VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI - 590 018

Report
on
NON CREDIT MANDATORY COURSE (NCMC)
PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Sports and Athletics-II) - BPEK459
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Submitted by
Akhil N
1VI22AI002

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BENGALURU – 560 034
ACADEMIC YEAR: (2023 – 24)
 NON CREDIT MANDATORY COURSE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Non-Credit Mandatory Course (NCMC)- PE(Sports and Athletics-II)
has been successfully carried out by AKHIL N bearing USN: 1VI22AI002, Student of Vemana
Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during (2023-2024). It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The NCMC- PE (Sports and Athletics-II) -
BPEK459 report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of NCMC for
the said degree.
 Co-ordinator Prof. & HOD Principal
Ms. Hajira Begum Dr. Kantharaju H C Dr. Vijayasimha Reddy. B.
G
DECLARATION
I, Akhil N bearing the USN: 1VI22AI002 student of Bachelor of Engineering in Dept. of
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING at Vemana institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, hereby declare that the Non Credit Mandatory Course(NCMC)- NON CREDIT
MANDATORY COURSE- PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Sports and Athletics-II)- BPEK459 work has
been carried out by me under the supervision and guidance of Ms.Hajira Begum, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of AI&ML, submitted by me as a partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering
degree in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning from Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during 202324. I also declare that, this work has not been submitted previously forthe award of
any degree or diploma, by me, to any institution.
Signature:
Name: Akhil N
Usn: 1VI22AI002
 ABSTRACT

This report explores critical dimensions of physical education as delineated in the VTU 22 scheme
syllabus, emphasizing ethics and moral values in sports, specific techniques in throwball, and the
pivotal role of organization and administration. The ethical framework in sports upholds principles
of fairness, integrity, and respect, ensuring that competition is conducted with sportsmanship.
Addressing common ethical issues such as doping, match-fixing, and discrimination highlights the
necessity for stringent ethical standards and education that fosters fair play and respect among
athletes.

In addition, the report delves into the importance of moral values in sports and games,
underscoring how values like honesty, respect, responsibility, and fair play contribute to personal
development and a positive sporting environment. These values are vital for the holistic growth of
athletes and for maintaining the integrity of sports. The analysis extends to specific techniques in
throwball, including service, receive, spin attack, net drop, and jump throw, detailing their
execution and strategic significance to enhance athletic performance.

Furthermore, the report emphasizes the indispensable role of organization and administration in
physical education. Effective organization ensures the seamless execution of sports activities
through meticulous planning, resource allocation, and coordination. Meanwhile, robust
administration involves policy implementation, event management, and regulatory compliance,
crucial for maintaining order and fairness in sports. In conclusion, this report highlights the
interplay of ethics, technical skills, and administrative efficiency in nurturing well-rounded
athletes and promoting a positive sporting culture.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the

individual efforts but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals,
elders and friends. Several personalities, in their own capacities have helped me in carrying
out these activities. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.

I would like to thank, Dr.Vijayasimha Reddy B G, Principal , Vemana Institute of

Technology, Bangalore for their timely advice on the academics and regular assistance
throughout our semester.

I would like to place on record our regards to Dr. Kantharaju H C, Professor and
Head, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for his continued support.

I am greatly indebted to Ms. Hajira Begum, Asst. Professor, Department of

AI&ML, who is been inspiring and has guided me towards becoming technically more
competent, & also for bearing the pains to provide us the necessary facility.

I would also like to thank Mr. Mohd. Rizwan, Physical Education Director,
Department of Physical Education & Sports. Vemana Institute of Technology, Bangalore,
for the constant support and guidance.

