COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

ETHNOBOTANICAL USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN

AMBICHO GODE KEBELE,HADIYA ZONE, ETHIOPIA.

MAY, 2024

HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA
 WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

ETHNOBOTANICAL USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN

AMBICHO GODE KEBELE, HADIYA ZONE, ETHIOPIA.

BY: I'D NO

1.LAMBE. LEGEBO ..............1409607

2.ELFNESH TIRUHA................1305026

3 BLEN FITSUMBIRHAN ..........12000470

4 BIZAYEHU SHITAHUN..........1307245

ADIVISOR: GEBREMEDHN YOHANNES (MSc.)

A senior project submitted to department of Biology, College of Natural and

Computational Science, Wachemo University in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Applied Biology

MAY,2024

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY, ETHIOPIA

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our grateful thanks and deep appreciation to our advisor Gebremedhn
Yohannes (MSc.), for his extremely useful comments during preparation of this senior essay
beginning from proposal up to the end. We also to acknowledge all individuals who contributed
valuable comments directly or indirectly through sharing of ideas for the success of this paper.
Moreover, we would like to express our deepest acknowledgment to our family members and
Friends.

i|Page
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
1. INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1. Background and Justification of the Study--------------------------------------------------------1
1.2. Statement of the problems---------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3. Significance of the study-----------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.4. Objectives of the study-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.4.1. General objective-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.4.2. Specific objectives----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.5 Organization of the paper----------------------------------------------------------------------------4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1. Concept of cultural (traditional) medicinal plants------------------------------------------------5
2.2. Medicinal plants and ethnomedicine in the world------------------------------------------------5
2.2.1. Traditional medicinal activities in Africa-------------------------------------------------------5
2.2.2 Traditional Medicinal activities in Ethiopia-----------------------------------------------------5
2.3. Habitat and structure of plants used for preparation of traditional medicinal plants---------6
2.4. Method of utilizing traditional medicine----------------------------------------------------------6
2.5 .The threat to medicinal plants and the associated knowledge----------------------------------6
2.6. Conservation efforts of medicinal plants----------------------------------------------------------6
2.6.1. Ex-situ conservation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.6.2. In-situ conservation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.7. Advantages of traditional medicinal pants--------------------------------------------------------7
2.8 .Disadvantages of traditional medicinal pants-----------------------------------------------------7
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS------------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.1. Description of study area----------------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.2 Study Design-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.3 sample size and sampling techniques---------------------------------------------------------------8
3.3.1 Sample size determination----------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.3.2 Sampling Technique-----------------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.4 Data Collection Method---------------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.5 Data Analysis------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

ii | P a g e
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------10
4.1. Results------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
4.1.1. Socio Demographic Characteristics---------------------------------------------------------10
4.2 Preferences of the Use of Medicinal Plants in Ambicho Gode Kebele-----------------------10
4.3 Every Use of Medicinal Plants and Reasons-----------------------------------------------------10
4.4 Ethno Pharmacological Aspects of Traditional Medicinal Plants-----------------------------11
4.5 Top Ten Commonly Used Medicinal In the Study Area----------------------------------------11
4.6 Plants Parts Used For Treatment of Various Ailments in the Study Area--------------------12
4.7 Methods of Preparation of Traditional Medicinal Plants Product Among Respondents of
the Ambicho Gode Kebele.------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
4.8 Conservation Practices------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
4.9 Threat to Traditional Medicinal Plants in the Study Area--------------------------------------13
4.10 Wild of Traditional Medicinal Plants Availability---------------------------------------------13
4.11. Discussion:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
5. Conclusion and Recommendation----------------------------------------------------------------------15
5.1. Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
5.2. Recommendation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
6. REFERENCE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
APPENDIX---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Apendix 1. Lists of medicinal plants collected from Ambicho kebele-------------------------------19
Apendix 2. Questionnaire----------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Apendix 2. Demographic Background--------------------------------------------------------------------23
Appendix 3---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
Appendix 4.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Appendix 5 Ethical Consideration---------------------------------------------------------------------27

iii | P a g e
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background and Justification of the Study

