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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
EG 2215 EE

DC Generator and DC
Motors Chapter-3 and
4 Curriculum-2022

For
Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Year/Part: II/II

Prepared By: Er. Gopal Sapkota

Asst. Lecture, Department Co-Coordinator
Manmohan Memorial Polytechnic

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DC Machine
DC machine is a rotating electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice
versa. It generates electrical energy in DC system or it converts the electrical energy in DC system into the
mechanical energy in the form of rotation. A dc machine can be used as generator as well as motor.

The energy conversion is based on the principle of the production of dynamically induced e.m.f. That is
whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to Faraday’s
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

Major Parts are:

1. Yoke
2. Field System
 Field Poles
 Windings
3. Armature
 Armature Conductor
 Armature Core
 Commutator
4. Brush

Yoke
The outer frame or yoke serves double purpose:
(i) It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine and
(ii) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
It is made up of cast iron. For large machines, rolled steel, cast steel or silicon steels are also used.

Field Poles:
Field poles are the iron core projected from the yoke as shown in Fig below. The upper part of the pole, which
is connected to the yoke, is known as pole-core. The lower and wider part is known as pole- shoe. The
combination of many pole shoes surface forms a circular gap at the center of the machine. The field poles are
generally made of laminated annealed steel sheet.

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Field Windings:
Enamel insulated copper wire are wound on field poles as field windings. When DC current is passed through
these windings, the pole core gets magnetized and produces magnetic flux in the central space of the machine.

Armature: It is the rotating part of the machine. It consists of a number of slots on its periphery to house
armature conductors The armature core is made of laminated silicon steels sheet insulated with varnish.

Armature Windings:

The armature winding is made up of copper wires. Depending upon the the requirement of voltage and current
rating of the machine, the armature winding are lap winding and wave winding. In case of the lap winding, the
number of parallel paths (A) equal to the number of poles (P) and for wave winding, the number of parallel
paths
(A) are equal to 2.

Commutator: It is mechanical rectifier which converts alternating ac voltage inside the windings into dc
current and then sends to the stationary brush circuit. It is made of many numbers of copper segments from
each other and from the shaft.

Brushes
Brushes are used to make an electrical connection with the rotating commutator. They collect current from the
moving commutator. Brushes are usually made up of carbon. They are housed in brush holders and are in
contact with the commutator surface with the help of spring pressure.

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Operating principle of DC generator

The operating principle of DC generator is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Let us
consider a 2-pole elementary DC machine as shown in Fig.below.

When the field winding is excited by DC current ( If ), the field poles get magnetized and magnetic flux flows.
If the armature is rotated continuously by some prime mover, then the armature conductors a and a’
continuously cut the magnetic flux. Hence, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction emf will
induce in the armature conductors.

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Brush Contact Drop

It is the voltage drop over the brush contact resistance when current passes from commutator segments to
brushes and finally to the external load. Its value depends on the amount of current and the value of contact
resistance. This drop is usually small and includes brushes of both polarities. However, in practice, the brush
contact drop is assumed to have following constant values for all loads. 0.5 V for metal-graphite brushes. 2.0 V
for carbon brushes.

Types of DC Generator
The field winding of a DC generator has to be supplied by DC current in order to produced magnetic field. The
supply of DC current to the field winding is known as “excitation”. The excitation can be provided by various
ways and accordingly DC generators are classified as follow:

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a) Separately excited DC generator

b) Self-excited DC generator

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Armature Reaction

Definition:

The armature reaction represents the impact of the armature flux on the main field flux. The armature field is
produced by the armature conductors when current flows through them. And the main field is produced by the
magnetic poles.

The armature flux causes two effects on the main field flux.

 The armature reaction distorted the main field flux.

 It reduces the magnitude of the main field flux.

Magnetic Neutral Axis, MNA:

The axis along which there is no emf induced in armature conductors is called MNA. The brushed are always
placed on MNA as there is no emf induced.

Geometric Neutral Axis, GNA

The axis perpendicular to the poles axis.

Case-a , Only field carrying current

Only the MMF of the main poles exists in the generator. The MMF flux is uniformly distributed along the
magnetic axis. The magnetic axis means the Centre line between the north and south pole. The arrow in the
below-given image shows the direction of the magnetic flux ΦM.

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The MNA coincides with the geometrical neutral axis (GNA). The brushes of the DC machines are always
placed in this axis, and hence this axis is called the axis of commutation.

Case-b, Armature carries current only

Consider the condition in which only the armature conductors carrying current and no current flows through
their main poles. The direction of the current remains the same in all the conductors lying under one pole. The
direction of current induces in the conductor is given by the Fleming right-hand rule. And the direction of flux
generates in the conductors is given by the corkscrew rule.

The flux induces in the armature conductor ΦA is given by the arrow shown above.

Case-C Field coil and armature both carry the current

The figure below shows the condition in which the field current and the armature current are simultaneously
acting on the conductor.

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Unit-4: DC motor
A DC motor is defined as a class of electrical motors that convert direct current electrical energy
into mechanical energy. It works on the principle of Lorentz Law, which states that “the current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic and electric field experience a force”.

