A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ ⓘ WI-kee) is a form of hypertext publication on the internet which

is collaboratively edited and managed by its audience directly through a web

browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages that can either be edited by the
public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal
knowledge base.

Wikis are powered by wiki software, also known as wiki engines. Being a form of
content management system, these differ from other web-based systems such as blog
software or static site generators in that the content is created without any
defined owner or leader. Wikis have little inherent structure, allowing one to
emerge according to the needs of the users.[1] Wiki engines usually allow content
to be written using a lightweight markup language and sometimes edited with the
help of a rich-text editor.[2] There are dozens of different wiki engines in use,
both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki
engines are free and open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit
control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights
may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access without
enforcing access control. Further rules may be imposed to organize content. In
addition to hosting user-authored content, wikis allow those users to interact,
hold discussions, and collaborate.[3]

There are hundreds of thousands of wikis in use, both public and private, including
wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, note-taking tools, community
websites, and intranets. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software,
WikiWikiWeb, originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could
possibly work".[4] "Wiki" (pronounced [wiki][note 1]) is a Hawaiian word meaning
"quick".[5][6][7]

The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based website,
as well being one of the internet's most popular websites, having been ranked
consistently as such since at least 2007.[8] Wikipedia is not a single wiki but
rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific
language. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles,
standing at 6,867,220 as of August 2024.[9]
Characteristics
Ward Cunningham

In their 2001 book The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web, Cunningham and co-
author Bo Leuf described the essence of the wiki concept:[10][11]

"A wiki invites all users—not just experts—to edit any page or to create new
pages within the wiki website, using only a standard 'plain-vanilla' Web browser
without any extra add-ons."
"Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages by making
page link creation intuitively easy and showing whether an intended target page
exists or not."
"A wiki is not a carefully crafted site created by experts and professional
writers and designed for casual visitors. Instead, it seeks to involve the typical
visitor/user in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly
changes the website landscape."

Editing
"Wikitext" redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see Help:Wikitext.
Source editing

Some wikis will present users with an edit button or link directly on the page
being viewed. This will open an interface for writing, formatting, and structuring
page content. The interface may be a source editor, which is text-based and employs
a lightweight markup language (also known as wikitext, wiki markup, or wikicode),
or a visual editor. For example, in a source editor, starting lines of text with
asterisks could create a bulleted list.

The syntax and features of wiki markup languages for denoting style and structure
can vary greatly among implementations. Some allow the use of HTMLTooltip Hypertext
Markup Language and CSSTooltip Cascading Style Sheets,[12] while others prevent the
use of these to foster uniformity in appearance.
Example of syntax

A short section of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland rendered in wiki markup:

Wiki markup Equivalent in HTML Output shown to readers

"Take some more [[tea]]," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.

"I've had '''nothing''' yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take
more."

"You mean you can't take ''less''," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take
''more'' than nothing."

"Take some more <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>," the March Hare said to
Alice, very earnestly.

<p>"I've had <strong>nothing</strong> yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so

I can't take more."

<p>"You mean you can't take <em>less</em>," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to
take <em>more</em> than nothing."

"Take some more tea," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.

"I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more."

"You mean you can't take less," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take more than
nothing."

Visual editing

While wiki engines have traditionally offered source editing to users, in recent
years some implementations have added a rich text editing mode. This is usually
implemented, using JavaScript, as an interface which translates formatting
instructions chosen from a toolbar into the corresponding wiki markup or HTML. This
is generated and submitted to the server transparently, shielding users from the
technical detail of markup editing and making it easier for them to change the
content of pages. An example of such an interface is the VisualEditor in MediaWiki,
the wiki engine used by Wikipedia. WYSIWYG editors may not provide all the features
available in wiki markup, and some users prefer not to use them, so a source editor
will often be available simultaneously.
Version history

Some wiki implementations keep a record of changes made to wiki pages, and may
store every version of the page permanently. This allows authors to revert a page
to an older version to rectify a mistake, or counteract a malicious or
inappropriate edit to its content.[13]
These stores are typically presented for each page in a list, called a "log" or
"edit history", available from the page via a link in the interface. The list
displays metadata for each revision to the page, such as the time and date of when
it was stored, and the name of the person who created it, alongside a link to view
that specific revision. A diff (short for "difference") feature may be available,
which highlights the changes between any two revisions.
Edit summaries
"Edit summary" redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see Help:Edit summary.

The edit history view in many wiki implementations will include edit summaries
written by users when submitting changes to a page. Similar to the function of a
log message in a revision control system, an edit summary is a short piece of text
which summarizes and perhaps explains the change, for example "Corrected grammar"
or "Fixed table formatting to not extend past page width". It is not inserted into
the article's main text.
Navigation

Traditionally, wikis offer free navigation between their pages via hypertext links
in page text, rather than requiring users to follow a formal or structured
navigation scheme. Users may also create indexes or table of contents pages,
hierarchical categorization via a taxonomy, or other forms of ad hoc content
organization. Wiki implementations can provide one or more ways to categorize or
tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages, such as a backlink
feature which displays all pages that link to a given page. Adding categories or
tags to a page makes it easier for other users to find it.

Most wikis allow the titles of pages to be searched amongst, and some offer full
text search of all stored content.
Navigation between wikis
Visualization of the collaborative work in the German wiki project Mathe für Nicht-
Freaks
"WikiNode" redirects here. For the app for the Apple iPad, see WikiNodes.

Some wiki communities have established navigational networks between each other
using a system called WikiNodes. A WikiNode is a page on a wiki which describes and
links to other, related wikis. Some wikis operate a structure of neighbors and
delegates, wherein a neighbor wiki is one which discusses similar content or is
otherwise of interest, and a delegate wiki is one which has agreed to have certain
content delegated to it.[14] WikiNode networks act as webrings which may be
navigated from one node to another to find a wiki which addresses a specific
subject.
Linking to and naming pages

The syntax used to create internal hyperlinks varies between wiki implementations.
Beginning with the WikiWikiWeb in 1995, most wikis used camel case to name pages,
[15] which is when words in a phrase are capitalized and the spaces between them
removed. In this system, the phrase "camel case" would be rendered as "CamelCase".
In early wiki engines, when a page was displayed, any instance of a camel case
phrase would be transformed into a link to another page named with the same phrase.

While this system made it easy to link to pages, it had the downside of requiring
pages to be named in a form deviating from standard spelling, and titles of a
single word required abnormally capitalizing one of the letters (e.g. "WiKi"
instead of "Wiki"). Some wiki implementations attempt to improve the display of
camel case page titles and links by reinserting spaces and possibly also reverting
to lower case, but this simplistic method is not able to correctly present titles
of mixed capitalization. For example, "Kingdom of France" as a page title would be
written as "KingdomOfFrance", and displayed as "Kingdom Of France".
To avoid this problem, the syntax of wiki markup gained free links, wherein a term
in natural language could be wrapped in special characters to turn it into a link
without modifying it. The concept was given the name in its first implementation,
in UseModWiki in February 2001.[16] In that implementation, link terms were wrapped
in a double set of square brackets, for example [[Kingdom of France]]. This syntax
was adopted by a number of later wiki engines.

It is typically possible for users of a wiki to create links to pages that do not
yet exist, as a way to invite the creation of those pages. Such links are usually
differentiated visually in some fashion, such as being colored red instead of the
default blue, which was the case in the original WikiWikiWeb, or by appearing as a
question mark next to the linked words.
History
Main article: History of wikis
Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu International Airport

WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki.[17] Ward Cunningham started developing it in 1994,
and installed it on the Internet domain c2.com on March 25, 1995. Cunningham gave
it the name after remembering a Honolulu International Airport counter employee
telling him to take the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" bus that runs between the airport's
terminals, later observing that "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute
for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-web."[18][19]

Cunningham's system was inspired by his having used Apple's hypertext software
HyperCard, which allowed users to create interlinked "stacks" of virtual cards.[20]
HyperCard, however, was single-user, and Cunningham was inspired to build upon the
ideas of Vannevar Bush, the inventor of hypertext, by allowing users to "comment on
and change one another's text."[2][21] Cunningham says his goals were to link
together people's experiences to create a new literature to document programming
patterns, and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a
technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring".[20]

Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site, launched in January 2001 and entering
the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were
increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included
project communication, intranets, and documentation, initially for technical users.
Some companies use wikis as their collaborative software and as a replacement for
static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group
learning. On March 15, 2007, the word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English
Dictionary.[22]
Alternative definitions

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to both user-
editable websites and the software that powers them, and the latter definition is
still occasionally in use.[1]

By 2014, Ward Cunningham's thinking on the nature of wikis had evolved, leading him
to write[23] that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to a single website,
but rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so that a single website is
not "a wiki" but "an instance of wiki". In this concept of wiki federation, in
which the same content can be hosted and edited in more than one location in a
manner similar to distributed version control, the idea of a single discrete "wiki"
no longer made sense.[24]
Implementations
See also: List of wiki software

The software which powers a wiki may be implemented as a series of scripts which
operate an existing web server, a standalone application server that runs on one or
more web servers, or in the case of personal wikis, run as a standalone application
on a single computer. Some wikis use flat file databases to store page content,
while others use a relational database,[25] as indexed database access is faster on
large wikis, particularly for searching.
Hosting
See also: Comparison of wiki hosting services

Wikis can also be created on wiki hosting services (also known as wiki farms),
where the server-side software is implemented by the wiki farm owner, and may do so
at no charge in exchange for advertisements being displayed on the wiki's pages.
Some hosting services offer private, password-protected wikis requiring
authentication to access. Free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every
page.
Trust and security
Access control

The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are readers, authors, wiki
administrators and system administrators. System administrators are responsible for
the installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server.
Wiki administrators maintain content and, through having elevated privileges, are
granted additional functions (including, for example, preventing edits to pages,
deleting pages, changing users' access rights, or blocking them from editing).[26]
Controlling changes
"Recent changes" redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see Help:Recent
changes. For the recent changes page itself, see Special:RecentChanges.
History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page.

Wikis are generally designed with a soft security philosophy in which it is easy to
correct mistakes or harmful changes, rather than attempting to prevent them from
happening in the first place. This allows them to be very open while providing a
means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. Most wikis
offer a recent changes page which shows recent edits, or a list of edits made
within a given time frame.[27] Some wikis can filter the list to remove edits
flagged by users as "minor" and automated edits.[28] The version history feature
allows harmful changes to be reverted quickly and easily.[29]

Some wiki engines provide additional content control, allowing remote monitoring
and management of a page or set of pages to maintain quality. A person willing to
maintain pages will be alerted of modifications to them, allowing them to verify
the validity of new editions quickly.[30] Such a feature is often called a
watchlist.

Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions, in which editors with the requisite
credentials can mark edits as being legitimate. A flagged revisions system can
prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed.[31]

Wikis may allow any person on the web to edit their content without having to
register an account on the site first (anonymous editing), or require registration
as a condition of participation.[32] On implementations where an administrator is
able to restrict editing of a page or group of pages to a specific group of users,
they may have the option to prevent anonymous editing while allowing it for
registered users.[33]
Trustworthiness and reliability of content

Critics of publicly editable wikis argue that they could be easily tampered with by
malicious individuals, or even by well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce
errors into the content. Proponents maintain that these issues will be caught and
rectified by a wiki's community of users.[2][17] High editorial standards in
medicine and health sciences articles, in which users typically use peer-reviewed
journals or university textbooks as sources, have led to the idea of expert-
moderated wikis.[34] Wiki implementations retaining and allowing access to specific
versions of articles has been useful to the scientific community, by allowing
expert peer reviewers to provide links to trusted version of articles which they
have analyzed.[35]
Security
"Edit war" redirects here. Not to be confused with Edit conflict. For Wikipedia's
policy on edit warring, see Wikipedia:Edit warring.

Trolling and cybervandalism on wikis, where content is changed to something

deliberately incorrect or a hoax, offensive material or nonsense is added, or
content is maliciously removed, can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites it is
possible for such changes to go unnoticed for a long period.

In addition to using the approach of soft security for protecting themselves,

larger wikis may employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically
identify and revert vandalism. For example, on Wikipedia the bot ClueBot NG uses
machine learning to identify likely harmful changes, and can revert them within
minutes or even seconds.[36]

Disagreements between users over the content or appearance of pages may cause edit
wars, where competing users repetitively change a page back to a version that they
favor. Some wiki software allows administrators to prevent pages from being
editable until a decision has been made on what version of the page would be most
appropriate.[3]

Some wikis may be subject to external structures of governance which address the
behavior of persons with access to the system, for example in academic contexts.
[25]
Harmful external links

As most wikis allow the creation of hyperlinks to other sites and services, the
addition of malicious hyperlinks, for example to sites infected with malware, can
also be a problem. For example, in 2006 a German Wikipedia article about the
Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website, and users of
vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link had their systems
infected with the worm.[3] Some wiki engines offer a blacklist feature which
prevents users from adding hyperlinks to specific sites that have been placed on
the list by the wiki's administrators.
Communities
Applications
The home page of the English Wikipedia

The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide
Web[37] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of traffic.[38] Other
large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage, and previously
Susning.nu, a Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki
examples include Ganfyd, an online collaborative medical reference that is edited
by medical professionals and invited non-medical experts.[39] Many wiki communities
are private, particularly within enterprises. They are often used as internal
documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to
allow customers to help produce software documentation.[40] A study of corporate
wiki users found that they could be divided into "synthesizers" and "adders" of
content. Synthesizers' frequency of contribution was affected more by their impact
on other wiki users, while adders' contribution frequency was affected more by
being able to accomplish their immediate work.[41] From a study of thousands of
wiki deployments, Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder analysis and
education are crucial to successful wiki deployment.[42]
In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated
that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies
by 2009.[43][needs update] Wikis can be used for project management.[44][45]
[unreliable source] Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing
and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries.
[46] In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant
writing, strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee work.[47] In
the mid-2000s, the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration placed a
heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work,
inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in the classroom.[3]

Wikis have found some use within the legal profession and within the government.
Examples include the Central Intelligence Agency's Intellipedia, designed to share
and collect intelligence assessments, DKosopedia, which was used by the American
Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents about the internment of
detainees in Guantánamo Bay;[48] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to
comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office operates
Peer-to-Patent, a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art
relevant to the examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New York has
used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local
park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex, whose
growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit.[33]

In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration and
research support systems.[49][50]
City wikis

A city wiki or local wiki is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for
a specific geographical locale.[51][52][53] The term city wiki is sometimes also
used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or an entire region.
Such a wiki contains information about specific instances of things, ideas, people
and places. Such highly localized information might be appropriate for a wiki
targeted at local viewers, and could include:

Details of public establishments such as public houses, bars, accommodation or

social centers
Owner name, opening hours and statistics for a specific shop
Statistical information about a specific road in a city
Flavors of ice cream served at a local ice cream parlor
A biography of a local mayor and other persons

Growth factors

A study of several hundred wikis in 2008 showed that a relatively high number of
administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth;[54] access
controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; a lack of
such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that a higher ratio
of administrators to regular users has no significant effect on content or
population growth.[55]
Legal environment

Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting,

editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause editors to become
tenants in common of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without
permission of all co-owners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to
pseudonymous or anonymous editing.[3] Some copyright issues can be alleviated
through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation
License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing, and Creative Commons
licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read
and add content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds of business
necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki.

Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the
wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning
copyright infringers) that they could have exercised to stop copyright
infringement, they may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if the
wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains a direct financial
benefit, such as advertising revenue, from infringing activities.[3] In the United
States, wikis may benefit from Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which
protects sites that engage in "Good Samaritan" policing of harmful material, with
no requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing.[56] It has also
been argued that a wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias,
verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research policies, could pose
legal risks.[57] When defamation occurs on a wiki, theoretically, all users of the
wiki can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove or amend the
defamatory material from the "publication". It remains to be seen whether wikis
will be regarded as more akin to an internet service provider, which is generally
not held liable due to its lack of control over publications' contents, than a
publisher.[3] It has been recommended that trademark owners monitor what
information is presented about their trademarks on wikis, since courts may use such
content as evidence pertaining to public perceptions, and they can edit entries to
rectify misinformation.[58]
Conferences

Active conferences and meetings about wiki-related topics include:

Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian software,

including Confluence.[59]
OpenSym (called WikiSym until 2014), an academic conference dedicated to
research about wikis and open collaboration.
SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic MediaWiki.
[60]
TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki Wiki CMS
Groupware.[61]
Wikimania, an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of
Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikipedia.

Former wiki-related events include:

RecentChangesCamp (2006–2012), an unconference on wiki-related topics.

RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013), a semi-annual unconference on "regiowikis", or wikis
on cities and other geographic areas.[62]

See also

iconInternet portal

Comparison of wiki software

Content management system
CURIE
Dispersed knowledge
List of wikis
Mass collaboration
Universal Edit Button
Wikis and education

Notes
 The realization of the Hawaiian /w/ phoneme varies between [w] and [v], and the
realization of the /k/ phoneme varies between [k] and [t], among other
realizations. Thus, the pronunciation of the Hawaiian word wiki varies between
['wiki], ['witi], ['viki], and ['viti]. See Hawaiian phonology for more details.

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Media, ISBN 978-3-540-35150-4

Further reading

Mader, Stewart (December 10, 2007), Wikipatterns, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-
0-470-22362-8
Tapscott, Don (April 17, 2008), Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes
Everything, Portfolio Hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59184-193-7
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