4 Motion in 1-D

1 Motion 2 Distance & Displacement on Circular Path

Motion in one dimension, also known as linear θ

m
motion, is the movement of an object along a  Disp = 2Rsin o θ x
(x) 2 R
straight line. In this type of motion, only one
coordinate out of three is needed to describe the
position of the object. R
 Arc = distn = Rθ Arc θ
Observer & Frame of Reference

 Observer → who takes observation and from

Displace- Dispm Dispm If dispm If dispm
where it takes is called frame of reference.
ment must may or is zero is not
 Observer always assume to be at rest. (2nd be may not equal
floor) zero be zero to zero
 Nothing is at absolute rest or in absolute then:-
motion.
Distance If distn If distn Distn Distn
 Agar koi Gadhe pr baitha hai toh (1st floor) is zero is not may or must
 adha:- Frame of Ref. Uske upar joh baitha
G equal may not
hoga woh observer! to zero not be equal to
then zero zero
Distance Displacement
 Total Path length  Shortest Path b/w Challenger Question
initial and final position There is a cubical room. One insect is moving
 Scalar, Struggle  Always straight line from one corner to other body. Diagonal, then
find minimum distance
 Can't decrease  Vector, success
The Insect Can Fly:
with time
 When the insect can fly, it can take the
 Always positive  Direction - From initial
shortest possible path, which is the direct
to final position
diagonal across the cube from one corner to
 Depends on path  Can decrease with time
the opposite corner.
taken
 Both have same  May be +ve or –ve Body Diagonal = L2 + L2 + L2 = 3L
unit and dimension
 Does not depends on path L

 If we know only initial and final position r

then we can't calculate distance but can find The Insect Cannot Fly:
displacement.  When the insect cannot fly, it has to travel
 If initial position (x1, y1, z1) and final along the surfaces of the cube.
position (x2, y2, z2) then displacement
2 2 2
= (x2–x1) + (y2–y1) + (z2–z1)
L
distance ≥ |displacement| 2L
The insect will move along one face and then Inst. Average
another. The shortest path on the surface of the →
→ dx → v.dt
cube = V inst. = V avg =
2 2 dt dt
L + (2L) = 5 L
= Rate of change in position
4 Average Speed (How fast in = Slope of position time graph
an interval not at instant) = Inst. speed × direction
= How fast × where
Total distance
Vavg = Vsin (θ/2)
Total time On circular path, Vavg =
(θ/2)
Same
|Avg speed| ≥ |Avg Velocity|
Inst speed = |Inst Velocity|
Time interval Distance interval
Uniform motion

 Body moving with constant speed in fixed

direction

 Uniform velocity, i.e., body travels equal

displacement in equal interval of time.
X 1 + X2
vavg =  Acceleration zero
V1 t1 + V2 t2 X1 X2
vavg = +  Avg. velocity = Inst. velocity
t1 + t2 V1 V2
 Must be straight line
When x1 = x2= x
When t1 = t2 = t
Non-Uniform motion
V1 + V2 2V1 V2
vavg = vavg =  Velocity non-uniform: i.e., Body travels
2 V1 + V2 different displacements in equal intervals of
time, or the same displacement in different
5 SPEED ((How Fast) Scalar,
unit: m/s, only magnitude.) intervals of time.

� Instantaneous � Average  Acceleration non-zero

 Velocity can be change by changing speed only
dx s. dt or direction only or both
vinst = vavg =
dt dt  In non-uniform speed may constant

. dt Dimag me set feel ke sath.

=
dt  If velocity is uniform then → speed must be
uniform.
For Uniform motion :- savg = sinst.
 Velocity = Speed + Direction = Constant
Note:  If velocity is variable → Speed may or may not
By substituting the box ( ) with a specific function, be variable
you can calculate the integral and apply it to find  Velocity ko sirf direction change kar ke vary
a quantity like average velocity.
kar sakte hai
6 VELOCITY (How fast and where)
 If speed is uniform → then velocity may
Hum kitna Tez bhag rahe hai and kis direction uniform
me bhag rhe hai !  Direction ka nahi pata.