Finally, we would like to thank all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of the college
for their co-operation. Moreover, we thank all our families and friends for their invaluable
support and cooperation.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. NAME OF THE TOPIC PAGE

No. NUMBER

1 Introduction 7

2 Chapter 1: Ethics in Sports 8-9

3 Chapter 2: Moral Values in Sports and Games 10-11

4 Chapter 3: Specific Games – Kabbadi 12-14

Chapter 4: Role of Organization and Administration in
5 Physical Education 15-16

6 Chapter 5: The essentials of sports organization 17

7 Chapter 6: The role of administration in sports organization 18

8 Conclusion 19

9 References 20

INTRODUCTION
Physical education is essential for fostering both physical fitness and the development of ethical
and moral values. This report explores key aspects of physical education, focusing on ethics and
moral values, specific throwball techniques, and the roles of organization and administration.

Ethics in sports is fundamental for ensuring fairness and integrity, which are crucial for
maintaining the spirit of sportsmanship. Issues such as doping, match-fixing, and discrimination
underscore the need for strong ethical standards and educational initiatives. Addressing these
concerns is vital for preserving the integrity of sports and ensuring equal opportunities for all
participants.

Moral values like honesty, respect, responsibility, and fair play are crucial for creating a positive
sporting environment. These values not only support personal development but also contribute to
a respectful and supportive atmosphere for athletes. Additionally, this report examines essential
throwball techniques—service, receive, spin attack, net drop, and jump throw—that are vital for
effective gameplay and strategy.

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The roles of organization and administration in physical education are also critical for the success
of sports programs. Effective organization involves meticulous planning, resource management,
and event coordination, while administration focuses on policy implementation and regulatory
compliance. Together, these elements ensure the smooth execution and integrity of sports
activities.

This introduction provides a foundation for a detailed exploration of these topics, highlighting their
importance in promoting a comprehensive approach to physical education.

Chapter-1 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN SPORTS

Ethics in sports is essential for ensuring that competition is conducted with fairness, integrity, and
respect. Adhering to ethical principles helps maintain the true spirit of sportsmanship, where the
primary focus is on fair play and respect for all participants. Ethical behaviour in sports builds
trust among athletes, officials, and spectators, reinforcing the credibility and value of the
competition.

A robust ethical framework ensures that athletes compete on an equal footing, with success
determined by their skills, effort, and adherence to the rules. This framework helps to prevent and
address issues such as doping, match-fixing, and discrimination, which can undermine the
integrity of sports. By promoting transparency and accountability, ethical standards protect the
health and well-being of athletes and ensure that the outcomes of competitions are genuine
reflections of their abilities.

Furthermore, ethical principles foster a positive environment in sports, where respect and fair
treatment are paramount. This environment supports the development of athletes not only as
competitors but also as individuals who value honesty and respect both on and off the field.
Implementing strong ethical standards contributes to the overall quality and enjoyment of sports,
ensuring that they remain a positive and enriching experience for all involved.

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 By upholding ethics in sports, we contribute to a culture of respect and integrity, making sure that
sports remain a true test of skill and character. This commitment to ethics helps to build a lasting
legacy of fairness and sportsmanship that benefits athletes, fans, and the broader sporting
community.

COMMON ETHICAL ISSUES IN SPORTS

Ethical issues in sports present significant challenges to maintaining fairness and integrity. Among the most
pressing concerns are doping, match-fixing, discrimination, and unsportsmanlike conduct. Addressing these
issues is crucial for preserving the values of sportsmanship and ensuring that competitions are conducted
equitably.

Doping and drug use undermine the fairness of competition and pose serious health risks to athletes. The
use of performance-enhancing drugs distorts the true measure of athletic ability and can lead to severe
consequences, including health complications and damage to the sport’s credibility. Combatting doping
requires stringent testing, education, and a zero-tolerance policy.

Match-fixing and corruption compromise the integrity of sports by manipulating the outcome of games for
financial gain. This erodes public trust and diminishes the value of fair competition. Addressing match-
fixing involves enforcing strict regulations, increasing transparency, and implementing strong penalties for
those involved.

Discrimination and harassment, whether based on race, gender, or other factors, violate ethical principles
and negatively affect athletes' well-being. It is essential to create an inclusive environment where everyone
is treated with respect and fairness. This includes enforcing anti-discrimination policies and providing
support for those affected.

