, relevant content, a list which is called a "log" or "history".

Navigation
Within the text of most pages, there are usually many hypertext links to other pages within the wiki. This
form of non-linear navigation is more "native" to a wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes.
Users can also create any number of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or
whatever form of organization they like. These may be challenging to maintain "by hand", as multiple
authors and users may create and delete pages in an ad hoc, unorganized manner. Wikis can provide one or
more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis,
including the original, have a backlink feature, which displays all pages that link to a given page. It is also
typically possible in a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite others to share
what they know about a subject new to the wiki. Wiki users can typically "tag" pages with categories or
keywords, to make it easier for other users to find the article. For example, a user creating a new article on
cold-weather biking might "tag" this page under the categories of commuting, winter sports and bicycling.
This would make it easier for other users to find the article.

Linking and creating pages

Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called "link pattern". Originally, most wikis used
CamelCase to name pages and create links. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and
removing the spaces between them (the word "CamelCase" is itself an example). While CamelCase makes
linking easy, it also leads to links in a form that deviates from the standard spelling. To link to a page with a
single-word title, one must abnormally capitalize one of the letters in the word (e.g. "WiKi" instead of
"Wiki"). CamelCase-based wikis are instantly recognizable because they have many links with names such
as "TableOfContents" and "BeginnerQuestions". A wiki can render the visible anchor of such links "pretty"
by reinserting spaces, and possibly also reverting to lower case. This reprocessing of the link to improve the
readability of the anchor is, however, limited by the loss of capitalization information caused by CamelCase
reversal. For example, "RichardWagner" should be rendered as "Richard Wagner", whereas
"PopularMusic" should be rendered as "popular music". There is no easy way to determine which capital
letters should remain capitalized. As a result, many wikis now have "free linking" using brackets, and some
disable CamelCase by default.

Searching
Most wikis offer at least a title search, and sometimes a full-text search. The scalability of the search
depends on whether the wiki engine uses a database. Some wikis, such as PmWiki, use flat files.[13]
MediaWiki's first versions used flat files, but it was rewritten by Lee Daniel Crocker in the early 2000s
(decade) to be a database application. Indexed database access is necessary for high speed searches on large
wikis. Alternatively, external search engines such as Google Search can sometimes be used on wikis with
limited searching functions to obtain more precise results.

History
WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki.[14] Ward Cunningham started
developing WikiWikiWeb in Portland, Oregon, in 1994, and
installed it on the Internet domain c2.com on March 25, 1995. It
was named by Cunningham, who remembered a Honolulu
International Airport counter employee telling him to take the "Wiki
Wiki Shuttle" bus that runs between the airport's terminals.
According to Cunningham, "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative
substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-
web."[15][16] Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu
International Airport
Cunningham was, in part, inspired by the Apple HyperCard, which
he had used. HyperCard, however, was single-user.[17] Apple had
designed a system allowing users to create virtual "card stacks" supporting links among the various cards.
Cunningham developed Vannevar Bush's ideas by allowing users to "comment on and change one
another's text."[2][18] Cunningham says his goals were to link together people's experiences to create a new
literature to document programming patterns, and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories
with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring".[17]

Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site, launched in January 2001 and entering the top ten most
popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s (decade), wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as
collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets, and documentation,
initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their only collaborative software and as a
replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning.
There may be greater use of wikis behind firewalls than on the public Internet. On March 15, 2007, the
word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary.[19]

Alternative definitions
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to both user-editable websites and the
software that powers them; the latter definition is still occasionally in use.[1] Wiki inventor Ward
Cunningham wrote in 2014[20] that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to a single website, but
rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance of
wiki". He wrote that the concept of wiki federation, in which the same content can be hosted and edited in
more than one location in a manner similar to distributed version control, meant that the concept of a single
discrete "wiki" no longer made sense.[21]

Implementations
Wiki software is a type of collaborative software that runs a wiki system, allowing web pages to be created
and edited using a common web browser. It may be implemented as a series of scripts behind an existing
web server or as a standalone application server that runs on one or more web servers. The content is stored
in a file system, and changes to the content are stored in a relational database management system. A
commonly implemented software package is MediaWiki, which runs Wikipedia. Alternatively, personal
wikis run as a standalone application on a single computer.