Operating Principle
In Fig. Below, a part of multi-polar d.c. motor is shown. When its field magnets are excited and
its armature conductors are supplied with current from the supply mains, they experience a force
tending to rotate the armature.

Armature conductors under N-pole are assumed to carry current inwards A to B (crosses) and
those under S-poles, to carry current outwards C to D (dots). By applying Fleming’s Left-Hand
Rule, the direction of the force on each conductor can be found. It is shown by small arrows
placed above each conductor. It will be seen that each conductor experiences a force F which
tends to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction. These forces collectively produce a
driving torque which sets the armature rotating.
It should be noted that the function of a commutator in the motor is the same as in a generator.
By reversing current in each conductor as it passes from one pole to another, it helps to develop a
continuous and unidirectional torque.

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Major Parts are: (Same as that of DC-Generator)

1. Yoke
2. Field System
 Field Poles
 Windings
3. Armature
 Armature Conductor
 Armature Core
 Commutator
4. Brush

Back EMF.
Since the armature of a DC motor rotates in a magnetic field, an emf is induced in the conductors of the
armature due to electromagnetic induction (as in a generator). This induced emf acts in the opposite
direction to the applied voltage (according to Lenz’s law) and hence is known as back emf or counter
emf. It is denoted by Eb and is given by,

The magnitude of the back emf is always less than the magnitude of the applied voltage. But under
normal operating conditions the difference of these two is small.

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Significance of Back EMF in DC Motor

The armature current drawn by the DC motor is given by,
𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏
𝐼𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎
Hence, the back emf makes the DC motor a self-regulating machine i.e. it makes the motor to
draw as much armature current as is needed to develop the torque required by the load.
Therefore, it automatically changes the armature current to meet the load requirement as follows

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 When the motor is running at no-load, a small torque is required to overcome the mechanical
losses. Hence, the Ia is small and back emf is nearly equal to the applied voltage.
 Now, if the load is connected to the motor, it causes the armature to slow down and hence,
the back emf decreases. The decreased back emf causes the larger current to flow through
the armature and the large armature current means increased developed torque by the motor.
Hence, the torque is increased when the motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing
down when the armature current is sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the
load
 When the load on the motor is decreased, then the torque is momentarily more than the
requirement so that the armature is accelerated. As the speed of the armature increases, the
back emf also increases and causes the armature current is decrease. The motor will stop
accelerating when the armature current is sufficient to develop the torque required by the
load.

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Types of DC Motors

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Types of DC Motor Starter

For DC Shunt Motors
 Three Point Starter
 Four Point Starter

For DC Series Motors:

 Two Point Starter

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2.19 Three Point Starter

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Applications of DC Motors
1. Separately Excited DC Motors

Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Motors

 Separately excited Dc motors got very accurate speed

 These type of motors are much suitable for applications which need speed
variation from low speed to higher speed.

Applications of Separately Excited DC Motors

 Paper Machines
 Rolling Units
 Electric Populations of Ships

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2. Shunt DC Motors

Characteristic of Shunt DC Motors

 Shunt motors are normally got constant speed.

 The starting torque of this motor is medium which is limited to nearly 200% by
commutation.
 Speed control of shunt motor done by decreasing armature voltage control

Applications of Shunt DC Motors

 Lathe Machines
 Fans and Blowers
 Reciprocating Pumps
 Printing machines
 Wood working machines
 Centrifugal pumps

Normally speed regulation of shunt dc motors is normally 10% to 15%. The speed
control raged by field control 6:1

3. DC Series Motors

Characteristics of DC Series Motors

Unlike DC Shunt Motors this DC Series motors got variable speed. and the starting
torque of this dc motor is quite high. Normally it can high up to 500%. speed
regulation is widely variable at no load. This DC series motor speed control done by
using series resistance method. In Dc series motors its essential to connect the load
positively.

Applications of DC Series Motors

DC series motors are much suitable for applications which require high starting torque
and variable speed applications. Following are some several applications of DC series
motors.

 Electrical Cranes
 Trolley Cars
 Conveyors Belt Drives
 Electric locomotives

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4. Compound DC Motors
Characteristic of Cumulative compound wound motors

Normally these type of DC motor is god for adjustable varying speed. The speed
regulation is varying 25%-30%. The starting torque of this dc motor is also high like
DC series Motors.

Characteristic of Differential compound wound motors

Torque and Speed of this Differential compound wound motors are almost constant.
This motor also got the tendency toward speed instability with a possible motor
running away.

Application of Compound DC Motors

DC compound motors are much suitable for places where need higher starting torque
on the constant speed. The applications of DC Compound motors are as following.

 Electrical Elevators
 Conveyor Belt Drive
 Heavy Planes
 Rolling Mills
 Punches
 Shears

THE END
References:

 Prof. Dr. Indraman Tamrakar,Electrical Machines-I

 UA. Bakshi,Electrical Machines-I
 Principles of Electrical Machines By VK. Mehta

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