Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

MODULE 5 (Part 1)
Short Circuit Analysis
Introduction:
Short circuit occurs when part of a current carrying conductor touches or comes in contact with
other conductor or part and gives rise to a path of less resistance for current to flow. In normal
conditions, the current that flows in a power system is the rated current of the equipment is
meant to operate. A short circuit current can be very high. If these currents exceeds the
capability of protective devices, it can lead to release of large heat energy or explosions.
When a short circuit occurs in the power system, the voltage at fault point is reduced to zero
and the current is abnormally high. It is not in the case of overload condition. A short circuit is
the result of some kind of abnormal condition in the system. The effects of short circuit are
 Excessive heating that may lead to fire
 Short circuit may turn in to arc, which may cause damage to the conductors
 If the voltages are low, the consumers motors may shut down and create instability in
the system
To avoid these problems there is need of determining the short circuit is necessary so that we
can design the proper protective devices to overcome short circuit. To obtain short circuit
current, It is necessary to have details of impedance of the system, which is obtained by Zbus
matrix. Next section gives detailed procedure of developing Zbus matrix.

Zbus Building Algorithm:

The bus impedance matrix is the inverse of the bus admittance matrix. An alternative method
is possible, based on an algorithm to form the bus impedance matrix directly from system
parameters and the coded bus numbers. The bus impedance matrix is formed adding one
element at a time to a partial network of the given system. The performance equation of the
network in bus frame of reference in impedance form using the currents as independent
variables is given in matrix form by
𝐸𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 (1)
When expanded so as to refer to a n bus system, (1) will be of the form
𝐸1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼1 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑍1𝑛 𝐼𝑛
𝐸2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑍2𝑛 𝐼𝑛
⋱
𝐸𝑛 = 𝑍𝑛1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑛2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑍𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝑛
Now assume that the bus impedance matrix Zbus is known for a partial network of m buses
and a known reference bus. Thus, Zbus of the partial network is of dimension mxm. The
diagonal elements of impedance matrix are called as driving point impedance and off-diagonal
element of impedance matrix are called as transfer impedance. If now a new element is added
between buses p and q we have the following two possibilities:

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

(i) p is an existing bus in the partial network and q is a new bus; in this case p-q is a
branch added to the p-network as shown in Fig 1a, and
(ii) Both p and q are buses existing in the partial network; in this case p-q is a link added
to the p-network as shown in Fig 1b.

Figure 1a. Branch between p and q

Figure 1b. Link between p and q

If the added element ia a branch, p-q, then the new bus impedance matrix would be of order
m+1, and the analysis is confined to finding only the elements of the new row and column
(corresponding to bus-q) introduced into the original matrix. If the added element is a link, p-
q, then the new bus impedance matrix will remain unaltered with regard to its order. However,
all the elements of the original matrix are updated to take account of the effect of the link added.
Addition of Branch:
As Shown in fig 1a, consider two nodes p and q, where p is existing node in the partial network.
Now we want add a new node or bus to the system with a connection between p and q which
called as branch. Consider the element which is connected between p & q has an impedance of
Zpq,pq. When branch is added to the network, the size of impedance matrix will increase by 1.
For example if existing Zbus matrix has a size of (nXn) then new matrix will have size of
(n+1)X(n+1).
Before adding new branch, the Z bus matrix is given by,

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

𝑍11 𝑍12 … 𝑍1𝑝 … … 𝑍1𝑛

𝑍21 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑝 … … 𝑍2𝑛
⋮
𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 𝑍𝑝1 𝑍𝑝2 … 𝑍𝑝𝑝 … … 𝑍𝑝𝑛
⋮
⋮
[𝑍𝑛1 𝑍𝑛2 … 𝑍𝑛𝑝 … … 𝑍𝑛𝑛 ]
After adding branch, the Zbus will change to
𝑍11 𝑍12 … 𝑍1𝑝 … 𝑍1𝑛 𝑍1𝑞
𝑍21 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑝 … 𝑍2𝑛 𝑍2𝑞
⋮
𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 𝑍𝑝1 𝑍𝑝2 … 𝑍𝑝𝑝 … 𝑍𝑝𝑛 𝑍𝑝𝑞
⋮
𝑍𝑛1 𝑍𝑛2 … 𝑍𝑛𝑝 … 𝑍𝑛𝑛 𝑍𝑛𝑞
[ 𝑍𝑞1 𝑍𝑞2 … 𝑍𝑞𝑝 … 𝑍𝑞𝑛 𝑍𝑞𝑞 ]

