Channing: English Language Education and Literature Vol. 5 No.

2 Oktober 2020 Halaman: 57-62 57

An Analysis on the Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in

English Song Lyrics on Maher Zain’s “Forgive Me” Album

Yuli Purwanti
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP Nurul Huda Sukaraja
Yulipurwanti42641@gmail.com

Abstract
The primary thing to be learned in mastery a language is word. Word is dealing with morphology, because
morphology influences spelling, reading comprehension, and vocabulary. In the way of understanding the
meaning of vocabulary, language users need to learned morphology, especially derivational and inflectional
morphemes. This study was designed to identify the derivational and inflectional morphemes and the functions of
each derivational and inflectional morphemes are used on Maher Zain’s “forgive me” album. The result of this
study are; (1) There were 13 derivational morphemes and 76 inflectional morphemes, and (2) The functions of
every morphemes used on Maher Zain’s “forgive me” album, consist of function as adjective, plural, verb, noun,
and adverb.

Kata kunci: An Analysis, Morphemes, Lyrics.

INTRODUCTION
According to Siahaan (2008:1), language is used by humans as a tool of their communication.
Meanwhile, language is not only use to communicate, but also to express an existence, opinions,
ideas, concepts, and even speaker’s feelings. Those are the reasons why language has important role
in human life. Except it, by the use of language we are able to deliver our message with others and we
can make an interaction with others particularly in our position as the member of society (Risdianto,
2013: 1). By means of it, language is social means of communication.
Based on Bauer (2012:3 ), linguistics is the meaning of the word ‘ relating to language, as well as
the word meaning ‘relating to linguistics. It have somemeaning that linguistics is concerned with the
relation of knowledge about language which has important role for branches of it is own. Linguistic has
some branches, they are phonetic, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatic, and semantic. In this
study, the writer focused on morphology.
According to Rafold (2006:59), the branch of linguistics that is concerned with the relation between
meaning and form within word is known as morphology. In the other word, according to Aronoff and
Fudeman (2011:2), morphology also defined as the science that studies about morphems. Morphemes
is the smallest unit meaningful with a grammatical function. According to Lieber (2016:2), there are two
types of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free morpheme is one morpheme that
may stand alone in a language, without requiring any other morphemes. For instance, cat, book, and
happy can occur on its own as a word. Whereas, bound morphemes are never words by themselves
but are always parts of words. These affixes are bound morphemes and they may attach at the
beginning, the end, in the middle, or both at the beginning and end of a word.The set of morphemes
that are on bound category are divided into two types: namely derivational and inflectional morphemes.
A derivational morpheme is one that added to a base to form a new word that differs in its part of
speech classification (Kolanchery, 2015). When derivational morpheme is added to the base of a word,
it can result into a change in the part of speech or grammatical category of that word. For instance,
when the suffix –ness is added to the adjective ‘happy’, the adjective ‘happy’ become the noun
‘happiness’. While, inflectional is a morpheme that indicates some kind of grammatical relationship
(Kracht, 2007:4). For example, the –s morpheme attached to the word likes indicates the present tense
for singular person.
Related the statement above, learning about morpheme is very important. Because of the primary

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58 Channing: English Language Education and Literature Vol. 5 No. 2 Oktober 2020 Halaman: 57-62

thing to be learned in mastery a language is word. Word is dealing with morphology, because
morphology influences spelling, reading comprehension, and vocabulary. In the way of understanding
the meaning of vocabulary, language users need to learned morphology, especially derivational and
inflectional morphemes.
Based on the explanation above, the writer was interested to conduct research entitles “An
Analysis on the Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in English Song Lyrics on Maher
Zain’s “Forgive Me” Album.

Concept of Linguistic
According to Cook (2002:20), “Linguistics is the academic discipline concerned with the relation of
knowledge about language to decision making in the real world”. Its mean that, linguistics is the study
about language. In another word, linguistics is concerned about language which has important role for
branches of it is own.
Bauer (2012:3), state that linguistics is the meaning of the word ‘relating to language’ as well as
the word meaning ‘relating to linguistics’. That is why when we learned about language then we should
learn about linguistic too. Because they have close relation to language and both of them can not be
separated.
In another word, the goals of linguistic study is not only about study language but also about
another theory. According to Carnie (2002:4), linguistic is also a branch of cognitive science. Cognitive
science is a term for a group of disciplines that have the same ambiguity goal, defining and analyzing
human being’s ability to think.