Ethno botany is the study of the relationships between plants and people with a particular
emphasis on traditional cultures. The traditional use of plants to fulfill daily needs dates back to
the beginning of human civilization and continues to date. Still traditional medicinal plant
knowledge is the integral part of culture of many Asian and African countries indigenous
community (Subramanyam et al. , 2008) ailments still plays a significant role in most parts of the
country (Birth et al., 2011; Giday and Teklehaymanot ; 2013; Tolossa et al., 2013). Particularly,
traditional herbal healing is widely practiced

Throughout the rural population as their primary health-care system (Yineger, 2007; Seid and
Tsegay,2011). There is a high expectation of enormous traditional knowledge and use of
medicinal plant species in Ethiopia due to the existence of diverse languages, cultures, beliefs
and significant geographical diversity which favored the formation of different habitat for
medicinal plant (Cunningham et al., 2001). In Ethiopia, it has been estimated that traditional
remedies are the most important and sometimes the only source of therapeutics for nearly 80% of
the population of which 95% of traditional medicinal preparations are of plant origin (Hamilton,
2003). Much of the knowledge on traditional medicine is available in rural communities. Most of
them are perpetuated by word of mouth within family or small community. However, since
cultural systems are highly dynamic, these skills are likely to be lost when the communities
emigrate to towns or regions, or if the local ecology is significantly changed (Suleiman and
Alemu, 2012). Furthermore, the high population pressure and its related consequences like
increased need for agricultural land, settlement, fuel wood, house construction, and income
generation have led to an extreme reduction of medicinal plant in all over their ranges (Bekalo et
al., 2009; Belayneh et al., 2012).

The current loss of medicinal plants in the country due to natural and anthropogenic factors links
with the missing of valuable indigenous Biology associated with the plants. This strong link
suggests a need to conduct ethno botanical research and to document the medicinal plants and the
associated indigenous knowledge. Such study are useful to identify threatened plants and to take
appropriate conservation measures. The present research will document the wealth of indigenous

1|Page
knowledge on utilization, management and conservation of medicinal plants as well as threats to
the plants in Lemo werda

1.2. Statement of the problems

Medicinal plants are the base for the development of new drugs and for the survival of all human
kinds as well as other livestock. However, the local knowledge of traditional medicine of the area
usually passed on orally from generation to generation as most other parts of the country.

Valuable information can be lost or destroyed whenever traditional healers or elders people die
before they have passed their data and reference, about what type and species of medicinally
used plants of Ethiopia as documented for National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan by
(Tesema, 2002). There are more than 887 plants in the study area .

1.3. Significance of the study

The finding of this study has the following important significances:

1. It helps people of the study area to develop the habit of documenting and passing indigenous
knowledge on to next generation without being distorted.

2. Provide useful information for industries on market potential of medicinal plants products in
the study area.

3. help health institutions to design intervention strategies for controlling of diseases using both
traditional and modern drugs

2|Page
1.4. Objectives of the study
1.4.1. General objective

To assess the Ethnobotanical use of traditional medicinal plants in Ambicho Gode

kebele.

1.4.2. Specific objectives

 To identify and documenting traditionally used medicinal plants for the treatment of
human and livestock ailments
 To document the indigenous knowledge of traditional medicinal plant use, method of
preparation and dosage, storage, part used and mod of administration in the study area
 To identify the current and potential major threats for medicinal plants and associated
Knowledge of traditional methods of conservation being practiced by the local people in
the district.

3|Page
1.5 Organization of the paper

This research paper is organized in to five parts. Chapter one deals with introductory part which
contains back ground of the study, statement of the problem , objectives, and significance of the
study. Chapter two is concentrated up on literature review. Chapter three focuses on a research
methodology and material. chapter four focus on results and discussion. chapter five also focus
recommendation and conclusion.

