Paper 2 - Marking Scheme

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ZERAKI ACHIEVERS’ EXAMINATIONS (2023)

TERM 3 - 2023
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2
FORM THREE
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A

1. (a) What is Agroforestry? 2mks


 It is the deliberate growing of trees and crops on the same piece of land.
(b) Give three reasons why Agro-forestry is encouraged in Kenya. 3mks
 to ensure continuous supply of wood fuel
 provide raw materials for industries
 to conserve soil
 provide fruits/food for human consumption
 farm produce is a source of income to farmers
 provide fodder for animals
Any 3x1= 3mks
2. (a) Define the term mining? 2mks
 Extraction of valuable mineral elements from the Earth’s crust.
1x2=2mks
(b) List three challenges Kenya faces in Exploitation of her Minerals. 3mks
 Cost of exploitation is high
 Shortage of skilled manpower
 Kenya’s extensive area is difficult to cover
 Minerals are found in remote areas
 Occurrence of small mineral deposits
 Exploitation of minerals pollutes environment
Any 3x1=3mks
3. (a) Differentiate between Horticulture and Market gardening. 2mks
 Horticulture is the growing of vegetables, fruits and flowers on large scale for
sale while market garden involves growing of vegetables and fruits mainly
for local market.
Any 1x2=2mks

(b) Mention the factors that have favored horticulture industry in Kenya. 3mks

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 Fertile soils which mainly of volcanic type
 Availability of ready market both locally and internationally
 Good infrastructural systems
 Support from the government through Horticultural Development
Authority. (HDA)
 Availability of loan facilities
 Favorable climate eg sufficient rainfall and temperature which range from
hot to cool and cold
Any 3x1=3mks
4. (a) Define Beef farming. 2mks
 This is the practice of rearing cattle mainly for meat production.
Any 1x2=2mks

(b) State three similarities of beef farming in Kenya and Argentina. 3mks
 In both countries, exotic and indigenous breeds are reared.
 Beef products are consumed locally and exported to other countries
 Cross-breeding is done in ranches in order to improve the quality of livestock
in both countries
 Water is supplied in the ranches and modern methods of livestock keeping
and management are used.
Any 3x1=3mks
5. (a) Name two wheat growing counties in Kenya. 2mks
 UasinGishu county
 Nakuru county
 Narok county
 Trans Nzoia county
 Nyandarua county
 Laikipia county
Any 2x1=2mks
(b) State three human conditions that favor wheat growing in Kenya. 3mks
 Use of machinery/ mechanization/ manual labour needed in weeding, drying
and packing
 Availability of transport facilities e.g lorries and tractors to transport grain
 Availability of capital to acquire machinery, pay wages, buy farm inputs
 Availability of market for wheat.
Any 3x1=3mks

6. The table below shows the production of maize in tones between 2010 and 2014 in four
divisions of Baringo County.

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Division 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Bartabwa 200 240 250 280 285
Barwesa 116 135 138 170 275
Kabartonjo 100 80 60 50 45
kipsaraman 40 30 45 30 25

(a)(i) Calculate the percentage increase of the total maize production in the four divisions
between 2012-2013. 2mks
 530-493=37
37
%increase x 100= 7.51%
493

(ii) What is the difference in kilograms between the highest production and the lowest in
five years. 2mks
 630,000-456,000=174,000kg

(b)(i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 50 tonnes, draw a group line graph to
represent the data above. 7mks

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(ii) state three advantages of using group line graph. 3mks
 Easy to construct/draw
 Easy to read
 Easy to interpret
 Easy to compire
 Gives clear impression
Any 3x1=3mks
(c) State three climatic conditions favoring the growing of maize. 3mks
 High rainfall/1200-2500mm annually
 High temperatures/18ᴼc-30ᴼc
 High humidity for growth/maturity
 Dry sunny conditions during harvesting
 Well-distributed rainfall throughout the year
Any 3x1=3mks

(d) Explain four problems facing small scale maize farmers in Kenya. 8mks
 Shortage of rainfall/ inadequate rainfall reducing the production of maize
 Attack by pests eg. Army warms and stalk borers destroying maize thus
lowering yields.
 High cost of inputs eg fertilizer, maize seeds thus increasing the cost of
production
 Importation of cheap maize that floods the market reducing the farmers
morale
 Diseases eg maize streak, and leaf rust that attack the crop thus reducing the
production
 Heavy rainfall during harvesting period destroying maize
Any 4x2=8mks n
7. (a)(i) What is forestry? 2mks
 The science of developing and managing forests.
1x2=2mks
(ii) State three characteristics of planted forests. 3mks
 Forest consist of similar species
 The trees are planted in rows
 The trees take a short time to mature
 There is little or no undergrowth
Any 3x1=3mks

