History of mapping - Locating an electronic device

using its e-signature

 LONGITUDE
Maps
 LATITUDE
- Projection of a place
 ALTITUDE
Cartography
- Study of maps
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management ( drrm ) Act of 2010
Anaximander
- First one to draw a map Disaster Response
- is predominantly focused
Cladius Ptolemy on immediate and short‐term
- Used a system and astronomical needs and is sometimes called
observations “disaster relief”.

Al Idrisi Hazard
- Tabula Rogeriana has natural - A phenomena, event, occurrence
feature or human activity that may cause
injury, loss of lives and damage to
Fra Mauro property and the environment.
- Opposed Ptolemy’s South
oriented map  Typhoons
 Floods
Martin Berham  Drought
- First Globe Map  Earthquake
 Tsunami
Gerardus Mercator  Fire
- First Map to consider Earth’s
curvature Disaster Risk
- Exposure of vulnerable
Murillo Velarde communities to a hazard
- First Accurate map of the
Philippines Exposure
- The degree to which people and
GPS properties are likely to experience
- Radio navigation system that hazards
broadcasts highly accurate  Dense population
navigation pulses  Living in high‐risk areas

Geolocation Disaster Risk Reduction

- A systematic effort to analyze
and manage the causes of disasters
 by reducing vulnerabilities and Republic Act No. 10121 or the Philippine
enhancing capacities in order to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
lessen the adverse impacts of Act of 2010 (DRRM Act)
hazards and the probability of - is a new law which transforms the
disaster. Philippines’ disaster management
system from disaster relief and
Vulnerability and Capacity response towards Disaster Risk
- The characteristics of a Reduction (DRR).
community that make it susceptible to
a hazard or capable of coping - It was approved on
and recovering from the damaging May 27, 2010. It repealed
effects of a disaster.
Presidential Decree No. 1566
VULNERABILITY which was enacted way back in
 Poverty 1978.
 Disabilities
Why do we need to have a new
 Poor health and sanitation
law?
 Hunger
- Under the old law (P.D. 1566),
 Poor land use planning disaster management centered
 Overexploited and only around the hazard and the
 degraded natural resources impacts of a disaster. It assumed
 Poor infrastructures that disasters cannot be avoided.
 Poor governance
The DRRM Act provides a responsive
CAPACITY and proactive manner of addressing
 Wise use of resources Robust disasters through a framework that:
infrastructure Strong and • Prioritizes on community level DRRM
good governance focusing on the most vulnerable sectors
(i.e., the
Why do we need to give poor, the sick, people with disabilities, the
importance to disasters? elderly, women and children)
Disasters cause the destruction of • Recognizes the important role and
communities, death of millions, and strengthens capacities of local communities
collapse of people's livelihoods. • Ensures broad‐based and greater
Disasters leave indelible impacts on participation from Civil Society
physical landscapes and on people's • Addresses root causes of disaster risks
minds. In development terms,
disasters can mean serious economic What is the basis of the
impact on nations, communities, and DRRM Act?
households. For a developing nation - The DRRM Act adopts and
like the Philippines, disasters also adheres to principles & strategies
pose major hurdles for the consistent with the international
achievement of the Millennium standards set by the Hyogo
Development Goals (MDG). Framework for Action (HFA).

What is the DRRM Act? Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)

 - is a comprehensive, • Empowerment of local government units
action‐oriented response to (LGUs) and civil society organizations
international concern about the (CSOs) as key partners in disaster risk
growing impacts of disasters on reduction
individuals, communities & • Integration of the DRRM into the
national development. educational system
• Establishment of the DRRM Fund
The HFA was developed following the (DRRMF) at the national and local levels
tsunami in 2004 which claimed more than • Providing for provisions on the declaration
200,000 lives and massively of a state of calamity, remedial measures,
damaged properties and the environment. prohibited acts and penalties
This emphasized the need for a paradigm
shift from disaster Who are involved in DRRM as
response to disaster risk reduction (DRR). mandated in the DRRM Act?

September 14, 2009 National government

- the Philippine Senate ratified the - The different government
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster departments and agencies with
Management and Emergency responsibilities related to DRRM are
Response (AADMER) which is constituted as members of the National
ASEAN’s affirmation of its DRRM Council (NDRRMC) to ensure
commitment to the HFA. consistency in the DRRM policies, plans and
programs of the government (Sec. 5).
“ PRIORITIES FOR ACTION “
Disaster Risk Reduction Local Government Units
 Disaster Preparedness (LGU)
 Risk Assessment - LGUs are considered as the
 Governance frontliners and “first responders”
 Knowledge Management in every disaster event (Sec.
 Vulnerabilty Reduction 15). They take the lead in
preparing for, responding to, and
recovering from the effects of any
disaster.

