DISEASES

CONTROLLED
PRIMARILY BY
VACCINATION
María José Garza Vázquez- A00740323
Rubén Chapa Cavazos-A00739404
Elisa Perez Fernandez-A0073891
Julia Daniela Ruiz Merino- A00739380
Fernan Lozano-A00739360
Gabriel Valdes-A00737138

Feb, 11, 2024

 Complications
MEASLES The risk of complications and death is highest in young children
and adults.
Measles is one of the most contagious of infectious diseases, it Most common complications:
has been recognized as a clinical disease for more than 10 1. Otitis media
centuries and is usually found in early childhood. 2. Pneumonia (most common cause of death)
The time it takes to spread really varies from the population 3. Diarrhea and malnutrition
size, density, movement and social behavior. It wasn’t until Less common complications: bronchiolitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis,
1963 that the first vaccines for this disease started to appear myocarditis, keratoconjunctivitis, mesenteric adenitis, hepatitis,
and made prevention possible. and thrombocytopenic purpura.
Thanks to mathematical models we can stimulate that in a
susceptible population a single case of measles can spread to Pregnancy
other 12-18 people. Measles infection during pregnancy is associated with
spontaneous abortion and with delivery of low birth weight
Clinical characteristics infants. There have been rare reports of congenital
Symptoms:fever and malaise, followed shortly thereafter by malformations associated with measles infection during the first
cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Also there can be a rash trimester and it also can cause a degenerative disorder of the
characterized by small bluish white spots inside the mouth and central nervous system known as subacute sclerosing
it typically appears an average of 14 days after infection. panencephalitis (SSPE).
 MEASLES
Etiological Agent, Immunology, and Diagnosis Immunization
Measles is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the paramyx- Active immunity: When measles vaccine was first introduced in the
ovirus group. It is very sensitive to acid conditions, drying, and light, United States, it was administered at nine months of age because of
but can survive in aerosolized droplets. the high risk of measles, even though seroconversion rates were not
Important membrane proteins: Hemagglutinin (H), Fusion protein (F) optimal. The primary purpose of the second dose is to induce
and Matrix protein (M). immunity in persons who failed to mount an adequate immune
response to the first dose.
Measles virus infection with either wild type measles or live virus
vaccine induces the production of a variety of anti- bodies. Serologic Impact of the vaccination: beginning in 1963, the vaccine has
tests cannot distinguish between antibody produced by wild type brought a dramatic reduction in the reported occurrence of measles
infection and that resulting from live measles virus vaccination. and a substantial alteration in its epidemiological characteristics. By
Because of the widespread availability and ease of use, enzyme 1968, the reported level in the U.S. dropped by 95%, after 1991
linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) tests are the most commonly reported measles incidence declined dramatically with fewer than
used method to measure measles IgM and IgG antibodies. Several 1000 cases annually since 1993 and 120 or fewer cases annually
com- mercial ELISA kits have been shown to be sensitive and
since 1998 and all cases after 1997 are believed to be due to
specific.
international importation.

Immunization Absence of endemic measles in United States

Passive immunity: induced by the administration of commercially The United States has made three attempts to eliminate indigenous
prepared immune globulin (IG), which typically has a high measles measles transmission beginning in 1966.
antibody titer. Almost all infants acquire passive immunity against Elimination strategy
measles from the transfer of maternal antibodies across the a) Maximizing population immunity by achieving and maintaining
placenta. high immunization levels.
“Modified” measles is a mild form of illness occasionally seen in (b) Ensuring adequate surveillance.
persons with passively acquired antibody. The incubation period may (c) Aggressive outbreak control
be prolonged up to 20 days. Immunity after modified measles is (d) Working to improve the global control of measles.
believed to be permanent.
WORLDWIDE CONTROL AND
ELIMINATION

The strategy used by Pan American Health

Organisation (PAHO) member countries to stop
endemic transmission of measles consists of a
one-time, nationwide, mass vaccination of
children 9 months–14 years of age.
The success of the PAHO strategy for measles
elimination has led to it being adopted by other
countries and regions.
RUBELLA
Rubella is a contagious viral
infection characterized by its
distinctive red rash.

It is important to note that

rubella is not the same as
measles, although the two
diseases share some signs and
symptoms, such as the red rash.
Rubella is caused by a different
virus than measles, and rubella is
not as infectious or as severe as
measles.
Symptoms: Symptoms of rubella mainly
appear two to three weeks after
exposure and include a rash that
appears on the face and then spreads to
the rest of the body, mild fever,
headache, enlarged lymph nodes in the
neck, red eyes, red rashes, runny nose,
and joint pain.

Causes: Rubella is caused by a highly

contagious virus that can spread
through direct contact with the saliva or
mucus of an infected person, it is
transmitted in the air by respiratory
droplets (when coughing or sneezing),
and from a pregnant woman to the fetus
Complications: Rubella can cause
bleeding problems, testicular
swelling, nerve inflammation, ear
infection, and encephalitis.
Pregnant women who contract
rubella can give birth to a baby
with congenital rubella syndrome
which can cause, growth delay,
cataracts, deafness, congenital
heart diseases, and mental
retardation.

Prevention: Prevention is done

through the rubella vaccine, which
is usually administered as a
combined inoculation against
measles, mumps, and rubella
TETANUS

¿What is?

Tetanus, is a serious disease

caused by the bacterium
Clostridium tetani. This bacterium
is commonly found in soil, dust,
and manure, and can enter the
body through deep cuts, burns, or
puncture wounds.
TETANUS

What does it do?