(b)(i) Name two softwood trees that grow in Canada. 2mks


 Douglas fir
 Pine

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 Spruce
 Cedar
 Cypress
Any 3x1=3mks
(ii) Explain three ways in which coniferous forests are adapted to the cold climate.
6mks
 the trees are conical in shape to prevent accumulation of snow during winter
 trees have thick barks with a lot of resins which protect them from frost
 trees have needle shaped leaves to reduce transpiration during winter
 trees have shallow roots to enable them to utilize the moisture in top soil.
Any 3x2=6mks

(iii) Give four problems facing forestry in Kenya. 4mks


 clearing of forest to give room for agriculture and settlement
 large acreage of forest are destroyed by forest fires
 forests are attacked by pests like aphides which destroy large areas of forests
 over- exploitation of forests due to high demand for timber
 wild animals cause damage to forest plants
Any 4x1=4mks

(c) State three measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve forest. 3mks
 afforestation and re-afforestation programmes
 creation of forest reserves
 creation of buffer zones eg nyayo tea zones
 agroforestry
 enacting laws/legislation to protect forest
Any 3x1=3mks

(d) Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following sub-headings:
i. Transportation. 2mks
 In Kenya logs are transported by tractors and lorries while in Canada
they are transported by floating them over water
 In Kenya workers are transported daily to logging sites while in
Canada a settlement is set up in the region where harvesting is taking
place.
1x2=2mks
ii. Harvesting 2mks
 In Kenya it is done throughout the year while in Canada it is done in
winter

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 In Kenya only mature trees are harvested while in Canada they do
clear cut harvesting
1x2=2mks
iii. Tree species 1mk
 In Kenya both hardwoods and soft woods are grown while in Canada
only softwoods are grown
1x2=2mks
8. (a)(i) What is Agriculture? 2mks
 This refers to the cultivation of crops and keeping of animals
1x2=2mks
(ii) Mention three social factors that influence agriculture. 3mks
 Culture and traditions
 Ownership and inheritance of land
 Religion eg. Muslim don’t rear pig while Hindu cannot practice cattle
rearing
Any 3x1=3mks
(b)(i) Define intensive subsistence Agriculture. 2mks
 It involves maximum utilization of all cultivatable land, common in areas
with very high population densities
1x2=2mks
(ii) State the main characteristics of intensive subsistence dominated by food crops.
4mks
 A wide variety of food crop apart from rice are grown eg. Wheat, soya beans,
barley,millet etc
 Land is intensively used
 Much of the work is done by manual labour
 Little mechanization is practiced
 Farmers use both organic manure and artificial fertilizers
 Irrigation is used where water is inadequate
Any 4x1=4mks
(iii) Name two areas where intensive subsistence farming is practiced in Kenya.
2mks
 Kiambu
 Kisii
 Vihiga
 Nyamira
Any 2x1= 2mks
(c)(i) Define plantation Agriculture. 2mks
 Is the commercial cultivation of crops (mainly one particular crop) on
extensive tract of land.
1x2=2mks

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(ii) State four main characteristics of plantation farming. 4mks
 One crop is grown on large estates of more than 100acres. Eg crops of tea,
coffee, sugarcane, wheat etc
 Labour is provided by the local people and boosted by migrants who come to
work in plantations
 Accommodation of other facilities for workers are provided on the
plantations
 Large amount of capital is required for purchase of machinery and farm
inputs
 Processing factories are located on or near the plantations
 Mechanization is practiced on the farms
 Most crops are used for sale to local industries or for exports
 There is extensive use of fertilizer
Any 4x1=4mks
(d)(i) What is mixed farming? 2mks
 It is an agricultural practice where farmers grow carefully chosen variety of
crops in rotation and also keep animals.
1x2=2mks
(ii) Name two regions in Africa where it is practiced in Africa. 2mks
 South Africa
 Central Africa
 East Africa
Any 2x1=2mks
(iii) State two advantages of mixed farming. 2mks
 animals provide food for farmers and manure for crops
 Both crops and animals increase farm income through the sale of their
products
 Mixed farming provides security to farmers since when one item do not do
well then the farmer will rely on animals.
Any 2x1=2mks