What are the salient features Civil society organizations

of the DRRM Act? (CSO)
• Coherence with international framework - the private sector and volunteers.
• Adherence to universal norms, principles, Civil society organizations and the
and standards of humanitarian assistance private sector play key formal and
• Good governance through transparency informal roles in effective
and accountability DRRM. They complement and
• Strengthened institutional mechanism for enhance the government’s
DRRM resources and efforts in
• Integrated, coordinated, multi‐sectoral, implementing an effective DRRM.
inter‐agency, and community‐based
approach to disaster risk reduction
Communities
 - Communities, including the most
vulnerable sectors, are both Climatological Disasters
disaster victims and agents of - immediate and violent changes in
change. It is crucial to strengthen, the earth's environment related to
institutionalize and scale up the or caused by the earth's
skills, knowledge and innovative atmosphere. It is a hazard mainly
practices that they have initiated and caused by long-lived/meso to
sustained in DRRM. macro-scale processes in the
spectrum from intra-seasonal to
multi-decadal climate variability.
DISASTER
Meteorological disasters
( NATURAL AND MAN MADE) - events that are caused by
extreme weather conditions, such
as rain, snowfall, or drought.
What is a disaster? Disasters of this type usually affect
- A disaster is an emergency of the Earth's atmosphere and the
such severity and magnitude means of the changing climate.
resulting from various
uncertainties such as multiple Biological disasters
deaths, injuries, illness, and - natural and unfortunate events
property damage, and often not that can cause diseases, disabilities,
handled with routine procedures and or even deaths at an average to a
resources. larger rate of various species,
including humans and plants.
Natural Disaster Biological disasters are defined as
- are defined as a natural event catastrophic scenarios caused by
that occurs slowly or rapidly and living or non-living organisms that
causes immediate widespread cause large-scale severe diseases,
devastation on human health viruses, or infections in plants,
leading to death and suffering or humans, and other species.
loss.
Space disasters
Geological Disasters - These usually involve natural
- refer to catastrophic events that actions in space, such as solar
arise due to Earth's variations, flares, airburst events, and impact
either above or below the Earth's events. At least once, the impact
surface. events have occurred in the history
of around 4.5 billion years of the
Hydrological disaster Earth.
- instantaneous and violent events
that occur below the Earth's Human-made disasters
- are defined as the events generated
surface or in the atmosphere due
by humans primarily in, or close to,
to variations in water quality, human settlements. Such events
movement, or distribution.
 typically cause environmental or weapons to target people at public
technological emergencies. events, gatherings and landmarks.

Environmental degradation Accidents

- disaster involving over- - can sometimes take the form of
consumption of natural resources, disaster. It usually involves
reducing the environment's ability accidental events in which loss of life
to meet social and ecological and material is measured
needs. This ultimately reduces the extensively.
effectiveness of ecosystem
services, resulting in the mitigation
of floods and landslides. In turn, the GIS AND DRRM
risk of natural disasters increases.
The World Risk Index, a part of the annual
Pollution risk report which calculates the disaster risk
- Although it does not show any for 193 counties, showed that the
direct symptoms, it affects natural Philippines has the highest disaster risk,
resources and living organisms. with an index score of 46.82.
This also reduces the
environment's quality and further
decreases the environment's
ability to balance ecological needs.
From day to day, pollution reaches
significantly higher levels due to
humans' large number of wastes.
This leads to increased risks of
disasters. Besides, when disasters
occur, many of them subsequently
pollute and degrade the
environment.