Wikis can also be created on a "wiki farm", where the server-side software is implemented by the wiki farm
owner. Some wiki farms can also make private, password-protected wikis. Free wiki farms generally
contain advertising on every page. For more information, see Comparison of wiki hosting services.

Trust and security

Controlling changes
Wikis are generally designed with the philosophy of making it easy to correct mistakes, rather than making
it difficult to make them. Thus, while wikis are very open, they provide a means to verify the validity of
recent additions to the body of pages. The most prominent, on almost every wiki, is the "Recent Changes"
page—a specific list showing recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame.[22] Some wikis
can filter the list to remove minor edits and edits made by automatic importing scripts ("bots").[23] From the
change log, other functions are accessible in most wikis: the
revision history shows previous page versions and the diff feature
highlights the changes between two revisions. Using the revision
history, an editor can view and restore a previous version of the
article. This gives great power to the author to eliminate edits. The
diff feature can be used to decide whether or not this is necessary. A
regular wiki user can view the diff of an edit listed on the "Recent
Changes" page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, consult the history, History comparison reports highlight
restoring a previous revision; this process is more or less the changes between two revisions
streamlined, depending on the wiki software used.[24] of a page.

In case unacceptable edits are missed on the "recent changes" page,

some wiki engines provide additional content control. It can be monitored to ensure that a page, or a set of
pages, keeps its quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be warned of modifications to the pages,
allowing them to verify the validity of new editions quickly. This can be seen as a very pro-author and anti-
editor feature.[25] A watchlist is a common implementation of this. Some wikis also implement "patrolled
revisions", in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark some edits as not vandalism. A "flagged
revisions" system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed.[26]

Trustworthiness and reliability of content

Critics of publicly editable wiki systems argue that these systems could be easily tampered with by
malicious individuals ("vandals") or even by well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce errors into the
content, while proponents maintain that the community of users can catch such malicious or erroneous
content and correct it.[2] Lars Aronsson, a data systems specialist, summarizes the controversy as follows:
"Most people when they first learn about the wiki concept, assume that a Web site that can be edited by
anybody would soon be rendered useless by destructive input. It sounds like offering free spray cans next to
a grey concrete wall. The only likely outcome would be ugly graffiti and simple tagging and many artistic
efforts would not be long lived. Still, it seems to work very well."[14] High editorial standards in medicine
and health sciences articles, in which users typically use peer-reviewed journals or university textbooks as
sources, have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis.[27] Some wikis allow one to link to specific
versions of articles, which has been useful to the scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could
analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version of that article.[28] Noveck points out
that "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in
preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation." On controversial
topics that have been subject to disruptive editing, a wiki author may restrict editing to registered users.[29]

Security
The open philosophy of wiki – allowing anyone to edit content – does not ensure that every editor's
intentions are well-mannered. For example, vandalism (changing wiki content to something offensive,
adding nonsense, maliciously removing content, or deliberately adding incorrect information, such as hoax
information) can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites, such as those run by the Wikimedia Foundation,
vandalism can go unnoticed for some period of time. Wikis, because of their open nature, are susceptible to
intentional disruption, known as "trolling". Wikis tend to take a soft-security approach to the problem of
vandalism, making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage. Larger wikis often
employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert vandalism and JavaScript
enhancements that show characters that have been added in each edit. In this way, vandalism can be limited
to just "minor vandalism" or "sneaky vandalism", where the characters added/eliminated are so few that
bots do not identify them and users do not pay much attention to them.[30] An example of a bot that reverts
vandalism on Wikipedia is ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG, which uses machine learning to identify likely
vandalism, can revert edits, often within minutes, if not seconds.[31]

