Finc 402 Monetary Theory Ob Marvin
Finc 402 Monetary Theory Ob Marvin
Finc 402 Monetary Theory Ob Marvin
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
• Currency, consisting of cedi bills, euro bills, dollar bills and coins,
clearly fits this definition and is one type of money.
FUNCTIONS OF MONEY
• Medium of Exchange
• Unit of account
• Store of value
• HOW??
• Use the scenario of a Finance/Economics Professor, who can
do just one thing well: give brilliant monetary theory lectures.
Medium of Exchange
• In a barter economy, if the Professor wants to eat, she must
find a farmer who not only produces the food he likes but
also wants to learn economics. As you might expect, this
search will be difficult and time-consuming, and Ellen might
spend more time looking for such an economics-hungry
farmer than she will be teaching.
• This will indeed become more complicated with more than three
goods.
Unit of Account
Examples?
Thank You
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
1. Commodity Money
• An object that clearly has value to everyone is a likely candidate to
serve as money, and a natural choice is a precious metal such as
gold or silver. Money made up of precious metals or another
valuable commodity is called commodity money.
2. Fiat Money
• The next development in the payments system was paper currency
(pieces of paper that function as a medium of exchange).
3. Cheques
• an instruction to your bank to transfer money from your
account.
3. Cheques
There are, however, two problems with a payments system
based on cheques.
4. Electronic Payment
e.g. online bill pay
M1 vs. M2
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
• By the end of this sections students should be
able;
• To examine how financial markets such as
bond, stock and foreign exchange markets
work
• To examine how financial institutions such as
banks, investment and insurance companies
work
• To examine the role of money in the economy
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 2
Session Outline
The key topics to be covered in the session are as
follows:
• An Overview Of The Financial System And Some
Basic Concepts.
• Function of Financial Markets.
• Structure of Financial Markets.
• Internationalization of Financial Markets
• Function of Financial Intermediaries: Indirect
Finance
• Regulation of the Financial System
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 3
Reading List
• Frederic S. Mishkin, The Economics of Money,
Banking, and Financial Markets, 7th or 9th edition
(Addison Wesley: New York).
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
After going through this session, students should be able
MONEY SUPPLY
• To see how OMO affects the money supply, consider open market
purchase of government securities worth GHC 100m
• The central banks issues the initial a check worth GHC 100m which
can be drawn as cash or deposited into an account with a
commercial bank
• An open market sale will have the opposite effect on the money
supply
• Open market activities are then carried out to meet the target
policy rate .
Slide 13
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Topic Three
• The cost of holding these is the interest rate that could have
been earned minus the interest rate that is paid on these
reserves, ier
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 17
Discount Rate
Demand in the Market for Reserves
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
By the end of this session students should be able to:
More specifically:
• How Changes in the Tools of Monetary Policy Affect
the Policy Rate
• Quantity theory of money
• Inflation
P Y M V
INFLATION
Sources: For panel (a), Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom: Their
Relation to Income, Prices, and Interest Rates, 1867–1975; Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed
.org/fred2/. For panel (b), International Financial Statistics. International Monetary Fund, http://www.imfstatistics.org/imf/.
Slide 19
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Inflation
Figure 2 Annual U.S. Inflation and Money Growth Rates, 1965–2015
Slide 23
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Lecturer: Dr. Edward Asiedu, UGBS
Contact Information: easiedu1@gmail.com
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
• By the end of this session students should be able to:
More specifically:
• The Transaction Motive.
• The Precautionary Motive.
• The Speculative Motive.
• Other determinants of money demand
Transactions motive
Precautionary motive
Speculative motive
• Precautionary demand:
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
• By the end of this session students should be able to:
More specifically:
• The bank’s balance sheet.
• Control of the monetary base.
• Multiple Deposit Creation.
• Liabilities
– Currency in circulation: in the hands of the public
– Reserves: bank deposits at the BOG and vault cash
• Assets
– Government securities: holdings by the BOG that affect money
supply and earn interest
– Discount loans: provide reserves to banks and earn the discount
rate
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 8
• Control of the Monetary Base
High-powered money
MB = C + R
C = currency in circulation
R = total reserves in the banking system
• Person selling bonds to the Fed deposits the BOG’s check in the
bank
• Identical result as the purchase from a bank
• Float
• Treasury deposits at the Bank of Ghana
• Interventions in the foreign exchange market
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
• By the end of this session students should be able to:
More specifically:
• Deriving the multiplier.
• The risk structure of interest rate
THE MULTIPLIER
M m MB
• The global financial crisis began in the fall of 2007, led to the
initiation lending programs and large-scale asset-purchase
programs by central banks in an attempt to bolster the economy
Sources: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Banking and Monetary Statistics,1941–1970;
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2
Step 1. An increase in default risk shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds left . . .
Step 2. and shifts the demand curve for Treasury bonds to the right . . .
Step 3. which raises the price of Treasury bonds and lowers the price of corporate
bonds, and therefore lowers the interest rate on Treasury bonds and raises the rate on
corporate bonds, thereby increasing the spread between the interest rates on corporate
versus Treasury bonds.
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 9
Table 1 Bond Ratings
by Moody’s, Standard
and Poor’s, and Fitch
P m2
P 1m P1T
P 2T
D m2
D m1
D1T
D2T
Step 1. Tax-free status shifts the demand for municipal bonds to the right . . .
Step 2. and shifts the demand for Treasury bonds to the left . . .
Step 3. with the result that municipal bonds end up with a higher price and a
lower interest rate than on Treasury bonds.
