Chem 11

CHEMISTRY FOR
ENGINEERS
Learning Module

1st Sem AY 2021-2022

ENGR. JUNJUN A. PAJARA

Chemical Engineering Department

Bicol University College of
Engineering

Page 1 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

Lesson 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry

Lesson Overview

The language we use to describe the forms of matter and the changes in its
composition is not limited to use in chemistry courses; it appears throughout the
scientific world. Chemical symbols, formulas, and equations are used in such
diverse areas as agriculture, home economics, engineering, geology, physics,
biology, medicine, and dentistry. In this chapter we describe the simplest atomic
theory. We shall use it as we represent the chemical formulas of elements and
compounds. Later, after additional facts have been introduced, this theory will be
expanded.

The word “stoichiometry” is derived from the Greek stoicheion, which means “first
principle or element,” and metron, which means “measure.” Stoichiometry
describes the quantitative relationships among elements in compounds
(composition stoichiometry) and among substances as they undergo chemical
changes (reaction stoichiometry). In this module we are concerned with chemical
formulas and composition stoichiometry. In this module we shall discuss
chemical equations and reaction stoichiometry.

Specific learning outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to

 Explain balancing a chemical equation as an application of the law of

conservation of mass.
 Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions, given either an
unbalanced equation or a verbal description.
 Interpret chemical equations in terms of both moles and molecules.
 Interconvert between mass, number of molecules, and number of moles.

Text: Raymond Chang’s Chemistry, Chapter 3

Page 2 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

Some Important DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Chemical Equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction.

Chemical Reaction A process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more
new substances.
Empirical Formula The smallest whole-number ratio of atoms present in a compound; also called
empirical formula.

Excess Reactant The reactants present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the
quantity of the limiting reagent.

Formula Weight The mass, in atomic mass units, of one formula unit of a substance. Numerically
equal to the mass, in grams, of one mole of the substance (see Molar mass). This number is
obtained by adding the atomic weights of the atoms specified in the formula.
Limiting Reactant The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction. The available amount of
it determines the maximum possible reaction yield.

Molar mass The mass of substance in one mole of the substance; numerically equal to the formula
weight of the substance.
Mole 6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number of) formula units (or molecules, for a molecular substance)
of the substance under discussion. The mass of one mole, in grams, is numerically equal to the
formula (molecular) weight of the substance.

Molecular Weight The mass, in atomic mass units, of one molecule of a nonionic (molecular)
substance. Numerically equal to the mass, in grams, of one mole of such a substance. This number
is obtained by adding the atomic weights of the atoms specified in the formula.
Molecule The smallest particle of an element or compound that can have a stable independent
existence.
Percent Composition The mass percentage of each element in a compound.

Product is the substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction.

Stoichiometric Amount Amount that is in the proportions indicated by the balanced equation.

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 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

A chemical change occurs when a substance is converted into one or more new substances. For
example, when silver tarnishes, the shiny silver metal (Ag) reacts with sulfur (S) to become the dull,
black substance we call tarnish (Ag2S).

A chemical reaction always involves chemical change because atoms of the

reacting substances form new combinations with new properties. For example, a
chemical reaction takes place when a piece of iron (Fe) combines with oxygen
(O2) in the air to produce a new substance, rust (Fe 2O3), which has a reddish-
brown color. During a chemical change, new properties become visible, which
are an indication that a chemical reaction has taken place.

WRITING A CHEMICAL EQUATION

In a chemical equation, the formulas of the reactants are written on the left of the arrow and the
formulas of the products on the right. When there are two or more formulas on the same side, they
are separated by plus (+) signs. The chemical equation for burning carbon is balanced because
there is one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms in both the reactants and the products. Generally,
each formula in an equation is followed by an abbreviation, in parentheses, that gives the physical
state of the substance: solid (s), liquid (l), or gas (g). If a substance is dissolved in water, it is in an
aqueous (aq) solution. The delta sign (∆) indicates that heat was used to start the reaction.