32
Physics
 If speed is variable → then velocity must be u u u
variable a a 90°

 If avg. velocity is zero then avg. speed may or θ = 180° θ = 0° a

→ → → →
may not be zero. a . u = -ve a . v = +ve θ = 90°
→ →
speed↓ speed↑ a .v = 0
 If avg. speed is zero, then avg. velocity must retardation at this instant
be zero. Tangential Tangential only direction
accn accn will change
7 Acceleration normal or
centripetal
Ye Motion Ka Feel Nai Hai ! Ye velocity me accn
change ka feel hai. MR*
n
 Accl opposite to motion is retardation. Bade aaram se
 Negative acceleration does not mean Uniform or constant non-zero acceleration.
retardation, retardation may be positive or Position (x) ∝ t2
negative. Velocity (v) ∝ t
 Per-sec velocity inject to body or per-sec Velocity v ∝ √x
velocity extract from body ka feel hai. If acceleration zero then velocity must be non
 Vector → direction of acceleration along zero constant
change in velocity.  approach to solve question
2
dv v.dv d x → → →
ainst = = = a = 0 a = non a = variable
dt dx dt2 zero
constant
t2
V – V1 ains dt
aavg = 2 = t1
Δt dt
t2
→
t1 v = constant Equation Eqn of motion is
dv uniform of motion not applicable do
= a = The rate of change in velocity motion applicable integration or
dt S = vt differentiation
dv = |a | = Magnitude of accn, d v = Rate
dt dt
of change in speed.

MR*
∆x = ſvdt ∆v = ſadt
= Area of v/t = Area of a/t graph
Area of x/t

ukyh x v a
da
Jerk
dt
Slope of x/t Slope of v/t ukyh
dx dv
Vinst. = ainst. =
dt dt

33
Motion in 1-D
Q.1. Which of the following is correct for velocity dv 2
and acceleration? Sol. a = v = βx
dx
v
(a) Velocity increasing, acceleration ſ vdv = ſ x
βx2dx
decreasing 0 0

(b) Velocity decreasing, acceleration v2 βx3

=
increasing 2 3
(c) Both increasing 2βx3
V =
(d) Both decreasing 3
(e) All of these Mr special*
Sol. (e) Majduri se duri MR* hai jaruri
Q.2. If position x = at2 – bt3. Find the time when Position Ke Formula Mein Time ke dono term
acceleration is zero ? ko dekho agar dono term
Sol. x = at2 – bt3 +ve/+ve ya –ve/–ve sign rakhta hai toh woh
dx 2
n m
U-turn Nai lenge ya dist = |disp | agar sign
v = = 2at – 3bt
dt +ve/-ve Rahi toh U-turn lenge aur distance ≠
dv | dispm|
a = = 2a – 6bt = 0
dt # yaad rahe 1-D mein U-turn keliye rukhna
2a = 6bt n
hoga (v = o) ∴ dist , ‡ disp
n

a
t = Note: To calculate distn, dispm from x-t eqn :
3b
Q.3. If velocity v ∝ √x then which of the following  Moving Frame se body ko drop/release karne
function is correct for position time relation. pr frame ka velocity share hojata hai but
(a) x ∝ t accln nai!