The spores of the tetanus bacteria
are highly resistant and can
survive for long periods in the
environment.

When they enter the body through

a wound, they can multiply and
produce toxins that affect the
nervous system, leading to the
symptoms of tetanus.
 TETANUS SYMPTOMS
TETANUS

The average time from Signs and symptoms of generalized

infection to appearance of tetanus include:
signs and symptoms Painful muscle spasms and
(incubation period) is 10 stiff, immovable muscles
days. The incubation (muscle rigidity) in your jaw
period can range from 3 to Tension of muscles around your
21 days. lips, sometimes producing a
persistent grin
Painful spasms and rigidity in
Signs and symptoms begin
your neck muscles
gradually and then Difficulty swallowing
progressively worsen over Rigid abdominal muscles
two weeks.
DIPHTHERIA
First appearance in the twentieth century, evolving to being a major
childhood killer, is an enedemic disease and an important cause of
morbidity and death developing countries that do not have adequate
childhood vaccine coverage.

Initiated by a superficial infection,

attaches itself to a wide range of
mammalian cells, leading to cell
damage and death. Presented in
areas that produce mucus such as:
pharynx, tonsils, larynx, trachea,
nose or a combination of those.
COMPLICATIONS, OCCURRENCES
AND TREATMENT

The serious complications result from the systemic

effects of toxin absorption. Mechanical airway
obstruction and myocarditis are the major causes of
death. Clinically evident cardiac impairment or
congestive heart failure is present in smaller
proportions
In the United States there has been a big
decrease of cases in comparison to developing
countries, who still show large outbreaks among
very young children.
Diphtheria anti-toxins are the main treatment, it
neutralizes the toxins, produced by serum obtained from
hyperimmunized horses. Penicillin and erythromycin is
also given to stop toxin production.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Active Immunization: provides

individual protection by inducing
circulating antitoxin. WHO
recommends three doses of high
antigenic-content during infancy and
continuing with booster doses.
INFLUENZA
Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza
A and B viruses.
Influenza viruses infect people of all age groups. The emergence of a
new influenza A subtype among humans can cause a pandemic, leading
to larger than usual numbers of deaths as well as societal disruption

Epidemiology
Patterns of influenza epidemics changes by climate and region. However, it
can also occur in any season. In tropical regions, influenza activity can occur
throughout the year and increase during cooler months.

During influenza seasons, 10–20% of the U.S. population may become infected
by influenza.
Cases often appear first among school-age children, who generally have the
highest attack rates.
 CLINICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

Influenza spreads from person-to-person for example when a person infected sneezes.
The incubation period for the virus is 1–4 days. Primary influenza illness begins with
fever, fatigue, headache, and nonproductive cough.

COMPLICATIONS
The risk of complications from influenza is elevated among people 65 years and
older. Pregnant women are also at increased risk for complications from
influenza infection.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Influenza vaccination is the most effective approach to disease prevention. Global
recommendations for the influenza vaccine are made twice a year based on genetic
characterization of viruses from both the North and South. The optimal time for
vaccination is usually during October–November, but vaccination of high-risk persons
should continue throughout the influenza season.
EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
OF INFLUENZA VACCINE

Studies have shown that inactivated influenza vaccine can

reduce influenza by 70–90 % among healthy adults aged 65 years
or younger when the virus strains in the vaccine match the
circulating strains in the community.

Influenza vaccination can reduce health-care costs and

productivity losses associated with influenza infection. Studies
focusing on people aged 65 years or older have shown an
association between inactivated influenza vaccine and
reduction of both direct and indirect medical costs.
VARICELLA

Varicella is the primary infection caused by VZV, which, like other herpes viruses is capable of
maintaining latency in the human body and reactivating to result in secondary disease known
as herpes zoster or shingles.

Etiology Immune Response

The varicella zoster virus is a DNA virus of the VZV triggers both humoral and cell-mediated
herpes family. Humans are the only natural host immune responses. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
for this highly contagious virus. is vital in preventing varicella recurrences,
Its identification in the 1950s clarified the link maintaining viral latency, and preventing herpes
between varicella and herpes zoster, which were zoster. Usually, one varicella episode grants lifelong
historically confused with other pox illnesses like immunity, with reexposure typically reinforcing
smallpox until the late 19th century. immunity without illness. Nonetheless, rare
chickenpox recurrences happen in
immunocompetent individuals with VZV immunity.
VARICELLA

Clinical Characteristics
Incubation period of 14 to 16 days (range, 10 to 21 days).
Prolonged incubation period if received postexposure prophylaxis with varicella specific immune
globulin.
Rash often first sign of disease in children; adults may have 1 to 2 days of fever and malaise before
rash.
Headache
Photophobia (sensitivity to bright light)

Complications
Complications by varicella vary by age.
Serious complications include secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia,
postinfectious encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, Reye’s syndrome and death. Rarer
complications include nephritis, arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, stroke,
thrombocytopenia, and clinical hepatitis. Though clinical hepatitis occurs rarely,
evidence of subclinical hepatitis is frequent.
VARICELLA

Prevention and Control

Active Immunization
Postexposure Vaccination
Passive Immunization
Isolation Guidelines

Treatment
A variety of antiviral drugs are available for treatment of varicella and herpes zoster.
Acyclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analog that inhibits replication of human herpes viruses
including the varicella zoster virus.
THANK YOU
Wallace, Robert B. et al. Public
Health & Preventive Medicine. 15th
ed. (2008) McGraw Hill