Morphology
Morphology consists of two morphemes, morph + ology. The suffix –ology means a branch of
knowledge. Therefore, morphology is the branch of knowledge concerned with word formation.
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, (2011:33) “explained that the study of the internal structure of words,
and of the rules, by which words are formed, is morphology”.
Morphology research aims to describe and explain the morphological patterns of human
languages. According to Yule (2010:67), morphology is the study focusing more on forms in language
rather than depending on identifying words. Morphology processes fulfill two primary purposes: to
create new words in a language and to modify existing words.
One of the functions that Morphology does is word formation. Word formation deals with the
creation of new words by various morphological mechanisms such as compounding, affixation,
derivation, inflection, truncation, and segmental, tonal alternations, and so on (Booij, 2005:13).

Concept of Morpheme
Haspelmath and Sims (2010:2) defines that morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituents of
words that can be identified. Furthermore, the term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest,
indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which word are created (Katamba &
Stonham, 2006:328).
In fact, a single word can carry a number of morphemes. For instance, the word unlovable consists
of three morphemes, the word ‘un’ which makes the word to be negative form, “love” which means get
strong feeling of deep affection, and ‘able’ which means the ability to do something.
Stem is a part of a word which inflectional affixes attach to, for example, in the word un-lovable, the
word lovable is a stem (Plag, 2003:22). Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex
stem, for example, in the word unlovable, the word unlovable is a complex stem.

Types of Morpheme
According to Lieber (2016:2), there are two types of morpheme; free morpheme and bound
morpheme.

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 An Analysis on the Use of Derivational Morphemes in English Song Lyrics on Maher 59
Zain’s “Forgive Me” Album
Yuli Purwanti

1) Free Morpheme
A free morpheme is one morpheme that may stand alone in a language, without requiring
any other morphemes (Lieber, 2016:2). For instance, cat, book, and happy can occur on its own
as a word; those words do not have to be attached to another morpheme. A free morpheme is
categorized into two: open class (content words) and closed class (function words). Open class
denote concepts such as objects, actions, attributes, and ideas that the readers can think about
as children, build, beautiful, and seldom. However, closed class specifies grammatical relations
and has little or no semantic content.
2) Bound morpheme
According to Lieber (2016:3), a bound morpheme is a morphological element that can only
appear as a proper subpart of a word, such as -ish, -ness, -ly, and un. Bound morphemes are
never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are bound morphemes
and they may attach at the beginning, the end, in the middle, or both at the beginning and end
of a word. The set of morphemes that are on bound category are divided into two types: namely
derivational and inflectional morphemes.
a. Derivational morphemes
A derivational morpheme is one that is added to a base to form a new word that differs
in its part of speech classification (Kolanchery, 2015:5). When derivational morpheme is
added to the base of a word, it can result into a change in the part of speech or grammatical
category of that word. For instance, when the suffix –ness is added to the adjective ‘happy’,
the adjective ‘happy’ become the noun ‘happiness’. Bound morphemes like –ify, -cation,
and –arian are called derivational morpheme. When they are added to a base, a new word
with a new meaning is derived. The form that results from the addition of derivational
morpheme is called a derived word. Moreover, when a base is added by derivational
morpheme, it changes meaning.
There are some processes of derivational morpheme according to Fromkin, Rodman,
and Hyams (2011:45):
1. Noun to adjective e.g. : moral + ize = moralize
e.g. : boy + ish = boyish glory + ify = glorify
health + ful = healthful 5. Adjective to noun
alcohol + ic = alcoholic e.g. : free + Dom = freedom
2. Verb to noun specific + ity = specificity
e.g. : create + ion = creation 6. Verb to adjective
sing + er = singer e.g.: read + able = readable
predict + ion = prediction create + ive = creative
3. Adjective to adverb 7. Adjective to verb
e.g. : exact + ly = exactly e.g.: ideal + ize = idealize
4. Noun to verb en + rich = enrich
Derivation can also occur without any change of form, such as ‘telephone’ (noun) and to
‘telephone’ (verb). This is known as conversion or zero derivation. Below are other
examples of derivation without changing grammatical classes (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams,
2011: 45):
1. Noun to Noun : Friend + -ship = friendship,
human + -ity = humanity,
king + -dom = kingdom,
dis + advantage = disadvantage,
un + employment = unemployment
2. Verb to Verb : Un + do = undo,
re + cover = recover,