2
(b) x ∝ t Ex. x = t2 – 4t + 8 then take v-t graph, plot it
(c) x ∝ √t using "v" eqn which we"ll get by differentiating
n
"x" eq & then put time given from t1 & t2 & see
(d) x ∝ t3/2 graph calculate distn/dispm.
Sol. MR* question me accn constant then option
me acceleration constant option (b) i.e., 5 Motion with constant acceleration

dx d2 x
= constand → → →
dt
∝t ⇒
dt v =u +a t
3/2
Q.4. If acceleration a = βt then find velocity v2 – u2 = 2a
→→
s
after time t if intial velocity is u.
1→ 2
Sol. Equation of motion is not valid →
s =→
xf – → →
xc = u t+ at
2
dv 3/2
a = = βt →
v +→ →
dt → u u+→ v
v VAvg = S = ×t
ſ dv = β ſ t3/2 dt 2 2
u
a
βt5/2 Snth = u + (2n – 1)
v – u = 2
5/2
Snth 2n-1 2 1
2
Q.5. If acceleration of object a = βx then find = 2 = –
velocity after x displacement, if initial Sn n n n2
velocity was zero.

34
Physics
Q. If velocity of object V = √25 – 8x then find Time relationship: Maximum velocity:
α t1 = βt2 α β
 This means that the Vmax = T
velocity and acceleration. α + β
product of acceleration
 This equation shows
and the time taken to
that the maximum
Sol. Acceleration is constant then compare accelerate equals the
velocity depends on
product of deceleration
the acceleration,
rd and the time taken to
velocity with 3 equation of motion deceleration, and total
decelerate.
time of the motion.
2
v = 25 – 8x or v2 = u2 + 2ax Distance relationship Total Distance (S):
α x1 = βx2 1 α β
s= T2
2  This indicates that the 2 α + β
u = 25 –8x = 2ax product of acceleration
 This equation
and the distance covered
combines the effects
u = 5 m/s 2a = –8 during acceleration equals
of acceleration,
the product of deceleration
deceleration, and total
and the distance covered
2 time to determine the
a = –4 m/s during deceleration.
total distance.

Example:
Note:-
U = O a =constn U = o
Vmid

S S S
U S V , t1 , t2 , t3
3 3 3
U2 + V2 Ratio of time for equal distn interval:-
Vmid =
2
t1 : t2 : t3 = l: 2-1 : 3- 2
Stopping Distance:-
Ratio of dispm for equal time interval:-

-a
S1st : S2nd : S3rd = 1 : 3 : 5
!
U + U
S1s : S2s : S3s = 1 : 4 : 9
d, t(rxn) S St : Snext t = 1 : 3 or x : 3x
Ratio of displacement in time t and next same
2
U time intraval t, where motion starts from rest
d = Utrxn Stopping disance(S) =
2a and constant acceleration
Reaction time St : S2t = 1 : 4 or x : 4x
displacement in time t total time (2t)
Rest To Rest Motion:- Q. Object starts from rest and constant
acceleration attained velocity 32 m/s in 10
This concept explains the motion of an object that sec. then find displacement in next 10 sec.

starts from rest, accelerates (α) to a maximum u + v 0 + 32

Sol. S = × t ⇒S = × 10
2 2
speed, and then decelerates (β) back to rest.
S = 160 m in 1st 10 sec.

α, x1, t1 β, x2, t2 Hence in next 10 sec.

U=0 Vmax V=0 it is 3 × 160 = 480 m

35
Motion in 1-D
Q. Object starts from rest and constant Motion Under Gravity from ground to ground
acceleration moves 80 m in 7 sec. then find
 Non-uniform motion (velocity = variable) with
displacement in next 7 sec. constant acceleration (g).
Ans. Displacement in next 7 sec = 3x  At maximum height velocity zero and a = g.
= 3 × 80 = 240 m U2 2U
Hmax = Tf =
2g g
6 Motion Under Gravity
U U
Tup = Tdown=
g g
(a = constn)
U = O find
5m x 1S 1. Time of flight
4x
T/ 2. Maximum height
H/2 2 3x
15m 2S 3. Velocity at t =7 sec
9x
H,T 4. Displacement in 8 sec
5x 5. Distance in 8 sec
25m 3S 16x
6. Distance in 9th sec. downward journey
H/2 T - T 35m
7x
2 4S 7. Distance in last sec of upward journey
45m 9x
5S