Unsportsmanlike conduct, such as cheating, arguing with referees, or displaying aggression, undermines the
spirit of sportsmanship. Promoting ethical behaviour involves educating athletes about respectful conduct
and implementing disciplinary measures for violations.

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Addressing these ethical issues requires a collective effort from athletes, coaches, officials, and governing
bodies. By upholding ethical standards and proactively addressing these challenges, the sports community
can foster a fair, respectful, and positive environment for all participants.

Chapter-2 MORAL VALUES IN SPORTS

Moral values play a crucial role in shaping the culture and environment of sports and games. These values,
including honesty, respect, responsibility, and fair play, are fundamental in fostering a positive and
supportive atmosphere for all participants. Embracing these values not only enhances the quality of
competition but also contributes to the personal development of athletes.

Honesty is vital in sports as it ensures that all players and officials adhere to the rules and compete with
integrity. When athletes are honest, it builds trust among competitors and helps maintain the credibility of
the sport. Respect, another core value, involves acknowledging the abilities and efforts of others, whether
opponents, teammates, or officials. This respect fosters a supportive environment where fair play and
cooperation are prioritized.

Responsibility encompasses the obligation of athletes to perform their best while adhering to the rules and
standards of the sport. It also involves taking accountability for one’s actions and decisions on and off the
field. Fair play is the principle that ensures all participants have an equal opportunity to compete, and that
games are conducted without bias or unfair advantage. This value promotes a level playing field and
upholds the integrity of the competition.

Integrating these moral values into sports helps create a positive experience for everyone involved. Athletes
who embody these values contribute to a respectful and enjoyable environment, which benefits the sport’s
overall culture. By emphasizing the importance of these values, sports organizations can cultivate an
atmosphere where integrity and sportsmanship are celebrated.
Incorporating moral values into sports not only enriches the competitive experience but also instils essential
life skills in athletes. These values support personal growth and enhance the overall quality of sports,
making them a vital aspect of athletic participation.

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Responsibility and fair play are fundamental moral values that shape the ethical landscape of sports and
games. These values are essential for ensuring that competitions are conducted with integrity and respect,
and they contribute significantly to the positive development of athletes and the overall sporting
environment.

Responsibility in sports refers to the obligation of athletes to adhere to the rules, put forth their best effort,
and act in a manner that upholds the principles of the game. This includes taking accountability for one’s
actions, whether on or off the field, and understanding the impact of one's behaviour on teammates,
opponents, and the game itself. Responsible athletes are aware of their role within the team and the broader
sporting community, and they strive to contribute positively to both.

Fair play is a core value that ensures all participants have an equal opportunity to compete and succeed. It
involves playing by the rules, accepting decisions made by officials, and treating opponents with respect.
Fair play promotes a level playing field, where the outcomes of games are determined by skill and effort
rather than unethical practices or unfair advantages. By fostering fair play, sports organizations and athletes
help maintain the credibility and enjoyment of the sport.

Promoting responsibility and fair play requires education, self-awareness, and a commitment to ethical
behaviour. Sports programs that emphasize these values help athletes develop a strong sense of ethics and
integrity, which extends beyond the field and contributes to their overall personal growth. Coaches,
officials, and administrators also play a crucial role in reinforcing these values through their actions and
decisions.

By upholding responsibility and fair play, the sports community ensures that competitions remain fair,
respectful, and enjoyable for everyone involved. These values support the fundamental purpose of sports: to
challenge oneself, enjoy the competition, and build character through a positive and ethical approach to
gameplay.

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 Chapter-3 INTRODUCTION TO KABBADI ITS
BASICS AND TECHNIQUES

Knowledge about the game is not enough. Physical force is just 50% of the basic need that a game demands;
another 50% is the tactics required to use your physical force efficiently. So let’s discuss about some necessary
game tactics that you need.

