~ | STOICHIOMETRY: os CALCULATIONS WITH Ry _ CHEMICAL FORMULAS o AND EQUATIONS SUGAR CARANELIZING. Major ehangerin the appearance of compounds ae ingcations of chemi reser. Here, prolonged heating of sucrose, common ‘able sor, produces caramelWHAT’S AHEAD 3.1 Chemical Equations Webepn ty considering how wecan use chee ae uns np oo 3.2. Some Simple Pattens of Chemical Rexctiviy Wetter curmine some ile chemi reaeane tin nati, esmpertion ato ad ‘Gmbation mac 3.3. Formula Weights |Wocan obtnn quantitative information rom ‘hema orl by using hel fru gh 34 Avogadro's Number and the Mole Sastanos tothe numbers atoms, melee oF lenacontined he substance, reaarohp That ade tothe esl ptt concep itmale Amiri 602 ¥ 10 cbjeds ors, ‘oleae, nse) YOU POUR VINEGAR INTO A glass of wate 35 36 a7 Empinal Formulas from Analyses Weapply the mole concept io determin chemical ven quant of compound Quentitatve Information from Balanced Equations Whee the quanta information inert in ‘chemical formula equations together with he ‘poi conep tn pnd the snoun of tances ensued or produce i chemi macs. Limiting Reactans Werecogize hat ane ofthe reactants maybe used Upbefore the otbets ina hema ection Tass ‘heim acon The encom herr stp, [Sbeing rome ofthe aces arg materi tired containing baking soda, and bubbles form. You strike a match and use the flame to light a candle. You he t sugar in a pan, and it turns brown melizes). The bubbles, the flame, and the colo change are visual evidence that something is happening. ‘To an experienced eye, these visual changes indicate a chemical change, oF chhmical reaction. The study of chemical changes is atthe heat of chemisty Somme chemical changes are simple others are comples. Some are drama some ae very subtle Even as you steading this chapter chemical changes fre occuring within your body, Chemical changes that occu in your eyes and brain, for example, allow you tose these words and think about thers. “Although such chemical changes are not as obvious a some, they are ‘everteless romarkable fr how they allow usta function, In this chapter we begin to explore some important aspects of chemical change, Our foes willbe both om the use of chemical formulas fo represen ‘seions and on the quantitative information we can cbitin bout Ihe ammount of substances involved in reactions. Stoichiometry [pronsuinced soy key (OMf-uh-trea) isthe are of study that examines the quantis of substances ‘consumed and produced in chemical rations. The name is derive rom the {Greek stichor element”) and meron ("measure") This study of stoichiome tay provides an een st of ool tha is widely used in chemistry. Aspects of stochiomety nck such eiverse problems as measuring the concent ton of ozone n the atmorphere, determining the potenti! yield of gold rom an oe and assessing diferent processes for converting col ito gaseous fel. ‘Stochiometyisbullton an understanding of atomic masses = (Scion 24) chee formula, and the law of conservation of mass. = (Seon 1) ”80 CHAPTER 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations ‘Figure 3.1 Antoine aver (1754-1790. Loot condutes ‘many impor ses an combesion ‘eaclont Usorunste, the enc ‘amb he ene nbiy apd Gece Fe ws guile 1794 ‘fing tr sa month aon ot Seror He's now geneely cored o reife err chery ‘hase ne condited cu riod epee and ed “The French nobleman and wientit Antone Lavoisier (Figure 3.14 dtcovered this important chemical lw during the late 1700 Ina chemistry text published in 1709, Lavoisier sated the lw inthis eloquent way: "We nay ly it down a8 an incontestable sxiom that, al the operations of at and ature nothings “reled; an equal quandy of matter exits both before and aller te experiten {Upon this principle he whole art of performing chemical experiments de pends” With the advent of Dalton’s atomic theory, cnemist understood the ‘asi for this aw: Aloms ae ner crated nor deste daring ny che ra fi. The changes that ocr during any reaction merely rearrange the toms. ‘Thesame collection of stoms is present both bone and after the eston. 1_ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS ‘Chemical reasons ae represented in a concieway’by chemical equations Whee the gs hydrogen (Hi) burns, fr example, it eacts with oxygen (02) the att form water (HED), We wate the chemical equation fe this reson 2 lows 2H; +0: —> 2,0 bal ‘We read the + sign as “reacts with" and the arow a “produces” The chemical formulas to the left of the artow represent the staring substances, called reactant. The chemlcl formulas tothe ight ofthe arrow represent substances produced in the reaction called products. The numbers in front ofthe formulas lve cooficients. (Asin elgebralc equations, the numeral 1 usually not writen) “The cafficiens indicate the relative nursbers of molecules ofeach kind volved in the reseton. Because atoms are neither created nor destoyed in any reaction a cheleal ‘equation mast have an equal amber of atoms of ech element om each side of the arrows When this condition emt, the equation Issa be Pons? On the right sde of Equation 31, for example, there are two molecules of HO, each composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen Thus 2 Hz0 (read two molecules of wate”) contains 2 x2 ~ 4 Hatome and? x1 ~ 20 atoms. Notice that the number of atom is obtained by multiplying the coficen and the subscript inthe chemical formula, Because there are four som and Wo (stor on each side of the equation, the equation i balanced. We can sep ‘nt the balance equation by the flleing molar models, which strate thatthe number af stom of each kind isthe same on both sides of the row 3-8-§ Give 17 some THoucHT ow many somo M0, and Hap by 9H Balancing Equations ‘Once we know the frmulis ofthe reactants and products in a rescton, we can ‘wate an unbalanced equation. We then balance the equation by determining ‘the coetcients that provide equal numbers of ach typeof atm on eachside of the equation For mest purposes, a balanced equation should contain the small ‘st poste whale number coetiients In balancing an equation, you ned to understand the difference beswcen 3 2e@%a Arwen: SaNHy melee Indicating the States of Reactants and Products [Additional information soften ae to the forms in balanced qutions 9 Indicate the physical stat of each reactant and product Weusetnesynbals (), (0, ()-and a for gas liquid, slid, and aqueobs (water) solution, reapectvely. “Thus, Equation 34 canbe written CHG) + 2046) —+ COs) + 218.00) B3) Somes the conditions (uch as temperature or pressure) under which the ‘ection proceeds appear above or below the reaction arrow. The symbol 8 (the {Grock uppercase letter dct} is fen placed above the artow to india the od dliton of Ret. Im SanrLe EXERCISE 3.2 | Balancing Chemical Equations Tolan th option: at) 1,00 — NaOH +t egy countingch Kind of atom on his of te aoe The Na Sie wo Hats onthe fad te H sso he rahe Thm, SIC Se ee dias oon penny Weep pining cote 3 int of HO eiing tiway dos ot lace Hb oes nr he amber of Sent oun tobe unbanad ew oscrfhat web SLE Now tae eve 2 HS eye EA we on tala Hoy ting te coin 2 nF of NaOH on lang inh way forty Sings Ot lane Hat rte {hat Ne pow anne, nit ane Nt mh tan tom the igh To rebalance Na we pul the cctelent 2in rant ol the eacane2NaGs) + 2H4O() —> 2NAOHKa) + Hil) 3a Chemical Equations Na) + 2101) —> NOH + HG) Nao) + 211019 — 2NsOMIa9) + 16) 8 nay chuck the mambo of toms ofeach loment a ind that we have fv Na atoms, four toms, and WoO atoms on ‘ache the equation The estan i blanced ‘Comment Note hat in lacing thiseqution we maved bck ue fort placing cosficintin ont of 10, then NaOH, ard ‘aly Na In Balancing equate wen nd ourselves following tus pat of soving back and forth om one sie fhe Sr oho plato sets atin et ef a ela tw eel ann vt cf raat ee e el. thecqunton ebslaced Sou can awa that Renuber fahms ofeach loses he sac on bother ofc ace mt PRACTICE EXERCISE Balance he flaming equations by proving te mising coffe: (0) = Oxg) FeO) @ —GHG) Oy) — CO) + HO (o LAl)* —iiGlas) — Tate I) ‘Aer: a) 63,2; )1,3,2 2726.23, is you have lance your equation comely, no mate Row you dx by henBt CHAPTER 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations 3.2 SOME SIMPLE PATTERNS. OF CHEMICAL REACTIVITY In this section we examine thre simple kinds of reactions that we will se re ‘quenly