HP 02 Motion in One Dimension

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Kinematics:

Motion in One Dimension


2.1 Displacement & Velocity
Learning Objectives
• Describe motion in terms of displacement, time,
and velocity
• Calculate the displacement of an object traveling
at a known velocity for a specific time interval
• Construct and interpret graphs of position versus
time
Essential Concepts
• Frames of reference
• Vector vs. scalar quantities
• Displacement
• Velocity
– Average velocity
– Instantaneous velocity
• Acceleration
• Graphical representation of motion
Reference Frames
• Motion is relative
• When we say an object is moving, we mean it is
moving relative to something else (reference frame)
Scalar Quantities & Vector
Quantities
• Scalar quantities have magnitude
• Example: speed 15 m/s
• Vector quantities have magnitude and direction
• Example: velocity 15 m/s North
Displacement
Displacement is change in
position

www.cnx.org
Displacement vs. Distance
• Distance is the length of the path that an object
travels
• Displacement is the change in position of an object
Describing Motion
Describing motion requires a frame of reference

http://www.sfu.ca/phys/100/lectures/lecture5/lecture5.html
Determining Displacement
In these examples, position is determined with
respect to the origin, displacement wrt x 1

http://www.sfu.ca/phys/100/lectures/lecture5/lecture5.html
Indicating Direction of Displacement
Direction can be indicated by sign, degrees, or
geographical directions.

When sign is used, it follows the conventions of a


standard graph

Positive Right Up

Negative Left Down


Reference Frames &
Displacement
• Direction is relative to the initial position, x1
• x1 is the reference point
Average Velocity
Speed: how far an object travels in a given time interval

Velocity includes directional information:


Average Velocity
Velocity
• Example
• A squirrel runs in a straight line, westerly direction
from one tree to another, covering 55 meters in 32
seconds. Calculate the squirrel’s average velocity
• vavg = ∆x / ∆t
• vavg = 55 m / 32 s
• vavg = 1.7 m/s west
Velocity can be represented graphically:
Position Time Graphs
Velocity can be interpreted
graphically: Position Time
Graphs
Find the average velocity between t = 3 min to t = 8 min
Calculate the average velocity for
the entire trip
Formative Assessment:
Position-Time Graphs

Object at rest?
Traveling slowly in a
positive direction?
Traveling in a
negative direction?
Traveling quickly in a
positive direction?
dev.physicslab.org
Average vs. Instantaneous
Velocity
• Velocity at any given moment in time or at a specific point in the
object’s path
Position-time when velocity is not
constant
Average velocity compared to
instantaneous velocity

Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent


line at any particular point in time.
Instantaneous Velocity
• The velocity at a given moment in time
• The instantaneous velocity is the velocity, as Δt
becomes infinitesimally short,
• i.e. limit as Δt 0
2.2 Acceleration
2.2 Acceleration
Learning Objectives
• Describe motion in terms of changing velocity
• Compare graphical representations of accelerated and non-
accelerated motions
• Apply kinematic equations to calculate distance, time, or
velocity under conditions of constant acceleration
x-t graph when velocity is
changing
Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration: Change in
Velocity
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
• a = ∆v/∆t
• a = (vf – vi) / (tf – ti)
• Since velocity is a vector quantity, velocity can change in magnitude
or direction
• Acceleration occurs whenever there is a change in magnitude or
direction of movement.
Acceleration
Because acceleration is a vector, it must have direction
Here is an example of negative acceleration:
Customary Dimensions of
Acceleration
• a = ∆v/∆t
• = m/s/s
• = m/s2
• Sample problems 2B
A bus traveling at 9.0 m/s slows down with an average acceleration
of -1.8 m/s. How long does it take to come to a stop?
Negative Acceleration
• Both velocity & acceleration can have (+) and (-) values
• Negative acceleration does not always mean an object is
slowing down
Is an object speeding up or
slowing down?
• Depends upon the signs of both velocity and
acceleration

Velocity Accel Motion


+ + Speeding up in + dir
- - Speeding up in - dir
+ - Slowing down in + dir
- + Slowing down in - dir
• Construct statement summarizing this table.
Velocity-Time Graphs
• Is this object accelerating?
• How do you know?
• What can you say about its motion?

www.gcsescience.com
Velocity-Time Graph
• Is this object accelerating?
• How do you know?
• What can you say about its motion?
• What feature of the graph represents acceleration?