4|Page
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Concept of cultural (traditional) medicinal plants

Traditional medicinal plants are the combination of knowledge and practices whether applicable
or not indiagnosis, preventing or eliminations of physical or mental disease winch may rarely
exclusively on past experience and observation undertaken from generation to generation (WHO,
1979).according to medicinal history, Hippocrates (469-370 B.C)was the first Greece to regard
medicine as a science and he is known referred to as the father of medicine. Furthermore, the
elder was one of the first Roman naturalist who wrote same 37 books and devoted two
volume(number 20 and 27) to medicinal botany and he often prescribed paper and repentance as
the cure of for many disease(Lewis,1981).

2.2. Medicinal plants and ethnomedicine in the world

WHO tried to seek the traditional medicinal plants constituents those were used for medicinal
plants (purpose)on different parts of the world. For example in China and India practitioners
were named as herbalists bone settlers, spiritual healers, traditional psychiatrists(WHO,1979).

2.2.1. Traditional medicinal activities in Africa

Most African countries now have at one research group. Investigating medicinal plants and the
Scientific Technical and Research Commission (STRC) continues to finance (fund) on research
project of African countries on medicinal plants. These African countries include Angola,
Uganda, Egypt, Senegal, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Guinea, Congo and Tanzania regional
documented to coordinate research activities (Debela, 1919).

2.2.2 Traditional Medicinal activities in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia there is a great geographical diversity which creates tropical, subtropical, and
temperate climatic condition, resulted in great diversity in flora and fauna in Ethiopia. This
conciliation also favored the evolution of diverse disease and their causative agents. In response
to these disease: Ethiopians have developed remedies that restore enhance good health. The
knowledge is based on oral traditional or information codified in early medico-religious
manuscripts (Mesfin, 2004).

5|Page
2.3. Habitat and structure of plants used for preparation of traditional
medicinal plants

Preparation of traditional medicinal plants used for medicinal purposes, may have one of the
following habits: herbaceous, shrubby or shrub trees, climber or any other. The traditional
medicinal constituents or ingredients maybe found in their leaves, seeds, flower, fruit, root,
rhizomes,stems,bark,seed-coat and so on. To get maximum benefit or medicine, there is specific
season and time of the day in winch active principle of plants materials would be attainable
(Banner, 1979).

2.4. Method of utilizing traditional medicine

Traditional plants can be utilized either:-

By making a juice of leaves barks or roots and then :-

swabbing on affected parts of the body

drinking the juice or

rubbing the juice on an injured part of the body or grinding the leaves and seeds to

Apply on affected body parts and drink its juice or boiling and inhaling the vapor or grinding
bark to make a drinking or swab for swelling

2.5 .The threat to medicinal plants and the associated knowledge

There are two sources of threats to medicinal plants specifically and in general to the
biodiversity.i.e natural and man-made threats. Man made threats include:-agricultural expansion,
destructive harvesting and introduction of invasive species, urbanization, population pressure and
over harvesting are some of the man made threats to medicinal plants. Natural threats include:-
recurrent drought, bush fire, disease and pest out break

6|Page
2.6. Conservation efforts of medicinal plants

There are two major strategies undertaken in conserving biodiversity in general and medicinal
plants in particular. These are:-

2.6.1. Ex-situ conservation

So far the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research (IBCR)has conserved about 662
samples of 31 medicinal plants species in cold room gene bank. Although their storage behavior
is still not studied. Until storage techniques are prepared, it is better to conserve medicinal plants
in ex-situ in bank (Mari, 1917).

2.6.2. In-situ conservation

This conservation approaches dedicated conserving the medicinal plants in their original natural
habitats in order to restore the generic diversity of species.(http://penn wikipedia.org).

2.7. Advantages of traditional medicinal pants

➢ Cheaper than modern medicinal

➢More accessible to most of the population in the third world countries.

➢ it is potential source of new drugs (www.penn fostergldal.com).

2.8 .Disadvantages of traditional medicinal pants

 Lack of scientific proof of its efficiency.

