GK ONE PAPER SESSION

by
SIR MUHAMMAD SHAFEEK DOGAR, PMS-12

GENERAL SCIENCE LECTURE 01

By MUHAMMAD TARIQ
(Assistant Accounts Officer PMP)
 Branches of Biology
Anatomy: the structure of living things and their parts
Astrobiology: the living universe (life beyond earth)
Biotechnology: technology related to biology (diagnostic tests, syn
insulin, biofuels, biodegradable plastics etc)
Botany: plants
Biochemistry: chemical processes within or related to living organisms
Biophysics: physical processes and phenomena in living organisms
(artificial heart valves, pacemakers, kidney dialysis)
Bioinformatics: interpreting biological information through computer science
(human genome project)
Cell Biology: cell structure and functions
Ecology: organisms and how they interact with the environment around them
Environmental Biology: evolution, habitats and adaptations of living
organisms
Genetics: genes, genetic variation and heredity in living beings
 Branches of Biology
Immunology: the immune system in all organisms
Mycology: Study of fungi
Neurobiology: nervous systems and cell functions
Pathology: disease or injury causing agents bact, fungi, virus
Physiology: how the human body functions
Phycology: Study of algae
Parasitology: parasites, their hosts and their relationships
Taxonomy: naming, classifying, arranging, and describing living
organisms
Virology: viruses as well as virus diseases
Zoology: the animals
 Cytology.
 Study of all aspects of cell (functional and structural unit of
life) discovered by Robert Hook in 1665.

Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

 Cell Wall. Outermost boundary of plant cells.
 Cell Membrane. Outermost boundary of animal cells (Fluid
Mosaic Modal, lipid bilayer and protein), selectively permeable
membrane aka plasma/cytoplasmic membrane
 Endocytosis. Intake of food material in the form of vacuole.

 Phagocytosis (Cell eating). Intake of solid material

 Pinocytosis (Cell drinking). Intake of liquid material
 Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the
plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside
of the cell.
Cytology.
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cell
Cell Division (Mitosis vs Meiosis)
 Cytology.
 Cytoplasm. Home for cell organelles. Living content between plasma
membrane and nucleus (cell organelles and cytosol: soluble part of
cytoplasm is cytosol.)

 Protoplasm. Cytoplasm plus nucleoplasm (fluid inside the nucleus)

 Nucleus. Brain of the cell. Robert Brown in 1831. nuclear membrane
( a porous double layered), nucleoli (factory of ribosomes and ribosomes
are factories of protein), nucleoplasm and chromosomes. Storage of
DNA.
Chromosomes. Inside nucleolus, contains genes(a hereditary unit),
Champenzy 48, Man 46, Frog 26, Onion 16, Fruit fly 08, dog 78, Indian
fern 1260 (highest), ascaris 02 (lowest)
Metabolism (series of chemical reactions in cell)
Catabolism (breakdown of larger molecules) vs Anabolism
(synthesizing larger molecules from simpler once)
 Cytology.
 Golgi apparatus/complex. Discovered by Cammeleo Golgi in
1898, cell secretions (enzymes) and transport them outside the cells.
 Plastids. Pigment containing only in plants, Chloroplast, self
replicating (green pigment Chlorophyl), Chromoplast (give colors to
plants other than green like in petals etc), Leucoplast (colorless
present in roots and stores food).
 Mitochondria. Powerhouse of the cell (produce energy in form
ATP by oxidation of food via Krebs cycle), self replicating
organelle,
Organelles without membrane: The Cell wall, Ribosomes, and
Cytoskeleton (support to cell body).
Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi
Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
Double membrane-bound organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria and
chloroplast are double membrane-bound.
 Cytology.
Cell Organelles Structure Functions
Cell membrane A double membrane composed of Provides shape, protects the inner
lipids and proteins. Present both in organelles of the cell and acts as a
plant and animal cells. selectively permeable membrane.

Centrosomes Composed of centrioles and found It plays a major role in organizing the
only in the animal cells. microtubule and cell division.