throughout this chapter Out fst reason for examining these reactions Fe merely to hecome better sequinted vith chemical reactions and ther al lnced equations, Our secand reason isto consider hove we tight predict the products of some of these reactions knowing oly their reactants The hey 19 redicing the products formed by a given combination of reactants is recogniz lng gonecal patters of chemical racy. Recognizing a ptten of reactivity fora cays of substances gives you broader undeandling than merely mez ‘orizing large number of untclated reactions Combination and Decomposition Reactions ‘Table 31 ¥ summarizes two simple types of reactions: combination and decom position reactions. In combination reactions ten oF more substances re! 19 form one product. There are many examples of combination reactions, especial ly those un which elements combine to orm compounds. For example, magne sham metal burs in arith a dazzling briliance to produce magrisism om, as shown in igure 35: 2Mgls) + Ox) —* 200) bo “This reaction is used to produce the bight fae generated by ares and sone reworks "Wen a combination reaction occurs between a metal and nonmetal, asin Equation 3, the product ts an lonic sold. Recall that the formsla of a ionic compound cin be determined from the charges of the ions involved (S2(Section 27) When magnesium react with oxygen, for example, the mag. nesiumt loses electrons al forms the magnesium ion, Mg. The oxygen gains Clecttons and forms the oxide ion, O™. Thus, the reaction product is MgO. You ‘should be able to recognize when a rection isa combination rexetion snd to predict the products of » combination reaction in which the reactants are 8 metal and a nonmetal /\GIVE 17 Some THoucHT ‘When Naan Sunde ombiton act, what sth cen orl othe peat Ina decomposition reaction one subsiance undergoes a reaction to pro- ‘duce two of mote other substances: Many compounds undergo decomposition reactions when heated. For example, many meal carbonates decompose to form mal oxides and carbon dlnade when heated: cacoss) 2+ C206) + COME) ba Combination Reatons ereers "Two reacans combine for ange Ge)" 039) — cox, prod Many ements ch ne Ni) + 3H — BN) [voter nh ahi orn OHO —> CaS) Spout Decomposition Rettons rer) ‘single acta beak part oor 2KGOM) —*2KCK) +30f9) __woormoresubwtncs Many FaCOss) — POG) + COW) ‘Sompound act thay een CuOHTe) —* CaOG) = HOM heated32. Some Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity 85 COMBINATION REACTION In combination reactant or more subtest frm one prac, Bele x: 2Nq) ous) ‘nels suman y onsen * premeegetnte Tether Shae ak fom ages ‘pense dame rod ue MgO anon “The decompesiton of CACO isan important commercial process. Limestone or sesshels, ehicn are both primarily CaCOy, are heated to prepare CaO, whichis known as ime oe quickline. About 2% 10" kg (20 milion tons) of (CaO is used inthe United Sites each year, principally in mating glass, ix ob tang ro fom sores, and in making mortar to bind bricks "The decompesiton of sodium azide (NaN) rapidly releases Ny), so this reaction ised tilt safety airbag in automobiles Figure 3.65) ‘2NaNgs) —* 2Nals) + 3 Nats) ba ‘Thesystem is designed so that an impact gales a detonator cap, which in tue ‘cases NaN to decompose explosively Asmall qoantiy of NaN about 103) rms a large quantty of ges (about 50 L), We wil consider the volumes of ‘ges produced in chemical rections in Section 105. Sm sare Exes 3.3 | whting Balanced uation for Combination {thd Decomposon Reacbons ote balance aguntians for the foloming ection) The combination reacton {hat eur when ihm mt a gorse as rent fb) The deposition reac {on that oc hon soi um cabanas het (Iwo pod m9 sd cod gis) (a) The symbol for hum 1. With he exception of merry all metals ar solide Stroom tmporatre Fluorine octrea8 nt molec ose Figure 219) Thos {he ranctant ae Lp) and fg) The proc wl be eomponed of metal and 9 onal we expec io be an lon sli, Lita lone ave tv carbe,L ee 2Mgo%) SSS MeO ne a Fguee 3.6 An automa 2d, Nass) Suse o ate ignaed, he Nan deca oy forming naogen gos NG) heh ‘sounds hea bag.86 CHAPTER 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations (Figure 37 Propane burning In the Telia propane, Ci vapes ‘Reon ne combustor eaten ot Ghinend 0, produces tu ane worn Maori ons ave a I charge, Thus, the chemi formula forthe prod 216) + fg) —+ 21) {0h hema malo bara ara ACOs Aad int ev mang ‘ruta cabanas decompose to fom mt onde a carbon donde he he In Fgaaton 37 fo exami, CACO, davon to form C20 an COr Tan, ‘oul expec ha a0, decompose an COy Bram ai calcu ae Sothinroup 2A me period vl ehch fhe jg hay ol rent me BaCOYs) —+ BOG) 1 CRG) sm PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘We balanced chemi equations forthe following rents) Sli mercury) ‘lide dcomporr into component clement wen nates.) The sac of ‘minum metal indergoe# combination reaction ih oxygen nthe ‘Annee a) HySi) Hig) + SEC) ANE) + 30K@) "2 ALO) Combustion in Air ‘Combustion seactions are rapid retetions that produce a flame, Most of the ‘combustion eactone observe involve O; rom airas a ectant Equation 33 llusttates a general dass of reactions that involv the burning or combustion, ‘of hydrocarbon compounds (compounds that contain only carbon and hydro. igen such a8 CHy and Call). === ston 29) When hydrocarbons afe combusted in ai they reat with Oz o form CO; and 1,0." The number of molecules of Op required in the reaction and the ‘number of molecules of CO; and H,0 formed depend on the composition of the hydrocarbon, which act asthe fae inthe reaction, For example the ci ‘ustion of propane (Cis, a gas used for cooking and home heating, is de seribed by te following equation: GoHi(Q) + 5O4lg) —> 3 COYG) + 420%) Bt “Thestate ofthe water, H-O(@) oF H:O{D, depen onthe condions ofthe reaction. Water vapor 0), i formed at high temperate in an open com lsiner The blue flame produced when propane burs is shown in igure 3. ‘Combustin of auygen-containing derivatives of hydrocarbons, sich a8 (CH,OI!, aso produces CO; and 11,0. The simple rue tat hydrocarbons and related onygen-conaining derivatives of hydrocarbons form COz and #0 ‘hen they tim in air summarizes the behasor of bast 3 milion compounds Many sustances that our bodies use as energy sources, suchas the sugar glu= one (CyH:09), similarly react nou bodies with Op foren COp aid 30-15 ‘our bodies, however, the reactions take place in a seis of intermediate steps that cceur at body temperature, These reaclons thal involve intermedia stepa are described eda reaches stead of combstion resetons I SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.4 | Writing Balanced Equations {or combustion Reactions ‘ete the talanced equation fr the reaction that ecu when methanol, HOH), ‘shamed ina ‘When ay empoune continng CH, andO ss combusts, eats wit the Oia tietoprauceCOx) ad 1,08). This th urelaced equation ad CCH.OHM) = Og) — COMe) + HOI) “i infin! uty of Ope ton moe () wl epg ite (Coy ne arpa Sn sun yr ware fara eect ep pt cn rsd i ey‘Because CHOH has our H wos, we place the cet! ? font of HAO to ba HOH + Ox) —> CO) + 21400) ‘Adding the cote balances H but gives fou O atoms inthe preducts, Because ‘here are uy hae O tm nthe raat (one C1OH and fo in) 0 a ‘ot finhed Yt We ean place he action cofcent tn fon of ote 3 tal ‘tfour O tos inthe eactants here te 2~ 3 fom in Os} CHOHE) + F O46) — COYs) = 21,089) se feo a eacsonal count if wemmatiply ache ote equation dy 2 Grell nero t Ecn ed chiere lrg red eqn” 2CH/OH) + 304) —> 2COxg) + 41,049) im PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘Wet the balanced equation forthe reaction tat ccs when ethan, CHOI) bene nae Anniver: CHAOHI) + 3046) —> 2COxe) + 314069 FORMULA WEIGHTS (Chemical formas and chemical equations both have a quottatice signi ‘ancy the subscripts in formulas and the coelficents in equations represent precise quantities. The formila HO indicates that a molecule ofthis substance {ovate contains exaciy twa atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Ss lay, the coefcents ina balanced chemical equation indicate the eave quan ftes of eseants and proses But howe do we relate the numbers of sams oF ‘molecules tothe amounts we measure in the laborstory? Although we cannot “ively count atoms or moeccles, we ca indirectly determine ther