S1st : S2nd : S3rd = 1 : 3 : 5

u = 60 m/s
S1s : S2s : S3s = x : 4x : 9x

Note:- Sol.
2u 2×60
2H 1. Total time of flight T = =
1. Time of Fight (TF) = g 10
g
= 12 sec.
2. Velocity at ground :- v = 2gH
u2
2. Maximum Height H = = 180 m
Graphs:- 2g
3. Velocity at t = 7 sec.
v a v = u + gt
v = gt = 60 – 10 × 7 = -10 m/s
4. Displacement in 8 sec.
a = g 1 2
S = ut + at = 160 m
2
5. Distance in 8 sec.
at t = 6 sec. body comes to at rest and
t t
takes u-turn hence calculate distance 0
S v to 6 sec. then 6 to 8 sec
1
S= gt2 v= 2gH
2 S = 180 + 20 = 200 m
th
6. Distance in 9 sec. downward journey
ka 3rd sec = 25 m. Use ratio.
7. Distance in last sec of upward journey =
st
distance in 1 sec of downward journey
t H
= 5 m (always)

36
Physics
Q. A stone with weight W is thrown vertically v (Velocity)
m
disp
upward into the air with initial velocity v0. highe
highest point st poi
If a constant force, due to air drag acts v = o nt
on the stone throughout the flight & if the 2v/g
t v
maximum height attain by stone is h and v t v
velocity when it strikes to the ground is u. g
Which one is correct? t
 f  n
(a) h =+ v 02  1  / 2g, v = v0 t
 W dis
v = o
 f 
(b) =h v 02 / 2g  1 + , =
v zero
 W
highest point
 f  W−f
(c) h= v 02 /2g  1 +  , v= v 0
 W W+f t
 f  W+f  If air friction in not ignored then:-
(d) h= v 0 /2g  1 +  , v= v 0
2
tup
W W−f g - a
Sol.
  =
tdown g + a
MR*
 tup < tdown
If f = 0 then,
2  Vprojection > Vcollision
v
H = and v = v0
2g
8 MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
The MR* from height to ground:-
2
v
If f ≠ 0    H < and v < v0 U
2g
Kam karne ke liye niche +ve hoga.

MR TABLE
U U2 2H
H t = g + +
2
g g

In dono ko add krke

t1 t2 MR*
tf nikal sakte !
If u = 0 then it is like drop from height H then

2H
t =
g
Object is at same height at t1 and t2. If H = 0 then it is like ground to ground motion
2u
1 t =
That height h = gt1t2 g
2
Ball is projected up with speed "U" graphs:- Q. Ball is projected up with speed "u" from
height H. Then time of fight T1. With same
v (Speed) speed "u" it is projected downward then
a
Highest time of fight is t2. find time of fight "t" when
point object is dropped from same height.
t
-g
T= T1 T2
U 2U t
g g

37
Motion in 1-D
  Motion with  Motion with constant
6 Graph
constant velocity retrodation with non-
zero initial velocity
v v = constn v
Position - Time Graph:-
v = + ve
a = o
a = - ve
 For a bdoy at rest  Body moving with
fonst velocity
x At Rest x v = +ve t t
constn
 Motion with  Motion with
increasing (a) increasing
t t retordation
v v v
 motion with constant  Motion with constant
v a
negative velocity acceleration a
x x
v = - ve
v = + ve t t
constn a = + ve
 Motion with
decreasing (a)
t t v

 Motion with constant retation

x
v = + ve t
a = - ve
Velocity - Position Graph:-

v a v
t slope, m = v m = x
at
= x
Velocity - Time Graph:- a
m = v
constant increasing
x
v velocity v
Acceleration time graph:-
+A1
a = + ve a
-A2 t
v Constant increasing accleration

t Constant decreasing accleration

+A1
t
 Area = displacement = A1 –A2 -A2

 slope = acceleration
 Slope = ukyh (Jerk)

 but distance = A1 + A2  Area = Change in velocity = A1 – A2

38
Physics
 v Relative Motion in 1-D
 Observer khud ko hamesa rest me assume karta
20 m/s hai, or uska pas jo bhi velocity, acceleration
hota hai, ulta kar ke jisko dekhta hai usme
chipka deta hai.
4s 6s
t
–10 m/s 2s -A2 x AB = Position of A w.r.t. B = x A – x B

x BA = Position of B w.r.t. A = x B – x A
Distance = total area = 40 + 20 + 20 = 80 m
Displacement = 40 + 20 – 20 = 40 m differentiation w.r.t. time