9. The map below shows the location of some minerals in East Africa.

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(a) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked K,L,Y. and Z. 4mks
K- Soda ash/Trona
L- Coal
Y- Diamond
Z- Copper
(b) (i) State two conditions that are necessary for the formation of petroleum. 2mks
 Presence of porous rock
 Presence of non-porous rock
 Presence of pressure to compress the organic remains
 Presence of sedimentary rocks
 Presence of organic remains or fossils
Any 2x1=2mks

(ii) List three ways in which open cast mining affects the environment. 3mks
 it leaves behind ugly open pits
 water in the open pits provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes which
spread malaria
 the heaps of rock waste litters the surrounding area
 Destruction of biodiversity. Ie plants and animals

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 cause air, water and noise pollution
 soil erosion /degradation of the soil
 it leads to land dereliction/ waste of agricultural land/ industrial land.
Any 3x1=3mks
(c) (i) Give two uses of diamond. 2mks
 Making jewellery
 Polishing metals
 Making cutting instruments
Any 2x1=2mks
(ii) Explain three ways in which mining promotes industrialization in Kenya. 6mks
 Some minerals provide essential raw materials for some manufacturing
industries
 Minerals are exported to earn the country foreign exchange which is used
for development of industries
 Mining stimulates development of roads/ railways which promotes
industrial growth/ ease movement of finished products
 Mining attracts growth of towns which attract industrial development.
 Mining creates employment raising the standards of living of people,
hence creating a greater demand for industrial products thus promoting
industrial growth.
 Stimulates growth of the related industries that supply inputs.
Any 3x2=6mks
(d) Apart from industrialization, explain four ways in which mining contributes to the
economy of Kenya. 8mks
 Mining and related industries provide employment for many Kenyans
 Mining stimulates the development of transport links like roads and
railway lines to places which were previously inaccessible
 Mining has led to development of social amenities such as
schools,electricity,water and hospitals in the mining regions
 Minerals are exported to other countries to earn foreign exchange
 Mining led to development of settlement and towns such as magadi,
kakamega and macalder
Any 4x2=8mks
10. (a)(i) Name four exotic dairy breeds reared in Kenya. 4mks
 Friesian
 Ayrshine
 Guernsey
 Jersey
 Alderney
 Holstein
 Sahiwal

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 Brown swasal/swiss brown
Any 4x1=4mks

(ii) State five factors favoring dairy farming in Kenya. 5mks


 Cool temperatures in the highland areas(15-20ᴼc) that is ideal for dairy cattle
 High rainfall that is favourable for growth of natural pasture
 Volcanic soils in the highlands that enhances continuous growth of high
quality grass throughout the year
 Availability of water from permanent rivers for cattle
 Availability of well-developed transport network that facilitates quick
transportation of dairy products to the market
 Availability of ready market from the high population in the highlands
 Availability of veterinary services that promotes rearing of high quality
breeds
 Availability of processing and storage facilities near dairy farming areas.
Any 5x1=5mks

(d) Explain four differences between dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark. 8mks
 In Kenya dairy farming is mainly practiced in the highlands while in
Denmark it is practiced throughout the country
 In Denmark dairy farming is highly mechanized while in Kenya
mechanization is limited
 In Denmark extension services and artificial insemination are widely used
while in Kenya artificial insemination and extension services are limited to
few areas

10
 In Denmark cattle mainly depend on fodder crops and commercial feeds
while in Kenya cattle mainly depend on natural grass/limited use of
commercial feeds and fodder crops
 In Denmark dairy products are mainly for exports while in Kenya dairy
products are mainly for local consumption.
 In Denmark dairy products are sold through co-operative while in Kenya it
is through co-operatives/individuals/private companies.
 In Denmark dairy farming is mainly indoor grazing while in Kenya it is
mainly outdoor grazing.
Any 4x4=8mks

(c) Explain four factors that favor beef farming in Argentina. 8mks
 Warm and wet climate throughout the year favors grazing of cattle
 Replacement of coarse grasses with Alfaalfa has improved the quality of
pasture for beef cattle.
 Cross breeding of traditional cattle with high quality breeds has improved
the quality of yields
 Availability of water supplied using wind pumps ensure constant supply of
water for cattle
 Availability of vast land/pampas encourages beef ranching
 Availability of local/external market encourages farmers to expand beef
industry
 Availability of refrigeration facilities enables beef to reach far off market in
good condition
 Development of railway network facilitates transportation of cattle to the
factory.
Any 4x2=8mks

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