numbers if ‘we know thei masses Therefor, Before we can purse the quanti pets (ofchemical formulas or equations, we must examine the masses of atoms and ‘molecules, which we doin this secon and the next, Formula and Molecular Weights “The formula weight ofa substance isthe sum of the alomic weights ofeach stom in its chemieal formals. Using atomic masses fom a periodic table, we Find for example, that the formula weight of sulfuric acd (F350,) 98.1 amu" FW of 1,804 = AW of 1) + (AW ofS) + 4{AW of 0) = 2.amu) + 321. amu + 416038) 9B: For convenience, ve have rounded ff all the atomic weights to ane place be yond the decimal point. We will round off the atomic weights inthis way for ‘most problems Tithe chemical formu i merely the chemical symbol ofan clement, such 8 Na, then the formula weight equals the atomie weight ofthe element in his ‘ase 20am Ifthe chemical formal esha of « molecu, then the formals ‘weigh is elso called the molecular weight The molecular wight of glucose (CoFisOa for example, is MW of Cine = 612.0.) + 12(.0mms) + 6(16.0ms) = 18am Because ionic substances such 3s NaCl, exist as three dimensional aay ‘ot ons (Figure 225) is inappropriate to speak of molacules of NaC. Instead, “Tea AW fs nigh Ff phd frag 33. Formula Weights ca88 CHAPTER 3 Stolchiomety: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Rqsations| ‘we speak of formula wns, represented by the chemical formula of the sub- Stance, The formula unit of NaCl consists of one Na” ion and ane Cron, Thus, the formula weight of NACI is the mass of one formule un: FW of NaCI = 230amu + 355amu = 585 amu 1 SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.5 | Caealating Formula Weights Caleult the formula weight of sucrose, CHO (able sugar and (cae nate, CalNO souvrion feratereGarte wet tmemmtcconae Crus ~ 20am! -44Dum Onsaencuewes as Zetoucuhsend 2 stare om hese) oa Oa dene msn utes ent am) = mu cal oal acetone een bea cs aie EES ea ‘Tis, for CafNOpa, we have 6(16.0.amu) = _96.0 amu am mm PRACTICE EXERCISE (esther weight of NOE and) HOH. ‘Arner a4 320 ae Percentage Composition from Formulas Occasionally we must calculate the percentage compotion fa commpound—thal is the percentage by mass contributed by each clement inte substance For ex ample overly the putty ofa compound, we can compare the calculated per- “entage compotion ofthe sabstane with that fond experimentally: Forensic chemists, for example, wil measure the percentage composition of an un Inown white powder and compare it io the percentage compositions for sug, ‘silt or cocaine to identity the powder, Calculating percentage composition 2 Sltsighionvaré matter if the chemical formula is known, The calculation de ‘pends on the formula weight ofthe substance, the atomic weight af th element ff interest and the number of arom ofthat element inthe chemical formula: (siesiSonen ) rat) x 100% [810] ala weight compound Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.6 | Calculating Percentage Composition Caleult the percentage of carbon, hydrogen and onygen fy ms) in CO et’ examine ths question sing the probien-siving step in the “Stratis in (Grenier: Problem Saving” ay that appear on Be Bat page “Analyae Wear ven chemi frm, C80), ar ase cleat the per enageby mass of ts component laments (© Hand Oh Pane can use Euston 310, revi on aperiodic tbe to obtain the stoic Tp Soominon omen smi reg aris ed tne ‘Bellrmuls weight fhe compound (Ine ormuls weight of tts 3220 am ‘rss ecunted i Sample Saeciee 35) We matt hen do tee acaabns, one Sotve Ung Egustion 10, we have azy120a00) C= Saami 22y1.020) oat Serta 0% 1% 10% = 64%34 Avogadro's Numberand the Mole 89 ngisvamw) 10 - Saar ‘Check, The perenne ofthe individual leans mus add up to 100%, which hey {inthe case We coud hae sed mow fear ges or ur stom weg ingore signcant gues or our peerage composton but weave adhered ‘Roof ropa sd stranding atom rghto on ge byon te Ses sa point S00 = 515% sm PRACTICE EXERCISE atte perenne of npn by mas in CANO 3.4 AVOGADRO'S NUMBER AND THE MOLE, ven the smallest samples that we deal with inthe laboratory contain enor ‘mous numbers of atoms, sna, or molecules Foe example, a teaspoon of water {about 5 ml) contsine 2 10! water molesles, a number so Inge that a most defies comprehension. Chemists, therefore, have devised a special count- Ing unit for describing such ange namie of atoms oe molec. In everyday fe we use counting units sch asa dozen (12 objects) and 2 ‘ross (14d objets) to del with model lange quantities In chemistry ee unit foe dealing with the namber of atoms, fons, oF molecsles in 2 sample's the mole abbreviated mol A moles the amount of tains as many objets atoms, molecules, or whatever objects we are consider ing) 8 the number of atom in exactly 12 g of istopeally pure MC. From tues, sents have determined this number to be 66221421 % 10 ‘Sclentins cll hi nomber Avogadro's number, in honor ofthe talon scientist Amedco.Avogadro (1776-1886). Avogadry’s number has the sjmeol Ny, ‘which we will usually sound to 602 % 10° enol The unit mol” (iaverse mole" or "per mole") reminds us that here are 6.02 10" objects per one moe ‘A'mole of atoms, a mole of molecules, or a mole of anything ele all contain ‘Avogadro's numberof hese obec 1 mol 2C atoms = 602 * 107 atoms 1 mol HO molecules = 6.02 x 108 #0 moecsles 1 mol NOY fons = 612 * 10% NOs" ions PRK EM SOLVING racic thy tonsa in problem sling As you prac ts, you can improve your ills y flowing those Sep Sep Anat poem. Read he rode cal fo unde tnd What ey? Dray ptr dara til Falp you to visual tho probl,We down bth he dat ou ‘Sey the usr) yuneed oan (euro) Step 2: Delp pln for slg te pie. Case te pos ie path Seton the given information and th unknown What princes o guatinsrlata heb data to he ut own! Kets ht nme dt mayne en eek {he palen you may be epee Wo now eran quate, (sucha ogadr' mame) ork the apne chat atomic weighs). Recognize a tht your pln may sae thers pe tp or sec tee wh reste neers Sey 3: Sle he rato. se the known information ad te a equator setnsips to save fr the anova De ‘mensions snl Sacton 18) ear ual sng frat numberof problems, Be canal wa sua Figur, Speantans Step Cech satin. Rend the prob ain to mse ae Jone ound al he ators ase or inthe problem Dos our ane sk cn? That the anergy Inge or small ors nto Blok? Fly eo urs and ‘Spun pur coe? “Tht waco fo (rr od aa90 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Avogadro's number is so large that iis dificult to imagine. Spreading {502 10" marbles over the entre surface of Path would produce a continu ‘us ayer about 3 mules thick, If Avogadro's nunberof pennies were placed ide by side sn a aight line, they would encircle Eartha tilion (3 > 10) Ses 1m SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.7 | Estimating Numbers of Atoms Without using a cleltor, arange the flowing sales in order of ieraing ‘ombors feat atoms 12g Cot ml Calg 9 S188 neces o¢ COs souion “Anatyze We ae given anus of diferent substances expressed in gras moles SRE Fl ld range spr dof cg, lan To determine the ger of Catoosa sample we mint convert °C, Ti Cy and 9 108 molecule COs ato mumbes of C some To make hese orvesion we se he delniton of mele and Avopndro’s number iter tothe aC song in eacly 10 get C-Thus If gor SC cong lof Cate th 2 I Cats One ol fC contains 6108 CHtemole ‘als gan the ave two Cs it each Cal ole ha ample cota CO, comaines x 10 C atone Hence torre 12g C6 MPC atoms) <9 Sq CO y mala (5 108 C tana) = Lal Ca 12% 10 Cat). ‘check cn chick ress by comparing the names of moles of C ato in (Scttample banae the numberof mols» roporsonal wo the mama of wars ‘hay por Set mas otf Cal comnts 2 mol Cran 108 moletie fC cain 13 nol ping the ame order a above 12g °C (1 mol C) <9 {08 COs moles (13 mC) = 1 mol Call, ima Im PRACTICE EXERCISE Without sing acalelaoe arcane the lowe spl in oder of insesing erofO stom 11,0, Oy 3% 08 Rete Oy ‘Anse 1 nol 190 5 102 Osta) 410" mea (8X10 O kam) ‘imal CO; 12 100 atoms) 1m SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.8 | Converting Moles to Number of Atoms (Cbeul the numberof aos in 0380 molof ClO, “Analyze Wo ae given bot he amount of sbstance (0350 mol) and ts hemi ‘Sot (CO) The untsown is he nune fH atoms hese fi fos an the inher of aces of Cit ,Oy Once we no Ue hate a of cect of Cg we can ume oe lee