GREENFINGERS GLOBAL SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2022-2023

AIM :- TO TRANSMIT DATA WITH LIGHT (LI-FI)

SUBMITTED BY: - AISHWARYA BHAVUKESAN

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report entitled " TO TRANSMIT DATA

WITH LIGHT (LI-FI)”
submitted to Greenfingers Global School, is a bonafide record of work
undertaken by Miss Aishwarya Bhavukesan student of class XII div B
Board Roll No under my supervision during the
academic year 2022-23 . It is in partial fulfillment of the Physics
practical examination requirement as per the guidelines of Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) for All India Senior
Secondary Certificate Exam (AISSCE)

Principal External Examiner Internal Examiner

Date: Department of Physics

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my

teacher ‘Mrs. Alpana Kulkarni’ as well as our principal ma’am
‘Mrs. Anju Vedi’ who gave me this golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic “To transfer data with light
(Li-Fi)” which also brought me across many new things.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends for their

inexhaustible source of inspiration and support.

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 INDEX

SR NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. AIM 5

2. INTRODUCTION 6

3. MATERIALS REQUIRED 8

4. THEORY 8

5. PROCEDURE 16

6. OBSERVATIONS 18

7. RESULT 19

8. PHOTOGRAPH 20

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

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 AIM

TO TRANSMIT DATA WITH LIGHT (LI-FI)

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 INTRODUCTION

LiFi known as light fidelity was introduced first time by Prof. Harald
Haas on July 2011 at TED Global Talk. LiFi is based on Visual Light
Communication (VLC) that using light emitting diodes (LEDs) to
fully networked wireless system.

[1]. Li-Fi enables the electronic device to connect to the internet with
no wire. In order to make a communication line between node a Li-Fi
will need a transceiver to transmit and receive the data. This
transceiver will have a modulation technique to make the LED enable
to carry the data using the light. The emergence of Li-Fi is to
overcome the shortage of the current technology. We all know that
right now Wi-Fi is the most used technology to connect many devices
to the internet.

[2], Li-Fi and Wi-Fi has the difference related to the congestion,
density, security, safety, and speed. The more Wi-Fi enabled device is
exist, the congestion may occur. In the technology of Wi-Fi, we can’t
add more routers it the user is increased. while we can add the light in
lit. efficiency and safety of the internet are the dominating issues right
now. The performance of Li-Fi is claimed that better than the
performance of Wi-Fi. The rate speed of Li-Fi is 1000 times faster
than Wi-Fi.

[3] For safety of the internet. LiF1 is more secure than the WiF1
based on the spread of the signal. LiF1 has a light characteristic that
light cannot go through the wall. It is different from the signal of
WiFi can go through anywhere. Based on those two technologies.

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 MATERIALS REQUIRED

➢ Speaker wires
➢ Solar panel
➢ Battery
➢ Led
➢ Cardboard
➢ Hot glue gun
➢ Speakers
➢ Cell phone

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 THEORY

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a data transfer technique that uses light. Light is
analogous not only to illumination but also to speed. Li-Fi is also much
secured since light cannot pass through walls. It uses visible light
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information.
Hence the visible light communication solves the problem of radio
frequency congestion. In this project we transmit data and audio
through light at very high data rates
without use of microcontrollers and its other peripheral devices.
Keywords: Visible light, Secured, High Speed.

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a bidirectional, high-speed and fully networked

wireless
communication technology similar to
Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap
wireless communication system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi.
Li-Fi uses visible light instead of Gigahertz radio waves for data transfer.
The term was coined by Harald Haas and is a form of visible light
communication and a subset of optical wireless Communications
(OWC) and could be a complement to RF
communication (Wi-Fi or cellular networks), or even a replacement in
contexts of data broadcasting. The light waves cannot penetrate walls
which makes a much shorter range, though more secure from hacking,
relative to Wi-Fi.

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 APPLICATIONS

Li-Fi applications are varied as a result of its key features, such as

directional lighting, energy efficiency, intrinsic security, high data
rate capability, signal blocking by walls and integrated networking
capability.

