8/12/24, 7:47 AM Question Answer Paper

DATE: 14-08-24
PERFECT CLASSES
12th (Science)
TIME: 2 HRS
(PERFECT CLASSES)

Physics-
MARKS: 40

SEAT NO:

Q.1 Select and write the most appropriate answers from given alternatives: 5
1 What is the transitional motion equivalent of the moment of inertia in rotational motion?
(A) R (B) m (C) υ (D) π

Ans Option (B)

Hint : The inertia or mass is the transitional equivalent of moment of inertia in rotational motion.

2 During circular motion, the resultant of all real force acting on the body towards the centre is known as
(A) Centripetal force (B) Centrifugal force (C) Average force (D) Total force

Ans Option (A)

3 Two hail stones with radii in the ratio of 1:4 fall from a great height through the atmosphere. Then the ratio of
their terminal velocities is
(A) 1:2
(B) 1:12
(C) 1:16
(D) 1:8

Ans 1:16

4 What is the correct expression for the time period of a conical pendulum?
(A) T = 2π√ gl (B) T = 2π√ lgθ (C) T = 2π√ l cos θ
g
(D) T = 2π√ l sin θ
g

Ans Option (C)

5 In Bernoulli’s theorem, which of the following is conserved?

(A) linear momentum
(B) angular momentum
(C) mass
(D) energy

Ans energy

Q.2 Answer the following very short questions: 4

1 What should be the diameter of a water drop so that the excess pressure inside it is 80 N/m2? (Surface
tension of water = 7.27 × 10ˉ2 N/m)

Ans Given
Pi - Po = 80 N/m2
T = 7.27 × 10-2 N/m
We have,
2T
(P1 - Po) = r
−2
2T
∴ r= = 2×7.27×10 = 1.8 × 10-3m
P i −P o 80
∴ d = 2r = 3.6 mm

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2 A beaker of radius 10 cm is filled with water. Calculate the force of surface tension on any diametrical line on
its surface. Surface tension of water is 0.075 N/m.

Ans Given,
L = 2 × 10 = 20 cm = 0.2 m T = 0.075 N/m
We have, T = F/L
∴ F = TL = 0.075 × 0.2 = 0.015
= 1.5 × 10-2 N

3 What is the recommendations on loading a vehicle for not toppling easily?

Ans Overloading (or improper load distribution) or any load placed on the roof raises a vehicle’s centre of gravity,
and increases the vehicle’s likelihood of rolling over. A roof rack should be fitted by considering weight limits.
Road accidents involving rollovers show that vehicles with higher h (such as SUVs, pickup vans and trucks)
topple more easily than cars. Untripped rollovers normally occur when a top-heavy vehicle attempts to
perform a panic manoeuver that it physically cannot handle.

4 An air bubble of radius 0.2 mm is situated just below the water surface. Calculate the gauge pressure.
Surface tension of water = 7.2 × 10-2 N/m.

Ans Data : R = 2 × 10-4m, T = 7.2 × 10-2N/m, p = 103 kg/m3

2T
The gauge pressure inside the bubble =
−2 )
R
2(7.2×10
= = 7.2 × 102 = 720 Pa or 720 N/m2
2×10−4

Q.3 Answer the following:(Any Two) 6

1 Do we need a banked road for a two-wheeler? Explain.

Ans 1. Banking of road is the process of raising outer edges of a road over its inner edge through certain angle.
2. Necessity of banking of road- When a vehicle moves on a curved horizontal surface, friction force between
wheels and road provides the necessary centripetal force.
3. But friction force is enough sometimes like during rain as road is oily. Road should be made through then
but it cause wear & tear of tyres.
4. When centripetal force is less the vehicle skid. To eliminator this difficulty, roads are banked.
5. When road is banked, the horizontal component of normal reaction provides necessary centripetal force
required for circular motion.
6. So, roads are banked to provide necessary centripetal force.
2 Explain the angle of contact in details with the help of appropriate diagrams.