 Traditional medicinal practitioners are not hygienic in their preparation method.

 Witch crafts and the evil aspects of traditional medicinal also disorder form of medicine

(HTTP://berbs-love to know.com).

7|Page
 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Description of study area

Ambicho Gode Kebele is found in Ethiopia located south of Adiss Abeba in the Hadiya Zone
Central Region of Ethiopia Hosaena has a latitude and longitude of (7°33′Nand 37°51′E with an
elevation of 2177 meters above sea level. the town has eight kebeles and known by agriculture,
especially chat coffee, the distance from Hossana to Addis Ababa is 232km .in addition it has
mean annual rain fall of Hossana is classified under Woina Dega. an average of 1500 – 1800mm
rainfall annually and temperature ranging from 19.5°c Ambicho Gode Kebele has total
population of 5,792(2,857 men and 2,934 women).

3.2 Study Design

The study was cross-sectional community based survey, based on preperepared structure and
semi-structure questionnaires consisting of the general socio-demographic, socio-economic,
knowledge and practices on the use of medicinal plants

3.3 sample size and sampling techniques

3.3.1 Sample size determination

3.3.2 Sampling Technique

Sampling was based on simple random sampling methods. Households were selected randomly
and traditional medical practitioners and elder were purposefully included in the study

8|Page
3.4 Data Collection Method

Two separated questionnaires was prepared; one for traditional healers and other
For the communities who used the traditional medicinal plants for humane and animal ailments.
Interviews was conducted and the information on local name of traditional medicinal plants,
parts used, disease treated ,method of preparation ,use and side effects was recorded based on
local communities knowledge and practices of medicinal plants. Identification of the traditional
medicinal plant specimen collection from study area was performed at the biology department,
Wachemo University, using taxonomic key and flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea by comparison with
already identified herbarium specimen.

3.5 Data Analysis

The data was analyzed by quantifying and sorting with determining proportions, and tables that
was summarized the ethnobotanical data of traditional medicinal plants based on information‘s
that were gathered and the specimens of traditionally used medicinal plants were collected and
identified, with list of diseases along with information on their use, preparation, conservation,
preservation and their treatment for different ailments was conducted in the study area.

9|Page
 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Results

4.1.1. Socio Demographic Characteristics

A total of 40 informants were included in the study. From this, 59(62.77%) of the respondents
were males, and 35(37.23%) were females. The majority of the residents were Hadiya , which
accounts for (80%)followed by others (Gurage, Silte ,Kembata) accounting for (20%)).the
majority of the study populations were married 69(73.40%),followed by divorced 21(22.34%)
and widowed 4(4.26%).in terms of educational status, the majority of the study populations 50%
were illiterate, while some can read and write about 65%,those who have completed their
primary school (1-8) 70%and those who have completed their secondary school (9-10) 40% and
preparatory (11 and 12) 25%.regarding occupation status, farmer and merchants were accounted
for 75%of the total populations, studied HH respondents whose income range 1000-5000

10 | P a g e
4.2 Preferences of the Use of Medicinal Plants in Ambicho Gode Kebele

Residents of the study area stated that they prefer the use of medicinal plants for the following
reasons. The most and important reasons, why they prefer to use medicinal plants is its
cheapness (less expenditure), followed by its effectiveness (26.6%), acceptability (21.3%)),
acceptability among the community (15.9) and other constituents

4.3 Every Use of Medicinal Plants and Reasons

About 55% of the respondent retorted that they had used medicinal plants in the paste and now a
day. The ever use of medicinal plants were compared between sub-groups (among different
ages, sex, educational status) use chi square tests. Males were more likely to use medicinal plants
than females but association was not statistical significance (70%)).age was found to have
significant association with the use of medicinal plants (p<0.05).respondents between age group
25-45 use medicinal plants more than other age group, followed by age group of 60 and above,
farmers were more likely to practice medicinal plants and there is statistically significance
(p<0.05),associated between ethnicity, income and literacy status the most commonly cited
reasons 86% for practice of medicinal plants were for treatment of various human and livestock
ailments.