Chloroplasts Present only in plant cells and Sites of photosynthesis.

contains a green-coloured pigment
known as chlorophyll.
Cytoplasm A jelly-like substance, which consists Responsible for the cell’s metabolic
of water, dissolved nutrients and waste activities.
products of the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum A network of membranous tubules, Forms the skeletal framework of the
present within the cytoplasm of a cell. cell, involved in the detoxification,
production of lipids and proteins.

Golgi apparatus Membrane-bound, sac-like organelles, It is mainly involved in secretion and

present within the cytoplasm of the intracellular transport.
eukaryotic cells.
Cell Organelles Structure Functions
Lysosomes A tiny, circular-shaped, single Helps in the digestion and removes
membrane-bound organelles, filled wastes and digests dead and damaged
with digestive enzymes. cells. Therefore, it is also called as the
“suicidal bags”.
Mitochondria An oval-shaped, membrane-bound The main site of cellular respiration
organelle, also called as the and also involved in storing energy in
“Powerhouse of The Cell”. the form of ATP molecules.
Nucleus The largest, double membrane-bound Controls the activity of the cell, helps
organelles, which contains all the in cell division and controls the
cell’s genetic information. hereditary characters.
Peroxisome A membrane-bound cellular organelle Involved in the metabolism of lipids
present in the cytoplasm, which and catabolism of long-chain fatty
contains the reducing enzyme. acids.
Plastids Double membrane-bound organelles. Helps in the process of photosynthesis
There are 3 types of plastids: and pollination, imparts colour to
1.Leucoplast –Chromoplast– leaves, flowers, fruits and stores
2.Chloroplast – starch, proteins and fats.
Ribosomes Non-membrane organelles, found Involved in the synthesis of proteins.
floating freely in the cell’s cytoplasm
or embedded within the endoplasmic
reticulum.
Vacuoles A membrane-bound, fluid-filled Provide shape and rigidity to the plant
organelle found within the cytoplasm. cell and help in digestion, excretion,
and storage of substances.
 Balanced Diet
Right amount of all nutrients to provide required energy to body
(Calories).
Nutrients: Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Fats and Oils, Carbohydrates,
Water, Dietary Fibers

 Proteins.
C, H, O, N as main component, 4.1KCal per gram, amino
acids (22) as building blocks, new tissue and damaged tissue, Keratin
protein forms hair, nails, feathers, horns, beaks etc. enzymes and
antibodies are made up of proteins, beans, pulses, nuts, fish, egg, meat,
milk etc. are sources
 Fats and Oils (Lipids).
Fatty acids and glycerol as building blocks, 9.1 kcal per
gram, protect vital organs like heart kidneys,
 Balanced Diet
Cholesterol: A type of Lipids, Helps cell membranes form protective layers.
Helping your liver make bile juice. production of certain hormones.
Two Types:
1. Low density Lipoproteins (LDL) , bad results in plaque, coronary artery disease,
high level of cholesterol is due to use of saturated fats (ghee, cheese, coconut oil
etc). Unsaturated fats ( veg oils, sunflower, olive,corn, peanut oil etc)
2. High density Lipoproteins (HDL), good help in removing LDL