Terrorism
- incidents in which terrorists use
force or violence against people or
property violating criminal laws for The Harsh Truth
purposes such as threats, rebellion,  Located at the Pacific Rim of Fire
or ransom. Terrorism aims to  Located at the typhoon belt
create unrest within the country and  705 earthquake on the average
spread panic among the people.  20 tropical typhoons per year
Acts of terrorism typically include
intimidation, murder, bombing,
kidnapping, hijacking, and even
cyber-attacks (obtaining intelligence Republic Act No. 10121 or the
and security information). Terrorists Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
can also use chemical and biological and Management Act of 2010
(DRRM Act)
 - is a new law which transforms the are spatially referenced to the Earth.
Philippines’ disaster management This is normally considered to involve
system from disaster relief and a spatially referenced computer
response towards disaster risk database and appropriate
reduction (DRR). applications software’.
- It was approved on May 27, 2010.
It repealed Presidential Decree No. FIRST GIS
1566 which was enacted way back in - Roger Tomlinson’s pioneering work
1978. to initiate, plan, and develop the
Canada Geographic Information
National Goverment System resulted in the first
- The different government computerized GIS in the world in
departments and agencies with 1963. The Canadian government had
responsibilities related to DRRM are commissioned Tomlinson to create a
constituted as members of the manageable inventory of its natural
National DRRM Council (NDRRMC) resources. He envisioned using
to ensure consistency in the DRRM computers to merge natural resource
policies, plans and programs of the data from all provinces. Tomlinson
government (Sec. 5) created the design for automated
computing to store and process large
What we should Assess amounts of data, which enabled
 Hazard – probability or the presence of Canada to begin its national land-use
occurrence of a potentially damaging management program. He also gave
phenomenon, GIS its name.
 Risk – Likelihood of harm to happened
 Vulnerability - degree of loss resulting SYMAP
from the occurrence of the - While at Northwestern University in
phenomenon 1964, Howard Fisher created one of
the first computer mapping
software programs known as SYMAP.
In 1965, he established the Harvard
Laboratory for Computer Graphics.
While some of the first computer
map-making software was created
and refined at the Lab, it also became
a research center for spatial analysis
and visualization.

Environmental Systems Research

Geographical Information System Institute (ESRI)
( GIS) - 1969, Jack Dangermond—a
- ‘A system for Capturing, storing, member of the Harvard Lab—and his
checking, integrating, manipulating, wife Laura founded Environmental
analysing and displaying data which Systems Research Institute, Inc.
 (Esri). The consulting firm applied McHarg, who used spatial data to
computer mapping and spatial influence environmental planning.
analysis to help land use planners and
land resource managers make
informed decisions. The company’s
1970s
early work demonstrated the value of 1970
GIS for problem solving. Esri went on The concept of a "geographic
to develop many of the GIS mapping information system" is formally
and spatial analysis methods now in introduced by Tomlinson.
use. These results generated a wider 1972
interest in the company’s software The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) starts
tools and work-flows that are now using GIS for mapping purposes,
standard to GIS. contributing to its development.
ARC
1978
- As computing became more The International Geosphere-Biosphere
powerful, Esri improved its software Programme (IGBP) initiates the use of
tools. Working on projects that GIS for global environmental monitoring.
solved real-world problems led the
company to innovate and develop 1980s
robust GIS tools and approaches that 1981
could be broadly used. Esri’s work
The Environmental Systems Research
gained recognition from the
academic community as a new way of
Institute (ESRI) is founded by Jack
doing spatial analysis and planning. In Dangermond, which will become a major
need of analyzing an increasing player in the GIS industry.
number of projects more effectively, 1982
Esri developed ARC/INFO—the first ESRI releases ArcInfo, its first GIS
commercial GIS product. The software, marking a significant
technology was released in 1981 and development in commercial GIS
began the evolution of Esri into a technology.
software company. 1985
The National Center for Geographic
Information and Analysis (NCGIA) is
1960s established, furthering GIS research and
1962 development.
Roger Tomlinson, often considered the
"father of GIS”, begins working on the
Canadian Geographic Information
System (CGIS), one of the earliest
implementations of GIS technology. 1990s
1965 1990
The first use of GIS for land use mapping The advent of desktop GIS software,
is documented in the work of Ian such as ArcView, makes GIS technology
more accessible to a broader audience.
 1991 significantly enhance spatial data analysis
The U.S. Census Bureau begins using GIS and predictive modeling in GIS.
technology to manage and analyze 2021
demographic data. The adoption of 3D GIS technology
1995 expands, allowing for more detailed and
The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) immersive visualizations of spatial data.
is founded to establish standards for 2023
interoperability in GIS and related Integration of GIS with the Internet of
technologies. Things (IoT) and smart city technologies
continues to grow, improving urban
2000s planning and infrastructure
2000 management.
The introduction of Google Maps in 2005
marks a major milestone, making GIS-
based mapping widely available to the
general public.
2007
The release of ArcGIS 9.2 by ESRI
introduces advanced capabilities for
spatial analysis and data management.

2010s
2010
The rise of mobile GIS applications allows
for real-time data collection and spatial
analysis on smartphones and tablets.
2011
The introduction of OpenStreetMap
(OSM) as a collaborative mapping
platform exemplifies the growing
importance of open data and
community-driven projects in GIS.
2015
The use of big data and cloud computing
in GIS becomes more prevalent, enabling
more complex analyses and greater
scalability
2020s
2020
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI)
and machine learning begin to