tl wich la al ‘Sich moll of Cp. ents 12H atoms Thus we conver male of C0, {ovmalncls of CaihsOy and thn determine the amber of Some oH Io ‘umber at mote fly Males GiuO, —> melee G0, —* lame H I) Souk owea ert armat Pantie uly pees fx 1092410 atoms wach apc with be peo ore pee ana een ees34 Avogadro's Numberand the Mole 91 sm PRACTICE EXERCISE How many oxygen ates ae in) 0.25 mel COs ad () 150 mel of om enone! ‘Senwer a) 80% 10% 01271 109 Molar Mass. [Adoven 12) the same number whether we havea dozen eggs daven ele hans Clearly however, dozen eggs docs not have the se mass a8 dozen ‘Elephant. Similarly a moles always the sate umber (802 > 10"), bat mole amples of ciferent substances wil have diferent mass. Compare, for exam Ple,{ mel of #C and I mol of "Mg, A single °C atom has a mass of 12 amu, feheeas a single Mig atom tice as massive, 24am Wea sigan fg. ‘ues. Because a mole always has the sae ruber of particles, mole of “Mg Imusl be wie as massive asa mole of, Because « mole of °C has a mass of 12 (by defirition, hen 4 mole of Mg must havea mass of 24g This exam ple illustrates « general rule rating the mass f an atom to the mass of Avogadro's number (1 mol) of thee tome: The mas ofa sie alo ofa cement fin zm ie mumercly sual tothe ae (Gn rams) of al ofthat element. ‘Thisstatement is rue regardles ofthe element 1 stom of AC has mass of 12amu => mol MC has & mass of 12g 1 atom of CI hasan atomic weight of 35.5 amu => 1 mel Chas. mass 0385 1 stm of A has a atomic weight of 197 ama = 1 mol Au has amass of 197 § Notice shat when we ae dealing witha particular isotope ofan element, we use the maseof that Bolope, otherwise we use the atomic Weight (Ue average Homie mass) ofthe element. = Se 2) Tor other kinds of substances the sme numerical rlatonship exists be ‘wean the formula weigh (in amu} and the mass (in gears) of oxe mole of hat ssbstances 11H,0 molecule has a mass 180 amy 1 mol HO has mass of 180 § "UNOS" fo has mass of 62.0 amu 1 mol NOS has a mass of 620 g 1 NaCI unit has.a mass of 85 amis = 1 mol NaClhas a mas of585 g Figure 3.87 illustrates the relationship between the mass of single molecule of HED and that ofa mole of HO. Give 17 some THoucHT (Which has more massa mole of water (HHO) 0° 3 mole of goss (CHO? (@) When conse more mae a mae of water ara male ei? “The mus in grams of one mole ofa substance (hats, the mass in grams per mol) scaled the molar mans ofthe substance. The molar mas (gl of ‘ny substance aenysmamerially equal ot formula eight (nam). The sub ‘lance NaCl for example has a formula weight of S85 amu and a molar mass Single moacle > Figure 3.8 comparing the mas of 1 molec H0 and tml 0, Gaoura conpurdio 809) 1 miele 0 represmang ehagedereszein mas, sam) Trogadas maberal neo casei ‘sole Talo ikon92 CHAPTERS Name of Substance Formula ‘Atoms ntogen N Molecule nitrogen N Siver ae Sverions ae Stolchiomety: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Rqsations| {atta ae ws ws ‘orweaacs wo res street 7] ! ‘A Figure 39 One mate each ot {elie and a gan One eo AEC; eto Ramo 56.459 eet ot, te bal has mas IML One mole Oye gas asa as G1520.g5naoccpie saloon whose (F585 g/mol. Further examples of mole relationships are shown in Table 324 Figure 39-¢shovrs {mole quantities of several comsmon substances. “The entries in Table 32 fr N and Na point ot he importance of sang the ‘exact chemical form ofa substance whan we use the mole concept Suppose You read that 1 mol of nitrogen fs produced ina particular rection You igh {nerpret this statement to mean 1 mol of mitogen atoms (150 9). Unless other ‘wise stated, however, what fs probebly meant is I mol of nitogen molecules, Nz 280) because Nos the most common chemical form ofthe element. To void ambiguity, tis important to state explicit the chemical form being di ‘cussed. Using the chemial formula Nz avaids ambiguy Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.9 | Calelting Moar Mass ‘Whats the sass in grams of 1.00 ma of glass, CaHhyO4? so.ution ‘yen We ue given a chemical fon acta to dete it mcr ma Plan The moe ae fs nabtance i found by adding the stom wolghts fe ompunent tons 6C atoms = &120amu) = 7203me 12ttatome = 12].0am0) = 123m GOatone = G603ma) = 960 am Sora Because glucose as formula woight of 1800 amu, one mola ofthis ubstance asa sas of [10g nother wordy afi 0, fas a molar mas of 1810 5/0 ‘Check The mite four awe scons axonble, and ma ite appropri ‘Suni te Soar mass. " Comment Gucoe i sometines called detsone, Alo known a blood sug, gh ‘Sct fod are caved ins gas nthe bach oer eb ‘Cavenuny © pts vio pend edt ouraunent People whohveAabeog Soe cy et te Sn a pen a hyd Calla the molar massof CANO ‘eso Whi goal34. Avogadro's Number and the Mole Interconverting Masses and Moles ‘Conversions of mas o miles and of moles to mas are frequently encountered in ealelations using the mole concept. These calelatons are simplified sing ‘dimensional analysis, a5 shown in Sample Exercises 3.10 and 3.1, 1 SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.10 | Converting Grams to Moles Calla the numberof mols of gucoe (B04) in 5380 gf C0 souurion Anaya Weare ven the number of gras af substance and is chemical forma ‘ks The sla a of Hig 19 g/l StpleEnersae 99). Solve Using 1 mal Hy = 1800 g CeH:0g to write dhe appropiate conversion aol Os Won Reo. ‘check socsuse 5:25) ge os han the moat naa etanabeaner than Sie ole The ant four artes [nl ae appropriate The og data Ned our Se te oer cece aged sas = Ba 5680 1 mae im PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘ow many of am bebe NICO) ae nS oENAICO (ml SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.11 | Converting Moles to Grams Calla th mas. n grams, of 0483 mol ofcalsum nate sowurion [Analyze We ae ven the numberof mols and the name of substance and asked SURG henner game inthe sane ‘hing the chemical fomatand sti weighs Seve Becnse te clcum ani C3 andthe nae fon is NO, astm tate COs Asking the tome weit of he elements in he compo ven 3 er ‘mula weight of 1 ama Using te CagNO}s = 1641 g CNG wee ap Prop comvenion inc we have ISLE) «gc OT themola mas, leg Using rounded numbers to esmat, we have 08 © 180 Tay Thc umpc of oor wher vesonabls Both ora) snd Be rb ff dignian igure (are cornet ee sm PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘Whats the massa rans, of 63 mal of NaHCO, and 30% 10° mal fu ‘Anes: a) 582, (0)29 107g %1 CHAPTERS > Figure 3:10 Procedure ‘tbmamee Taeuber of Inder otthe wbsarces Chninito the exe Sethougit ofthe bee ‘nmber fom ur Stlchiomety: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Rstions| Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles “The mole concept provides the bridge between mass and the number of pat lex To ilastate how we can inerconvert mass ang mambers of partes e's “aleulate the number of copper atoms in an old copper penny. Such a penny ‘Weighs about 3g and we willasname at itis ID copper: 1 mols) /6.02 x 108 Cu atoms custome - ano tpes) Tac) =x WF Customs ‘We have rounded aur answer to one significant figure, since we used only “one significant igure for the mast of he penny’ Novice how dimensional analy sib = [Scion Fs) provides a staghtforward route rom grams to numbers of stom. The molar mass and Avogadro's number are sed as conversion actors Sonvert grams —= moles = stom Notice sea that ot answer sa very Inge ‘number Anytime youcalclae the number of atoms molecules, o ons in ao ‘inary semple of mater you ean expt the anor ob very lage In coeast the number of moles ins sample wl ursally be mich svar, offen les than 1 “The general procedure for intrcnverting tase and numberof formula unis {atoms molecules, ons, or whatever is represented bythe chemical formal) of substance summarized in Figure 310 Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.12 | Calculating the Number of Molecules Sh Nomber of Atoms om Mass (a) How many glucose mec are 523 go Cl? 1) How many oxygen Sees “Anaze We ave vente numberof grams and the chem fonmulia and asked 10 ‘Sites tmber 5 molec nd () tae numter gf Ostman he pe (4) Plan Tho statgy for dstrining the numberof moles ina ven quantty shatsabance o sumenasaed in Pgure S10. We must conver 823 g CO, ‘moles CIs whichcan hen be ewe to molerules Cty Te set aren Hon ses the maar oa f C0 T ol CO = 800 Cis The second ceresiaTeaerietgatia