Ans i. When a liquid surface comes in contact with a solid surface, it forms a meniscus, which can be either
convex (mercury-glass) or concave (water glass), as shown in figures below.
ii. The angle of contact, θ , between a liquid and a solid surface is defined as the angle between the tangents
drawn to the free surface of the liquid and surface of the solid at the point of contact, measured within the
liquid.
iii. When the angle of contact is acute, the liquid forms a concave meniscus at the point of contact.
iv. When the angle of contact is obtuse, it forms a convex meniscus.
v. For example, water-glass interface forms a concave meniscus and mercury-glass interface forms a convex
meniscus.

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3 Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body rotating with a uniform angular speed

Ans Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant angular speed ω about an axis perpendicular to the
plane of the paper.

A body of N particles
For theoretical simplification, let us consider the object to be consisting of N particles of masses m1, m2,.... mN
at respective perpendicular distances r1, r2, .....rN from the axis of rotation.

Q.4 Answer the following:(Any Two) 4

1 A flywheel is revolving with a constant angular velocity. A chip of its rim breaks and flies away. What will be the
effect on its angular velocity?

Ans When the chip of the rim of a flywheel revolving with a constant angular
i.
velocity breaks away, its mass will decrease.
Due to the decrease in its mass, the moment of inertia of the flywheel will
ii.
decrease.
In order to conserve angular mementum, the angular velocity of the flywheel
iii.
will increase.
2 Define coefficient of viscosity. State its formula and S.I. units

Ans The coefficient of viscosity is defined as the viscous force per unit area per unit velocity gradient.

3 What is critical velocity? How one can decide whether the motion of liquid is streamlined or turbulent with the
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help of Reynold’s number?

Ans i. The flow of a fluid, whether streamline or turbulent, is differentiated on the basis of velocity of the flow.
ii. The velocity beyond which a streamline flow becomes turbulent is called critical velocity.
iii. It is found that for Rn less than 1000, the flow of a fluid is streamline while for Rn greater than 2000, the
flow of fluid is turbulent.
iv. When Rn is between 1000 and 2000, the flow of fluid becomes unsteady, i.e., it changes from a streamline
flow to a turbulent flow.
Q.5 Solve the following:(Any Three) 9
1 A flywheel used to prepare earthenware pots is set into rotation at 100 rpm. It is in the form of a disc of mass
10 kg and radius 0.4 m. A lump of clay (to be taken equivalent to a particle) of mass 1.6 kg falls on it and
adheres to it at a certain distance x from the centre. Calculate x if the wheel now rotates at 80 rpm.

Ans Data : f1 = 100 rpm = 60/60 rot/s = 1 rot/s, f2 = 80 rpm ,M=10kg , R = 0.4m , m= 1.6kg
1 1
I1 =I wheel = MR2 = (10) (0.4)2 =0.8 kg.m2
2 2
The MI of the wheel and the lump of clay is
I2 =I wheel = mx 2
By the principle of conservation of angular momentum,
Iw1 =I2w2
∴ I2 (2π f1) =I2 (2π f2)
f1 f1
∴ I2 = I wheel +mx2 = I1 = I wheel
f2 f2
⎛ f1 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
∴ mx2 = ⎜⎜⎜ − 1 ⎟⎟⎟ I wheel = ⎜⎜ − 1 ⎟⎟ (0.8)
f⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 80 ⎠
⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ 2
= ⎜ −1 ⎟ (0.8) = 0.2kg.m
⎝4 ⎠
2 0 .2 1
ν =x = =
1 .6 8
1
∴ x= m= 0.3536 m
8

2 How much work is required to form a bubble of 2 cm radius from the soap solution having surface tension
0.07 N/m.

Ans Data : r = 4 cm = 4 × 10-2 m, T = 25 × 10-3 N/m

Initial surface area of soap bubble = 0
Final surface area of soap bubble = 2 × 4πr2
∴ Increase in surface area = 2 × 4πr2
The work done
= surface tension × increase in surface area
= T × 2 × 4πr2
= 25 × 10-3 × 2 × 4 × 3.142 × (4 × 10-2)2
= 1.005 × 10-3 J
The work done = 0.07 × 8 × 3.142 × (2 × 10-2)2
= 7.038 × 10-4 J

3 Part of a racing track is to be designed for a radius of curvature of 72 m. and the track is 10 m wide. The
coefficient of static friction between the tyres of a vehicle on this road is 0.8, will there be any lower speed
limit? By how much can the upper speed limit exceed in this case?