Raid Mechanisms
The attacking style is known as raid mechanism. One difficult thing in kabaddi is that the raider will be one,
while the defender will be many. So the raider must have skilled tactics to tag the opponents and come back
safely towards the middle line.
The whole game of kabaddi can be changed in couple of minutes with the help of few good raiders.
Therefore it is utmost necessary to understand the raiding mechanism very carefully. The raiding depends
upon number of factors. Some of the important ones are − • Entry
• Cant
• Footwork
• Settling path of attack
• Tactics
• Retreat
A right entry can give a raider a safe exit. The defenders always pre-plan about every move that a raider is
going to make. The most important part for a raider is to judge it in advance and make a right entry. After the
entry the raider must act quickly enough to finish it come back before he becomes breathless in doing cant.

After entering, the first step for the raider is to judge its defenders very well. He should also see the defenders
outside the ring. That is because an ineffective raid may bring a strong defender into the ring and may make
their defense stronger next time. He should also have the idea about the various strong defense moves of the
players present in that ring. Knowledge of this will help him a lot in saving himself from being caught. From
time to time, the defenders change their system of play. The raider must be able to judge that and act

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accordingly. Their strategy will vary in accordance with the number of players they are having. For example
with 4 number of players they may approach the format of 2-2, 1-2-1 or 1-1-2. It is the raider who should be
able to judge that one correctly to make his safe move towards the middle line.
Situations matter in the game of kabaddi to make your move as a raider. If your team needs to score point then
you have to tag any one of them to upbring your team into a safe zone otherwise; coming back into your zone
without crossing the baulk line is a wise decision.
Presently bonus line game is in vogue. The bonus depends upon the number of antis that you have on the
other side of your zone. If the number of antis are 6, then just by crossing the bonus line you can earn a point
for your team. Otherwise, you have to go deeper inside the zone to score.

Cant
The most unique feature of kabaddi is its cant. Beginners often find themselves in difficult position in doing
this. The rule says you have to chant the word “kabaddi” as soon as you enter the defending zone and should
continue till you come back to your side by crossing the middle line. If the player fails in this at any moment
during his raid, he will be out of the match. So indirectly the duration of cant can be used as an I-measurement
tool of kabaddi.

Entry
A raider can use right, left, or central zone for his entry into the court. However; his entry depends upon the
following factors very strongly − • The position of the raider at the time of his act as team’s defense
system.
• The direction of attacking side.
• His moving direction.

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A player fighting for right corner should start with an anti-present in the right side and similarly for left and
corner size. Starting of the cant should be made before entering to the defending zone. This is because if the
raider makes any delay in the cant process after entering the defending zone, then under late cant penalty he
may be debarred of the match.
Footwork

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The movement of the foot of the raider during his raid is most important. The footwork however depends
upon the following factors −
• Position of the body
• Stance of the raider
• Speed with which he moves
• Agility
• Style of movement

The raider should bring speed in his movement during the raid. He should keep in his mind that the work
should be finished as soon as possible as the loose of breath will lose the cant process and his team may get
penalized. Footwork can be divided into four categories basically.
• Leading leg raid
• Natural method
• Reverse step raid
• Shuffling raid

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Necessary skills
A man needs skills to have mastery upon techniques. There are broadly two categories of skills that a kabaddi
player needs to learn are offensive skills and defensive skills. For example, during a raid, a raider must try to
touch the antis with the maximum use of his limbs. It will make easy for him and for his team to score points.
Some touches that are legal in kabaddi are;
• Foot touch
• Toe touch
• Thrust
• Squat leg
• Kicks
• Touching of hand through upper limbs
Retreat
After the starting of the raid, until and unless the raider returns to the home zone safely, the raid is not accepted
as successful. This is known as retreat. Before going to the opponent’s zone, the raider must pre-plan his
retreat.
No room for pursuit should be given by the raider to his antis. As soon as the raider comes back from the
raiding, he should position himself in his team’s defensive system. For example if a player is supposed to
defend his team at right corner, but if he returns from the raid by left corner, then the antis may attack quickly
and the team’s defensive system may jeopardize.