1. Security
In a meeting room environment, the access area of each channel is the
width of the light pool, and can be accessed by multiple users. Each
user can receive higher data rates than would be the case for an
equivalent Wi-Fi channel. In the Wi-Fi case, each user or group of
users directly competes for access to bandwidth. The net result is that
the more connections there are, the slower the download speeds are
for all. By contrast, in the case of LiFi, with its greater number of
available access points, each pool of light provides full channel data
rates with fewer simultaneous users. The overall net benefit to each
user is up to 1000 times greater speeds. In addition, and in contrast to
radio waves, the light does not pass through the walls. Therefore, with
minimal precautions to avoid leakage from windows, etc., security is
fundamentally enhanced as compared with Wi-Fi.

2. Dense urban environments

Dense urban environments by their nature tend to have complete
artificial lighting coverage. This lighting infrastructure can provide
always available high data rate access for users as they move through
that environment. For example, along a hotel corridor or reception
hall a number of users can receive high data rate downloads at any
point. Moreover, high speed wireless communication would be
available in every room since the light waves do not propagate

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through walls. This results in interference-free wireless
communication, and spectrum does not have to be shared among a
large number of users in the rooms.

3. Cellular communication
In external urban environments, the use of Li-Fi enabled street lamps
would provide a network of internet access points. In cellular
communication, the distance between radio base stations has come
down to about 200-500 meters. So, instead of deploying new radio
base stations in our cities, street lamps could provide both,
illumination during night, and high-speed data communication 24/7.
Surprisingly, even when the lights are off as perceived by the eye, full
data communication rates are still possible. There is also an additional
cost benefit as installing new radio base stations usually comes with
large cost – for installation and site lease.

4. EMI sensitive environments

On aircraft, Li-Fi enabled lighting will allow high data rate
connectivity for each passenger. It will allow connectivity at all times,
without creating electromagnetic interference (EMI) with sensitive
radio equipment on the flight deck. The reduction in cabling
requirement also means a lighter aircraft.

5. Augmented reality
Exhibits in museums and galleries are illuminated with specific
lighting. Li-Fi enabled lighting can provide localized information
within that light. This means that a visitor’s camera or mobile phone
can be used to download further information regarding the object
being viewed from the light that illuminates the exhibit.

6. Localized advertising

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By using shop display lighting as a Li-Fi broadcast channel, it is
possible to transmit advertising information on the goods being
viewed, as well as say special offers and coupons. This will allow the
merging of the high street and online shopping experience, and
provide novel retail business models to emerge. Catalogue
information, discount coupons, and advertising videos could all be
provided to shoppers.

7. Underwater communication
Radio waves are quickly absorbed in water, preventing underwater
radio communications, but light can penetrate for large distances.
Therefore, Li-Fi can enable communication from diver to diver, diver
to mini-sub, diver to drilling rig, etc.

8. Safety environments
In explosion hazard environments, the use of electrical equipment,
including mobile phones, is generally greatly restricted. The use of
Li-Fi to pass data will simplify the configuration of data networks in
such environments, and can enable new systems to enhance security
in these environments.

9. Intelligent transportation systems

Car headlights and tail lights are steadily being replaced with LED
versions. This offers the prospect of car-to-car communication over
Li-Fi, allowing development of anti-collision systems and exchange
of information on driving conditions between vehicles. Traffic lights
already use LED lighting, so that there is also the prospect offered of
city-wide traffic management systems. This would enable car systems
to download information from the network and have real time

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information on optimal routes to take, and update the network
regarding conditions recently experienced by individual vehicles.

10. Connectivity
Our homes already have lighting widely installed. The use of Li-Fi
enabled lighting will transform the applications that can be envisaged,
not only the interconnection of devices, such as televisions, computers
and Hi-Fi, but also connecting ordinary domestic appliances, such as
fridges, washing machines, microwaves and vacuums. The “internet
of everything”.

11. Sensitive data

Hospitals are a specific case of an environment where both EMI
sensitivity and security of data are issues. Li-Fi can enable the better
deployment of secure networked medical instruments, patient records,
etc.

12. Indoor navigation

By identifying each light (for example, through the use of the widely
used MAC codes used by data routers and computers) it is possible to
provide a smart means of navigating through urban environments.
The identification of each code would be linked to a specific location.
For example, light received from the closest fixture can indicate to a
mobile user their exact position as they travel along a corridor.