Ans Data : r = 72 m, θ = 78 °4′, µs = 0.8, g = 10 m/s2 tan θ = tan 78°4′ = 5

Vmin = √rd ( )
tan θ−μs

−−−−−−−−5−0.8−−−−
1+μs tan θ

= √(72) (10)( 1+(0.8)(5) )

−−−−−−
√
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−−−−−−
= √720 × 4.2
5
= √144 × 4. 2 = 12 × 2. 049
= 24.588 m/s = 88.52 km/h
This will be the lower limit or minimum speed on this track.
Since the track is heavily banked, θ > 45 °, there is no upper limit or maximum speed on this track.

4 A big dumb-bell is prepared by using a uniform rod of mass 60 g and length 20 cm. Two identical solid
thermocol spheres of mass 25 g and radius 10 cm each are at the two ends of the rod. Calculate moment of
inertia of the dumbbell when rotated about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to the length.

Ans Data : Msph = 50 g, Rsph = 10 cm, Mrod = 60 g, Lrod = 20 cm

The MI of a solid sphere about its diameter is
2
Isph,CM = 5
MsphRsph
The distance of the rotation axis (transverse symmetry axis of the dumbbell) from the centre of sphere, h = 30
cm.
The MI of a solid sphere about the rotation axis, Isph = Isph, CM + Msphh2
For the rod, the rotation axis is its transverse symmetry axis through CM.
The MI of a rod about this axis,
1
Irod = MrodL2rod
12
Since there are two solid spheres, the MI of the dumbbell about the rotation axis is
I = 2Isph + Irod
= 2M sph ( 5 R2 sph = h2 ) +
2 1 2
rod M rod L
12
2(25)[ 5 (10) + (30) ] +
2 2 2 1 2
(60)(20)
12
=50 [ 5 (100) + 400] + 12 (60) (400)
2 1

=50 [
2 20 1 5
× 100 + 400] × 60 × (400)
5 12
=50 [ 2×20+400] +5 ×400
= 50×440 + 2000
=22000+2000
= 24000 g cm -2

Q.6 Solve the following:(Any Two) 4

5 2 5 2
1 The pressure of water inside the closed pipe is 3 × 10 N/m . This pressure reduces to 2 × 10 N/m on
opening the value of the pipe. Calculate the speed of water flowing through the pipe. (Density of water = 1000
kg/m3).

Ans Data : p1 = 3 × 105 Pa, v1 = 0, p2 = 2 × 105 Pa, p = 103 kg/m3

Assuming the potential head to be zero, i.e., the pipe to be horizontal, the Bernoulli equation is
1 1
p1 + 2 pv 1 2 = p2 + 2 pv 2 2
2 2(p1 −p2 )
: v2 = [v1 = 0]
p
2(3−2)×105
= = 200
103
: v2 = 10√2 = 14. 14 m/s

2 Eight droplets of water each of radius 0.2 mm coalesce into a single drop. Find the decrease in the surface
area

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Ans

3 Calculate the work done in blowing a soap bubble to a radius of 1 cm. The surface tension of soap solution is
2.5 × 10ˉ2 N/m.

Ans

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Q.7 Answer the following:(Any Two) 8

1 How was molecular theory successful in explaining the surface tension observed in liquids?

Ans As shown in figure below, XY is the free surface of liquid and X’Y’ is the inner layer parallel to XY at distance
equal to the range of molecular force. Hence, the section XX’ –Y’Y near the surface of the liquid acts as the
surface film.