4.4 Ethno Pharmacological Aspects of Traditional Medicinal Plants

About 80% of the total population know and use of traditional medicinal plants.in the survey, 35
medicinal plants were documented and expressed in the terms of vernacular and scientific names.
The identified species were reported in twenty-fives family, of labiates (31.91%) Rutaceae,
(24.46%) Rosacea,(19.15%) Acanthaceae, (17.02%) Compositae, (7.45%) were the dominate
plants families (table 1). Ocimum lamilifolium,Ruta chala pensis L,Hagenia abbysisinica,
Vernonia amygdalina,Allium Sativuum,Zingibe officinale rosse,lepidum sativuum,Dicipter
laxata,Echinops macrochaetus m,croton macro stachys,and nicotiana tobacum were the top ten
commonly used plant species. The result of the study indicated that there was a practice of
cultivating medicinal plants, about 35% of medicinal plants were cultivated at home garden and
42% grown at wild and the remaining were grown both at garden and wild.

Table 1: Dominants Medicinal Plants Families of the Study Area

11 | P a g e
 Families Respondents in number Percent (%
labiate 30 31.9
Rutaceae 23 24.46
Rosacea 18 19.15
Acanthaceae 16 17.02
Compositae 7 7.45

4.5 Top Ten Commonly Used Medicinal In the Study Area

All mentioned of Traditional medicinal plants have medicinal value for the treatment of humans
livestock ailments. however the degree of preferences among the residents were varying
depending on their preferences there were ten commonly used (table 2)

4.6 Plants Parts Used For Treatment of Various Ailments in the Study Area

Any part of plant leaves, roots, seeds, shoot, fruits were useful for treatment of various human
and livestock ailments among those part leaves constitutes 28.49 %,root 20.72% fruits 13.98 %
and other accounts for 7.77%.

4.7 Methods of Preparation of Traditional Medicinal Plants Product Among

Respondents of the Ambicho Gode Kebele.

Traditional Medicinal plants were prepared in different forms (21.83%) plants were prepared as
decoction (24.02%) were taken in fresh (raw vegetable forms), followed by concoction
(18.78%), infusion (15.28%), juice form (11.35%), and (8.37%) constitutes others method.

12 | P a g e
The results of the study indicated that the major routes of administration ready to use were per
oral accounting for (60%) followed by topical (27%) and nasal applications (9%) (Table 3)

Table 2: ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Routes of administration Percentage (%)

Orally 60
Topically 27
Nasal 9
Others 4

4.8 Conservation Practices

Peoples in the study area are conserving of traditional medicinal plants in the cultivated farm
land and home garden and live fences not to lose the valuable resource for its lively hood. The
results indicated that 49% of medicinal plants in the study area are collected from the home
garden, followed by 31% from farmland, 10% from traditional medicinal practitioners,4% from
forest. There is urgent need for whole area under conservation and protection as well to alert
peoples about the plant biodiversity

4.9 Threat to Traditional Medicinal Plants in the Study Area

Respondent were asked whether there are threat to traditional medicinal plants in the study area
or not. Hence, 68.08 % of them explained that there is not threat to medicinal plants and 31.9 %
of them mentioned a critical threat due to deforestation, urbanization, agricultural land and in
adequate extension with support targetable harvesting of plants

4.10 Wild of Traditional Medicinal Plants Availability

The results of the current study revealed that TMPs are easily available from garden, forest,
farmland.it was witnessed by 86% of the respondent whereas, the remaining 10.64% of
respondents explained that it is difficult to get medicinal plants even in the wild state and the
remaining 2.13% respondents explained as getting maps in wild very difficult. The responses
focus on a debate in the light of increasing agriculture lands, selective harvesting of MPs for
medicine and other multiple uses

13 | P a g e
4.11. Discussion:

Beliefs about cause of health problem are determinate of treatment seeking decisions.one of the
alternatives solution of health problem the rise in a large segment of rural population is
employing traditional medicine ,in general and medicinal plants in particular (Abera,2003).