Carbohydrates.
C, H, O, as main component, 3.9 kCal per gram, chief source of energy, cereals,
fruits, honey, milk, potato, sugar cane etc. are main sources.
Monosaccharides, one molecule, Simple sugars(ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose )
Oligosaccharides Many sugars, (2 to 10 molecules), ( raffinose (3), sesanose (4),
verbascose (5))
Disaccharides, two molecules, (Sucrose, lactose and maltose )
Polysaccharides ( Starch, glycogen, and cellulose )
 Vitamins
 Trigger metabolism reactions, coenzyme function of vitamins, Flavin
adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
 growth and development, repair and healing wounds, maintaining healthy
bones and tissues, for the proper functioning of an immune system,
Classification:
Fat soluble vs water soluble
A, D, E and K vs B complex and C
(B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12),
Result of deficiency / excess:
A, blindness / weak bones, birth defects
D, rickets, osteomalacia / mental retardation
E, anaemia (low RBCs), retina damage / toxic
K, uncontrolled bleeding / toxic
B1, beriberi (defected cardiovascular system or nervous system),
B12, neurological disorders, C, scurvy (swollen bleeding gums and the opening of
previously healed wounds)
 The Ronaldo ND Paolo
Vitamins Played for Biochester
Sources of vitamins: Footbal Club.
Vitamin A: potato, carrots, pumpkins, spinach, beef and eggs.
Vitamin D: fortified milk and other dairy products.
Vitamin E: fortified cereals, leafy green vegetables, seeds, and nuts.
Vitamin K: dark green leafy vegetables and in turnip or beet green.
Vitamin B1 or Thiamin: pork chops, ham, enriched grains and seeds.
Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin: whole grains, enriched grains and dairy
products.
Vitamin B3 or Niacin: mushrooms, fish, poultry, and whole grains.
Vitamin B5 or Pantothenic Acid: chicken, broccoli, legumes and whole
grains.
Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine: fortified cereals and soy products.
Vitamin B7 or Biotin: fruits like fruits and meats.
Vitamin B9 or Folic Acid: Found in leafy vegetables.
Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin : fish, poultry, meat and dairy products.
Vitamin C: Found in citrus fruits and juices, such as oranges and
grapefruits.
 Minerals
Major elements / trace elements
Ca, Mg, Cl, P, K, Na, S / Cu, F, I, Fe, Se, Zn
Rickets(Ca), Anaemia (Fe), goitre, enlarged thyroid gland (I), bad
teeth and bones (P), retarted growth (Cu)
Common diseases
Vaccines (Edward Jenner for cowpox) vs antibiotics
(pencillin, A.F)
father of Microbiology Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Viral; Polio, coomon cold, mumps, measles, hepatitus, dengue,
chikenpox, Corona, AIDS
Bactarial
Diarrhoea, dysentery (irritation in the intestine), cholera
(dehydration), typhoid, pneumonia (diff in breathing), plague,
TB, tetnus (paralyse nervous system)
Fungal, athlete’s foot, candidiasis (infection)
Taxonomy ( FATHER OF TAXONOMY Carles A lineous)
 Eukaryotes (clear defined nucleus with membrane) /
Prokaryotes