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dis- + believe = disbelieve,

auto + destruct = autodestruct
3. Adjective to Adjective : Pink + -ish= pinkish,
il- + legal = illegal,
in- + accurate = inaccurate
un- + happy = unhappy
Katamba and Stonham, (2006:44) explained that derivation morpheme can be either
prefixes or suffixes, whereas inflectional affixes are only suffixes.
b. Inflectional morphemes
According to Kracht (2007:4), inflection is a morpheme that indicates some kind of
grammatical relationship. For example, the –s morpheme attached to the word likes
indicates the present tense for singular person. The key point about inflection is that applying
it never gives a new word class, but only a different form of the same word (Hippisley &
Stump, 2016:23). For instance, when adding certain affixes to the word write, producing
forms like writes, writing, and written, those words do not get any new word class, but only
grammatically distinct forms of the same words. Another example is the word books; it
consists of a free morpheme book and a suffix –s. The bound morpheme –s does not
change the syntactic category of the morpheme book. It only gives grammatical meaning
which shows that the word books is plural. However, the word class is still the same in which
the noun book when added a suffix –s is still a noun.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2011:47), modern English has eight
inflectional affixes to indicate the following:
1. -s third-person singular, e.g.: She wait-s at home.
2. -ed past tense, e.g.: She wait-ed at home.
3. -ing progressive, e.g.: She is eat-ing the donut.
4. -en past participle, e.g.: Mary has eat-en the donuts.
5. -s plural, e.g.: She ate the donut-s.
6. -’s possessive, e.g.: Disa’s hair is short.
7. -er comparative, e.g.: Disa has short-er hair than Karin.
8. -est superlative, e.g.: Disa has the short-est hair.

Function of Morphemes
The function of certain derivational morpheme s is to create new base forms (new stems) that
other derivational or inflectional affixes can attach to (Kolanchery, 2015:162). There are the functions
of derivational morpheme that will be analyzed.
a) Function of Derivational Morpheme
1. Noun formation
Noun formation is a kind of derivational process which is formed by the change of current part
of speech into noun formation. Noun formations consist of:
a. Verb into Noun -ment) = Government (noun)
b. Adjective into Noun For example: Opportune (Adjective) + (-ity) = Opportunity (Noun).
2. Verb formation
Verb formation is a kind of derivational process which is formed by the change of current
part of speech into verb formation. Verb formations consist of:
a. Adjective into Verb For example: Off (Adj) + (-er) = Offer (Verb) .
b. Noun into Verb For example: Courage (Noun) + (-ed) = Discouraged (verb).
3. Adjective formation
Adjective formation is a kind of derivational process which is formed by the change of current
part of speech into adjective formation. Adjective formations consist of:
a. Verb into Adjective

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 An Analysis on the Use of Derivational Morphemes in English Song Lyrics on Maher 57
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Yuli Purwanti

For example: Understand (Verb) + (-able) = Understandable (Adj).

b. Adverb into Adjective
For example: Ever (Adv) + (-y) = every (Adj)
c. Noun into Adjective
Home (noun) + (-less + -ness) = Homelessness (Adj)
4. Adverb formation
Adverb formation is a kind of derivational process which is formed by the change of current
part of speech into adverb formation. Adverb formations consist of:
a. Adjective into Adverb
For example: Probable (Adj) + (-ly) = Probably (Adv).
b. Noun into Adverb
For example: consideration (Noun) + (ly) = Considerably (Adverb)
c. Verb into Adverb
For example: (A-) + Round (verb) = Around (Adv)
b) Function of Inflectional Morpheme
An inflectional morpheme indicates certain grammatical properties associated with nouns and
verbs, such as gender, number, case and tense. In English, the inflectional morphemes are all
suffixes. The suffix –s which indicates either possession or plurality in nouns, is an inflectional
morpheme; the suffix –ed, which is used to add to the verbs for the formation of past tense is
another one (Kolanchery, 2015:164). Inflectional affixes modify a word‘s form and change the
grammatical subclass of the word. The examples are boys and played i.e. adding –s to form
plurality and –ed for the past tense respectively. It may also be remembered that an inflectional
suffix comes at the end of the word and no other suffix can be added to the word further. It does
not change the part-of-speech of the word like derivational affixes.
Concept of Song
according to Moeliono (2007: 624) song is a variety of rhythmic sounds. Song is is the result of
relationship art from sound and language arts, as sound artworks involve the melody and voice color
of the singer.
Moreover, “Song is a short poem or number of verse set to music and intended to be song”,
(Homby, 1980:822). It means song is a deliver words or sentence which is composed by rhytm and
rhyme to expresses the feeling to claims emotional place in music and poem.

Definition of Song Lyrics

Song lyrics are expressions of song writer from within about something that has been seen, heard
or experienced. It is supported by Bull (2008:423), stated that a song contains language exposition
used by a composer to express her/his feeling, thought, and willing.
Song lyric have a message which contained and delivered depending on how the composer put
the words in the lyrics (Bertoli-Dutra and Bissaco, 2006: 1053). Moreover, Wellek and Warren
(1989:14-15) stated that By song lyric’s a message which oral or written has function to create an
imagination for the listener and has multiple meaning
Therefore, based on the opinion above, it can be concluded that song lyric is expressing direct
personal feelings, of or for singing, words of a song and lyrical is expressing strong emotion in an
imaginative way.