eat Noe coi, o “sce a 175» 10 molecu CLO, ‘Check The magpie of the answer resonable Bac the mae ban with ‘Sle nanamol, there shouldbe ewer han 64210 melee We con eae Sulparhetate of he anwar 9/200" 25 % 10" mas?5 = 10% B10 15 1013 > molecules The nts molecules) and sigan Mgrs Che) ie apprpae (@) Plan To dewemine the numer of O atoms, e ae the fc tht there aes ‘tom In cach oleae of Clty Thus, mulling the number of oles GGaOe ty te ace (aoa) olede CH sO0 ee te umber oO store solve apace oa ‘Check. The answer simply ies sage the answer io par (a) The numberof ‘guia igure Ue} and the unis atoms O te comet oo35. Empirical Formulas fom Analyses sm PRACTICE EXERCISE (0) Hv many is cid molecule rin 420g of FINO?) How many O toms Sein thample * ‘Annwer al 401 107 molec HNO, () 120% 10 stems EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM ANALYSES. [As we learned in Section 24, the empirical formula fora substance els ws the telative numberof atoms of each element it contains, The empincal formula 0 shows that water contains feo H atoms foreach O atom. This ratio als applies on the molar evel: mol #0 contains 2 mo of atoms and 1 mo of (atoms. Conversely, the ai of th number of rls of eck clement na compound ies the subscripts compos empirical form. n this way, the mole con ‘Sept provides a way of calculating the empiial formulas of chettcal su ‘tances, as shows i the following examples Mercury and chlorine combine o form a compound that is 739% mercury and 26.1% chlorine by mas, This ean that f we hada 10,0 sample of he lid st would consin 719 of merry (Fig) and 262g of chlorine (I). (AR Size sample can be used in problems af this type, But we will generally use 0g to simplify theealeulation of tas from percenlage) Using the stole ‘wcights of the clement fo gives molar masses, we ean calcite the mimer fof moles of each element in the sample vi sate (228%) ast osrgei( BS) osc ‘We then divide the larger number of moles (0.735) bythe smaller (0368 0. lain a Ch Hg mole aloof 1991 olesofCl _ 0735 molCl _ 199 mal Ct moles of Hg ~ 0365mol Hg ~ Tmo Because of experimental errors, the results may not lead to exact integers forthe ration of mole. The number 199 vey clos t2,s0 we can confident ly omelide that the empirical forma forthe compound f gC. The empir- cal formula fe comect because Ite subscripts ate the smallest intgers tht ‘express the ratios of toms present inthe compound. => section 25) The gen fn procedure for determining empirical formulas is outined in igure 3.117, ‘Figure 3.1 Procedare fr enclating an empl formu from percentage ‘Composition. Ine canes pro te sation seem the ramaer of ss of aGumentin be comaound. The procedure bas sera os pecet 6 mas, ‘maw tomate, cde ramp whole” I SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.13 | Caleuating an Empl Formula ‘Ascorbic acid otaminC) contains 4082%C, 458% IL and 368% O by mas What isthe empiri fami of sorbic ac? eabge Wi ec eine aca om compu rr the mums pntninge fi ee. Plan The szatey for determining the empirical orl voles the theses piven igure 3 9596 CHAPTER 3 sa area Sle oenoas sinh at we hora gf "hd we deternine e simplest whole nuter rat of malas by dein mbes sy Se eal mambo nl, “sto for Hi or roo ote the diferent ape mental rr mac ts que lose 1 This suggests hat we sulupy the sao by 3, we wlabtan whole member: ‘The wholonumber mole ai gives us he saber othe et psa focal ” = Stolchiomety: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Rqsations| 40925458 gH, and 4500. vein = os gE) = ar me Moret = sng male stato = 41090 2282 CBR 10m ng 349 cH; (Check searing thatthe scrip are modertey sed whole numbers, Others, we ave litle by which jade he ‘Shtoabiener fo anawet mm PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘A532 sample of methyl Denon, « compound used inthe uanufactue of perme, contain 3758 of carbon, 0316 g of iptopch ad 1251 pel cnygen. What st empinformla of subtree? Brae CO Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula For any compound, the formula obtained from percentage compositions i l= ways the empirical formal ‘Wecan obtain the molecule form from the em piral formula if we are given the molecular weight oF molar mass of the ommpound. The subserile inthe molecular formula of substance are aay & ‘ohalemamnber mpl ofthe coreponding subscripts is empirical firma ‘Se (Section 26) Ths multiple canbe found by comparing the empirical frm Ja weight with the moleslar weight Whole-number mltiple = molecular weight ‘Sapincal formula weigh OU In Semple Exercise 3.13, for example, the empirical formula of ascorbic acid wah determined 40 be C3HyO, ving an empirical formula weight of ‘S120amu) + 4(L0amu) + 3(160 amu) ~ 880amu. The experimentally de lemined molecular weight 6176 amu. Ths, the molecular weight 2 nes the empires! formilavecight (176/360 72.0), and the moleclar formals must therefore have twice as many ofeach kindof atom as the empirical frmu- ia: Consequenlly, we multiply the subscripts inthe empisia fornia by 2 to ‘obtain the molec forms Cah Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.14 | Determining a Molecular Formula ‘al formal of Sty The epermentlly dered molecu Weight of is > Fae sane Wate Ge moleibe oni of metyiene? “Analyze Weare given an emis frmla anda molecule woightand athe to de35. Empirical Formulas fom Analyses 97 ‘lpia of he tbsp inept osm Tod he gpproae maple Praeat con pee seni gid bec comp ace Toru Solve Fes, wecaleuate the formula wight of he mpc formal, Cy 020m) + {LD am) 00am ‘Nea we divide the molar weg by the epi frmla weight obtain he ‘lp wan to mil he uber C3 Molocuie weight 21 Tepid female wight” 404 Only whole number rts make pia sense benase we must be daling with ‘molecular weight We herefore mull each subseptin th empl formula) 3 {gre te mckcalar male Ctr bpthefomala weghtyaldenearys whole mame nee fm PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘tylene gyco the subsance wed in aulomobie antler, composed of 8.7% C, So and -O bymase le molar macs 2/0) Wher he emp ‘oma eye cal th What fo mleclarlrmala? ‘Aurora a) C1 BN CsTO combat a Sere emai nbs ee tne Eee eatad aa tates grates tae oes rea eae eno Set tan ae share asa — E> iim: mnmioaemuset crane Theresa _—— leet tice Fe ET anes tonne ee ee ee eeietctaea met hain tnacompeina, te rotor Screg ccommcrae eee, cnatcamenmnaactamtemne, meactmmineas ‘determine the empirical formula ofa compound containing C,H and 0. \o.atbon donde ond to ondue * me aan Fhssopen oats Pumace [SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.15 | Determining Empirical Formula by Combustion Analysis laopropy!alesol a substance sald as rabbing alah composed of C,H, ad O. Combustion of 0.255 go Sopropyl alcool Produces got CO, and 36 jot ,0. Setrin the emp formula of eprops sowuTion ‘natyee Weare tld that opropy acho cotnsC Hand Ostomaand given the quntte of CO and HO produced when any athe sah incombusted Wen ae snfrmation determine tempt ome oe capeopy etal tt gue satocacuate the number of moles oC. and On be sampie ment Plan Wc con ss heme concep calculate he number of grams of present in the COs an the namie of pam of pre Sentin the thw ous rete quaties of ad i presen in he Boppy aol btn combustion The ari of amber of grams of Cte and On th sample, wean ex proc nn Sample Eero 313 Wecan cc nue of toe feat clament and etermine te ale a whch pes te rabcpin he emp rl.98 CHAPTER 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Solve To calelt the numberof gram of ve int asethe maar mass of Cy a COAG ey cre eat COp (ool of Oy Becnse ech CO; molesie por ole of COy molecules Tis fat ows (Cinaly, we use the malar mas of, ol CBD pCcanven mar of Co pram LEGEND EY AEE sg Frnt grams oF sa oh Sooper el of HhO mous Grams = 06g H20} Rim sfthemsctol ic thant OThum — Mastof© ~ maseofsample ~(massofC + mas of) (BS ASR (BE) -emoen Og HIO)\ Tmt TG) Tat Stine ose lds Tits, Mop towee eter sndietesanbe dmalasiC, vnc = 280-6229) - ont ate " . “Lmol H viet = cn gin(28) «oa nit vie = 0g0)(2222) -omaa nto “ofnd the empiscal formal, we mat compare the lave number of mola cacheleen inthe sample, The lave number ‘tiie fet sane un by ing cock number by the sna amber O35 The moe abo of CHG so ned ‘SEbe7 orm Then vo numbers are very cle he whe sumbes Sand giving hemp msla HA (Check The subsp work tobe moderate sed whole numbers, expected mm PRACTICE EXERCISE (a) Capo acid, which posible forthe foul ado fit soca emposed of CH, and toms Combustion of 002255 ‘pi ofthis compnana prosacet.312 gos snd 0.20 10. What ee emponsl ormel of apr ac? Capo Sk art molar mas io ginl What would Aer) C0, CTOs (/\cive 17 some tHoucat In Sample Everse 315, how do you explain the fact that the ration CHO are 2087311. rate than ea ners? 3.6 QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FROM BALANCED EQUATIONS “The coefcient ina chemical equation represent the elatve numbers of mole. cules in a reaction. The mole concept allows st conver this information to the masses ofthe substances, Consider the following balanced equlion 21) + 0:4) —+ 214000 2) “The caeficints indicate that two molecules of Hy react with each molecule of (03 to form two molecule of HO. Itollows that the relative numbers of moles ‘re identea fo the rstve numbers of molecules 2HXe) + Oye) + 2H) oa2 Pele) YX mace) 6D» WP alec)3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Bqsatons 99 ‘Wecan generalize this observation forall balanced chemical equations The co ficients a blanced chic! equation indicate beth the reltice numbers of mle des or forma us) the vation and he alate numbers of moles. Table 33¥ further summarizes tht result and shows hove t correspond to the ae of ee ‘servation of mass. Notice that the total mass ofthe reactants (4.0 g + 52.0) ‘Squlsthe ol mass f the products (609) 2 Ou 21,00) Tnoleakslhy = ImoleeO; —> Pmokeuho HO ao @ ®® Mass(amu): 40amuHy + 20am; —+360ama HL Amount (mal: 2melthy — ImolO. > Peal 0 Missi S0gH, +2050, —+ ogo “The quantities 2 mol Hs, 1 mol O> and 2 mol HO, which ae given by the gue 3.13 the rca or proaucsinavencion, Trane’ of rams! arena consumed or 2 ‘roduc tamed meno ean be xen, sartg wth he numb roduc, Nence now molar mat and cae Be Sa in Suna nO yn ag enna Sermeesta es rms cos 6816 mon ‘huts ee cemsCoy = oabac( LEMEHE)( Amer ys Soke ee ec ee this reaction. For example to calculate the amount of O; consumed, we again rayon the cofclents tn the balanced equation ta give us the appropriate sto comonomer eI i) = 35920: igure 3137 summarize the general approach used to calculate the quan- tities of substances consumed ot produced in chemical reactions. The balanced chemical equation provides the relaive numbers of moles of reactants and rodicts inthe reaction = = smolarmase la wn ee -ae 112800 g ofa compound react completely with 1000 g of another compo in 2 «ombinaton action, ow many rams of pret were forme? (SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.16 | Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products How many grams of water ae produced the oxidation of 1.00 ga glcase C80? Cath, + 604g) — 6COds) + 611,00) Anaya We ce ven the mass ofa estan an ac ashed to date Uh ms of pod inthe ven equation,36 Quantitative Inormaton from Balanced Equations 101 ‘hn The pn rg on! ig: pith ep Prt on of l,m on eet Saas Se hae TT SGI. TESGS Es stattae Sek pa eee feneaerereties ate CS ee mcs = cance Sem en atin Seamer moler of CAO, mols oF ed snot C40. Ta ges sess emt) Timal ) rate) (Faas) Breen eer Reet eect, eee caer Bar ‘hestep canbe uaa ins diagram ie that ia gure 315: {1600 g Chad) ~ G ate) Eee macro — x ($82) faaceraan ‘Check, estinaof the magni of our answer 18/180 = 0.1 and 01 6 = 06 age wth te act auton. The uns [rst .0, are coec Theil ata ad thee pcan gues so thes scan Hare or he answer sce omment naw pon get at day delay? hedonic i ‘Seino of onde, sath ay inthe ation pace (etl pene tar wo to dene ale ham Pecemeroa nana pln} Te desta anges he se han apparent has im PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘The decomposition of KCI x commonly sed to prepare smal amounts of Oy in the lborsory: 2KCIO) —> 2KCI) 1°S Osh How many grat oO; canbe Prepared Worn got XC? Amwting I SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.17 | Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product Sal vu hydroxide wed in space vehicle to eove the exon diode ex ‘led by antenaus The iim hyo reacts wih guess carbon Gane to form sd hum catnute and kid water How man game of oon oe Sbeatorbodly pot tum ys? sowurion Analyze Weare given verbal dexription of ection ad ask 9 calelte he ‘Number of game one acta tt sats wih 1 go anche, (Phan Th verbal densiption of reaction canbe wed tr treed equation: 2 OH) + COs(g) — LiCO¥e) + H.00) pls is sk by sing the folowing segucnce of convsions " (Geama LOH —+ moles LOH —+ moles CO; —+ grams COs ‘The conversion fom grams of LOH to mols of LOH regis he mae mass of WOH (e916 Hl ™ 2155 p/n). The conversion af alo 9 OH ‘ols of COs based on the balanced hemi equation 2 el LOH 1 m0) COs ‘eonven ttenumber fmoles of; rams, emanate rar mast sf CO! 120t+ aloby = a0 g/mola CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Caleulations with Chemical Formulas and Bquations| cunguom( esq) tmasoh Takeo) ec Noe ha 39502622 hand egy nT ‘nu ofthe answer rensonabl fase on te nun of arting LOH he gn ‘ad gees ed erie epee 0918 gC: Fron ial neon fod ce retin ed meeting Wet eer cf Or Eestoul inthe conbunion 0100 go propane * Sewer het Ager GLUCOSE MONITORING ve 20 mon Ameccans have diabetes, athe wat Ue tanberapposhes 12 mln Date nds of ‘pean a which the Dod eat pode oF propery se the concettaton af vas in hr ot Nis lod s ihe that normal Thro, people wa ave dee need to measure Uhr biod pions concontzatons rosy Unrated ds bets can cause severecompcatrs seh blinded ine ow dos sli elite to gucse? The body convert smotftha ood we att lscare. Aer digestion, mnt ‘dove toca ia the boast cls eed acu 0 Irene be pent fr pacne oar ln Neral the body ae te eoncntzaton of ins astomtealy fencer the glee concern ater ting Hote Sahets porn it no sein i produced Iype 1 Ita) or the els aa ke up uit propery (ype da te) The et tat he lod ace cca gh opi nomally have a ange of 7-120 mg se Por Ascites aso mal lane per od {pron has ot este fo rs more, e she wos be “Agron ciate if the oe ves ere 126 mot ghee inthe Unie Stns dake montor ther Boa gs fone concen i g/dL a Europe, Uy use de {ins lnlo pate pr ter blog ‘Glico work by dw roduc of Mond es sperm any By a pick of he Bg St 3 al po ape tht contaie numerous denial tat ec pel (ih nec erin of he sip nto a sal bt oped Rade ier th gacoe concen (igure 314¥), The ac ‘essai entra coment ora ensue of ight produced int hemi ron. Depending onthe noua dabete pen ‘nay needo mene anton of sin eng ang mretore whe Figure 3.14 Clacone mater Theis exalt arti gcse er an a ea 3.7 LIMITING REACTANTS. ‘Suppose you wish to make several sandwiches sing one slice of cheese and two alies of bread foreach sandwich Using Bd = bread, Ca = cheese, and 1Bd,Ch ~ sandwich the recipe for making a sandvich can be represented ke 8 chemicat oquation 2d + ch—* Bach leyoushave 10siesofbread and sles of dese, you willbe ableto make only five sandwiches before you un out of rend You will have? slices of choes et ‘ver The mount of available bres limits the numberof sndwiches. ’An analogous situation occurs in chemical reactions when one ofthe ete: tants is used ip before the ters. The reaction stops ts soon as anyone of the reactants is totally coasumed,lewing the excess reactants a5 lefovers.