When you burn charcoal in a grill, the carbon in the charcoal combines with oxygen to form
carbon dioxide. We can represent this reaction by a chemical equation:

( ) ( ) ( )

Page 4 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

BALANCING A CHEMICAL EQUATION

Example 4.1b The chemical reaction of methane gas (CH 4) and oxygen gas (O2) produces the
gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction

SOLUTION (step-by-step)

1. Write an equation using the correct formulas for the reactants and products.

CH4(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

2. Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and products. When we count the atoms on
the reactant side and the atoms on the product side, we see that there are more H atoms in the
reactants and more O atoms in the products.
Reactants Products
1 C atom 1 C atom Balanced
4 H atoms 2 H atoms Not balanced
2 O atoms 3 O atoms Not balanced

3. Use coefficients to balance each element. We will start by balancing the H atoms in CH 4
because it has the most atoms. By placing a coefficient of 2 in front of the formula for H 2O, a
total of 4 H atoms in the products is obtained. Only use coefficients to balance an equation. Do
not change any of the subscripts: This would alter the chemical formula of a reactant or
product.
CH4(g) +O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Reactants Products
1 C atom 1 C atom Balanced
4 H atoms 4 H atoms Balanced
2 O atoms 4 O atoms Not balanced

4. We can balance the O atoms on the reactant side by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of the
formula O2. There are now 4 O atoms in both the reactants and products.

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Reactants Products
1 C atom 1 C atom Balanced
4 H atoms 4 H atoms Balanced
4 O atoms 4 O atoms Balanced

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 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

In a balanced chemical equation, the coefficients must be the lowest possible whole numbers. Suppose you
had obtained the following for the balanced equation:

2 CH4(g) + 4 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) X

Although there are equal numbers of atoms on both sides of the equation, this is not written correctly. To
obtain coefficients that are the lowest whole numbers, we divide all the coefficients by 2.

Sometimes the coefficients of the compounds in an equation need to be increased to give whole numbers for
the coefficients. Then we need to adjust the coefficients and count the total atoms on both sides once again.

Example 4.2b Acetylene, C2H2, is used to produce high temperatures for welding by reacting it
with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O. All of the compounds are gases. Write a balanced chemical
equation with whole-number coefficients for this reaction.

SOLUTION (follow the steps above)

1. C2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

2.
Reactants Products
2 C atom 1 C atom Not balanced
2 H atoms 2 H atoms Balanced
2 O atoms 3 O atoms Not balanced

3. Use coefficients to balance each atoms

C2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + H2 O (g)

Reactants Products
2 C atom 2 C atom Balanced
2 H atoms 2 H atoms Balanced
2 O atoms 5 O atoms Not balanced

4. To balance the O atoms, we place a coefficient of 5/2 in front of the formula for
O2, which gives a total of 5 O atoms on each side of the equation.
C2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + H2 O (g)

Reactants Products
2 C atom 2 C atom Balanced
2 H atoms 2 H atoms Balanced
5 O atoms 5 O atoms Balanced

5. Now the equation is balanced for atoms, but the coefficient for O2 is a fraction.
To obtain all whole-number coefficients, we multiply all the coefficients by 2.
2 C2H2 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  4 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

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 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Combination Reactions. In a combination

reaction, two or more elements or
compounds bond to form one product. For
example, sulfur and oxygen combine to form
the product sulfur dioxide.
S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g)

2. Decomposition Reactions. In a
decomposition reaction, a rea ctant splits into
two or more simpler products. For example,
when mercury(II) oxide is heated, the
compound breaks apart into mercury atoms
and oxygen.
2HgO(s)  2Hg(l) + O2(g)

3. Replacement Reactions. In a replacement reaction, elements in a

compound are replaced by other elements. In a single replacement
reaction, a reacting element switches place with an element in the other
reacting compound.
a. Single Replacement Reaction
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
Cl2(g) + 2KBr(s)  KCl(s) + Br2(l)
b. Double Replacement Reaction
where the positive ions in the
reacting compounds switch places.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

4. Combustion Reactions. In a combustion reaction, a carbon-containing

compound, usually a fuel, burns in oxygen from the air to produce carbon
dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy in the form of heat or a flame.
General Formula:

CXHY + ZO2(g)  XCO2(g) + H2O(g) + energy

Example:

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + energy

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) + energy

Page 7 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

Example 4.3b A portable burner is fueled with butane gas, C 4H10. Write the
reactants and products for the complete combustion of butane, and balance the
equation.

