ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

A CORE SUBJECT FOR GRADE ELEVEN STUDENTS

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COMMUNICATION
WEEK 1 | LAS 1
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

1. It is derived from the Latin word “communis” which means “to share and inform ideas,
feelings, etc.” or “common”.
2. It is an act or process of using words, signs, sounds, or behaviors to express or exchange
information, ideas, feelings with someone else
3. It is the transmission of messages via verbal and non-verbal cues (Ang, 2004).
4. It is a transaction in which the participants are mutually engaged in the process of creating
meaning
(Comeaux, 1996)
5. It is at the core of our humanness and that it is a transactional process (Myers, 1992)
Example:

a. Face-to-face communication- talking to a sibling about kinds of stuff in school

b. Online communication- talking to a relative who works overseas via Skype
c. Gestural communication- comforting a sad friend by embracing him/her
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THE NATURE OF ORAL

COMMUNICATION
WEEK 1 | LAS 2

The Nature of Oral Communication

In today's world, the development of different media has led to the communication process taking
place by different means such as telephones, teleconferences, and video conferences. Face-to-face
meetings and speeches were the main forms of communication in earlier times. Below are the four types
of the nature of oral communication.
Verbal communication refers to the use of words or speech in sending messages and transmitting
ideas or feelings. Nonverbal communication refers to the act of expressing ideas in ways that do not
involve or go beyond using words.

Meaning and Example

1. Communication is a process
It is where the sender and receiver show a process/cycle of communication, at the same time they do
the turn-taking.
Sender & Receiver Relationship
Ex. Jonas talks to John on the phone.

Jonas - sender John - receiver

 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
A CORE SUBJECT FOR GRADE ELEVEN STUDENTS
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2. Communication is systematic
Communication is a systematic process to create and interpret meaning. The process is involved in
how sender and receiver encode and decode the message.

Sender & Receiver Relationship

Ex. Jonas talks to John on the phone.

[message] [encode]

Jonas - sender John - receiver

[feedback] [decode]

3. Communication is symbolic
▪ Communication is symbolic because we use letters or words. There is a system of language we
all adhere to. Letters and other icons are symbols of communication. Moreover, even our gestures
are also considered symbols. For example, a person nodding one’s head usually implies an
affirmation but for Indians, it implies a negation. It doesn’t require words but it is symbolic and
it still is part of communication.
4. Communication involves meaning
Communication is the conveying of messages by exchanging thoughts or information via speech,
visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient,
although the receiver may not be present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at the time
of communication. Communication requires that the communicating parties share some areas of
commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message
of the sender.

The abovementioned natures of oral communication are fundamentally meaningful to every

person because it gives a wider understanding of why communication is this and that. In other words,
communication plays a vital role in human beings. Always remember that communication clarity is very
important because the barriers in communications are just around us, so speak audibly and clearly.

In conclusion, communication is a process because turn-taking is needed in both sender and

receiver. Communication is systematic because it involves individuals encoding and decoding the
message. Communication is symbolic because it uses signs, words, graphs, non-verbal communication,
and verbal communication. Lastly, communication involves meaning because it conveys messages
through the exchange of ideas and feelings.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
A CORE SUBJECT FOR GRADE ELEVEN STUDENTS
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THE ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
WEEK 2 | LAS 2
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION/COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication is vital to a person’s life. Without it, we cannot function properly. In
communication, one of the primitive means to communicate is through oral communication. Below
are the elements of oral communication.

ELEMENTS FUNCTION/ EXAMPLE

1. Sender/ Encoder the transmitter of verbal and nonverbal messages
2. Message set of verbal or nonverbal symbols sent to a receiver
3. Receiver/ Decoder responsible for extracting/ decoding the information
4. Channel how the message is sent from a source to a receiver
5. Feedback receiver’s response to the message sent by the speaker
6. Noise The factor that inhibits the conveyance of a message such as physical,
psychological, physiological noise. For example - John calls his friend
Nathan but John feels irritated by Nathan’s response. After all, he cannot
give the information directly because he was distracted by different noises
in the surroundings. I believe that everyone has experienced this situation
and as a result, we end the call and call again. On the other hand, the
connection is good. There is a smooth conversation because it has no
interference or problems with either physical or environmental factors.
7. Context the environment surrounding communication
Ex: place, time, the attitude of the sender and receiver
The given elements of communication are present in all kinds of communication processes. Let’s look
at the given diagram below and see where these elements are found!

