SECTION II: KINETICS AND BIOREACTOR DESIGN:

LESSON 8.- Introduction to Bioprocesses, Biocatalysts and Bioreactors.

JAVIER CALZADA FUNES

Biotechnology Department, Biosciences School
UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE VITORIA
 AIMS FOR TODAY’S LESSON

1.- ABOUT BIOPROCESSES:

Infer the role of Bioprocesses in Biotechnology.

2.- ABOUT BIOCATALYSTS:

Identify the main types of mediator for a Bioprocess.

3.- ABOUT BIOREACTORS:

Define what a Bioreactor is.
Outline its requirements.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

REFERENCES:

 Bailey, J.E., Ollis D.F. (1986), Biochemical Engineering

Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill (New York).

 Doran, P.M. (2013), Bioprocess Engineering Principles,

Academic Press (London).

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 ISSUES IN THIS UNIT

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 ISSUES IN THIS UNIT

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT…

BIOPROCESSES:
BIOCATALYSTS:
BIOREACTORS:

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 ISSUES IN THIS UNIT

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT…

BIOPROCESSES:
Biotechnology.
Biochemical Engineering, ¿a human knowledge?
Definition of “bioprocess”.
What do we mean by “biological systems”?
Examples and applications

BIOCATALYSTS:
BIOREACTORS:

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 ISSUES IN THIS UNIT

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT…

BIOPROCESSES:

BIOCATALYSTS:
What do we mean by “biocatalysts”?
Sorting.
Enzymes.
Cells.

BIOREACTORS:

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 ISSUES IN THIS UNIT

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT…

BIOPROCESSES:

BIOCATALYSTS:

BIOREACTORS:
Definition of “bioreactor”.
What do we need from a bioreactor?

PROPOSAL:
Bioreactor design and society
What we need to refresh from previous courses.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 1.- BIOPROCESSES
2.- BIOCATALYSTS
3.- BIOREACTORS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 1.- BIOPROCESSES

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

TISSUE ENGINEERING
HIGH THROUGHPUT PROCESSES
GMO BIOETHICS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REDUCTION
SYSTEM BIOLOGY DATA MINING

BIOTECHNOLOGY?
BIOMATERIALS
FOOD QUALITY, FOOD SAFETY
GENETIC LABELLING
NUTRIENT BIOAVAILABILITY
BIOFUELS
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION
BIOTECHNOLOGY:
employment of biological systems or substances coming from organisms
(enzymes, proteins,…) in order to obtain knowlegde, goods and services.

GENETICS ÁLGEBRA CHEMISTRY

CELL BIOLOGY OMICS THERMODYNAMICS CALCULUS
PHILOSOPHY KINETICS BIOCATALYSTS
MOLECULAR INMUNOLOGY
BIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY (BIO)CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
MICROBIOLOGY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOREACTORS
BIOCHEMISTRY
ETHICS HISTORY BIOMATERIALS
PHYSIOLOGY
BIOETHICS OF SCIENCE

ECONOMICS BUSINESS
LAW ADMINISTRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING:
“It is the skill of thinking up, calculating, designing, building up an
industrial scale instalation and make it work, in order to carry on any
(bio)chemical reaction or even an inmediate separation operation”
Joseph Cathala (Institut du Génie Chimique de Toulouse)

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING:

“(…) chemical engineering is not an isolated subject; it is not limited

to applied science but is a significant part of daily life, related to

health, to human relations, to politics and sociology and law, to

the way we think and feel about ourselves as individuals and

members of society, to our aspirations, hopes and fears” .

PRAUSNITZ, J. M., “Chemical Engineering and the others Humanities”

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES INVOLVED…

1. THERMODNAMICS.
2. BIOCHEMICAL KINETICS.
3. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA.
4. UNIT OR BASIC OPERATIONS.
5. BIOREACTORS DESIGN.
6. ECONOMY.
7. PROCESS ENGINEERING.
8. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.
9. AS WELL AS: MATERIAL RESISTANCE.
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

BIOPROCESS:

Set of operations carried out in order to transform

some initial raw materials into final products by way of
any BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM.

It involves the application of biological sciences to

industrial scale production of socially interesting goods.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM?

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS”?:

Bioreactor Technology linked to development of Industrial

Microbiology due to:

 Variety of applications of microorganisms in industry.

 Use of microorganisms as catalyst in industrially interesting

processes.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS”?:

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS”?:

However, we can think about other biological systems:

• Enzymes
• Microorganisms
• Higher cells
Animal cells
Vegetal cells

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

a) PRODUCTS VIA ENZYMATIC PROCESSES:

Food Technology:
Lactose hydrolysis  β-galactosidase
Aspartame  thermolisyn
Invert sugar syrup invertase or b-fructofuranosidase
Cheesse  proteases: chymosin, pepsin
 lipases
Fruit juice extraction pectinases
Meat tenderizing and processing proteases.
Malted barley amylases.
…
INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

a) PRODUCTS VIA ENZYMATIC PROCESSES

Papermaking:
Bleaching xylanases
Dye removal  lipases, estearases, pectinases,
hemicellulases, cellulases y ligninases.
Textile industry: amylases.
Leather industry: proteases, lipases.
Detergents: proteases, cellulases, lipases, amylases.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

a) PRODUCTS VIA ENZYMATIC PROCESSES:

Environment decontamination:
Phenol oxidation  peroxidases
Explosive removal  peroxidases
Nitrites to Nitrates  nitrite oxidases
Sanitary applications:
Diagnosis kits: glucose, cholesterol, lactic acid,…
Treatment: L-asparaginase  leukemia.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

b) PRODUCTS VIA MICROBIAL PROCESSES

1. Cell production
2. High added value enzymes and proteins.
3. Primary and secondary metabolites.
4. Food additives and preservatives, bioplastics, vitamins,…
5. Waste tratment: sewage, solid waste, xenobiotics,…
6. Analytic applications: biodegradability, toxicity, mutagenic
essais,…
7. Bioleaching…

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

c) PRODUCTS VIA PROCESSES INVOLVING HIGHER animal CELLS:

Health applications:
Insulin  diabetes.
Erythropoietin  anemia
Factor VIII  haemophilia.
Growth hormone (hGH)  hormone deficiency.
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
 Ischemic stroke, Pulmonary embolism.
α Interferon  leukemia.
b Interferon  antiviral.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

d) PRODUCTS VIA PROCESSES INVOLVING HIGHER vegetal CELLS:

Food industry:
Colourants (saffron)
Spices ((strawberry, garlic, onion, ...)
Fragrances (lemon, mint ...)
Sweeteners
Farming applications:
pyrethrins (insecticides)
Cosmetics:
Essences

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

d) PRODUCTS VIA PROCESSES INVOLVING HIGHER vegetal CELLS:

Healt applications
Codeine (analgesic)
Diosgenin (fertility)
Quinine (malaria)
Digoxin (cardiac)
Scopolamine (hypertension)
Vincristine (leukemia)

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

1. BIOPROCESSES, AN INTRODUCTION

STAGES IN A BIOPROCESS:
Physical Operations
Heat Transfer
Matter Transfer (no Ch. R.).
Setting up of Fluid and solid movement.

Raw Materials
Biocatalyst
Biochemical transformation
• Mild Operational Conditions
•Enzymes • Slow
•Microorganisms • Low concentrations
BIORREACTION BIOCHEMICAL REACTOR:
•Animal / Plant Cells
BIOREACTOR
Free / Immobilized

POST-FERMENTATIVE TREATMENTS Physical Operations

Aisolation and Purification Heat Transfer
Matter Transfer (no Ch. R.).
Fluid and solid movement.
ECONOMICALLY DETERMINANT

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 1.- BIOPROCESSES
2.- BIOCATALYSTS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 1.- BIOPROCESSES
2.- BIOCATALYSTS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

2. BIOCATALYSTS

BIOCATALYST:

a living organism (cells from different nature) or a substance coming from a living
organism (enzymes) used in order to obtain a service or a product.

Enzymes
According to their Microorganisms
Cells
NATURE or COMPLEXITY
Higher cells Plants
Animals

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

2. BIOCATALYSTS

BIOCATALYST:

a living organism (cells from different nature) or a substance coming from a living
organism (enzymes) used in order to obtain a service or a product.

Free / in solution / in suspension

According to their
MOBILITY or FREEDOM
Immobilized

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

2. BIOCATALYSTS

BIOCATALYST:

a living organism (cells from different nature) or a substance coming from a living
organism (enzymes) used in order to obtain a service or a product.

ONLY FOR CELLS

According to Growing

cell growth
Resting cells

According to their Whole cells

physical state
Semipermeable cells

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
 1.- BIOPROCESSES
2.- BIOCATALYSTS
3.- BIOREACTORS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 1.- BIOPROCESSES
2.- BIOCATALYSTS

3.- BIOREACTORS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

IS THERE ANYTHING IN
COMMON IN THE
FOLLOWING DEVICES?

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

BIOREACTOR:

Vessel where a transformation catalized by a biological system is

carried out.

 Equipment where a bioprocess takes place.

 Also known as fermentor.
 Need to mantain every condition needed for the bioprocess.

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

BIORREACTOR :

Therefore, the followin services need to be covered:

 Mixing system.
 Control and recording of:

 Temperature.  Pressure
 Agitation power.  Viscosity
 Foam turning up.  Turbidity
 Gas flow.  …
 Feed flow.
 Level

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

BIORREACTOR:

 Oxygen supply.
 Inlets for nutrient addition.
 Outlet for product and
regular sampling.

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

Check out this videopaper from JoVe:

https://www.jove.com/video/50582/operation-of-a-benchtop-bioreactor

SIMULATOR BIOREACTOR DESIGN

Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

3. BIORREACTORS

BIOREACTOR DESIGN:

 Design involves answering the following questions:

1. What is the best configuration for the bioprocess?

2. What is the right size for the bioreactor?

3. What operational condition should be fix or programmed

during the bioprocess?

4. What is the most interesting way of operation for the

bioprocess?

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

TO SUM UP…

BIOPROCESSES:
What a bioprocess is within Biochemical Engineering and
Biotechnology.
BIOCATALYSTS:
What a biocatalysts is and what kinds of systems involves.

BIOREACTORS:
Definition and requirements.

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
Introduction Bioprocess Biocatalysts Bioreactors

PROPOSAL:

Homework:

• Mass Balance from Biochemical Engineering course.

• Steady State ?
• Advantages of Biocatalyst Immobilization.

BIOREACTOR DESIGN
 ANY QUESTION?

INTRODUCTION TO BIOREACTOR DESIGN

 SECTION II: KINETICS AND BIOREACTOR DESIGN:
LESSON 8.- Introduction to Bioprocesses, Biocatalysts and Bioreactors.

JAVIER CALZADA FUNES

Biotechnology Department, Biosciences School
UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE VITORIA