www.gcsescience.com
Velocity-Time Graph

dev.physicslab.org
Displacement with Constant
Acceleration (C)
x vi  v f
vavg  and vavg 
t 2
Since vavg  vavg
x vi  v f
Then 
t 2
 vi  v f 
Thus x    t
 2 
x  vi  v f t
1
Or
2
Displacement on v-t Graphs
How can you find displacement on the v-t graph?

x
v , so x  vt
t
Displacement on v-t Graphs

x  vt
Displacement is
the area under the
line!
Graphical Representation of
Displacement during Constant
Acceleration
Displacement on a Non-linear v-t graph

• If displacement is the area under the v-t graph,


how would you determine this area?
Determining the area under a
curve with rectangles
Displacement with initial
velocity
Final velocity of an
accelerating object
v
Since a 
t
v f  vi
and a
t
Then v f  vi  at
Displacement During Constant
Acceleration (D)
We know : Δx  vi  v f Δt
1
2
We know : v f  vi  aΔt
Substituting v f into the above equation :
1
Δx  vi  vi  aΔt Δt
2
1
Δx  2vi  aΔt Δt
2
1
Δx  vi Δt  aΔt 2
2
Graphical Representation
Derivation of the Equation
Final velocity after any
displacement (E)
2 2
v f  vi  2ax
A baby sitter pushes a stroller from rest,
accelerating at 0.500 m/s2. Find the velocity after
the stroller travels 4.75m. (p. 57)

Identify the variables.


Solve for the unknown.
Substitute and solve.
Kinematic Equations
x v
x  x f  xi vavg  a
t t
1
x  (vi  v f )t v f  vi  at
2
1 2 2
x  vi t  at 2
v f  vi  2ax
2
2.3 Falling Objects
Objectives
1. Relate the motion of a freely falling body to motion with
constant acceleration.
2. Calculate displacement, velocity, and time at various points
in the motion of a freely falling object.
3. Compare the motions of different objects in free fall.
Motion Graphs of Free Fall
What do motion graphs of an object in
free fall look like?
Motion Graphs of Free Fall
What do motion graphs of an object in
free fall look like?
x-t graph v-t graph
Do you think a heavier object falls
faster than a lighter one?
Why or why not?

Yes because …. No, because ….


Free Fall
• In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall to earth with a
constant acceleration
• The rate of fall is independent of mass
• In a vacuum, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same
rate.
• The acceleration of a free-falling object is the acceleration of
gravity, g
• g = 9.81m/s2 memorize this value!
Free Fall
• Free fall is the motion of a body when
only the force due to gravity is acting on
the body.
• The acceleration on an object in free fall
is called the acceleration due to
gravity, or free-fall acceleration.
• Free-fall acceleration is denoted with by
ag (generally) or g (on Earth’s surface).
Free Fall Acceleration
• Free-fall acceleration is the same for all
objects, regardless of mass.
• This book will use the value g = 9.81 m/s2.
• Free-fall acceleration on Earth’s surface is –
9.81 m/s2 at all points in the object’s motion.
• Consider a ball thrown up into the air.
– Moving upward: velocity is decreasing,
acceleration is –9.81 m/s2
– Top of path: velocity is zero, acceleration is –9.81
m/s2
– Moving downward: velocity is increasing,
acceleration is –9.81 m/s2
Sample Problem
• Falling Object
• A player hits a volleyball so that it
moves with an initial velocity of 6.0
m/s straight upward.
• If the volleyball starts from 2.0 m
above the floor,
• how long will it be in the air before it
strikes the floor?
Sample Problem, continued
1. Define
Given: Unknown:
vi = +6.0 m/s Δt = ?
a = –g = –9.81 m/s2
Δ y = –2.0 m
Diagram:
Place the origin at the
Starting point of the ball
(yi = 0 at ti = 0).
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation:
Both ∆t and vf are unknown.
2 2
v f  vi  2ay v f  vi  at
We can determine ∆t if we know vf
Solve for vf then substitute & solve for ∆t
3. Calculate
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknowns:
v f  vi
2
v f   vi  2ay t 
a
vf = - 8.7 m/s Δt = 1.50 s
Is there another way?
• Is there another equation that would answer the question in a
single step?
Summary of Graphical Analysis of Linear
Motion

This is a graph of x vs. t for


an object moving with
constant velocity. The
velocity is the slope of the
x-t curve.
Comparison of v-t and x-t Curves
On the left we have a graph of velocity vs. time for
an object with varying velocity; on the right we have
the resulting x vs. t curve. The instantaneous
velocity is tangent to the curve at each point.
Displacement and v-t Curves

The displacement, x, is
the area beneath the v
vs. t curve.
Displacement and v-t Curves

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