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    Assg 0 - 2024

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    Assignment 0

    MTH403

    1 History
    • Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576), who introduced complex numbers to solve cubic equations.

    • René Descartes (1596-1650) used the term“imaginary” for complex numbers.

    • Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) made significant contributions, introducing the famous Euler’s for-
    mula
    eix = cos x + i sin x,
    linking complex exponentials and trigonometric functions.

    • Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) provided the first rigorous treatment of complex numbers,
    introducing the complex plane (also known as the Argand plane) and proving the fundamental
    theorem of algebra.

    • Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) is often considered the father of complex analysis. He


    developed many fundamental theorems, including Cauchy’s integral theorem and Cauchy’s in-
    tegral formula.

    • Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) formulated the Riemann mapping theorem, which provides
    conditions for conformal mappings between domains, introduced Riemann surfaces, which ex-
    tended the study of complex functions to multi-valued functions.

    • Karl Weierstrass (1815- 1897) made significant contributions to complex analysis by rigorously
    defining the concept of an analytic function and proving the Weierstrass factorization theorem

    2 Warm Up Exercises
    1. Express the following numbers in the form of x + iy.

    (i) (1 + i)(1 − i)
    1
    (ii) 1+4i
    (iii) (1 ± i)2
    z
    2. Let z ∈ C then show that z̄
    = 1. If z = z̄ then z ∈ C.

    3. If z = x + iy then show that |x| ≤ |z| and |y| ≤ |z|.


    √
    4. Find imaginary and real part of (1 + 3i)99 .

    5. Prove the following


    |z| − |ω| ≤ |z − ω|, |z| − |ω| ≤ |z + ω|,
    2.1 Polar Form
    (1+i)2
    1. Assume arg is principal argument. Write z = √
    ( 3+i)2
    in polar form.

    2. Show that a circle with centre at z0 has an equation of the form

    z z̄ − z0 z̄ − z̄0 z + k = 0 for some k ∈ R.

    3. Show that a necessary and sufficient condition for four points z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 lie on a circle, in that
    order, is
    |(z1 − z2 )(z3 − z4 )| + |(z2 − z3 )(z1 − z4 )| − |(z3 − z1 )(z4 − z2 )| = 0.

    4. Suppose z1 , . . . , z5 are roots of (z + 1)5 + z 5 = 0. Show that Re zk = − 21 .


     1 1
     1
    5. Prove that Re z n + z̄ n = 2r n cos nθ + 2kπ
    
    n
    , k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1, where z = reiθ .

    3 Linear Algebra
    C is a vector space over R as well as C. A mapping T : C → C is C(or R) linear if

    T (z + ω) = T (z) + T (ω) and T (αz) = αz ∀α ∈ C(or R) and ∀z, ω ∈ C.

    1. Show that every C-linear T is of the form T (z) = αz for some α ∈ C.

    2. The map z 7→ z̄ is not C linear but R linear.

    3. Show that T : C → C is R-linear if and only if


    1 1
    T (z) = λz + µz̄, where λ = (T (1) − iT (i)), µ = (T (1) + iT (i)).
    2 2

    4. Can you find a sufficient condition in which an R-linear map will be a C-linear map.

    5. Let T : C → C is R-linear. Write the matrix representation of T as a 2 × 2 real matrix. Do the


    same exercise for T as C-linear.

    6. Let z, ω ∈ C. Define inner product as hz, ωi = Re (z ω̄). Show that

    (i) hω, zi2 + hiω, zi2 = |ω|2 |z|2


    (ii) (Cauchy-Schwartz) |hω, zi| ≤ |ω||z|.
    (iii) If hω, zi = 0 then |ω + z|2 = |ω|2 + |z|2 .

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