SOLUTION

In a combustion reaction, butane gas reacts with the gas O 2 to form the gases
CO2, H2O, and energy. We write the unbalanced equation as

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
We can begin by using the subscripts in C 4H10 to balance the C atoms in CO2
and the H atoms in H2O. However, this gives a total of 13 O atoms in the
products.This is balanced by placing a coefficient of 13/2 in front of the formula
for O2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

To obtain a whole number coefficient for O2, we need to multiply all the coefficients
by 2.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Page 8 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

Law of Conservation of Mass states that there is no change in the total

mass of the substances reacting in a balanced chemical reaction. Thus, no
material is lost or gained as original substances are changed to new
substances.

Take for example, tarnish (Ag2S) forms when silver reacts with sulfur to form
silver sulfide.

+ 

2 Ag (s) + S (s)  Ag2S(s)

Mass of Reactants = Mass of Product/s

Also, there are various ways in which a chemical equation can be interpreted,
see Table 4.1b

Reactants Products

Equation 2 Ag (s) + S (s)  Ag2S(s)

Atoms/Formula 2 Ag atoms + 1 S atom  1 Ag2S formula unit

Units
example 200 Ag atoms + 100 S atoms  100 Ag2S formula units

23 23 23
Avogadro’s 2 ( 6.022 x 10 ) Ag atoms + 1 ( 6.022 x 10 ) S atoms  1 (6.022 x 10 ) Ag2S atoms
Number of Atoms

Moles (mol) 2 mol of Ag + 1 mol of S  1 mol of Ag2S

Mass (g) 2 ( 107.9 g) of Ag + 1 (32.1 g) of S  1 (247.9 g) of Ag2S

Total Mass (g) 247.9 g  247.9 g

If we are dealing with molar amounts,

then the coefficients in the equation can Because the molar mass of each can be
be interpreted in terms of moles. Thus, 2 determined, the moles of Ag, S, and
mol of silver reacts with 1 mol of sulfur to Ag2S can also be stated in terms of
produce 1 mol of Ag2S. mass in grams of each. Thus, 215.8 g of
Ag and32.1 g of S react to form 247.9 g
of Ag2S.
Example. When 200 silver atoms react,
100 sulfur atoms are required. However,
in the actual chemical reaction, many
more atoms of both silver and sulfur
would react. Page 9 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

Example 4.4b The combustion of methane (CH4) with oxygen produces

carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Calculate the total mass of the reactants and
the products for the following equation when 1 mol of CH 4 reacts:
𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 . 𝑏
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

SOLUTION

Interpret the coefficients in the equation as the number of moles of each

substance and multiplying by its molar mass gives the total mass of reactants
and products. The quantities of moles are exact because the coefficients in the
balanced equation are exact.

Reactants Products
Equation CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Moles (mol) 1 mol CH4 + 2 mol of O2  1 mol of CO2 + 2 mol of H2O
Mass (g) 16.04 g CH4 + 64.00 g of O2  44.01 g of CO2 + 36.03 g of H2O
Total Mass (g) 80.04 g of reactants  80.04 g of products

𝐻𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 6 .00 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 ? 𝐻𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 6.0 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑂?

.00 𝑔 𝑂 8.0 6 𝑔 𝐻 𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑂 𝑥
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 𝑂
= 6 .00 𝑔 𝑂 = 6.0 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑂

MOLE RELATIONSHIP IN CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

When iron reacts with sulfur, the product is iron(III) sulfide. Note: For mass-mole
relationship, refer to
2 Fe(s) + 3S(s)  Fe2S3(s) Example 4.5a

From the balanced equation, we see that 2 mol of iron reacts with 3 mol of
sulfur to form 1 mol of iron(III) sulfide. Actually, any amount of iron or sulfur
may be used, but the ratio of iron reacting with sulfur will ALWAYS BE THE
SAME. From the coefficients, we can write mole–mole factors between reactants
and between reactants and products.

Page 10 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

USING MOLE–MOLE FACTORS IN CALCULATIONS

Example 4.5b In the chemical reaction of iron and sulfur, how many moles of
sulfur are needed to react with 1.42 mol of iron?
Note:
First thing you must ALWAYS
( ) ( ) ( ) DO is to make sure that your
chemical equation is
BALANCED.
SOLUTION

Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors.

Set up the problem to give the needed quantity (moles).

. = .

CALCULATING MOLES OF A PRODUCT

Example 4.6b Propane gas (C3H8), a fuel used in camp stoves, soldering
torches, and specially equipped automobiles, reacts with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water, and energy. How many moles of CO 2 can be produced
when 2.25 mol of C3H8 reacts?

