11

EXERCISE 1: Find the readings of the vernier calipers below

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.
 13

EXERCISE
Record the readings shown by the micrometer screw gauge below.
 15

Exercise 2: Assuming the jaws of the vernier calipers are tightly closed, find the zero error of
the vernier calipers below.

1.
2.

Zero Error = Zero Error =

3. 4.

Zero Error = Zero Error =

Example 3. Find the zero error and the correct reading of the vernier calipers below.

1. 2.
 20

EXERCISE
1. The time taken for 10 oscillations is 20.00 s. What is the
a) period of the pendulum

period=……………………….. [2]
b) frequency of the pendulum

frequency = …..………………….. [2]

2. What is the accuracy of the metre rule?

…………………… [1]

3. What is the accuracy of the micrometer screw gauge?

…………………… [1]
4. Fig. 4.1 below shows a Simple Pendulum.

Fig. 4.1

a) Define the term Period and Oscillation

Oscillation……….………………………………………….………………………………………..

Period……………..…………………………………….……..……………………………….... [2]

b) The pendulum takes 8.0s to make 20 oscillations.

i. Determine the period of the pendulum.

………………………… [2]

ii. calculate the frequency of the pendulum

………………………... [2]
 31

Typical graph

Uses of terminal velocity in parachuting: A parachutist will have two different terminal
velocities. Before opening the parachute it is about 60 m/s. Afterwards, due the much greater
drag force, the terminal velocity is about 5 m/s

EXERCISE
1. Galileo drops a stone from the leaning tower of Pisa, which is 45 m high, at what speed
does the stone reach or hit the ground.

……………………………… [3]
2. A car of mass 800 kg is travelling at 10 m/s. when the brakes are applied, it comes to
rest in 8 m. what is the average force exerted by the brakes.

…………………………………… [3]
3. A skydiver is falling from an aeroplane.
a. Name two forces acting on the diver

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..……………..[2]
 32

b. State how each force changes as the sky diver speeds up.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………..……………….. [2]

c. Why does the sky diver reach a steady speed (terminal velocity)?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………….……………………………………………………..…………………………[2]

d. Describe and explain what happens when the sky diver opens the parachute.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….…..[3]
 37

Classwork
1. The table below gives a value for the acceleration due to gravity, g, on various planets. Use
it to answer questions which follow.
Planet g (m/s2)
Pluto 0.5
Mars 4
Earth 10
Jupiter 26
A 30 000 kg Spacecraft leaves earth and visits all the planets listed above.
Calculate the weight of the spacecraft in Pluto, Earth, Mars & Jupiter.
Pluto……………………..N
Earth……………..………N
Mars……………………..N
Jupiter..……..…………….N
[5]
2. A bus and a racing car are travelling at the same high speed in the same direction. They
both approach a curve on the road at the same time. The bus overshoots the curve while
the racing car negotiates the curve with ease.
(i) State two attributes of the racing car which helped it to negotiate the curve.
.................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State a way in which road curves are constructed so as to minimise cases of
vehicles overshooting it.

………………………………………………………………………………………..... [1]

4. A truck and a small car are travelling along a straight road at the same speed. Both
drivers see an obstacle on the road and apply the brakes at the same time. Which
vehicle is likely to stop first? Give a reason for your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..……[2]
 45

EXAMPLE
1. Calculate the force required to cause a car of mass 1200 kg to accelerate by 5 m/s2.
F=ma
= 1200 kg x 5 m/s2
= 6000 N

2. Calculate the acceleration produced by a force of 200N on a mass of 4kg.

F=ma
a=F÷m
= 200N ÷ 4kg
acceleration = 50 m/s2

EXERCISE
1. A Saturn V Moon rocket has a mass of 3.0 x106 kg. The thrust at lift off is 3.3 x107 N. Find

a. The weight of the rocket

………………………[1]
b. The resultant or unbalanced force force at lift off

....................................1]

c. The acceleration at lift off

………………………..[2]
d. The apparent weight of the rocket in orbit.
………………………..[6]

2. When a force of 6 N is applied to a block of mass 2 kg, it moves along a table at constant
velocity.
a. What is the frictional force

……………………[1]
b. When the force is increased to 10 N, what is
i. The resultant force

….……………….[1]
ii. The acceleration

…………………..[2]

iii. The velocity, if it accelerate from rest for 10 s. [5]

.............................[2]
 47

EXAMPLES
1. On a see-saw Mary, weight 600N balances John, weight 200N when she sits 1.5m away
from the pivot. How far from the pivot is John?

Applying the principle of moments:

Mary’s weight x distance = John’s weight x distance
600N x 1.5m = 200N x distance
900 ÷ 200 = d
John is 4.5m from the pivot
2. Calculate the weight of the beam, W0 if it is balanced

W 1 = 6N; d1 = 12 cm; d0 = 36 cm.