METHODOLOGY
Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In this study, the writer used descriptive
qualitative method to analyze the data that indicated to derivational and inflectional morphemes on
song lyric in Maher Zain’s “Forgive Me” album. Qualitative research is considered with structure and
patterns (Littosseliti, 2010: 52). The writer elected this method because in this research used words,

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58 Channing: English Language Education and Literature Vol. 5 No. 2 Oktober 2020 Halaman: 57-62

phrase, and sentence which was taken song lyric in Maher Zain’s “Forgive Me” album in discussing
data.
Data collection was important to determine the result of the study. According to Surakhmad (1985:
147), the procedure used to collect the data are: (1) Listening to the original songs of “Forgive Me”
album of Maher Zain in several times to comprehend the lyrics; (2) Identifying the song lyrics to find
the derivational and inflectional morphemes (3) Marking the derivational and inflectional morphemes
found in the lyrics (4) Finding and classify all phrases that will be found in the lyrics. All of procedures
above are used in this study.
After collecting the data, the writer was analyzing derivational and inflectional morpheme in English
song lyrics on Maher Zain “forgive me” album. According to Meloeng (2004) stated that the data
analyzing is organizing process in which the data are made in order in certain pattern, category and a
unit of the basic explanation. In this study, the step of processing the data are as follows: (1) Selecting
the derivational and inflectional morphemes found in the lyrics; (2) Coding the derivational and
inflectional morphemes found in the lyrics; (3) Categorizing the lyrics based on two types of bound
morpheme, or categorize whether the word lyric include the derivational or inflectional morphemes,
(4) Tabulating the derivational and inflectional morphemes that will be found in the lyrics, (5) Drawing
conclusion.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Based on the findings, the writer can describe the data for the following tables.

Table 1
Analysis of the Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in
“Number One For Me” Song Lyric

Based on the table 1, the writer can conclude that there are fourteen morphemes found in song
lyrics of “number one for me”, which consisted of three derivational morphemes and eleven
inflectional morphemes. Then for the fuction of derivational and inflectional morphemes, the writer
found four fuctions. They are adjective, plural, verb, and adverb.

Table 2
Analysis ofthe Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in
“My Little Girl” Song Lyric
No Types of Morphemes Functions Lyrics Line
1. Inflectional Verb Blessing 2
2. Inflectional Plural Eyes 4
3. Derivational Adjective Unexplainable 6
4. Inflectional Verb Feeling 6

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 An Analysis on the Use of Derivational Morphemes in English Song Lyrics on Maher 59
Zain’s “Forgive Me” Album
Yuli Purwanti

5. Inflectional Verb Thinking 9

6. Inflectional Verb Makes 9
7. Inflectional Verb Looking 10
8. Derivational Adjective Grateful 11
9. Inflectional Verb Having 11
10. Inflectional Verb Shining 18
11. Derivational Adjective Beautiful 19
12. Inflectional Plural Steps 24
13. Inflectional Verb Watching 27

Based on the table 2, the writer can conclude that there are thirteen morphemes found in song
lyrics of “My Little Girl”, which consisted of three derivational morphemes and ten inflectional
morphemes. Then for the fuction of derivational and inflectional morphemes, the writer found three
fuction. They are adjective, plural, and verb.
Table 3
Analysis ofthe Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in
“Forgive Me” Song Lyric
No Types of Morphemes Functions Lyrics Line
1. Inflectional Verb Keeps 2
2. Inflectional Noun Dragging 4
3. Inflectional Verb Thinking 6
4. Inflectional Verb Comes 6
5. Inflectional Verb Trying 9
6. Derivational Noun Temptation 9
7. Inflectional Verb Surrounding 10
8. Inflectional Verb Forgiving 11
9. Inflectional Verb Promised 11
10. Inflectional Verb Standing 18
11. Inflectional Plural Mistakes 19
12. Inflectional Verb Committed 24
13. Derivational Noun Prayer 27

Based on the Table 3, the writer can conclude that there are fourteen morphemes found in
“forgive me” song lyrics, which consist of two derivational morphemes and twelve inflectional
morphemes. Then for the fuction of derivational and inflectional morphemes, the writer found three
fuction. They are noun, plural, and verb.
Table 4
Analysis ofthe Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in
“One Big Family” Song Lyric

No Types of Morphemes Function Lyric Line

1. Inflectional Plural Similarities 2
2. Inflectional Plural Eyes 4
3. Inflectional Plural Lips 4
4. Inflectional Plural Sometimes 18

Based on the table 4, the writer can conclude that there are four morphemes found in song lyrics
of “one big family”, which all of included inflectional morphemes. Then for the fuction of derivational
and inflectional morphemes, the writer only found one function, it is plural.