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 12
Lecturer: Dr. Edward Asiedu, UGBS
Contact Information: easiedu1@gmail.com
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
By the end of this session students should be able to:
More specifically:.
• Term Structure of Interest Rates
• Expectations Theory.
• Segmented Markets Theory.
• Liquidity Premium & Preferred Habitat Theories
EXPECTATIONS THEORY
For an investment of $1
it = today's interest rate on a one-period bond
e
i = interest rate on a one-period bond expected for next period
t 1
it it1
e
it2
e
... it(n1)
e
int lnt
n
where lnt is the liquidity premium for the n-period bond at time t
lnt is always positive
Rises with the term to maturity
Liquidity
Premium, lnt
Expectations Theory
Yield Curve
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Years to Maturity, n
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
By the end of this session students should be able to:
• Aggregate Demand
• Aggregate Supply
• Factors that affect aggregate demand and aggregate
supply
AGGREGATE DEMAND
Y ad C I G NX
The aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because
P M / P i I Y ad
and
P M / P i E NX Y ad
r , G , T , NX , C , I , f
decreases aggregate demand
and shifts the AD curve to the
left
AD2 AD1
Aggregate Output, Y
r ,G , T , NX , C , I , f
Increases aggregate
demand and shifts the AD
curve to the right
AD2
AD1
Affregate Output, Y
Summary Table 1
Factors That
Shift the
Aggregate
Demand Curve
AGGREGATE SUPPLY
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
By the end of this session students should be able to:
• Aggregate Demand
• Aggregate Supply
• Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis
EQUILIBRIUM IN AGGREGATE
DEMAND AND SUPPLY ANALYSIS
equilibrium inflation rate at .
*
Source:
Economic
Report of the
President.
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 13
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Figure 11 Negative Demand Shocks, 2000–2004
Source:
Economic
Report of the
President.
Dr. Edward Asiedu Slide 14
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Changes in Equilibrium: Aggregate Supply (Price)
Shocks
Slide 15
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Changes in Equilibrium: Aggregate Supply (Price) Shocks
• Temporary Supply Shocks:
– When the temporary shock involves a restriction in supply,
we refer to this type of supply shock as a negative (or
unfavorable) supply shock, and it results in a rise in
commodity prices.
– A temporary positive supply shock shifts the short-run
aggregate supply curve downward and to the right, leading
initially to a fall in inflation and a rise in output. In the long
run, however, output and inflation will be unchanged (holding
the aggregate demand curve constant).
Slide 16
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Figure 12 Temporary Negative Supply Shock
Source:
Economic
Report of the
President.
Slide 18
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Permanent Supply Shocks and Real Business Cycle
Theory
• A permanent negative supply shock—such as an increase
in ill-advised regulations that causes the economy to be
less efficient, thereby reducing supply—would decrease
potential output and shift the long-run aggregate supply
curve to the left.
• Because the permanent supply shock will result in higher
prices, there will be an immediate rise in inflation and so
the short-run aggregate supply curve will shift up and to
the left. Slide 19
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Permanent Supply Shocks and Real Business Cycle
Theory
Slide 20
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Figure 14 Permanent Negative Supply Shock
Slide 21
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Figure 15 Positive Supply Shocks, 1995–1999
Source:
Economic
Report of the
President.
Slide 22
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Conclusions
• Aggregate demand and supply analysis yields the
following conclusions:
1. A shift in the aggregate demand curve affects output only in the short
run and has no effect in the long run.
2. A temporary supply shock affects output and inflation only in the
short run and has no effect in the long run (holding the aggregate
demand curve constant).
3. 3. A permanent supply shock affects output and inflation both in the
short and the long run.
4. 4. The economy has a self-correcting mechanism that returns it to
potential output and the natural rate of unemployment over time.
Slide 23
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
The Phillips Curve and the Short-Run Aggregate Supply
Curve
• The Phillips Curve: the negative relationship between
unemployment and inflation.
• The idea behind the Phillips curve is intuitive: When labor
markets are tight—that is, the unemployment rate is
low—firms may have difficulty hiring qualified workers
and may even have a hard time keeping their present
employees. Because of the shortage of workers in the
labor market, firms will raise wages to attract needed
workers and raise their prices at a more rapid rate.
Slide 24
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Figure 2 The Short- and Long-Run Phillips Curve
Slide 25
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Three Important Conclusions
Slide 26
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
• To complete our aggregate demand and supply model, we
need to use our analysis of the Phillips curve to derive a
short-run aggregate supply curve, which represents the
relationship between the total quantity of output that firms
are willing to produce and the inflation rate.
• We can translate the modern Phillips curve into a short-
run aggregate supply curve by replacing the
unemployment gap (U – Un) with the output gap, the
difference between output and potential output (Y – YP).
Slide 27
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
Okun’s Law
• Okun’s law describes the negative relationship between
the unemployment gap and the output gap.
• Okun’s law states that for each percentage point that
output is above potential, the unemployment rate is one-
half of a percentage point below the natural rate of
unemployment. Alternatively, for every percentage point
that unemployment is above its natural rate, output is two
percentage points below potential output.
Slide 28
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Equilibrium in Aggregate Demand and
Supply Analysis
• Figure Okun’s Law, 1960–2014
Slide 29
Dr. Edward Asiedu
Lecturer: Dr. Edward Asiedu, UGBS
Contact Information: easiedu1@gmail.com
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
By the end of this session students should be able to:
College of Education
Department of Distance Education
2017/2018
Session Overview
By the end of this session students should be able to: