SOLITON SOLUTIONS FOR BOGOYAVLENSKY–KONOPLECHENKO

AND JAULENT–MIODEK EQUATIONS VIA EXTENDED (G'/G)-EXPANSION

METHOD

M. INC, B. KILIC, Y. UGURLU

Firat University, Science Faculty, Department of Mathematics, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
E-mail: minc@firat.edu.tr, bulentkilic@firat.edu.tr, matematikci23@yahoo.com.tr
Received November 27, 2014

In this paper, we apply the extended (G'/G)-expansion method to construct exact

solitary wave solutions, topological solitons, and singular solitons of Bogoyavlensky–
Konoplechenko (BK) and Jaulent–Miodek (JM) nonlinear evolution equations.
Key words: Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko equation, Jaulent–Miodek equation,
Extended (G'/G)-expansion method, soliton.

1. INTRODUCTION

Many physical phenomena are often described by nonlinear evolution

equations (NEEs). The exact solutions of NEEs are explored in detail in order to
understand the physical structure of natural phenomena that are described by such
equations. Searching for explicit, exact solutions of NEEs by many different
methods is the main goal of this active research area.
The inverse scattering transform [1], Hirota’s bilinear operators [2], Hirota’s
dependent variable transformation [3], the Jacobi elliptic function expansion [4, 5],
the homogeneous balance method [6, 7], the tanh-function expansion [8, 9] and its
various extensions [10–12], the sub-equation method [13, 14], the exp-function
method [15], the Backlund transformation, and similarity reduction [16] are some
of the methods used to obtain the exact solutions of NEEs; see also Refs. [17–30].
The (G'/G)-expansion method was firstly presented in Ref. [31]. The main
purpose of this method is expressing the traveling wave solutions of a NEE by a
polynomial in (G'/G), where G = G (ξ) satisfies a second order linear differential
equation. The derivative G' = dG/dξ (ξ = x–Vt) and the degree of the polynomial can
be determined by considering the homogeneous balance between the highest order
derivatives and nonlinear terms appearing in the given nonlinear evolution equation.
Then, coefficients of the polynomial can be obtained by solving a set of algebraic
equations from the process of using the (G'/G)-expansion method [32, 33]. Improved
and generalized (G'/G)-expansion method [34, 35] were presented and then the
extended (G'/G)-expansion was given jointly with their applications [36].

Rom. Journ. Phys., Vol. 60, Nos. 9–10, P. 1395–1408, Bucharest, 2015
1396 M. Inc, B. Kilic, Y. Ugurlu 2

In this paper, the extended (G'/G)-expansion method for obtaining the

solitary wave solutions of NEEs is described in Section 2. We obtain in Section 3,
exact solitary wave solutions, topological solitons, and singular solitons of the
Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko (BK) and Jaulent–Miodek (JM) nonlinear
evolution equations by using the extended (G'/G)-expansion method. The
conclusions are given in the last Section.

2. THE EXTENDED (G'/G)-EXPANSION METHOD

Let define a general nonlinear evolution equation by

Q ( u , ut , u x ,utt ,u xt , u xx ,...) = 0, (1)

where u = u ( x, t ) is an unknown complex-valued function, Q is a polynomial in
u = u ( x, t ) and its various partial derivatives, in which the highest order
derivatives and nonlinear terms are involved.
The presentation of the extended (G' / G)-expansion method is given step
by step as follows:
Step 1. We introduce a variable ξ as ξ = k ( x − ct ) , u ( x, t ) = u (ξ ) , where k
and c are real constants. After transformation, we get an ordinary differential
equation (ODE) for u (ξ )
Q ' ( u , − kcu ′, ku ′, k 2u ′′,…) = 0, (2)
where u′ = du / dξ .
Step 2. We assume that the solution of the ODE (2) can be expressed by a
polynomial in (G'/G) as:

( G)
+ α (G ' )
i i −1
u (ξ ) = α i G ' ..., (3)
Gi −1

where G = G (ξ ) satisfies the second order nonlinear ODEs in the form

G '2 + qG 2 = p, G '2 − qG 2 = p and

G '2 − qG 2 = − p; p ≠ 0, (4)
where G ' = dG / dξ , α i , ( i = −m,..., m ) , p and q are real constants to be
determined later and αi ≠ 0 . The positive integer m can be determined by
considering the homogeneous balance (HB) between the highest order derivatives
and nonlinear terms appearing in the ODE (2).
3 Soliton solutions for Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko and Jaulent–Miodek equations 1397

Step 3. By replacing (3) into (2) and using the second order linear ODE (4),

( G ) , we can convert the

i
collecting together all terms with the same order of G '

left-hand side of Eq. (2) into another polynomial in ( G ' ) . Equating each coef-
i

G
ficient of this polynomial to zero, yields a set of algebraic equations for α i , c, p ,
and q.
Step 4. Suppose that the constants α i , c, p and q can be obtained by solving the
algebraic equations in Step 3. The general solutions of the second order linear ODE
(4) are well known. Substituting α i , c, p and the general solutions of (4) into (3)
we get the traveling wave solutions of the nonlinear evolution equation (1).
Equation (4) gives us the following solutions with the constraints for p and q:
Case 1. If it is chosen the ODE into (4) G '2 + qG 2 = p , for p > 0 and q > 0 ,
then the solutions in the form as:

G11 (ξ ) = ±
p
q
sin ( )
qξ ,

G12 (ξ ) = ±
p
q
cos ( qξ , )
(5)

G13 (ξ ) = ρ1
p
2q
sin ( )
qξ + ρ 2
p
2q
cos ( )
qξ .

Case 2. If it is chosen the ODE into (4) G '2 − qG 2 = p , for p > 0 and q > 0 ,
then the solutions in the form as:

G2 (ξ ) = ±
p
q
sinh ( qξ )
. (6)
Case 3. If it is chosen the ODE into (4) G '2 − qG 2 = − p , for p > 0 and q > 0 ,
then the solutions in the form as:

G3 (ξ ) = ±
p
q
cosh ( qξ . ) (7)

Case 4. If p ≠ 0 and q = 0 then

1398 M. Inc, B. Kilic, Y. Ugurlu 4

G4 (ξ ) = ± pξ + C. (8)

3. BOGOYAVLENSKY–KONOPLECHENKO EQUATION

The Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko (BK) equation, which is a two-

dimensional (2D) generalization of the Korteweg–de Vries equation, is given by

pt + α pxxx + β pxxy + 6α px p + 4β p y p + 4β∂ −x1 p y = 0 (9)

where α, β are constants and ∂ −x 1 = dx . The dependent variable is p ( x, y, z ) ,

∫
which represent the 2D wave profile for the two layers of a fluid. The space
independent variables are x and y, while the time independent variable is t. In Eq.
(9), the first term represents the evolution term, while the fourth term along
with the fifth and sixth terms are the nonlinear terms. Substituting ∂ −x 1 p = u
into Eq. (9), we get the equivalent form of Eq. (9) as:
u xt + α u xxxx + β u xxxy + 6α u xx u x
(10)
+4 β u xy u x + 4 β u xx u y = 0.

We can use transformation ξ = ax + by − ct in Eq. (10) and then it becomes

−acu′′ + (α a 4 + β a 3b ) u ( 4)
(11)
+ ( 6α a 3 + 8β a 2b ) u′u′′ = 0.

Balancing uu ′ with u ′′′ with the homogenous principle gives m = 1. Therefore, we

may choose
−1
⎛G'⎞ ⎛G'⎞
u = a−1 ⎜ ⎟ + a0 + a1 ⎜ ⎟ . (12)
⎝G⎠ ⎝G⎠
Substituting Eq. (12) into Eq. (10) yields a set of algebraic system of equations for
a0 , a1 , a−1 , a, b, c, α , and β . Solving this algebraic system of equations yields:
Family 1.
c = −4 ( qa3α + bqa 2 β ) , a−1 = 0,
(13)

6 ( a 2α + baβ )
3aα + 4bβ ≠ 0, a1 = .
3aα + 4bβ
5 Soliton solutions for Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko and Jaulent–Miodek equations 1399

Family 2.
c = −16 ( qa 3α + bqa 2 β ) ,3aα + 4bβ ≠ 0,
6qa ( aα + bβ ) a−1 (14)
a−1 = − , qaα ≠ 0, a1 = −
3aα + 4bβ q

By substituting the solutions (14) into Eq. (12) along with two cases gives the
exact traveling wave solutions of equation (9) as:
Case 1.

6a ( aα + bβ )
u111 = a0 +
3aα + 4bβ
− q cot ( ( ))
qξ , (15)

6a ( aα + bβ )
u121 = a0 +
3aα + 4bβ
− q tan ( ( ))
qξ , (16)

6a ( aα + bβ )
u131 = a0 +
3aα + 4bβ
⎛ ρ1 cos
⎜
( qξ ) − ρ sin ( 2 qξ ⎞
⎟,
) (17)

⎜ ρ sin
⎝ 1 ( qξ ) + ρ cos ( 2 qξ ⎟
⎠ )
(
where ξ = ax + by + 4 qa 3α + bqa 2 β t. )
6 ( a 2α + baβ )
u112 = a0 +
3aα + 4bβ
(− q tan ( qξ ))
(18)
6aq ( aα + bβ )
−
3aα + 4bβ
(
− q cot ( ))
qξ ,

6aq ( aα + bβ )
u122 = a0 −
3aα + 4bβ
− q tan ( ( qξ ))
(19)
6 ( a 2α + ba β )
+
3aα + 4bβ
(− q cot ( ))
qξ ,
1400 M. Inc, B. Kilic, Y. Ugurlu 6

u132 = a0

+
( qξ ) − ρ sin ( qξ ) ⎞⎟
6a ( aα + bβ ) ⎛⎜ ρ1 cos 2

( qξ ) + ρ cos ( qξ ) ⎟⎠
(20)
3aα + 4bβ ⎜ ρ1 sin
⎝ 2

6aq ( aα + bβ ) ⎛⎜ ρ cos ( qξ ) − ρ sin ( qξ ) ⎞⎟

−1

1 2
− ,
3aα + 4bβ ⎜ ρ sin ( qξ ) + ρ cos ( qξ ) ⎟
⎝ 1
⎠
2

(
where ξ = ax + by + 4 qa 3α + bqa 2 β t . )
Case 2.

6 ( a 2α + baβ )
u201 = a0 −
3aα + 4bβ
q coth ( )
qξ , (21)

6 ( a 2α + baβ )
u202 = a0 −
3aα + 4bβ
q coth ( qξ )
, (22)
6aq ( aα + bβ )
+
3aα + 4bβ
q tanh ( qξ )
(
where ξ = ax + by + 4 qa 3α + bqa 2 β t . )
Case 3.

6 ( a 2α + baβ )
u301 = a0 −
3aα + 4bβ
q tanh ( )
qξ , (23)

6 ( a 2α + baβ )
u302 = a0 −
3aα + 4bβ
q tanh ( qξ )
(24)
6aq ( aα + bβ )
+
3aα + 4bβ
q coth ( qξ , )
(
where ξ = ax + by + 4 qa 3α + bqa 2 β t. )
7 Soliton solutions for Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko and Jaulent–Miodek equations 1401

4. JAULENT–MIODEK EQUATION

The Jaulent–Miodek (JM) equation is associated with the JM spectral

problem [37]. The relation between JM equation and Euler–Darboux equation was
found by Matsuno [38]. Some kind of evolution equations associated with the JM
spectral problem exist in the literature [39]. In recent years, much work associated
with the JM spectral problem has been done [40–42]. The proposed method was
applied to the JM equation and we obtain in this paper a series of traveling wave
solutions of that equation. The JM equation is given as:

3 9 3
ut + uxxx + vvxxx + vxxvx − 6uux − 6uvvx − uxv2 = 0
2 2 2
(25)
15
vt + vxxx − 6ux v − 6vxu − vxv2 = 0.
2
If we use the transformation ξ = x − ct , then Eq. (25) becomes

3 9 3
−cu′ + u′′′ + vv′′′ + v′′v′ − 6uu′ − 6uvv′ − u′v 2 = 0
2 2 2 (26)
15
−cv′ + v′′′ − 6u′v − 6v′u − v′v 2 = 0.
2
From the HB idea, we may choose
−1 −2
⎛ G′ ⎞ ⎛ G′ ⎞ ⎛ G′ ⎞ ⎛ G′ ⎞
2

u = a−1 ⎜ ⎟ + a−2 ⎜ ⎟ + a0 + a1 ⎜ ⎟ + a2 ⎜ ⎟ (27)

⎝G⎠ ⎝G⎠ ⎝G⎠ ⎝G⎠
−1
⎛ G′ ⎞ ⎛ G′ ⎞
v = b−1 ⎜ ⎟ + b0 + b1 ⎜ ⎟ . (28)
⎝G⎠ ⎝G⎠
By substituting (27) and (28) into Eq. (26) yields a set of algebraic equations for
a0 , a1 , k , c, β , and c then we obtain the following families of solutions:
Family 1.
−c − q 1
a−1 = a−2 = b−1 = 0, b0 = ± , a0 = (c + 7q),
3 12
(29)
c+q 3 b
a1 = ± , a2 = , a1 ≠ 0, b1 = 0
2 3 4 2a1
Family 2.
1402 M. Inc, B. Kilic, Y. Ugurlu 8

−c − q b0 q 2 3q 2
b−1 = ±iq, b−1q ≠ 0, b0 = ± , a −1 = , a −2 = ,
3 2b−1 4

−12a−1b0 −15b02b−1 − 2b−1c + 4b−1q

a0 = , a1 = a2 = b1 = 0. (30)
12b−1
Family 3.
c = −4q, b−1 = b0 = a−1 = a−2 = a1 = 0, a0 = q, a2 = 2, b1 = ±2i (31)
Family 4.
q 3
c = −q, a1 = b−1 = b0 = a−1 = a−2 = 0, a0 = , a2 = , b1 = ±i. (32)
2 4
Substituting (29–32) into (25) gives the exact solutions of JM equation as:
Case 1.
c+q
u111 =
1
12
(c + 7 q ) +
2 3
q cot ( qξ )
3
( ( ))
2
+ q cot qξ , (33)
4
−c − q
v111 =
3
− i q cot ( )
qξ ,

c+q
u121 =
1
12
(c + 7 q ) +
2 3
q tan ( qξ )
3
( ( ))
2
+ q tan qξ ,
4
−c − q
v121 =
3
− i q tan ( )
qξ ,

1
u131 = (c + 7 q )
12

−
⎛ ( )
c + q ⎜ ρ1 cos qξ − ρ 2 sin ( qξ ) ⎞⎟
( ) ( qξ ) ⎟⎠
(34)
2 3 ⎜ ρ1 sin qξ + ρ 2 cos
⎝

3 ρ cos ( qξ ) − ρ sin ( qξ ) ⎟
2
⎛ ⎞
+ ⎜
1 2
,
4 ⎜ ρ sin ( qξ ) + ρ cos ( qξ ) ⎟
⎝ 1
⎠ 2
9 Soliton solutions for Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko and Jaulent–Miodek equations 1403

−c − q
v131 =
3
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ρ1
p
2q
cos ( )
qξ − ρ 2
p
2q
sin ( qξ ⎟ ) (35)
+i ⎜ ⎟,
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ρ1
⎝
p
2q
sin ( )
qξ + ρ 2
p
2q
cos ( qξ ⎟
⎠
)
where ξ = x − ct .
b q2
( ( ))
1 −1
u112 = (c + 7 q ) − 0 q cot qξ
12 2b−1
3q 2
( ( ))
−2
+ q cot qξ , (36)
4
−c − q
( ( ))
−1
v112 = − iq q cot qξ ,
3
b q2
( ( ))
1 −1
u122 = (c + 7 q ) − 0 q tan qξ
12 2b−1
3q 2
( ( ))
−2
+ q tan qξ , (37)
4
−c − q
( ( ))
−1
v122 = − iq q tan qξ ,
3

( ) ( )
−1
⎛ ⎞
1 b q ρ1 cos qξ − ρ2 sin qξ ⎟
2
u132 = (c + 7q) + 0 ⎜ +
12
⎝ ( )
2b−1 ⎜ ρ1 sin qξ + ρ2 cos qξ ⎟
⎠ ( )
3q ⎜ ρ cos ( qξ ) − ρ sin ( qξ ) ⎟
−2
⎛
2
1
⎞ 2
,
4 ⎜ ρ sin ( qξ ) + ρ cos ( qξ ) ⎟
(38)
⎝ 1
⎠ 2

⎛ ρ cos ( qξ ) − ρ sin ( )
−1

−c − q qξ ⎞
+ iq ⎜ ⎟ ,
1 2
v =
132
3 ⎜ ρ sin ( qξ ) + ρ cos ( qξ ⎟ )
⎝ 1 2
⎠
where ξ = x − ct .
1404 M. Inc, B. Kilic, Y. Ugurlu 10

( ( )) ,
2
u113 = q + 2 q cot qξ
(39)
v113 = −2i q cot ( qξ ,)
( ( )) ,
2
u123 = q + 2 q tan qξ
(40)
v123 = −2i q tan ( qξ ,)
2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ρ1
p
2q
( )
cos qξ − ρ2
p
2q
sin qξ ( ) ⎟
u133 = q + 2 ⎜ ⎟ ,
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ρ1
⎝
p
2q
(
sin qξ + ρ2
p
2q
)
cos qξ ( ) ⎟
⎠ (41)
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ρ1
p
2q
( )
cos qξ − ρ2
2q
p
sin qξ ⎟ ( )
v133 = 2i ⎜ ⎟,
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ρ1
⎝
p
2q
(
sin qξ + ρ2
p
2q
)
cos qξ ⎟
⎠
( )
where ξ = x + 4qt .
q 3
( ( )) ,
2
u114 = + q cot qξ
2 4 (42)
(
v114 = ±i − q cot ( qξ , ))
q 3
( ( )) ,
2
u124 = + q tan qξ
2 4 (43)
(
v124 = ±i − q tan ( qξ , ))
2
⎛ ⎞
q 3⎜
⎜ ρ1
p
2q
cos qξ − ρ2 ( )
p
2q
sin ( ) qξ ⎟
u134 = + ⎟ ,
2 4⎜ ⎟
⎜ ρ1
⎝ 2
p
q
( )
sin qξ + ρ2
2
p
q
cos ( ) qξ ⎟
⎠
(44)
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ρ1
2
p
q
( )
cos qξ − ρ2
2
p
q
sin qξ ( ) ⎟
v134 = ±i ⎜ ⎟,
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ρ1
⎝
p
2q
( )
sin qξ + ρ2
p
2q
cos qξ ( ) ⎟
⎠
11 Soliton solutions for Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko and Jaulent–Miodek equations 1405

where ξ = x + qt .
Case 2.

1 c+q
( ) ( 3
( )) ,
2
u201 = (c + 7 q ) + q coth qξ + q coth qξ
12 2 3 2

−c − q
v201 =
3
− i q coth ( qξ , ) (45)

b0 q 2
( ( ))
1 −1
u202 = (c + 7 q ) − q coth qξ
12 2b−1
3q 2
( ( ))
−2
+ q coth qξ , (46)
4
−c − q
( ( ))
−1
v202 = − iq q coth qξ ,
3
where ξ = x − ct .

( ( )) ,
2
u203 = q + 2 − q coth qξ
(47)
v203 = −2i q coth (ξ ) ,
where ξ = x + 4qt .
q 3
( ( )) ,
2
u204 = + q coth qξ
2 4 (48)
(
v204 = ±i − q coth ( qξ , ))
where ξ = x + qt .
Case 3.

c+q
u301 =
1
12
(c + 7 q ) +
2 3
q tanh ( qξ )
3
( ( )) ,
2
+ q tanh qξ (49)
2
−c − q
v301 =
3
+ 2i q tanh ( qξ , )
1406 M. Inc, B. Kilic, Y. Ugurlu 12

b q2
( ( ))
1 −1
u302 = (c + 7 q ) − 0 q tanh qξ
12 2b−1
3q 2
( ( ))
−2
+ q tanh qξ , (50)
4
−c − q
( ( ))
−1
v302 = − 2iq q tanh qξ ,
3
where ξ = x − ct .

( ( )) ,
2
u303 = q + 2 q tanh qξ
(51)
v303 = −2i q tanh ( qξ ,)
where ξ = x + 4qt .

( ( )) ,
2
u303 = q + 2 q tanh qξ
(52)
v303 = −2i q tanh ( qξ ,)
where ξ = x + qt .

Case 4.
2
c c ⎛ 1⎞ 3⎛1⎞
u401 = − ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ ,
12 2 3 ⎝ ξ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ξ ⎠
−c ⎛ 1 ⎞
v401 = + i ⎜ ⎟, (53)
3 ⎝ξ ⎠
where ξ = x − ct .

5. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we have looked for soliton solutions of the BK and JM

nonlinear evolution equations by using the extended (G'/G)-expansion method. We
acquired several types of soliton solutions in this work. If an equation has a
solution that is modeled by A / sinh ξ , then that solution is called a singular
q

soliton and if a solution is modeled by A tanh ξ , it is called a topological soliton.

q

The obtained solution (23) is the topological soliton for the BK equation and the
solution (47) is the singular soliton. The solutions (49) and (51) are the topological
13 Soliton solutions for Bogoyavlensky–Konoplechenko and Jaulent–Miodek equations 1407

solitons for the JM equation. The extended (G'/G)-expansion method is a very

effective method to reach different types of solutions of nonlinear evolution
equations. We will investigate in our forthcoming works the similar equations with
time dependent coefficients by means of the extended (G'/G)-expansion method.

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