The present study indicated that 55% of the total respondents had used traditional medicinal
plants. However, the current observation is lower than the WHO estimate (80%), the residents of
the town prefer medicinal plants for its cheapness and quick relief. The study done on medicinal
plants state that due to its long period of practice and existence, traditional medicine has become
an integral part of the culture of Ethiopian peoples (mirgissa,1998).

The present study reported 35% medicinal plants as being used by the people of Ambixho Gode
kebele . Most of reported medicinal plants were also used elsewhere in Ethiopian for their
medicinal value. The fact that some medicinal plants being used for the same purpose by more
than one community might indicate the therapeutic effectiveness of these remedies. The current
study indicated the most of medicinal plants were cultivated at home garden and cultivate land,
but other study shows that most medicinal plants are harvested from wild as in many plants of
the country (Giday et al2003)

Peoples of the study area have developed many method of administration of the preparation
depending on particular disease to be treated. Most of the remedies were taken orally, followed
by topical (external applications and nasal applications)

The majority of the remedies were prepared from freshly collected plant materials form the home
garden. They were mainly taken orally, but some were prepared with a mixture of plants or other
ingredients such honey, sugar, salt, ginger and coffee and least powder was mostly used for the
preparation of infusions. Regarding their enhancement of cultivation, home gardens are central
targets for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of medicinal plants and there has to be increased
cultivation of medicinal plants that are popular among the residents.

14 | P a g e
 5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1. Conclusion

In the current study indigenous knowledge of Ambicho Gode residents on plants was
documented the local peoples and residents of the town know which plant and which part of
plant was used to treat human in majority and partly livestock depending on the disease they
encountered. The result of the study indicated that the major routes of administration were orally,
followed by topical. Leaves were the major plant parts used. Regarding the mode of uses of
medicinal plants, 60% of plants were prepared and used fresh.

15 | P a g e
For preservation, drying their leaves, seeds, stems, barks, or roots and then storing in the form of
powder was used and preparation of those part in juice form was also advice to store and
enhance their availability

Problem of precision in the determination of does has been noted the area. The main reason why
some of the residents were afraid of using medicinal plants relies on its side effects. Thus, to
upgrade the use of medicinal plants; their dosage to be taken should be considered.

 Generally the study area is home for several medical plants .

 These medical plants have great value for the health problems of poor people .
 Herbalists and knowledge farmers are using these plants to cure human diseases.
 The young generations have most not shown much interest in this life long accumulated
knowledge.
 These tendency of disinterestedness on traditional medical practice is likely to one of the
major cause for loosing wealth of knowledge in the near future.
 Therefore, it is important that the government create awareness among conserving
medical plants before they disappear and there by ensure the rights of people to apply
their traditional practice which are known for their proven safety and effectiveness.

5.2. Recommendation

This study has not covered all traditional medicinal plants in the district.it are, therefore,
suggested that multidisciplinary studies be undertaken.

 The validity, efficacy and dosage of the plants

 The documentation and preparation of manual, as means to preserve local knowledge
and experience should be undertaken
 Training should be given to the traditional healers on the use of medicinal plant based
on standard measurement to reduce side effects of improper dosage.

16 | P a g e
  Encouraging the formation of strong national association for medicinal plants
 Identification, cultivation and propagation of medicinal plants should be undertaken to
sustain their availability for future generations, too
 Botanical gardening, in-situ and ex-situ conservation of medicinal plants, need further
work.
 Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation should be carried out on the most
frequently used species of medicinal plants in the study area.