 Unicellular (One Celled, ameba, paramecium etc)/

multicellular

 Autotrpohs (photosynthesis, food synthesis)/ heterotrophs

 Plants / animals
 Vascular plants (xylem (water minerals), phloem (food)) / non
vascular plants
 vertibrates (vertebral column) (fishes, amphebians, reptiles,
birds/aves, mamals) / invertibrates (worms, insects etc)
 Human Physiology
Study of various functions of human body.
1. Circulatory System
(heart, blood and blood vessels),
Heart
 heart a fist sized, pumps 2,000 gallons (7600 liters) blood per
day,
 four chambers (upper are 2 atria, lower 2 ventricles),
 right side of heart pumps oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated
blood) to lungs,
 left side pumps oxygen rich (oxygenated blood) to body.
 Cardiac Cycle. One complete heartbeat, 0.8 seconds, normal
blood pressure 120/80mmHg. Normal heart beat is 72 beats per
minute.
Heart
 Blood
(ph of blood 7.35 to 7.45, normal blood 6 liters), normal body temp. 37 C,
98.6 F
1. Blood plasma (55% of blood)
1. Water 92 %
2. Proteins (albumin, glubolins) and salts 8%
2. Blood cells (45% of blood)
1. Red Blood cells (erythrocytes), 120 days, supply oxygen, 4.5
million to 5.5 per micro liter
2. White blood cells (leucocytes), few days, defense, 5000 to 7000
per micro liter
3. Platelets (thrombocytes), 7 – 10days, blood clotting, 150,000 to
350,000 per micro liter
 Blood Vessels
Arteries (oxygenated blood, BP, Heartbeat and pulse), Veins
(deoxygenated blood) and Capillaries (in cells and tissues both bloods)
 Blood Group System
An antigen is a foreign substance that enters your body. This can include bacteria,
viruses, fungi, allergens, venom and other various toxins.
An antibody is a protein produced by your immune system to attack and fight off
these antigens
 2. Respiratory System
Mouth and nose: pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in head, regulate the temperature and
humidity of the air you inhale.
Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from mouth and nose to the trachea
(windpipe).
Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out.
Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart.
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place.
 2. Respiratory System
Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs — three lobes in the right lung and two in the left.
Pleural membrane: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs
from the chest wall.
Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out
of your airways.
Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you swallow to
keep food and liquids out of your airway.
Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air
moves in and out.
Inhalation, exhalation (breathing), Cellular respiration (gaseous exchange Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide)
2. Respiratory System
 3. Digestive System
 Alimentary canal (digestive tract about 30feet long),
 Oral cavity (3 pairs Salivary glands salivary amylase digest starch),
 Phyranx, Esophagus (25cm),
 Stomach (gastric juice HCL and pepsin digest protiens),
 Small intestine (maltase for maltose, sucrase for sucrose, lactase for
lactose, peptidase for dipeptides), Villi
 Large intestine two parts ; colon and rectum (bacteria produce vitamin K
help in blood clotting), anus.
 Liver (largest internal organ)(bile for fats and oils),
 Gallbladder stores bile juice, detoxification (vital role)
 Pancreas (insulin), (trypsin for protein, lypase for fats, amylase for
carbohydrates)
3. Digestive System
Villi
 4. Nervous System
 CNS (Brain and Spinal cord, 31 pairs of spinal nerves) and PNS (all
nerves other than brain n spinal cord)
 Cerebrum (largest part of brain), thought and action.
 Cerebellum (little brain) balance, movement posture coordination etc.
 Thalamus receive messages from five senses and send to effectors.
 Hypothalamus (pleasure and thirst center) pulse, thirst, appetite,
 Hippocampus long term memory
 Medulla involuntary action as blood pressure breathing.
 The corpus callosum is a large bundle of more than 200 million
myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres,
permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain
 pons is a part of brainstem, that links your brain to your spinal cord.
handles unconscious processes, such as your sleep-wake cycle and
breathing
 Neuron functional and structural unit of NS.
 Voluntary and involuntary actions (reflex action)
Reflex Action
The Brain
The Neuron/Nerve Cell
Longest cell in the body
 The Neuron
Sensory Neurons
Sensory neurons (sometimes referred to as afferent neurons) are nerve cells that carry
nerve impulses from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system and brain.

Motor Neurons
Motor Neurons (also referred to as efferent neurons) are the nerve cells responsible
for carrying signals away from the central nervous system towards muscles to cause
movement.

Relay Neurons/Mix
A relay neuron (also known as an interneuron) allows sensory and motor neurons to
communicate with each other.
 Reproductive System
Sexual (two parents) vs Asexual (one parent) binary fission in bacteria,
fragmentation in worms, budding in hydra, regeneration, bulbs in onions,
tubers in potatoes, Grafting,

The female reproductive system

the vagina, womb (uterus), fallopian tubes and ovaries (eggs)

The male reproductive system

the penis, the testicles, the vas deferens (sperm cells)

Fertilization, Zygote, Embryo, offspring

 Reproductive System in Plants
Flowering plants reproduce sexually through pollination (Self vs Cross).
Flowers contain male sex organs called stamens and female sex organs called pistils.
The eggs, or ovules, are located in Ovary. The anther is the part of the stamen that
contains pollen. Pollen contains the male gametes. the eggs, or ovules, are located in
ovary. Fertilization, Zygote, Embryo, fruit and seed.
 4. Excretory/Urinary/Renal System
 Sweat glands, the liver, the lungs, kidneys (bean shaped) ,
structural units nephrons.
 Kidney
Pair of bean shaped organs
Medulla inner layer of kidney (pale
yellow)
Cortex outer layer of kidney (dark
red)
Ureter helps in trickling down of
urine from kidney to bladder
Urethra excretion of urine