The amount of vandalism a wiki receives depends on how open the wiki is. For instance, some wikis allow
unregistered users, identified by their IP addresses, to edit content, while others limit this function to just
registered users.[32]

Edit wars can also occur as users repetitively revert a page to the version they favor. In some cases, editors
with opposing views of which content should appear or what formatting style should be used will change
and re-change each other's edits. This results in the page being "unstable" from a general user's perspective,
because each time a general user comes to the page, it may look different. Some wiki software allows an
administrator to stop such edit wars by locking a page from further editing until a decision has been made
on what version of the page would be most appropriate.[11] Some wikis are in a better position than others
to control behavior due to governance structures existing outside the wiki. For instance, a college teacher
can create incentives for students to behave themselves on a class wiki they administer by limiting editing to
logged-in users and pointing out that all contributions can be traced back to the contributors. Bad behavior
can then be dealt with under university policies.[13]

Potential malware vector

Malware can also be a problem for wikis, as users can add links to sites hosting malicious code. For
example, a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a
malicious website. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link would be
infected.[11] A countermeasure is the use of software that prevents users from saving an edit that contains a
link to a site listed on a blacklist of malicious sites.

Communities

Applications
The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the
World Wide Web[33] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in
terms of traffic.[34] Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb,
Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage, and previously Susning.nu, a
Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related
wiki examples include Ganfyd, an online collaborative medical
reference that is edited by medical professionals and invited non-
medical experts.[12] Many wiki communities are private,
particularly within enterprises. They are often used as internal The home page of the English
documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some Wikipedia
companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software
documentation.[35] A study of corporate wiki users found that they
could be divided into "synthesizers" and "adders" of content. Synthesizers' frequency of contribution was
affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders' contribution frequency was affected more
by being able to accomplish their immediate work.[36] From a study of thousands of wiki deployments,
Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder analysis and education are crucial to successful wiki
deployment.[37]

In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become
mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by 2009.[38] Wikis can be used for project
management.[39][40] Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination
of information across institutional and international boundaries.[41] In those settings, they have been found
useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee
work.[42] In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration placed a heavier
impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in
wikis being used in the classroom.[11]

Wikis have found some use within the legal profession and within the government. Examples include the
Central Intelligence Agency's Intellipedia, designed to share and collect intelligence, DKospedia, which
was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents about the internment of
detainees in Guantánamo Bay;[43] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh
Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The United States
Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-Patent, a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding
prior art relevant to the examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New York has used a wiki to
allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a
wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can
edit.[29]

In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration and research support
systems.[44][45]

City wikis
A city wiki (or local wiki) is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for a specific
geographical locale.[46][47][48] The term 'city wiki' or its foreign language equivalent (e.g. German
'Stadtwiki') is sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or an entire region.
A city wiki contains information about specific instances of things, ideas, people and places. Much of this
information might not be appropriate for encyclopedias such as Wikipedia (e.g. articles on every retail outlet
in a town), but might be appropriate for a wiki with more localized content and viewers. A city wiki could
also contain information about the following subjects, that may or may not be appropriate for a general
knowledge wiki, such as:

Details of public establishments such as public houses, bars, accommodation or social

centers
Owner name, opening hours and statistics for a specific shop
Statistical information about a specific road in a city
Flavors of ice cream served at a local ice cream parlor
A biography of a local mayor and other persons

WikiNodes
WikiNodes are pages on wikis that describe related wikis. They are
usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A neighbor wiki is
simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be
of interest. A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain
content delegated to that wiki.[49] One way of finding a wiki on a
specific subject is to follow the wiki-node network from wiki to
wiki.
Visualization of the collaborative
work in the German wiki project
Mathe für Nicht-Freaks
Participants
The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are reader,
author, wiki administrator and system administrator. The system administrator is responsible for the
installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. The wiki administrator
maintains wiki content and is provided additional functions about pages (e.g. page protection and deletion),
and can adjust users' access rights by, for instance, blocking them from editing.[50]