6. REFERENCE

Abbiw O.K. (1996). Misuses and abuses in self-medication with medicinal plants, the case of
Erythrophelum in Ghana. In; biodiversity of Africana plants.pp; 700-720

Abera Guyed, Dawit, Abate, Asfaaw, Debela, Zew dneh, Mekonene, Abera, Frehiwte, Teka,
Tesfaye, Kebde, Kelbessa, Kidist yirsaw,

Tekel Biza, Bisrate Hailemariame and mulugeta guta. (2005). Screening of some medicinal
plants of Ethiopia for their antimicrobial properties and chemical properties. Journal
ethnofarmacolage. 97:421-27.
17 | P a g e
Aketch C.A,(1992) .Apreliminary survey of conservation status of some species in Kenya.in the
status of some plant resources in part of tropical Africa ,PP, 54-65

Alemayehu Kefyalew (2010) ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in oda’a werda esttern
shewa zone of oromia region, ethiopa,addis abeba university

Amare getahun,(1976).some common medicinal plants use in ethiopan folkmedicine.addis abeba

university. Pp 3-69

Balick, m.j and cox, p.a (1996) plants, people and culture; the science of ethnobotany.scientific
American library,new York

Bayafers tamene (2000). Afloristic analysis and ethnobotanical study of semi-wet land of cheffa
area,south wollo,ethiopa.m.sc.thesis, addis ababa university

Cunningham, A.B.(1996) PEOPLE, PARK AND PANT USE recommendation for multiple use
zones and development alternatives around bwindi,impenetrable national park, Uganda
in,people and plant working paper 4 pp18-25.UNESCO,PARIES

Dawit Abebe and Ahadu ayehu(1993). Medicinal plants and enigematic healthe practice of north
Ethiopia Berhanina selam printing enterprise, Addis Ababa.pp.341.

Dbela hundie (2001) use and management of traditional medicinal plants by indigenous people
of boosat werda, wolenchiti area, an ethnobotanical approach.m.sc thesis, Addis Ababa
University

Endale amenu (2007), use and management of medicinal plants by indigenoue people of ejaji
area (chelya wereda) west shewa, Ethiopia. An ethiobotanical approach. M.sc thesis
Addis Ababa University

Etana Tolosa (2007) use and conservation of traditional medicine plants by indigenous people in
gimbi wereda, western wollega. M.sc thesis Addis Ababa University

Fasil kibebew (2001) the state and availability of oral and written knowledge on traditional
healthcare in Ethiopia in,; conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in
Ethiopia pp.109-119

18 | P a g e
Fekadu fullas(2007) the role of indigenous medicinal plants in Ethiopia healthcare. African
renaissance.

Hierarch, et ai (1998). Medicinal plants in Mexico healer’s consensus and cultural

importantance. social science and medicine, 47; 18-67

Lemordant, D (1960) linguistic diversity, in culture and spiritual values of biodiversity

Mesfin, G.J (1986).some medicinal plants of centeral shewa and southwestern Ethiopia .Sinet;
Ethiopian journal of science 9; 143-68.

Seyoum Getaneh (2009) ethiobotanical study of medicinal plants in Debrelibanos wereda,

northshewa zone of Oromia region Ethiopia M.Sc thesis Addis Ababa university,

Tesfaye Awas and sebsebe Demissew(20090,ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in

kafficho people southwestern ethiopa. In proceedings of the 16th international conference
of Ethiopian studies.pp 714-18.

Tesfaye hailemariam, sebsebe Demissew and Zemede asfaw(2009). An ethnobotanical study of

medicinal plants by local people in the lowlands of konta special
wereda,SNNPRS,Ethiopia. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine,6;25-45

Tilahune Teklehaymanote and mirutse giday (2007).ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants

used by people in zegie peninsula,northwestern Ethiopia.journal of ethnobiolgy and
ethnomedicine 3; 3-12

APPENDIX

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

19 | P a g e
 Apendix 1. Lists of medicinal plants collected from Ambicho kebele

20 | P a g e
21 | P a g e
22 | P a g e
23 | P a g e
Apendix 2. Questionnaire

The main objective of these questionnaires is to identify medicinal plants traditionally used by
Hadiya community in Ambicho Gode kebele Lemo special woreda/ district, central Region,
Ethiopia.