Q. If initial velocity of object is 10 m/s then V AB = V A – V B V BA = V B – V A

find velocity at 10 sec
a AB = a A – a B a BA = a B – a A
a

V AB = – V BA    a AB = – a BA
10 A B

8 10 VA     VB

lA lB
2 4 6 t(s)
-10 A vA vB

Sol. Area = change in velocity

lA + lB
1 1  Time taken to overtake =
V f - V i = × 12 × 10 – × 10 × 2 vA- vB
2 2
Vf - Vi = 60 – 10 = 50
 If they are moving opposite to each other =
Vf = 50 + Vi = 50 + 10 = 60 m/s lA + lB
vA+ vB
A & B moving in same Relative velocity Relative position G r a p h i c a l
direction representation
(i) If VA = VB VAB = 0 xAB = costn A
x
(A & B apper at rest B
with one another)
t
(ii) If VA > VB VAB = +ve x AB = decrease then increase A
x B
VBA = –ve
(Initially, the relative
position decreases as A t
catches up to B.

After A overtakes B, it
increases.)
(iii) If VA < VB VAB = –ve A
x
VBA = +ve
x AB = Increasing B

39
Motion in 1-D
 A & B moving in  If A is moving in the x A
opposite direction positive direction
with VA ≠ VB and B in the negative B
Depending on the initial t
direction: VAB= VA –
(–VB) = VA + VB positions and directions,
the relative position AB
 If A is moving in the can increase or decrease
negative direction rapidly.
and B in the positive
direction: VAB= –
VA-VB

Motion of Object on the Moving Surface Sol. Vrelative = 40 m/s

80 = 2 sec
1. 
Man is running on the surface of train with VM arelative = 0     t =
40
in the direction of train (VT) VMG = VT + VM. Srelative = 80
Q. A ball thrown downward with speed 20 m/s
If man is running in opposite direction then,
and 30 m/s simultaneously, then find relative
VMG = VT – VM velocity and separation b/w them after 4 sec
2. River is flowing with VR and man is swimming Sol. aAB = 0 VBA = 10 m/s (const w.r.t bus)
with VM in downstream then VMG = Velocity SBA = VBAt = 10 × 4 = 40 m
of man w.r.t ground or effective velocity of Q. A bus starts from rest moving with an
acceleration of 2 m/s². A cyclist, 96 m behind
man = VM + VR the bus starts simultaneously towards the
In upstream VMG = VR – VM bus at 20 m/s. After what time will he be
3. Same as above in stair case. able to overtake the bus:-
Sol.
 Motion under gravity of one object w.r.t
other which is also in motion under gravity uC = 20 m/s
is uniform relative motion.
aAB = 0   VAB = Costn aCB = 2 m/s2 96 m
SAB = Increasing or decreasing linear
SAB S = ut + 1 at2 (cyclist w.r.t bus)
Time of collision = 2 1 2
VAB 96 = 20 t – 2 t
2
Q. A ball is drop from 80 m height and another t2 – 20t + 96 = 0 t = 12s and t = 8 sec
ball is projected with speed 40 m/s then at 8 sec cyclist overtake bus and at 12 sec
they will collide. bus will again cross cyclist.

MR*
iNrkok vrhr ugha cny ldrk vkSj
fpark Hkfo"; ugha l¡okj ldrhA
blfy, orZeku dk vkuan ysuk gh]
thou dk lPpk lq[k gSA

40
Physics