To find the elements of qth column and qth row, we will follow the current injection method.
Consider figure 1a, where an element between existing node p and new node q is connected.
Which can be considered as branch between p and q. The impedance of branch is z pq,pq. Now
from bus reference frame we can write,
𝐸1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼1 + ⋯ … + 𝑍1𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍1𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + ⋯ + 𝑍1𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍1𝑛 𝐼𝑛
𝐸2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍2𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍2𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + ⋯ + 𝑍2𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍2𝑛 𝐼𝑛
⋱
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑝2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑝𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑝𝑛 𝐼𝑛
𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑞2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑞𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑞𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑞𝑛 𝐼𝑛
⋱
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑖2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑖𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑖𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛
⋱
𝐸𝑛 = 𝑍𝑛1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑛2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑛𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑛𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑛𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝑛
Now assume that current injection at all the buses are zero. So,
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝑞 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑖 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑛 = 0
To find the new zbus transfer impedance, we will inject current of 1pu at ith bus which is shown
in figure 2a.
Now Ii=1 pu and all other currents are zero. So the voltages across each bus is given by
𝐸1 = 𝑍1𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝐸2 = 𝑍2𝑖 𝐼𝑖
⋱

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝐼𝑖
⋱
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝑖
⋱
𝐸𝑛 = 𝑍𝑛𝑖 𝐼𝑖

Figure 2a. Branch between p and q and a current of 1pu injected at ith bus
From figure we can also write,
𝑉𝑝𝑞 = 𝐸𝑝 − 𝐸𝑞 = 𝐼𝑝𝑞 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 = 0 (2)
Where Ipq is current in between bus p and q. But q is new bus, and it’s not connected to any
circuit, hence it acts as a open circuit. Because of this Ipq is zero.
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 𝐼𝑖 , 𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝐼𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝑖 (3)
In equation 3, the substituting Ii=1, then we will get
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 , 𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑖 (4)
From equation (2) and (4) we can write,
𝑍𝑝𝑖 − 𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 0 (5)
𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑜
𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 (6)
Using above equation we can calculate the transfer impedance of qth column and qth row.

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

Figure 2b. Branch between p and q and a current of 1pu injected at qth bus
To calculate driving point impedance (Zqq), we inject the current of 1pu at qth bus as shown
in fig 2b, now except Iq remaining all current are zero, so we can write,
𝐸1 = 𝑍1𝑞 𝐼𝑞
𝐸2 = 𝑍2𝑞 𝐼𝑞
⋱
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞 𝐼𝑞
𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑞 𝐼𝑞
⋱
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑞 𝐼𝑞
⋱
𝐸𝑛 = 𝑍𝑛𝑞 𝐼𝑞
From figure we can also write,
𝑉𝑞𝑝 = 𝐸𝑞 − 𝐸𝑝 = 𝐼𝑝𝑞 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (7)
Where Ipq is current in between bus p and q. Now q is connected to 1pu current source,
hence current flowing in branch will be 1pu. Because of this Ipq is equal to Iq which is 1pu.
𝐸𝑞 − 𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (8)
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞 𝐼𝑞 , 𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑞 𝐼𝑞 (9)
In equation 9, the substituting Iq=1, then we will get
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞 , 𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑞 (10)
From equation (8) and (10) we can write,
𝑍𝑞𝑞 − 𝑍𝑝𝑞 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

𝑍𝑞𝑞 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (11)

Using above equation we can calculate the driving point impedance of qth column and qth row.
When p is the reference node, the Ep=Zpi=0, and Zpq=0, hence equation (6) and (11) becomes
𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 0 (12)
𝑍𝑞𝑞 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (13)

Addition of Link:
As Shown in fig 1b, consider two nodes p and q, where p and q both are existing nodes in the
partial network. Now we want add a connection between p and q which called as link. Consider
the element which is connected between p & q has an impedance of Zpq,pq. When link is added
to the network, the size of impedance matrix will remain same. But to add the link we will add
it as branch, by considering fictitious node l and a voltage source of el as shown in figure 3a.
The magnitude of el is selected such that, the l terminal should appear as open circuit. Now
new matrix will have size of (n+1)X(n+1). But we have to reduce the size to nXn.

Figure 3a. Link between p and q and a fictitious node l

Before adding new branch p-l, the Z bus matrix is given by,
𝑍11 𝑍12 … 𝑍1𝑝 𝑍1𝑞 … 𝑍1𝑛
𝑍21 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑝 𝑍2𝑞 … 𝑍2𝑛
⋮
𝑍𝑝1 𝑍𝑝2 … 𝑍𝑝𝑝 𝑍𝑝𝑞 … 𝑍𝑝𝑛
𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 =
𝑍𝑎1 𝑍𝑞2 … 𝑍𝑞𝑝 𝑍𝑞𝑞 … 𝑍𝑞𝑛
⋮
⋮
[𝑍𝑛1 𝑍𝑛2 … 𝑍𝑛𝑝 𝑍𝑛𝑞 … 𝑍𝑛𝑛 ]

After adding branch, the Zbus will change to

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

𝑍11 𝑍12 … 𝑍1𝑝 … 𝑍1𝑛 𝑍1𝑙

𝑍21 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑝 … 𝑍2𝑛 𝑍2𝑙
⋮
𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 𝑍𝑝1 𝑍𝑝2 … 𝑍𝑝𝑝 … 𝑍𝑝𝑛 𝑍𝑝𝑙
⋮
𝑍𝑛1 𝑍𝑛2 … 𝑍𝑛𝑝 … 𝑍𝑛𝑛 𝑍𝑛𝑙
[ 𝑍𝑙1 𝑍𝑙2 … 𝑍𝑙𝑝 … 𝑍𝑙𝑛 𝑍𝑙𝑙 ]
To find the elements of lth column and lth row, we will follow the current injection method.
Consider figure 3a, where an element between existing node p and new node l is connected.
Which can be considered as branch between p and l. The impedance of branch is zpq,pq. Now
from bus reference frame we can write,
𝐸1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼1 + ⋯ … + 𝑍1𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍1𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑍1𝑙 𝐼𝑙 + ⋯ + 𝑍1𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍1𝑛 𝐼𝑛
𝐸2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍2𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍2𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑍2𝑙 𝐼𝑙 + ⋯ + 𝑍2𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍2𝑛 𝐼𝑛
⋱
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑝2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑍𝑝𝑙 𝐼𝑙 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑝𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑝𝑛 𝐼𝑛
𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑞2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑞𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑞𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑍𝑞𝑙 𝐼𝑙 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑞𝑛 𝐼𝑛
⋱
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑖2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑖𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑖𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑍𝑖𝑙 𝐼𝑙 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛
⋱
𝐸𝑛 = 𝑍𝑛1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑛2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑛𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑛𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑍𝑛𝑙 𝐼𝑙 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑛𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝑛
𝑒𝑙 = 𝑍𝑙1 𝐼1 + 𝑍𝑙2 𝐼2 + ⋯ … + 𝑍𝑙𝑝 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑙𝑞 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑍𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑙 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑙𝑖 𝐼𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑙𝑛 𝐼𝑛
Now assume that current injection at all the buses are zero. So,
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝑞 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑖 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑛 = 0
To find the new zbus transfer impedance, we will inject current of 1pu at ith bus which is shown
in figure 3b.
Now Ii=1 pu and all other currents are zero. So the voltages across each bus is given by
𝐸1 = 𝑍1𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝐸2 = 𝑍2𝑖 𝐼𝑖
⋱
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝐼𝑖
⋱
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝑖
⋱

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

𝐸𝑛 = 𝑍𝑛𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝑒𝑙 = 𝑍𝑙𝑖 𝐼𝑖

Figure 3b. Branch between p and l and a current of 1pu injected at ith bus
From figure we can also write,
𝑒𝑙 = 𝐸𝑝 − 𝐸𝑞 (14)
Where Il is current in between bus p and q. But el is adjusted such that the current Il=0.
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 𝐼𝑖 , 𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝐼𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙 = 𝑍𝑙𝑖 𝐼𝑖 (15)
In equation 15, the substituting Ii=1, then we will get
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 , 𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙 = 𝑍𝑙𝑖 (16)
From equation (15) and (16) we can write,
𝑍𝑝𝑖 − 𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑙𝑖
𝑍𝑙𝑖 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 − 𝑍𝑞𝑖 (17)
Using above equation we can calculate the transfer impedance of lth column and lth row.

Figure 3c. Branch between p and l and a current of 1pu injected at lth bus

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

To calculate driving point impedance (Zll), we inject the current of 1pu at lth bus as shown in
fig 3c, now except Il remaining all current are zero, so we can write,
𝐸1 = 𝑍1𝑙 𝐼𝑙
𝐸2 = 𝑍2𝑙 𝐼𝑙
⋱
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑙 𝐼𝑙
𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑙 𝐼𝑙
⋱
𝐸𝑙 = 𝑍𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑙
⋱
𝐸𝑛 = 𝑍𝑛𝑙 𝐼𝑙
From figure we can also write,
𝑒𝑙 − 𝐸𝑝 + 𝐸𝑞 = 𝐼𝑙 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (18)
Where Il is current in between bus p and q. Now l is connected to 1pu current source, hence
current flowing in branch will be 1pu.
𝑒𝑙 = 𝐸𝑝 − 𝐸𝑞 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (19)
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑍𝑝𝑙 , 𝐸𝑞 = 𝑍𝑞𝑙 , 𝑒𝑙 = 𝑍𝑙𝑙 (20)
From equation (19) and (20) we can write,
𝑍𝑙𝑙 = 𝑍𝑝𝑙 − 𝑍𝑞𝑙 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (21)
Using above equation we can calculate the driving point impedance of lth column and lth row.
When p is the reference node, the Ep=Zpi=0, and Zpl=0, hence equation (17) and (21) becomes
𝑍𝑙𝑖 = −𝑍𝑞𝑖 (22)
𝑍𝑙𝑙 = −𝑍𝑞𝑙 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞 (23)

Now to remove the extra row and column of fictitious node, we will consider matrix equation
in bus reference frame,
𝐸𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝐼𝑏𝑢𝑠 + 𝑍𝑖𝑙 𝐼𝑙 (24)
And
𝑒𝑙 = 𝑍𝑙𝑗 𝐼𝑏𝑢𝑠 + 𝑍𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑙 (25)
To remove the fictitious node, we have to short l and q, so el=0. Then (25) becomes
0 = 𝑍𝑙𝑗 𝐼𝑏𝑢𝑠 + 𝑍𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑙

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

𝑍𝑙𝑗 𝐼𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝐼𝑙 = − (26)
𝑍𝑙𝑙
Substituting (26) in (24),
𝑍𝑙𝑗 𝐼𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝐸𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝐼𝑏𝑢𝑠 − 𝑍𝑖𝑙 (27)
𝑍𝑙𝑙
From equation (27) we can write,
𝑍𝑖𝑙 𝑍𝑙𝑗
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 − (28)
𝑍𝑙𝑙
From above section we can summarise that
i) Type 1 modification: When branch added between reference bus and new bus q,
then
𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 0
𝑍𝑞𝑞 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞

ii) Type 2 modification: When branch added between existing bus p and new bus q,
then
𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑞𝑖 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖
𝑍𝑞𝑞 = 𝑍𝑝𝑞 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞

iii) Type 3 modification: When link is added between reference bus and existing bus
q, then
𝑍𝑙𝑖 = −𝑍𝑞𝑖
𝑍𝑙𝑙 = −𝑍𝑞𝑙 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞
iv) Type 4 modification: When link is added between existing bus p and q, then
𝑍𝑙𝑖 = 𝑍𝑝𝑖 − 𝑍𝑞𝑖
𝑍𝑙𝑙 = 𝑍𝑝𝑙 − 𝑍𝑞𝑙 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞,𝑝𝑞
For Type 3 and 4 modification after calculating Zll and Zli,
𝑍𝑖𝑙 𝑍𝑙𝑗
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 −
𝑍𝑙𝑙
Steps need to follow to build Zbus problem:
Step 1: Consider Zbus =[0]
Type 1: For adding branch between reference bus and new bus q with the impedance of Zpq

Zbus,old 0
Zbus,new=
0 Zpq

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

Type 2: For adding branch between existing bus p and new bus q with the impedance of Zpq

Zbus,old pth
column
Zbus,new=
pth row Zpp+Zpq

Type 3: For adding link between reference bus and existing bus i
𝐴𝐵
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,𝑜𝑙𝑑 −
𝑍𝑝𝑝
Where A=[ith column of Zbus,old] , B=AT
𝑍𝑝𝑝 = 𝑍𝑖𝑖 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞
Where Zpq is the impedance of the link need to be added.
Type 4: For adding link between existing bus i and existing bus j
𝐴𝐵
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,𝑜𝑙𝑑 −
𝑍𝑝𝑝
Where A=[ [ith column of Zbus,old]- [ith column of Zbus,old] ] , B=AT
𝑍𝑝𝑝 = 𝑍𝑖𝑖 + 𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑝𝑞 − 2𝑍𝑖𝑗
Where Zpq is the impedance of the link need to be added.
ALGORITHM FOR SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES:
In order to calculate the short circuit current in a large system, it’s needed to develop a
generalized algorithm, which can used in computers for the calculation. In this section, a
generalized algorithm is presented.

Consider n bus system as shown in figure 4a, which is operating in steady state conditions. To
calculate short-circuit current following steps are followed.

Figure 4a. n-bus system under steady load

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

Step 1: Obtain pre-fault voltages at all buses and current at all the line by using load flow
analysis. Let voltage vector is V0bus, which is given by
𝑉10
𝑉20
0
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 = ⋮
⋮
[𝑉𝑛0 ]
Let us assume that fault is occurred at rth bus with a fault impedance of Zf. The post fault
voltage can be written as pre-fault voltage plus change in voltage ΔV, which is given below
𝑓 0
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 + ∆𝑉 (1)
Step 2: Draw the passive thevenin network, by replacing generator by its transient reactance as
shown in figure 4b.

Figure 4b. Reactance diagram of n bus system

Step 3: Excite passive network by -Vrf in series with fault impedance Zf which is shown in fig
4c. The vector of change in voltage ΔV consist of the voltage of this network. So
∆𝑉 = 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝐽 𝑓 (2)
Where Jf is the current injection matrix, and ZBus is bus impedance matrix.

Figure 4c. Reactance diagram with fault at rth bus with excitation of -Vrf
The current injection is only is rth bus because of fault, so Ir=-If. So current injection matrix is
given by
0
0
⋮
𝐽𝑓 = (3)
−𝐼 𝑓
⋮
[ 0 ]

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya

Computer Techniques in Power System (21EEE601) Module: 5 Short Circuit Analysis

The impedance matrix is given by

𝑍11 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑛
𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 =[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ] (4)
𝑍𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑍𝑛𝑛
Using equation (3) and (4) in (2),
∆𝑉𝑟 = −𝑍𝑟𝑟 𝐼 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑉𝑖 = 𝑍𝑖𝑟 𝐼 𝑓
Step 4: The voltage at rth bus during fault is obtained by putting ΔVr in (1)
𝑓
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉𝑟0 − 𝑍𝑟𝑟 𝐼 𝑓
𝑓
However 𝑉𝑟 = 𝐼 𝑓 𝑍𝑓 so,
𝐼 𝑓 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑉𝑟0 − 𝑍𝑟𝑟 𝐼 𝑓
So we can write,
𝑉𝑟0
𝐼𝑓 = (5)
𝑍𝑟𝑟 + 𝑍𝑓
The voltage at ith bus is obtained by substituting ΔVi and (5) in (1)

𝑓 𝑉𝑟0
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖0 − 𝑍𝑟𝑟 (6)
𝑍𝑟𝑟 + 𝑍𝑓
Further, in formulating the SC study network, the load impedances are ignored, these being
very much larger than the impedances of lines and generators. Of course, synchronous motors
must be included in ZBUS formulation for the SC study.

EEE Dept, SJEC Mangaluru Prepared by: Dr Sanath Saralaya