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/10799530/
1. In the process of communicating, we observe two important persons. The sender and the receiver
are two of the most essential elements.
2. The sender encodes the message in which the receiver decodes.
3. The message may be in different MEDIA. This means it may be through written format or oral
format – and in this modern world, it can be in digital content!
4. As you can also see, after the receiver decodes the message, s/he goes through the process of
responding. Responding involves providing feedback that the sender receives.
5. The former sender now actually becomes a receiver of the feedback (response message).
6. If you also see, in the middle of the process is NOISE. Noise is an inevitable factor in any
communication process. It disrupts the flow and can cause miscommunication. Although it is
inevitable, it can be reduced to a significantly minimal degree. Noise can be coming from the
external environment such as loud music or physical factors such as hearing or speaking problems.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
A CORE SUBJECT FOR GRADE ELEVEN STUDENTS
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Elements of Communication
Participants
● the communicators
● can be both senders and receivers
● sender - transmits the information to the receiver
● receiver - decodes the message to formulate a response

Context - refers to the interrelated conditions that affect the message; these include physical,
psychological, social, and cultural factors
• Physical context refers to the place, time, environment, and distance between communicators.
• Social context refers to the relationship of the communicators.
• Psychological context refers to the moods and feelings of the communicators. Think about the
times when your mood or feelings caused you to communicate differently.
• Cultural context includes the beliefs and norms of the participants. This comes into play when
you are speaking with someone who is of a different gender, age, social status, religion, or
nationality.

Message
● the main point of having communication
● the main idea or information that the sender would like to convey to the receiver
● It is important for the message to be stated clearly and in a way that is understandable to the
receiver.

Channel
● the means of delivering the message
● can be a face-to-face conversation, a letter, a phone call, an e-mail, or social media

Feedback
● the response of the receiver
● helps the sender of the message determine whether the message was understood by the receiver
● If the participants of the conversation continue giving feedback, the flow of communication
continues.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
A CORE SUBJECT FOR GRADE ELEVEN STUDENTS
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MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
WEEK 3 | LAS 3

1. Aristotelian Model of Communication

Aristotle was the first to take an initiative and design the communication model. According to this model,
the speaker plays a key role in communication. He is the one who takes complete charge of the communication.
The sender first prepares content which he does by carefully putting his thoughts in words to influence the listeners
or the recipients, who would then respond in the sender’s desired way. A communication model provides a holistic
view of what happens when one communicates in different circumstances. The Aristotelian Model is the earliest
model proposed by Aristotle (5 B.C.), who was a teacher of Rhetoric and even put an academy to produce good
speakers. Persuasion for him is based on 3 kinds of proof: logical (logos), ethical (ethos), and emotional (pathos).

(Message) (Listener)
SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE

2. Linear Communication Model

The linear communication model explains the process of one-way communication, wherein the sender transmits a
message and a receiver absorbs the message. This model was designed to show the function of radio and telephone
communication. The main components of this model are the sender, channel, and receiver.
- Sender – the initiator and encoder of a message 9
- Channel – the medium through which the message travels
- Receiver – the recipient and decoder of the message

3. Shannon-Weaver Model
Shannon and Weaver's model is the most popular model of communication and is widely accepted all over the
world. This model identifies five functions (source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination) to be performed.
The noise refers to the physical noise that we hear from the environment. The Shannon- Weaver Model of
Communication (Telephone Model) was proposed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1948). It is based
on the experience of having the message interfered with by “noise” from the telephone switchboard back in the
1940s.