Therefore, this questionnaire is planned to fill by members of the community healers or those
who have experiences in using medicinal plants used by Hadiya community in Ambicho Gode
kebele Lemo special woreda, central Region. Moreover, the questionnaire is prepared by a
minimizing that it will help us to identify the medicinal plants traditionally used by Hadiya
community in Ambicho Gode kebele.

Apendix 2. Demographic Background

Direction: Give response to the given question using a thick () and write
your answers whenever necessary!
Sex: male Female

Marital status: signal married widow divorced

educational status : Illiterate Literate

Occupation status: House wife students Farmer

Residence: Urban Rural

24 | P a g e
 Religion: Orthodox Protestant Muslim Catholic
Other (specify):_______________________________________

Appendix 3

Direction: Give response to the given question using a thick () and write
your answers whenever necessary!
Have you seen any traditional meditational plants?
Yes No

If your answer is “yes”, at least mention four medicinal plants traditionally used by
community in your locality (used Vernacular name)?

________________________________________________________________
______________

________________________________________________________________
______________

From the above mention, select one traditional medicinal plant and answer the following
question.

Which parts of medicinal plant used for medication?

Leaves Bark Seeds Fruits Fiber roots whole parts

Other (specify): _________________

Which types of medicinal plants are reliable important?

Shrubs woody plants herbaceous Climbers

Other (specify): _________________

Do you know how to use the medicinal plant that you have selected?

Yes No

25 | P a g e
 Do you think that only the medicinal plant that you have selected is the best of all?

Yes No

Are you willing to use medicinal plants traditionally used by your local community?

Yes No

If your answer is “yes” for the question no 7, which types of traditional medicinal plant
do you use during illness (use Vernacular name)?

Specify: ________________________________

What kind of illness is going to be healed by the traditional medicinal plant you
mentioned?

Stomachache Diarrhea Headache Toothache

Wounded/ Injury Backache Earache Pain

Other (specify): _________________

Probably, how many people being healed by using this traditional medicinal plant per
month?

Less than 50 More than 50 Half community of kebele Other

(specify): _________________

Which growing site can you get this traditional medicinal plant?

Natural vegetation Farmlands plantation sites

Live fence domestic cultivated wild cultivated

Other (specify): ________________

When the community used this medicinal plant, is there any side effect?

Yes No

26 | P a g e
 If your answer is “yes” for the question no 9, what are the side effects of this traditional
medicinal plant?

Vomiting diarrhea Allergic

Other (specify): ___________________

What are the major medicinal plants frequently in use around your community?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Is it impossible to store extra traditional medicinal plants after use for long time?

Yes No

Appendix 4.

List of informants I Ambicho Kebele

S/No Name of Sex Age Occupation Place of Date of Remark

Respondents interview interview
1 Ato Molite Helana M 53 Farmer Ambicho 25/08/2016
Gode kebele
2 Ato Liro Anshebo M 50 Farmer ,, 25/08/2016
3 Ato Mathous dando M 36 Officer ,, 26/08/2016
4 W/o Lafamo Garkabo F 60 Household ,, 01/09/2016
5 W/o Marta amanuel F 40 Household ,, 01/09/2016
6 Ato Hanuro lambore M 42 Farmer ,, 01/09/2016
7 Ato Erisumo chafamo M 50 Farmer ,, 02/09/2016
8 W/o Lechemhe Ergodo F 32 Household ,, 02/09/2016
9 W/o Lintishe Eriso F 45 Household ,, 02/09/2016
10 Ato Lombammo M 60 Farmer ,, 02/09/2016
Hanqore

27 | P a g e
Appendix 5 Ethical Consideration
An official letters was written from Wachemo University, department of biology to Ambicho
Gode Kebele authorized body, to obtain permission from the leaders of the town to gather the
needed information. The values and norms of the residents were undermined. As well as the
spirit of respect was key issue during data gathering and inter related work and need to answer
each question honesty and efficiently as per as time given to perform the whole work was
assured with confidentially.

28 | P a g e