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Wi-Fi & Li-Fi
TECHNOLOGY

Li-Fi Wi-Fi

Spectrum Used Visual Light Radio Frequency

Range Depends on light intensity, can Less than 200 meters

be lower than Wi-Fi

Cost High installation cost, low Low cost

regular usage cost

Security High Less (compared to Li-Fi)

Data transfer speed Higher (compared to Wi-Fi, can High

be up to 100 times faster)

Availability Yet to be available for Widely available

commercial use

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 STRENGTHS OF LI-FI

• Efficiency: Efficient use of energy consumption due to the use of

LED illumination which are already in use for lighting purpose. Hence
the transmission of data will require negligible additional power/
energy.
• High speed: The technology uses bandwidth that is not is use
currently. Hence, low interference, wider bandwidths and high-
intensity output are its key data features.
• Availability: As the light source is available everywhere, availability is
not an issue. Hence, wherever there is a light source, there will be
Internet.
• Cost Efficient: This technology requires few components for its
working. The technology also uses negligible additional power for data
transmission.
• Security: As light cannot pass through opaque structures, Li-Fi internet
is available only to those within a confined area. This internet cannot
be intercepted and misused outside the area under operation.

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 LIMITATIONS OF Li-Fi

Some of the major limitations of Li-Fi are:

• Access of internet is limited by the presence of a light source.

• Data transmission speed can get lowered because of
interference of natural light (sunlight) and normal electric
light.
• Since light cannot pass through opaque objects, obstacles on
pathways can affect data transmission.
• It has a much shorter range than Wi-Fi.
• Not yet developed for mass scale adoption.

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 PROCEDURE

1. Cut cable into two pieces using scissors (exact half)

2. The copper inside aux is enameled means thin layer of

insulation paint had been added.

3. There are 2 ways for insulation paint removal from surface

of wire

4. First is using wire stripper and second will be burning layer

of insulated paint using lighter. The wire which has 3 colors
blue, red and gold whereas the remaining (i.e., second part
of aux) will be connected to battery and resistor (10kilo
ohm) resistor and a 9-volt battery

5. Connect wires to battery or you can directly use battery

connector also Add resistor in between positive wire side
and LED bulb positive side.

6. Since I am using 9-volt battery while LED requires only

1.5-to-2-volt power supply, test if your LED bulb works if
you have any clarifications related to wiring

7. Once all the circuit is complete, please follow these

important steps to get the Li-Fi project working.

8. Connect the aux cable which is connected to your solar

panel to your smartphone or any other MP3 playing device
(This is transmitter part in our project).

9. Other piece of aux cable which was connected to the battery

along with resistor and LED will go to your MP3 player.

10. Make sure it is connected to battery by checking

glowing of led bulb after this is done
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11. Start playing favorite music in your smartphone/MP3
player, now when you do it, please ensure your led is
directed towards your solar panel if everything is setup fine
your MP3 player will start to play some music

12. whenever you bring any obstacle in between the LED

light and solar panel the music will stop playing hence it is
proved that light can be used as the transmission medium
for communicating data signal

13. Note: while you are making mini li-fi system, please
make sure there is no any other light source
surrounding/directing towards solar panel.

14. If you have other light source directing towards your

solar panel you might start to observe some interference in
form of noise can be heard with music in output MP3
speaker (this is receiver part of our project).

15. For every invention made there will always be

advantages and disadvantages.

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 OBSERVATIONS

Li-Fi is the trend of today and near future. It is one of the cheapest and
efficient mode
of data transfer. These methods can be used to transfer data and audio
in a better way.
Based on the observations and the graphical results obtained from the
proposed
circuitry it is clear that the transfer of data and audio without the use of
microcontrollers are much more efficient and powerful.

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 RESULT

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

DATA TRANSMISSION RECEPTION USING Li-Fi

From the above working we have obtained with these results. Here
the distance of the
reach of the light varies according to its environment such as fog,
Smog, dust, etc..
We have tested with 3 different cases as with

❖ Clear path of sight

❖ Fog in path of sight
❖ Dust in path of sight

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Photoghraph

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27953058
5_LiFi_Technology_Data_Transmission_through_Visi
ble_Light

• https://nevonprojects.com/lifi-data-transfer-system/

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