Source: https://www.google.com.ph/shannonweaver+model+of+communication&imgrc Date Retrieved: June 1,

2016
4. Interactive Communication Model
The interactive model of communication, also known as the convergence model, is all about giving and take. It
relies on an exchange of communication from the sender to the receiver and from the receiver to the sender and
back again. The interactive model allows for feedback, something that's absent in the linear model.
The interactive model requires several components to be successful:
● Two sources: The originator of the message and the recipient of the message are both sources. Both parties can
send and receive messages or feedback from the other.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
A CORE SUBJECT FOR GRADE ELEVEN STUDENTS
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● The message: The information being exchanged.
● Feedback: Takes place after the first message has been received and is returned to the originating source. The
presence of feedback is the primary difference between the linear model and the interactive model.
Field of experience: The field of experience is all of the knowledge, behaviors, beliefs, situations, psychological
factors, etc., that not only impact the content of the message, but also the way it's interpreted.

5. Schramm Model of communication

Wilbur Schramm (Father of Mass Communication) - came up with a model that explains why communication
breakdown occurs. He asserts that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between the field
of experience by the speaker and the field of experience of the listener.

Field of Experience Field of Experience

Source Encoder
Signal Destination
Decoder

Field of Experience- it is everything that has happened to a person

Example: Two friends talking about the book/movie Harry Potter may understand each other if both have read or
watched the material.

6. Eugene White’s Model of Communication

Eugene White’s Model of Communication (1960) tells us that communication is circular and continuous, without
a beginning or end. He contributed the concept of feedback to the field of communication.

2. Symbolizing

Thinking 3. Expressing

8. Monitoring 4. Transmitting

7. Feedback
5. Receiving

6. Decoding
 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
A CORE SUBJECT FOR GRADE ELEVEN STUDENTS
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The Aristotelian model gives you an idea of how the conversation is made from speaker to audience. Aristotle’s
model of communication is the oldest communication model, dating back to 300 BC. The model was designed to
examine how to become a better and more convincing communicator. Aristotle argues we should look at five
elements of a communication event to analyze how best to communicate: speaker, speech, occasion, target
audience, and effect. He also identified three elements that will improve communication: ethos (credibility), pathos
(ability to connect), and logos (logical argument). On the other hand, Linear Communication Model plays its role:
the sender prepares the message, the message is the information being conveyed, the message is encoded, or
converted, to fit the channel being used, Various channels (email, radio, television, etc.) deliver the message, and
the receiver decodes and reviews the message.

On the other hand, the Shannon-Weaver model sees communication occurring in five key parts: sender, encoder,
channel, decoder, and receiver. It emphasizes the importance of encoding and decoding messages for them to be
sent (e.g. turning them into written words, morse code, and the like). During the process of encoding, sending, and
decoding, ‘noise’ occurs that can disrupt or cloud a message. In the most traditional sense, this may be static on a
radio broadcast or even extend to mishearing a conversation or misspelling an email. This model was the first to
introduce the role of noise in the communication process. On the other hand, the Interactive Communication Model
relies on an exchange of communication from the sender to the receiver and from the receiver to the sender and
back again. Also, the interactive model allows for feedback, something that's absent in the linear model. Whenever
a source sends a message to the receiver (source), it encodes the message first in the Interactive Model. The encoded
message will then be received by the receiver where the original information is decoded. Again, the receiver acts
as the source, encodes another message (also known as feedback), and sends it back to the sender.

Moreover, the Schramm model explores communication that is equal and reciprocal. It does not differentiate
between the sender and receiver but sees each as being in an equal position as message encoders and decoders.
This model is best for explaining and examining personal synchronous communication where feedback is
immediate (such as face-to-face discussions). As feedback is immediate, noise can be reduced through ongoing
clarification of messages during the conversation.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

● The term model of communication refers to a conceptual representation that is used to

explain the communication process.
● There are various models of communication, with each of them offering a different
perspective on the communication process.

1. LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL

● This model presents communication as a one-way activity in which information flows
through a channel from the sender to the receiver.
● It involves a passive receiver, whose only role in the process is to accept information

2. INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL

● This model shows communication as a two-way activity.
● The sender and the receiver engage in a back-and-forth process, taking turns to play each
other’s roles.
● This model involves feedback, which signifies the receiver’s comprehension of the
message and can be relayed verbally or nonverbally.

3. TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

● It presents communication not only as a two-way process but also as a simultaneous
activity.
● Both the sender and receiver are identified as participants, simultaneously engaging in the
process of sending and receiving messages and providing feedback.
● Communication is dynamic; meaning is conveyed through the shared understanding of the
participants.