‘Suppose, for example tha wehavea mature of 10 mol Hand 7 mol O, which react to form water 21g) + Ox) —* 214048) rol Oy the number of moles af Op esd to react, 37 Limiting Reactanss 108, A actin sts = a wait (LIES!) = sto, tense 7 mol 0; sma a heen eis aem east [Dp _ Oe O te He omnes fs sump ne sete es 1igelnnges ® @ Se TA cgay sel nen le he iinet ioe cee |g @ Og @ 2 o% cause determines omits, the amount - oe ea™ |e e ® e2o8 ff product formed. The other reactants re sometimes called fther exes Toe ants or excess agents In our example, Hy isthe limiting eacant, which means that once all the H has ben consumed, the eatin stops. Os the exces reactant, ahd some elt over when the race fon stop "Thee ae no restrictions on the starting amounts ofthe feactans in any r= action. Indeed, many rections are caried wat sing an exces of one reagent The quanties of reatans consimed and the quantities of prodsers formed, however, are restrieted by the quantity ofthe limiting reactant When com ‘bastion reaction takes plein the ape ir, oxygen i plemtfl and Serene the exces eacant. You may Rave nd the unfortunate experience of running ‘out of gisline while delving. The car stops because you have run out of the Timiting reactant nthe combsstion reason the fis Belore we eave our present example, les summarize the data ina tabu lar Form TorGand7 — KON In quate onl omot Change tection 0 m0 00 “The inital amounts ofthe reactants are what we started with (10 enol Hi and 7 mol} The second line inthe table (change) summarizes the amounts of the reactants consumed andthe amount ofthe product formed in the reaction. ‘These quantities are restricted by the quantity ofthe Kimi eeactant and de pend on the coeticints inthe balanced equation. The mole ato HO, 11,0 = {05:10 conforms tothe rato ofthe coufcen’ inthe balanced eqtion, 2:12 The changes ate negative forthe reactants bec they are consume ding the reaction ang postive forthe product because tis forme during the reac tion inal, the quantities inthe third line ofthe table (nal quantities) depend fon the inital quantities and their changes, and these entries are found by ‘ding the entries forthe intial quantity and change foreach column. NO “mount ofthe limiting reactant (Ha) remains atthe en of he reaction. All that remains is molO; and 10 mol 0. Twa, ‘gure 3.15 searmpe tasting « imiting reactant. Seuss he Hs nt comand een Schomete excise Oy sore st Sent 0 formed elated recy104 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations "SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.18 | Calculating the Amount of Product Formed froma Limiting Reactant ‘The mos aran commercial proces for eorvertngN; fo the aint niraper containing compounds bse onthe ec thon of Ns anf form ammonia 1) Mi) + 3H) — AN) How many sales of Ns can be forme fom 2.0 malo Nan 69 ml of 1? souurion “Analyze Wea ake cll the number af mols of prc, Ny, pen the guantin ofeach eacant Np and My aa ‘Biekes acon Ths hiss ainitngeacan pen Plan 1 we assure that une actrees consumed ec leat how, much of the scondseactantis nce in tbe ‘ath’ epg cn uy wh mate soar wean Sain wih saat ig ee Frc elselacsac gy olga fae mer mc fast - pam 22228) - sont ‘copia aaa omen) - somata ccs oni i ma savas, we wil ran tutof bore ie Ne ogo andl Sethe tng fer Vo jm of ee Aig acti Get gh sa t= Gomat tN) - omen NI pduend Tsoi Comment The tabs on the righ sunmariass Seaaple Mey + 3H) — Ne) Ini! quanti Some 60m Oma Change ection! Bimal 60m 40a nal quntbes: tome Oma “40m ‘Noe dat we can calelate no only the numba of ols of NE formed tt als the number of males ofeach ofthe rac ‘ering fh cir Rocha ope mm of pa he pening nan {re an Ue ue of leo Ny presen he Hy severing aca bess eles cvdican nthe Enancosequston ‘check The summarizing abe shows that the mine ati of cans usd and prot formed conforms the ose in the ‘Sheed equation 12 Also Secrane she ining reactant complately conned ih the reat, lawn al a he nd Bice 6 mol has wo simian gues, ourannwer has two eipnteane uee mm PRACTICE EXERCISE Consider teraction 2 AKG) + 31g) —* 2 AIC) A wate of 180 mo of Aland 300 mol of Ci allowed ore.) Wh the ning eaetan? () How many mole of AIC ae formed? (Hove many mer of te cen reactant oman Uheend othe mac? ‘Auer a) A 01 50a) O75:m01Cls [SAMPLE EXERCISE 3.19 | Caelting the Amount of Product Formed {roma Linking Reactant Consider the towing reaction that cus Fu ali: 2G) + 031g) —> 21109) "his rxcton peopesty dane, produces aney the fom of electric and wate: Sposa fact eset p with 10 gofhpdtogen ae and 10 grams of oxygen gas CE pad oeh ed gen Bere Ha gy gc ae ‘Snbe formes? souution ‘Anaya We ae asd oclelte the aout of a produc, ven the amounts of (protects os sa Eontng sara pectic Plan Wen fit dently the king regent Todo so, we ean elt te umber ‘Stmols a ach ectant and compar tha fat wih tat equ bythe balancedatin We fen he gay of he ning map oe he ma Sole From the bulsnced equation we have he flowing sticiometne ration 2mal lh = 1610} 2 mel HO Using th molar nas ofeach substance, we ca calculate the numberof ls of vat = ogo SE8) «ra carats va, = (S252) 7 010: ‘Ths thr are more moles fH han Os, The coffe nthe balanced equation ind, borne it he mc gn ma of fae). te of ‘Shee Une ae ty 7 mols a Hy Hy Uv ng reagent We decfore use he any of eslesiat the aan fpr formed We can pin his acl TEawhthe pny buttecan area py surtng wi he Se ost eee eae a Gamaiio - coments rr) pate) = 1005 1,0 Go wosigcae Spurs) ‘Check The agnitde of the answer ems reasonable The uns ae comet and he ener gical gazes re) comespont to ca ai sunbeam ct theta matecals {Gomment The quay ofthe nig regent, Hy ca also be used 0 determine ‘Sreuamtty 2s 2S mol 12g) the sro rae fhe xcs Oy igen emarng ae end of the ection eins the sang amount minus fe Scant ettned inte sect 1500 ~ 10g 00g im PRACTICE EXERCISE 2p otaiverneats casing be folowing econ ota ~~ 2a) * 2 AgNOYas) — 2 Ag) + ZNO) (a) Which rent is ning?) How many grams of Ag ll for? (@ How many st of ZafNO wl tn?) ow ny ea of he aco oan Wil bela rtacend ofthe action? = ‘Anno: a) AgNO) 159) 139g) 252,28 Theoretical Yields ‘The quantity of product thats calculated t form when all of the Himitng ec tant feats called the theoretial yield. The amount of product actualy o&- tained ina reaction i called the actual yl. The stsal ye almost always les than (and ean noverbe greater than the theoretical veld Thor are many reavons fortis difference, Part of the reactants may not reas, for example, oF they may react in away diferent rom that desired (side rections). In adeion, itis nt always poss to recover al ofthe product from the reaction mixture. “The percent yield of a reaction relates the atu yield tothe theoretical (su Iored yiel Percent yield X 100% baa) Frontal yet 37 Lining Reactanss 105106 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Rquations| Agere HOW TO TAKE A TEST {about thitine in your study of chemist you ae hey fae your st ourong examina The bel Dpepacefor the eam isto study and do homework Agents rd to ake sae jou ge ep om the natrctso ay tev ats eclenr arcanfusing (Sse he aie for ae td studying chemistry present in he preface ofthe book) ‘We pet he sme prea uidelnes for ehing ets ‘Depending on the nature you cours te am could con fs varity of diferent types of tions Let’ co der some ofthe ore common tps an how they ca Dest besddrmed 1. Matilde aus In argeeeclnent ours the ‘hole quent. You ae given the prblen ud sly th foro fi pone anes oc whch Sou mat et te coc oe. The et tig aie hat the ners har wen the question ao tat ll tft anawer haces appt at ance to be comet (ere woud be ile punting aces you could tell were wrong even without knowing nich abou he ‘osc! teed) Tae, You sho aot othe “oncuson tat resus one ofthe ches looks cnet, ‘Past bee, Ifa tplechoice question inva 3 caabton perform te clusion, quickly double-check you wor don then compare your arawer wah he chs tf {os ind a match, you have peobsbly ound the comet an Ione Keepin ind ough your snsrac ha ipa the most common errs one can nak in sling fen pralem and has pooaby sta the sara ‘Sere resulting From thine eros. Always dou chock Yoursesoing and sake sures dnensiamal ways In muluple-choice questions that do not involve cal rate all the choices you know for sure to be incorwet. ‘ort hw ip Yo sig soa which Coteulatng the Theoretical Ved and Percent ‘eid fora Renton Api ts, H,C8.0y Ss tsa to prod nylon, The ai in madecommerily by ‘ont secon beeen ceahoxae (4) abd Of 2G HA + 50xe) — 2HL HOM) + 21,019) {pA at oy aot ec arg wh 280 of thane a ©) Foun 385 of adi nd fom your acon what the pes ill of sais acid? sm saunec veers 3.2 | “Analyze Wave lien 2 chemi equation and the quay ofthe ting eactant GEa'g of Calg We ae asked fe to clclate he thera yield of € product (2cftgog and then ocala a erent yi ony 333 he robe setulyobaned Plan (a The thoi, which i the calculated quansy of adipic acid formed {tbe acon ca be cllsies wing th following sauenc of cnwersons Cally — mol Cals — mel HCHO, — BHC, (© The poren yl is aleusted by comparing he actual yi (335g the hoo te ytd aig guaon 3. tomas, = nen SE RE ta (8) Percent yield = AUIS soe, ‘Check Our anoint the appropiste mapa, nt and ian a In@)theanawer isles than Ose oacenacy "Summary and Key Terms 107 2. Caledon which yoo mas show your so: You ‘eatr may present you wih mam pats ‘which you ae to show your work navvng at 2 sl on. ln queatons