i. Consider three molecules A, B, and C such that molecule A is deep inside the liquid, molecule B within
surface film and molecule C on the surface of the liquid.
ii. As molecule A is deep inside the liquid, its sphere of influence is also completely inside the liquid.
iii. As a result, molecule A is acted upon by equal cohesive forces in all directions.
iv. Thus, the net cohesive force acting on molecule A is zero.
v. Molecule B lies within the surface layer and below the free surface of the liquid.
vi. A larger part of its sphere of influence is inside the liquid and a smaller part is in air.
vii. Due to this, a strong downward cohesive force acts on the liquid molecule.
viii. The adhesive force acting on molecule B due to air molecules above it and within its sphere of influence
is weak. It points upwards.
ix. As a result, the molecule B gets attracted inside the liquid.
x. The same holds for molecule C which lies exactly on the free surface of the liquid.
xi. Half of the sphere of influence is in air and half in the liquid. The number of air molecules within the
sphere of influence of the molecule C, above the free surface of the liquid is much less than the number
of liquid molecules within the sphere of influence that lies within the liquid.
xii. This is because the density of air is less than that of a liquid.
xiii. The adhesive force trying to pull the molecule above the liquid surface is much weaker than the cohesive
force that tries to pull the molecule inside the liquid surface.
xiv. As a result, the molecule C also gets attracted inside the liquid.
xv. Thus, all molecules in the surface film are acted upon by an unbalanced net cohesive force directed into
the liquid.
xvi. Therefore, the molecules in the surface film are pulled inside the liquid.
xvii. This minimizes the total number of molecules in the surface film.
xviii. As a result, the surface film remains under tension.
xix. The surface film of a liquid behaves like a stretched elastic membrane.
xx. This tension is known as surface tension.
xxi. The force due to surface tension acts tangential to the free surface of a liquid.
2 Derive an expression for maximum safety speed with which a vehicle should move along a curved horizontal
road. State the significance of it.

Ans Consider vertical section of a car moving on a horizontal circular track

i.
having a radius 'r' with 'C' as centre of track.

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ii. Forces acting on the car (considered to be a particle).

a. Weight (mg), vertically downwards,
b. Normal reaction (N), vertically upwards that balances the weight
c. Force of static friction (fs) between road and the tyres.
Since, normal reaction balances the weight
...
∴ N = mg
(1)
While working in the frame of reference attached to the vehicle, the
frictional force balances the centrifugal force.
mv 2 ...
fs = r (2)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1),
fs v2 ...
∴ = rg
N (3)
However, fs has an upper limit (fs)max = μ sN, where μ s is the coefficient of
iii. static friction between road and tyres of the vehicle. This imposes an
upper limit to the speed v.
(f s )max v2max
N
= μs = rg
... [From equations (2) and (3)]
∴ vmax = √μs rg
This is an expression for maximum safety speed with which a vehicle
should move along a curved horizontal road.
Significance: The maximum safe speed of a vehicle on a curve road
iv. depends upon friction between tyres and road, radius of the curved road
and acceleration due to gravity.
3 State and explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum. Use a suitable illustration. Do we use it
in our daily life? When?

Ans Law (or principle) of conservation of angular momentum : The angular momentum of a body is conserved if
the resultant external torque on the body is zero.
Explanation : This law (or principle) is used by a figure skater or a ballerina to increase their speed of rotation
for a spin by reducing the body’s moment of inertia. A diver too uses it during a somersault for the same
reason.

(1) Ice dance :

Twizzle and spin are elements of the sport of figure skating. In a twizzle a skater turns several revolutions
while travelling on the ice. In a dance spin, the skater rotates on the ice skate and centred on a single point on
the ice. The torque due to friction between the ice skate and the ice is small. Consequently, the angular
momentum of a figure skater remains nearly constant.

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For a twizzle of smaller radius, a figure skater draws her limbs close to her body to reduce moment of inertia
and increase frequency of rotation. For larger rounds, she stretches out her limbs to increase moment of
inertia which reduces the angular and linear speeds.
A figure skater usually starts a dance spin in a crouch, rotating on one skate with the other leg and both arms
extended. She rotates relatively slowly because her moment of inertia is large. She then slowly stands up,
pulling the extended leg and arms to her body. As she does so, her moment of inertia about the axis of
rotation decreases considerably,and thereby her angular velocity substantially increases to conserve angular
momentum.

(2) Diving :
Take-off from a springboard or diving platform determines the diver’s trajectory and the magnitude of angular
momentum. A diver must generate angular momentum at take-off by moving the position of the arms and by a
slight hollowing of the back. This allows the diver to change angular speeds for twists and somersaults in flight
by controlling her/his moment of inertia. A compact tucked shape of the body lowers the moment of inertia for
rotation of smaller radius and increased angular speed. The opening of the body for the vertical entry into
water does not stop the rotation, but merely slows it down. The angular momentum remains constant
throughout the flight.

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