Applying the principle of moments:
W1 x d1 = W0 x d0
6N x 12 cm = W0 x 36 cm W0 = 72 / 36 W0 the weight of the beam = 2N

EXERCISE
1. A spanner was used to undo a nut. A force of 20 N was applied at a distance of 20 cm from
the nut. Calculate the moment of the force being used.

…..………………..[2]
2. A uniform metre rule of mass 100 g balances at the 40 cm mark when a mass X is placed at
the 10 cm mark. What is the value of X?

X = ………………….[2]
 48

3. If the ruler in the diagram below is balanced, what is the weight W

25 cm 15 cm 25 cm

W 4N 1N
n

W =……………......[2]
4. The ruler below is balanced at their centre of gravity. What is weight of the X?

20 cm 25 cm

X 4N

X =………….………[2]
5. What is the value of Y if the ruler is in equilibrium
20 cm
25 cm 40 cm

W 1N 2N

Y=…………………..[2]
 49

6. Fig. 5.1 shows apparatus for investigating moments of forces.

Fig. 5.1
The uniform metre rule shown in Fig. 5.1 is in equilibrium.
(a) Write down two conditions for the metre rule to be in equilibrium.
Condition 1

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

condition 2

...............................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Show that the value of the reading on the spring balance is 8.0 N.

……………………….[2]
(c) The weight of the uniform metre rule is 1.5N.
Calculate the force exerted by the pivot on the metre rule.

magnitude of force = …………………………………

direction of force =……………………………… [2]
 61

REVISION: MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY/WORK/POWER

7. A ball is thrown vertically upwards, how high does it go?

8. A mass of 4 kg is accelerated by a force of 20 N.
i. What is the acceleration if there is no friction?
ii. If a frictional force of 8N is acting, what is the acceleration? [4]
9. A sports car accelerates from rest at 4 m/s2 for 10 s. Calculate the final velocity. [2]
10. Taking g =10 m/s2 =10N/kg where necessary, A car travels 100 m in 5 s
a. What is average speed
b. A car accelerates from 5m/s to 25m/s in 10 s, what is its acceleration. [4]

11. A ball is thrown vertically upwards at 20 m/s. ignoring air resistance and taking g = 10
N/kg or 10 m/s2, calculate
a. How high it goes
b. The time taken to reach its highest point
c. Time taken to return to its starting point. [6]

12. A cheetah starts from rest, and accelerates at 2 m/s2 for 10 s. calculate,
a. The final velocity
b. The distance travelled [4]

13. An elephant of mass 2000 kg travelling at 5m/s has how much kinetic energy. [2]

14. Gallileo drops a stone from the leaning tower of Pisa, which is 45 m high, at what speed
does the stone reach or hit the ground. [3]

15. A car of mass 800 kg is travelling at 10 m/s. when the brakes are applied, it comes to
rest in 8 m. what is the average force exerted by the brakes.
[3]
16. A skydiver is falling from an aeroplane.
a. Name two forces acting on the diver [2]
b. State how each force changes as the sky diver speeds up. [2]
c. Why does the sky diver reach a steady speed (terminal velocity). [2]
d. Describe and explain what happens when the sky diver opens the parachute [3]

17. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but energy can be wasted. Discuss this
statement.
[4]
18. A car is travelling at a steady speed of 15 m/s.
a. Calculate the distance moved in 10 s
b. The total resisting force(friction and air resistance) is 800 N. Calculate the work done by
the car in 10 s in overcoming this resisting force [4]
c. Calculate the power developed. [3]

19. A man is delivering a cupboard to a house.

(a) The man rolls the cupboard at a steady speed from the lorry to the house. The friction force
in the wheels is 40 N. State the force with which the man has to push. [1]
 62

(b) The cupboard weighs 720 N. State the smallest force needed to lift the cupboard. [1]

(c) The step is 0.20m high. Calculate the work required to lift the cupboard onto the step.

(d) The man has to ask his assistant to help him lift the cupboard onto the step. Together, they
lift it onto the step in 1.2 s. The men work equally hard. Calculate the power developed by each
man.[4]

20. Fig. 4.1 shows a rock that is falling from the top of a cliff into the river below.

Fig. 4.1

(a) The mass of the rock is 75 kg. The acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2. Calculate the weight of
the rock.[1]

(b) The rock falls from rest through a distance of 15 m before it hits the water.
Calculate its kinetic energy just before hitting the water. Show your working.3]
(c) The rock hits the water. Suggest what happens to the kinetic energy of the rock during the
impact.

21. A large spring is repeatedly stretched by an athlete to increase the strength of his arms.
Fig. 5.1 is a table showing the force required to stretch the spring.

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) State Hooke’s law.[1]

(ii) Use the results in Fig. 51 to show that the spring obeys Hooke’s law . [1]

(b) Another athlete using a different spring exerts an average force of 400N to enable her to
extend the spring by 0.210 m.
(i) Calculate the work done by this athlete in extending the spring once.
(ii) She is able to extend the spring by this amount and to release it 24 times in 60 s.
Calculate the power used by this athlete while doing this exercise [4]