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

SOLUTION

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. ?

. ( ) = .

When we have the balanced equation for a chemical reaction, we can use the
mass of one of the substances (A) in the reaction to calculate the mass of
another substance (B) in the reaction. However, the calculations require us to
convert the mass of A to moles of A using the molar mass of A. Then we use the
mole–mole factor that links substance A to substance B, which we obtain from
the coefficients in the balanced equation. This mole–mole factor (B/A) will
convert the moles of A to moles of B. Then the molar mass of B is used to
calculate the grams of substance B.
Page 11 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

Mole-mole factor B/A

moles of A grams of B
• 54.6 g of • 4.19 mol
C2H2 • 2.10 mol of CO2 • 185 g
of C2H2 CO2
grams of A moles of B

Molar Mass A Molar Mass B

CALCULATING MASS OF A PRODUCT

Example 4.7b When acetylene (C2H2) burns in oxygen, high temperatures

are produced that are used for welding metals.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

How many grams of CO2 are produced when 54.6 g of C2H2is burned?

SOLUTION

Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write molar masses.

6.0
= 6.0
6.0

.0
= .0
.0

Set up the problem to give the needed quantity (grams).

.0
.6 =
6.0

Page 12 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

CALCULATING MASS OF A REACTANT

Example 4.8b The fuel heptane (C7H16) is designated as the zero point in the
octane rating of gasoline. Heptane is an undesirable compound in gasoline
because it burns rapidly and causes engine knocking. How many grams of O 2 are
required to react with 22.5 g of C7H16?

() ( ) ( ) 8 ( )

SOLUTION

Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write molar masses.

00.
= 00.
00.

Set up the problem to give the needed quantity (grams).

. = .
00.

LIMITING REACTANTS AND EXCESS REACTANTS

The reactant that is completely used up is the limiting reactant. The reactant
that does not completely react and is left over is called the excess reactant.

The reactants in a chemical reaction do not always combine in quantities that

allow each to be used up at exactly the same time. In many reactions, there is a
limiting reactant that determines the amount of product that can be formed. When
we know the quantities of the reactants of a chemical reaction, we calculate the
amount of product that is possible from each reactant if it were completely
consumed. We are looking for the limiting reactant, which is the one that runs out
first, producing the smaller amount of product.

Page 13 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

MOLES OF PRODUCT FROM A LIMITING REACTANT

Example 4.9b Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are used to produce methanol
(CH4O). The balanced chemical reaction is

( ) ( ) ( )

If 3.00 mol of CO and 5.00 mol of H 2 are the initial reactants, what is the limiting
reactant, and how many moles of methanol can be produced?

SOLUTION

( ) ( ) ( )
.00 .00 ???

Calculate the quantity (moles) of product from each reactant, and select the
smaller quantity (moles) as the limiting reactant.

Moles of CH4O (product) from CO:

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻 𝑂
.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂 𝑥 = .00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻 𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂

Moles of CH4O (product) from H2:

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻 𝑂
.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑥 = . 0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻 𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻

5.00 mol of H2 produces the least amount of The smaller amount, 2.50 mol of CH4O, is the
product. Therefore, H2 is your LIMITING maximum amount of methanol that can be
REACTANT produced from the limiting reactant, H2,
because it is completely consumed.

Page 14 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

CALCULATING MASS OF PRODUCT FROM A LIMITING REACTANT

The quantities of the reactants can also be given in grams. The calculations to
identify the limiting reactant are the same as before, but the grams of each
reactant must first be converted to moles, then to moles of product, and finally to
grams of product. Then select the smaller mass of product, which is from
complete use of the limiting reactant.

Example 4.10b When silicon dioxide (sand) and carbon are heated, the
products are silicon carbide, SiC, and carbon monoxide. Silicon carbide is a
ceramic material that tolerates extreme temperatures and is used as an abrasive
and in the brake discs of cars. How many grams of CO are formed from 70.0 g of
SiO2 and 50.0 g of C?

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

SOLUTION

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. .

Calculate the quantity (grams) of product from each reactant, and select the
smaller quantity (grams) as the limiting reactant.