Dialysis performed when kidneys

are failed
Lithotripsy break down of kidney
stones which are due Calcium
Oxalate and Calcium Phosphate
 Human Eye
 Iris colored part of eye, Muscles in your iris control your pupil
 Pupil dark circle inside the eye, opening that lets light into your
eye
 Cornea transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the
pupil and allows light to enter the inside
 Sclera (white part of eye) the supporting wall of the eyeball
 choroid is the layer that lies between the retina and the sclera
 Lens (convex) help focus light on retina
 ciliary muscle adjusts the shape of the lens, helping it to focus
on objects at different distances.
 Human Eye
 Retina (photoreceptor cells, sensitive for red, blue and green colors),
Light sensitive nerve cells most sensitive part of retina is macula or
yellow spot. Cone cells located on the retina at the back of the eye are
responsible for daylight vision. Rods, found alongside the cones, are
responsible for night vision.
 Myopia (nearsightedness) distant objects not clear, corrected by
concave lens.
 Hyperopia (farsightedness) nearby objects not clear. Corrected by
convex lens
 Cataract, lens opaque
 Colorblindness lack of light receptors or defect in them.
 Human Ear
 Malleus , (hammar)
 Incus (anvil)
 Stapes (stirrup) smallest bone.
 Human Teeth
 Enamel, upper surface of tooth
 Milk teeth or primary teeth (deciduous teeth) , 20.

 Permanent teeth (adult teeth), 32

 Incisors = 08, Canines = 4, premolars, 08, molars =12

 FACTS ABOUT HUMAN BODY
Largest organ of the body Skin

Largest Internal Organ Liver

Total No. of muscles 630 +

Longest bone Femur

Smallest Bone Stapes/Stirrup

Hardest Bone Teeth (Enamel)

Smallest muscle Stapes muscle

Largest muscle (Bulkiest) Gluteus Maximus

Total No. of Bones 206

Total No. of Vertebrae 33

Normal body Temperature 37 Degree C (98.6)F

Normal Heartbeat 72 per minute

Normal respiratory rate 16 - 20 per minute

Normal Blood Pressure 120 / 80 mmHG

Strongest muscle Masseter (Jaw), Uterus

Largest element (amount) Oxygen

Water % of body 65 - 75 %

Spinal Nerves 31 Pairs

Volume of Blood 5 - 6 Liters

Most common blood type O+ & A+

Least common blood type AB-

Largest part of brain Cerebrum

Dual Gland Pancreas

Largest cell Nerve Cell

Gestation Period 267 days

Largest artery Arota (2.5cm)

Longest muscle Sartorius

Length of small intestine 25 ft (7.62 m)

Ph of blood 7.3 - 7.4

 Pesticides
Fungicides kill fungi
Fumigants produce fumes to kill pests used in buildings
Herbicides to kill unwanted weeds
Insecticides to kill insects
Miticides (acaricides) kill mites ticks
Mulluscicides to kill snails and slugs (molluscus)
Nematocides to kill nematode worms
Repellents repell insects and mosq etc
Redenticides kill mice and other rodents
Arachnicides to kill spiders
Algicides kill algae
 General MCQ
Longest day, 22 June Solstice
Shortest day, 21 December
Highest point, Mount Everest (8848m)
Deepest point at earth. Mariana trench
Equinox, day and night equal. Solstice

Common Chemicals and their general names

NaOH (caustic soda), Na2CO3. 10H2O (washing soda), NaHCO3

(Baking soda), NaCl (Table salt or common salt), Quartz (sand)
SiO2, Solid CO2 (dry Ice), N2O (laughing gas), CaCO3 (limestone),

Earth Crust Ocean Atmosphere

Oxygen 47% Oxygen 89% Nitrogen 78%
Silicon 28% Hydrogen 11% Oxygen 21%
Aluminum 7.8% Chlorine 1.8% Orgon .9%