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 Chapter-4 Importance of Teamwork and Communication
in Physical Education

In physical education, teamwork and communication are crucial for achieving success in various sports and
physical activities. Effective collaboration and clear communication among participants enhance group
cohesion, improve strategies, and contribute to overall performance. Understanding and implementing these
elements can lead to a more coordinated and successful team effort.

Teamwork Dynamics: Teamwork involves individuals working together towards common goals,
leveraging each other's strengths, and addressing weaknesses. Successful teamwork in physical education
requires participants to understand their roles, support each other during activities, and make coordinated
efforts to execute strategies. Building strong team dynamics fosters a unified approach to both collaborative
tasks and competitive challenges.

Communication Strategies: Clear and effective communication is essential for coordinating activities and
making quick decisions. Participants should use verbal signals, hand gestures, and eye contact to convey
instructions, request assistance, and strategize on the go. Consistent and open communication helps in
reducing misunderstandings and ensuring that all members are aligned in their efforts.

Building Team Cohesion: Developing team cohesion involves creating a positive environment,
encouraging mutual respect, and promoting trust among participants. Team-building exercises and regular
practice sessions contribute to stronger relationships and better understanding between teammates. A
cohesive group is more likely to perform effectively and handle challenges with resilience.

Effective Strategies: Implementing effective strategies relies on both teamwork and communication.
Participants must work together to develop and execute plans, adapt to changing conditions, and respond to
challenges. By coordinating their efforts and communicating effectively, teams can enhance their strategic
execution and improve their overall performance.

Encouraging Collaboration: Educators and coaches play a crucial role in fostering teamwork and
communication. Encouraging collaboration, providing feedback, and facilitating group discussions help in
strengthening these skills.

To fully harness the benefits of teamwork and communication in physical education, it is essential to delve
deeper into strategies and practices that foster effective collaboration and interaction among participants.
These elements are pivotal in shaping successful and cohesive teams across various physical activities and
sports.

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Cultivating Trust and Respect
Trust and respect form the foundation of effective teamwork. Building a culture of trust involves ensuring
that team members feel valued and understood. This can be achieved through consistent and respectful
communication, where everyone’s contributions are acknowledged and appreciated. Encouraging respect
for diverse perspectives and fostering an environment where feedback is welcomed can significantly
enhance team dynamics and collaboration.
Developing Leadership and Responsibility
Leadership within a team can help steer the group towards achieving its goals and maintaining focus.
Effective leaders inspire and motivate team members, facilitate clear communication, and manage conflicts
constructively. However, leadership is not confined to a single role; every team member should also take
responsibility for their actions and contributions. Encouraging individuals to take ownership of their roles
and contribute proactively enhances overall team effectiveness and cohesion.
Utilizing Effective Feedback
Constructive feedback is crucial for improving performance and fostering growth within a team. Providing
timely and specific feedback helps members understand their strengths and areas for improvement. It is
important that feedback is delivered in a supportive manner, focusing on behaviors and outcomes rather
than personal attributes. Encouraging a feedback-rich environment promotes continuous learning and helps
teams refine their strategies and performance.
Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills
Teamwork and communication are vital for effective problem-solving. In dynamic physical activities, teams
often encounter unexpected challenges that require quick and collective solutions. By practicing problem-
solving exercises and engaging in scenarios that simulate real game conditions, teams can develop their
ability to think critically and make informed decisions under pressure. This collaborative approach to
problem- solving helps in devising innovative strategies and adapting to evolving situations.
Encouraging Inclusivity and Participation
Inclusivity is key to fostering a positive team environment. Encouraging all team members to participate
actively and voice their opinions ensures that diverse ideas and solutions are considered. This inclusivity
not only enhances team cohesion but also leverages the unique strengths and perspectives of each
individual, contributing to more creative and effective problem-solving.
Chapter-5 THE ESSENTIALS OF SPORTS
ORGANIZATION
Sports organizations play a crucial role in the structure and development of athletic activities. They are
responsible for creating and maintaining the framework within which sports are played, managed, and
promoted. This includes overseeing competitions, managing resources, and ensuring the implementation of
rules and standards. The effectiveness of these organizations directly impacts the quality of sports
experiences for athletes, coaches, and fans.