Growth factors
A study of several hundred wikis showed that a relatively high number of administrators for a given content
size is likely to reduce growth;[51] that access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce
growth; that a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that higher administration
ratios (i.e. admins/user) have no significant effect on content or population growth.[52]

Conferences
Active conferences and meetings about wiki-related topics include:

Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian software, including

Confluence.[53]
OpenSym (called WikiSym until 2014), an academic conference dedicated to research about
wikis and open collaboration.
SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic MediaWiki.[54]
TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware.[55]
Wikimania, an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of Wikimedia
Foundation projects like Wikipedia.
Former wiki-related events include:

RecentChangesCamp (2006–2012), an unconference on wiki-related topics.

RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013), a semi-annual unconference on "regiowikis", or wikis on
cities and other geographic areas.[56]

Legal environment
Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling the
finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it
impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners, some of whose identities may be unknown due
to pseudonymous or anonymous editing.[11] Where persons contribute to a collective work such as an
encyclopedia, there is, however, no joint ownership if the contributions are separate and distinguishable.[57]
Despite most wikis' tracking of individual contributions, the action of contributing to a wiki page is still
arguably one of jointly correcting, editing, or compiling, which would give rise to joint ownership. Some
copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free
Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing; Creative Commons licenses are
also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be
deemed to exist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki, although the legal
basis for such an implied license may not exist in all circumstances.

Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays
indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that they could have exercised to
stop copyright infringement, they may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if the wiki is
primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains a direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue, from
infringing activities.[11] In the United States, wikis may benefit from Section 230 of the Communications
Decency Act, which protects sites that engage in "Good Samaritan" policing of harmful material, with no
requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing.[58] It has also been argued, however, that a
wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias, verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research
policies, could pose legal risks.[59] When defamation occurs on a wiki, theoretically, all users of the wiki
can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove or amend the defamatory material from the
"publication". It remains to be seen whether wikis will be regarded as more akin to an internet service
provider, which is generally not held liable due to its lack of control over publications' contents, than a
publisher.[11] It has been recommended that trademark owners monitor what information is presented about
their trademarks on wikis, since courts may use such content as evidence pertaining to public perceptions.
Joshua Jarvis notes, "Once misinformation is identified, the trademark owner can simply edit the entry".[60]

See also

Internet portal

Comparison of wiki software

Content management system
CURIE
Dispersed knowledge
List of wikis
Mass collaboration
Universal Edit Button
Wikis and education

Notes
1. The realization of the Hawaiian /w/ phoneme varies between [w] and [v], and the realization
of the /k/ phoneme varies between [k] and [t], among other realizations. Thus, the
 pronunciation of the Hawaiian word wiki varies between ['wiki], ['witi], ['viki], and ['viti]. See
Hawaiian phonology for more details.

References
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Sources
Ebersbach, Anja (2008), Wiki: Web Collaboration, Springer Science+Business Media,
 ISBN 978-3-540-35150-4

Further reading
Mader, Stewart (December 10, 2007), Wikipatterns (https://archive.org/details/wikipatternsapr
a00made), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-22362-8
Tapscott, Don (April 17, 2008), Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything,
Portfolio Hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59184-193-7

External links
Wiki (https://curlie.org/Computers/Software/Groupware/Wiki/) at Curlie
Exploring with Wiki (https://www.artima.com/articles/exploring-with-wiki), an interview with
Ward Cunningham by Bill Verners
Murphy, Paula (April 2006). Topsy-turvy World of Wiki (https://web.archive.org/web/2011070
9101821/https://www.ucop.edu/tltc/news/2006/04/wiki.html). University of California.
Ward Cunningham's correspondence with etymologists (https://c2.com/doc/etymology.html)
WikiIndex and WikiApiary (https://wikiapiary.com), directories of wikis
WikiMatrix (https://www.wikimatrix.org/), a website for comparing wiki software and hosts
wikiteam (https://github.com/WikiTeam/wikiteam) on GitHub

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