of is kind, you may vectve part [Sediteven ify donot rivet the come antes Se pending on whether de instrctor can ol your ine of stoning, important thers, oe a tnd {amazed as you canbe, gen the presses of eam a {hy Ine hlpal on approaching such gustan tke fer pment to think set the dieton you ae ging fo ake in solving the prblen You muy even wan ‘es ew words ora Sager on het pest ind “ate your approsch ‘Then we ot your clclatos ‘Sea as you ea. Show th uni fo every number Fn rate down, and use diesional sly a mach 2. Question routing dansings Sometimes 9 test question Siege you to dw a chemise gram ‘ested to chamial Bonding a igure showing sane ‘int ov chemin! prose Quest of thie and wal ome tern he couse, bu isu oak about them ‘ere (You shoud evi thi oe before ach ex: yrs lake, to emind yours of god exam‘aking practises) Be suet label your raving ws completely 25 pose 4 Or ps of guts One ean guctons you mah ‘encounter nde ue alse quests and oa WR Suarpiven alist ad shed tind whieh meme {fhe Ist mach some eteon given in th queston (Oienstedens answer such queers incorrect Be ‘hie, hase thy misinertand theme oe ‘uenton Whatever he orm ofthe goston ak youn! ‘Ris hrs the istration? Wat tral ‘enzupponed to know tha i queston covers? aly lou nd Bal yousinply do nt understand how teciveu erased perenne dont ge ove: thequeton Pu scent titan gam the es one TF time pert you can comets to he sara seo, ‘ut ingen over a qunson when rshing coming ond 'swasing tine you may need fo fh th a sm PRACTICE EXERCISE tSnhg ey nconsardns on nyouresy ryote wing acon Fes0xe) + 3004) —+ 2 Ft) + 900K) (a) yu start with 10g of Fe the ining eager, what the theoreti yield Fre) ihe actual de ein yore war 83 phat we Se pect jo? ‘wer a Sg Fe O)37% CHAPTER REVIEW SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS Introduction and Section 3.1 The study ofthe quan- Astive aationships ‘besecen chemical formal and ‘hmical equations is known as stoichiometry. One of the Innportant concepts of stoichiometry is he la of conser: ‘ation a mas which tates thatthe total mast ofthe prod tics of chemical acon is the same asthe total mass of the reactants The same numbers of atoms of each type are present before and afer a chemical eatin, A balanced ‘hemleal equation shows equal numbers of atoms of ach ‘element oneach side ofthe eqsation Equations sre b= ‘anced by placing coffcens in font ofthe chemical for ‘mula forthe reactants and products ofa action, a! by ‘hanging the subscripts in chemical forms, Section 3.2. Among the reaction types desribed in this ‘chapter ero) combination eations, in which fwo feac- tants combine to form one product (2) decomposition ‘reactions in which a single reactant forms two or more product; and (3) combustion reactions i oxygen, 18 which a hydrocarbon of elated compound reacts with Os to form COzand #0, Section 3.3 Much quantiative information can be _etrmined frm chem formas and balanced cher ‘al equations by using atomie weights, The formula Weight of a compound equals the sum of the atomic Weights ofthe stom in is forma I the formula fe 3 ‘moleculae formals, the formula weight i also call the rolecalar weight omic weights and formals weights ‘an be wsed to Getermine the elemental composition of 8 ‘compound Section 3.4 A mole of any substance is Avogadro's number (602 % 10") of formula units of that substance, ‘The muss of 2 mole of atoms, molecules, oF lons (the solar mass) equals the formula weight ofthat material ‘expressed in grams. The mass of ne molecule of FO, for ‘camp, ib amu so the mass of {mol of HO i 18g. “Thats, the molar mass of HzO is 18 g/ml.108 CHAPTER 3 ‘Secthon 3.5 The empirical formula of any substance can bbe determined fom ts percent composition by calelat- ing the eave suanber of moles f each atom n T00 of the substance If the substance molecular in natu ts rmoleculae formula an be determined fom the empirical foemals ithe molecular weight i also known, Sections 3.6 and 3.7 The mole concept can Be used to caculate the relative quantities of rectants and products in chemical reactions. The coefficients in balances qa tion give the ative autabers of moles ofthe reactants and products To esleslate the number of grams of 3 Stoichiometry: Caleulatons with Chemical Formulas and Rquations| product from the number of gram of a recta, fist Convert grams of reactant fo moles of reactant. Then Use the coefcents in the balanced equation to convert the romiber of moles of weatant to moles of prod ally, ‘convert moles of product o grams of product. ‘limiting reactants completely consumed ina rose tion. When itis used up the reaction stops, thus limiting the quaniies of products formed. The theoretical yeld of saci isthe quantity of produc clelated 19 foem wien al ofthe limiting reagent reacts, The actual yield of Tescton i always les than the Boric yield. The percent yield compares the acal and theoretical yes KEY SKILLS + lance chemical equations. + Calculate molecular weighs * Convert grams to moles and molest grams using molar masses, * Convert numberof molecules to moles and moles o number of molecules using Avogadro's mumber. + Calculate the empirical and molecular formula ofa compound from percentage composition and molecular weight. + Calealste amount, n grams or moles, of reactants and prot foes resco. + Caleulate the percent yield ofa reaction KEY EQUATIONS ofthatelement )\" ofelement + Feelement = —Frmula weight of compound (actual yield) * Syed ~ Teoretca eK 100% baa) 10% [5.10] This isthe formula to calelat the mass percentage of each element in ‘compound, The sum ofall the percentages ofall he elements ina ‘ompourd should ad up to 100% ‘This isthe formula to caulate the percent yield ofa reaction. The peteent yield ean never be mare Than 10%, VISUALIZING CONCEPTS 1.1 Thereacton betwoun acta ise spre) and oe lant ed spores) is sown nthe flowing diagram eee 2s Saved on hs diagram, which equation best describes thereseson [Seton (A248 2m (2A 5, +208, 82. Under approprat experimental contions Hand CO tndege® ctubinaten secon to form CHGOH. The drawing blow represents 2 simple fy Make a come sponding eawing oft CO needed to act completly ‘Boles in your drawing? (Son 32], @ %% > * , 748 143 The flowing diagram wep the collection of = mons formed by 9 ecomposton reaction (@ I he Micphees pact N stan end heed oot ep ent some, hat wae the spinal fala ofthe ‘ripnal compound?) Com you dea saga epreser the molec of he compound that had bn Atcomponed? Why ce why n(n 32) Exercises 109 how many oles f ach proc canbe tained tar ‘gw 0 mol Cy eeon 38) eo aoe? ao {34 The follwing dlagram represents the collection of COs tnd H,0 meleals formed by compete combustion of { bydiocarvan What ste epi foroula of they Acard’ [Section 82), 5 Glycine, a amino acd sed by organisms to make po tens, ropmsened bythe oleae! bel (a) te ta motel formula (8) Determine teal mas (6) Calcate the guse of inks of yen (@) Calelate the percent mitogen Sy mate yin [sections 33nd 51 4 36 The falling diagram represents Nptenpertice sucson teteen CH, and 1.0. Bed thi ct, 9 a) Whatsconi principio Sse in the press tang chemtal equations?) In alse eat ons why should you not change bere in chem ‘al formule? How would one wet gud wae, ‘ester vapor agucout dium chard, asd mo Uim eho nchemicalequatons? £10 (a Whats the ference nebween adding subcipt 2 12 the end ofthe formula fr CO fo ive COy and dings cofcent in font ofthe formato goe3CO? @ &| eo2 |47 Nimogen 3) and yoga (react orm ao: ‘hs (ll Consider theta of Ny and Hgshown in {he ecompanying digram. The bun sphere represent [Nand the white nen epreset H, Dawa wept {Son the roc mit sing tthe econ foes completon How dd you ative at your pre Evaton? What nthe ining rentant in thi cse? {Secton 71 |88 Sign monoid and onypen ctf for tog donde Consider the mturess NO and Opshown inthe ‘company diapram Ihe bse sper mepret nd the rod one eps. a) Dr a epson ofthe product mature suming tht erento oes to omplcton What the bing acta ine?) ‘ow many NOs molecules woul yu draw o products !fiberncon had poet yl of 79 stn 27, (2) the folowing chemi equaton, a wrtan con ‘att withthe ln ofeoserahon of ast? Mg(OIN(e) + 2TLFOUay) —> MyaPOae) + 61100) Why or why oe? TL Banc he flowing equations (COG) + 04g) —> COW) 8) N49 + 09 — HNOYaN) (9 Cligg) Calg) — CCl + HQ