Table 5
Analysis of the Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in
“Paradise” Song Lyric
No Types of Morphemes Function Lyrics Line

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60 Channing: English Language Education and Literature Vol. 5 No. 2 Oktober 2020 Halaman: 57-62

1. Inflectional Verb Answered 2

2. Inflectional Verb Wanted 4
3. Inflectional Verb Perceived 6
4. Inflectional Verb Feeling 7
5. Inflectional Verb Knowing 11
6. Inflectional Verb Pleased 11
7. Inflectional Noun Seeing 14
8. Inflectional Plural Things 14
9. Inflectional Verb Hearing 15
10. Inflectional Plural Refers 15
11. Derivational Adjective Indescribable 17
12. Inflectional Plural Times 19
13. Inflectional Plural Days 20
14. Inflectional Plural Minds 22
15. Inflectional Verb Promised 25
16. Inflectional Verb Dreaming 28

Based on the Table 5, the writer can conclude that there are sixteen morphemes found in song
lyrics of “paradise”, which consist of one derivational morpheme and fifteen inflectional morphemes.
Then for the fuction of derivational and inflectional morphemes, the writer only found four fuction.
They are adjective, noun, plural, and verb.
Table 6
Analysis of the Use of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in
“Freedom” Song Lyric

No Types of Morphemes Function Lyrics Line

1. Inflectional Verb Gathered 1
2. Inflectional Plural neighbors 2
3. Inflectional Plural Friends 2
4. Inflectional Verb Standing 4
5. Inflectional Verb Holding 4
6. Inflectional Verb Hands 4
7. Inflectional Verb Giving 10
8. Inflectional Verb Calling 12
9. Inflectional Verb Fighting 14
10. Inflectional Verb Being 17
11. Inflectional Plural prisoners 17
12. Inflectional Plural Homes 17
13. Inflectional Plural Towards 22
14. Inflectional Noun Getting 23
15. Derivational Noun Closer 23
16. Inflectional Plural Makes 26
17. Inflectional Verb Shouting 23
18. Inflectional Verb Demanding 28
19. Inflectional Verb Breaking 29

Based on the Table 6, the writer can conclude that there are nineteen morphemes found in song
lyrics of “forgive me”, which consisted of one derivational morpheme and eighteen inflectional
morphemes. Then for the fuction of derivational and inflectional morphemes, the writer three fuction.
They are noun, plural, and verb.

Table 7
Analysis ofthe use of derivational and inflectional morphemes in
“I Love You So” Song Lyric

No Types of Morphemes Function Lyrics Line

1. Derivational Adverb Solemnly 4

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 An Analysis on the Use of Derivational Morphemes in English Song Lyrics on Maher 61
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Yuli Purwanti

2. Inflectional Adverb Pleasing 8

3. Inflectional Verb Amazing 13
4. Inflectional Plural Feels 13
5. Derivational Adverb Finally 14
6. Derivational Adjective Grateful 20
7. Derivational Adjective Uncertainties 22
8. Inflectional Plural Odds 23
9. Inflectional Plural Days 29
10. Inflectional Plural Nights 29
11. Inflectional Plural Prayers 30

Based on the Table 7, the writer can conclude that there are ten morphemes found in song lyrics
of “i love you so”, which consist of four derivational morphemes and six inflectional morphemes. Then
for the fuction of derivational and inflectional morphemes, the writer found four fuction. They are
adverb, ,verb, plural, adverb, and adjective.

CONCLUSION
Based on discussion in chapter IV, the writer can conclude that there were eighty nine
morphemes used in those seven song lyrics by Maher Zain’s “forgive me” album. Which the eighty
nine morphemes consist of 13 derivational morphemes and 76 inflectional morphemes. Furthermore,
The function of derivational morphemes used on Maher Zain “forgive me” album, consist of function
as adjective formation, verb formation, noun formation, and adverb formation. Then, the function of
inflectional morphemes used on Maher Zain “forgive me” album, consist of third person singular, past
tense, progressive, past participle, plural possessive, comparative, and superlative. The result above,
it was taking from seven songs by Maher Zain’s “forgive me” album, they are number one for me, my
little girl, forgive me, one big family, paradise, freedom, and i love you so“.

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