Key Functions of Sports Organizations

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• Event Management: Sports organizations are tasked with organizing various events and
competitions. This includes scheduling matches, arranging venues, and ensuring that all logistical
aspects are covered. Effective event management ensures that sports events run smoothly and meet
the expectations of participants and spectators.

• Resource Allocation: Proper allocation of resources is essential for the successful operation of
sports organizations. This involves budgeting, managing finances, and allocating funds to various
departments, such as training, equipment, and marketing. Efficient resource management supports
the growth and sustainability of sports programs.

• Regulation and Compliance: Organizations establish and enforce rules and regulations that govern
the conduct of sports. They ensure that competitions are fair and that participants adhere to ethical
standards. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the sport.

• Development and Training: Sports organizations are responsible for the development and training
of athletes. This includes creating training programs, hiring qualified coaches, and providing
necessary facilities. Investing in athlete development helps in nurturing talent and improving overall
performance.

• Promotion and Marketing: Effective promotion and marketing strategies are vital for increasing
the visibility and popularity of sports. Organizations use various channels, including social media,
advertising, and public relations, to engage with fans and attract sponsors. A strong marketing
approach contributes to the growth of the sport and its financial stability.
Chapter-6 THE ROLE OF ADMINISTRATION IN
SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Sports administration involves the managerial and administrative tasks required to run
sports organizations effectively. Administrators handle the day-to-day operations,
strategic planning, and coordination of various activities within the organization. Their
role is essential for ensuring that sports programs and events are executed efficiently
and align with the organization’s goals. Administrative Responsibilities

• Strategic Planning: Administrators are responsible for developing long-term

strategies that guide the organization’s growth and development. This includes setting
goals, creating action plans, and evaluating progress. Strategic planning helps in
aligning resources and efforts with the organization’s mission and vision.
• Human Resources Management: Effective administration involves managing
personnel, including hiring, training, and evaluating staff. Administrators ensure that
the organization has skilled and motivated individuals in key positions. Human

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resources management also includes handling employee relations and maintaining a
positive work environment.
• Communication and Coordination: Administrators facilitate communication
within the organization and with external stakeholders. This involves coordinating
activities, managing relationships with partners, and ensuring that information flows
smoothly between different departments. Good communication is crucial for the
successful implementation of organizational strategies.
• Financial Management: Administrators oversee financial operations, including
budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting. They ensure that the organization
operates within its financial means and makes informed financial decisions. Effective
financial management is essential for maintaining the organization’s fiscal health.
• Policy Development and Implementation: Administrators develop and implement
policies that govern the organization’s operations. This includes creating guidelines for
ethical behavior, safety standards, and operational procedures. Proper policy
development ensures that the organization operates consistently and meets regulatory
requirements.
CONCLUSION
In summary, the exploration of ethics and moral values in sports, along with the
technical aspects of throwball and the roles of organization and administration,
underscores the multifaceted nature of physical education. Adhering to ethical
standards and embodying core moral values such as honesty, respect, responsibility,
and fair play are essential for maintaining the integrity and spirit of sports. These
principles not only enhance the quality of competition but also contribute to the
personal development of athletes and the overall positive atmosphere in sports.

Furthermore, understanding and implementing effective techniques in specific games

like throwball, alongside strong organizational and administrative practices, ensure
that sports activities are conducted smoothly and fairly. The combined focus on ethics,
skill development, and effective management highlights the importance of a holistic
approach to physical education. By integrating these elements, we can foster an
environment where sports are not only about winning but also about personal growth,
respect, and the joy of fair competition.

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 REFERENCES
[1] https://www.olympic.org/anti-doping-rules
[2] https://www.wada-ama.org/en/content/world-anti-doping-code
[3] https://www.sportsethics.com/book
[4] https://www.sportsintegrity.org/fair-play-report
[5] https://www.journalofsportsscience.com/article

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