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 8.0 𝑔 𝐶𝑂

0.0 𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑂 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟑 𝒈 𝑪𝑶
60.09 𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 8.0 𝑔 𝐶𝑂

0.0 𝑔 𝐶 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = . 𝑔 𝐶𝑂
.0 𝑔 𝐶 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂

70.0 g of SiO2 produces the least amount of The smaller amount, 65.3 g of CO, is the
product. Therefore, SiO2 is your LIMITING most CO that can be produced. This also
REACTANT means that the SiO2 is the limiting reactant.

Page 15 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

PERCENT YIELD

When we do a chemical reaction in the laboratory, we measure out specific

quantities of the reactants. We calculate the theoretical yield for the reaction,
which is the amount of product (100%) we would expect if all the reactants were
converted to the desired product. When the reaction ends, we collect and
measure the mass of the product, which is the actual yield for the product.
Because some product is usually lost, the actual yield is less than the theoretical
yield. Using the actual yield and the theoretical yield for a product, we can
calculate the percent yield.

( )=

Example 4.11b On spacecraft, LiOH can be used to absorb exhaled CO2

from breathing air to form LiHCO3.

( ) ( ) ( )

What is the percent yield of LiHCO3 for the reaction if 50.0 g of LiOH gives 72.8 g
of LiHCO3?

SOLUTION

( ) ( ) ( )
. .

Calculate the percent yield by dividing the actual yield (given) by the theoretical
yield and multiplying the result by 100%.
Theoretical yield assumes
Mass of LiHCO3 produced from 50.0 g LiOH that ALL the given
REACTANT is CONSUMED
COMPLETELY.
6 .96
0.0 = The amount of Product
.9 produced from 50.0g of
LiOH is your theoretical
yield.
Calculation of percent yield:

.8
( )= 00 = 00

= .

A percent yield of 51.3% means that 72.8 g of

the theoretical amount of 142 g of LiHCO3
was actually produced by the reaction.

Page 16 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

END OF MODULE ACTIVITY:

1. Conceptual Questions. Answer the following:

a. What happens to the atoms in the reactants in a combination
reaction?
b. What changes in the formulas of the reactants identify this
equation as a single replacement?
c. How do the formulas of the reactants change in a double
replacement reaction?

2. Balance the following equations:

a. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + AlBr3(aq)  PbBr2(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq)
b. HNO3(aq) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq)  H2SO4(aq) + Fe(NO3)3(aq)
c. Fe2O3(s) + CO(g)  Fe(s) + CO2(g)
d. Li3N(s)  Li(s) + N2(g)
e. BaCl2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq)  Ba3(PO4)2(s) + NaCl(aq)

3. Write a balanced equation using the correct formulas for each of the
following chemical reactions:
a. Lithium metal reacts with liquid water to form hydrogen gas and
aqueous lithium hydroxide.
b. Solid phosphorus reacts with chlorine gas to form solid phosphorus
pentachloride.

4. CALCULATIONS

a. Refer to Example 4.5b. Calculate each of the following:

i. moles of iron needed to react with 2.75 mol of sulfur (1.83
mol of iron)
ii. moles of iron(III) sulfide produced by the reaction of 0.758
mol of sulfur (0.253 mol of iron(III) sulfide)

b. Refer to Example 4.6b. Calculate the moles of oxygen that must

react to:
i. produce 0.756 mol of water (0.945 mol of O2)
ii. react with 0.243 mol of C3H8 (1.22 mol O2)

c. Refer to Example 4.8b. Calculate each of the following:

i. the grams of C7H16 that are needed to produce 15.0 g of
H2O (10.4 g of C7H16)
ii. the grams of CO2 produced from the reaction of 25.0 g of
C7H16 (76.9 g of CO2)

d. Hydrogen sulfide burns with oxygen to give sulfur dioxide and

water.
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g)  2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
i. How many grams of SO2 are formed from the reaction of
8.52 g of H2S and 9.60 g of O2? (12.8 g of SO2)
ii. How many grams of H2O are formed from the reaction of
15.0 g of H2S and 25.0 g of O2? (7.93 g of H2O)
Page 17 of 18
 Module 4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry part 2 of 2

e. Refer to Example 4.11b. Calculate each of the following:

i. the percent yield of LiHCO3 if 8.00 g of CO2 produces 10.5
g of LiHCO3 (84.7%)
ii. the percent yield of LiHCO3 if 35.0 g of LiOH produces 76.6
g of LiHCO3 (77.1%)

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