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    2.4 Evolution As Genetic Change

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    2.4 Evolution As Genetic Change

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    2.4 Evolution as Genetic change

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    7 views14 pages

    2.4 Evolution As Genetic Change

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    abdulazizwildrift

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2.

    4 Evolution as Genetic Change

    2.4.1 Explain, using models and graphs, how natural selection affects single gene
    and polygenic traits

    2.4.2 Describe, using examples, genetic drift and its various types

    2.4.3 Explain how different factors affect genetic equilibrium (Hardy- Weinberg
    principle) (Note: no calculations of Hardy-Weinberg equation are required)
    How Natural Selection Works
    How does natural selection affect single-gene and polygenic traits?

    Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele


    frequencies and, thus, to changes in phenotype frequencies.

    Natural selection on polygenic traits can affect the distributions of


    phenotypes in three ways: directional selection, stabilizing selection, or
    disruptive selection.
    Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits:
    The example of Lizard Color
    Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits
    Ø Polygenic traits have a range of phenotypes that often form a bell curve.
    Ø The fitness of individuals may vary from one end of the curve to the other.
    Ø Natural selection can affect the range of phenotypes and hence the shape of
    the bell curve.

    1. Directional Selection
    Directional selection occurs when individuals at one end of
    the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or
    at the other end.
    The range of phenotypes shifts because some individuals are
    more successful at surviving and reproducing than others.
    Directional Selection
    For example, if only large seeds were available, birds with larger
    beaks would have an easier time feeding and would be more
    successful in surviving and passing on genes.
    2. Stabilizing Selection
    Stabilizing selection occurs when individuals near the center of
    the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end.
    This situation keeps the center of the curve at its current
    position, but it narrows the overall graph.
    For example, very small and very
    large babies are less likely to
    survive than average-sized
    individuals. The fitness of these
    smaller or larger babies is therefore
    lower than that of more average-
    sized individuals.
    3. Disruptive Selection
    Disruptive selection occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends
    of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.
    Disruptive selection acts against individuals of an intermediate type and
    can create two distinct phenotypes.
    For example, in an area where
    medium-sized seeds are less
    common, birds with unusually
    small or large beaks would have
    higher fitness. Therefore, the
    population might split into two
    groups—one with smaller beaks
    and one with larger beaks.
    Lesson Overview Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations
    Genetic Drift
    Genetic drift occurs in small populations when an allele becomes more
    common or less common, simply by chance. Genetic drift is a random change
    in allele frequency.
    For Example, A population of rabbits can have brown fur and white fur with brown fur being
    the dominant allele. By random chance, the offspring may all be brown, and this could
    reduce or eliminate the allele for white fur.

    Two types of Genetic drift


    1. Genetic bottlenecks
    2. The founder effect
    Genetic Drift

    Founding
    populations Descendants
    Genetic Drift: The BottleNeck Effect
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UfrN11V9SM
    Difference between Founder effect & Bottle Neck

    Original Bottlenecking Surviving


    population event population
    Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium
    • If a population is not evolving, the population is in
    genetic equilibrium. https://youtu.be/7S4WMwesMts?si=auLmEGhs6Qm7Sfiv

    What conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium?

    According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, five conditions are required to


    maintain genetic equilibrium:

    (1) The population must be very large


    (2) there can be no mutations
    (3) there must be random mating
    (4) there can be no movement into or out of the population
    (5) no natural selection.

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