Group 2 STEM 12-12

disaster
Risk Reduction
Management
 Introduction

It is necessary to locate our small actions within a bigger

framework to help us understand how the national and
international communities are systematically orchestrating
efforts in addressing risks and disasters.
 Why do we need to give
importance to disasters?
The exposure of the Philippines to disasters can be
attributed to its geographical and physical
characteristics. Earthquakes are common and
volcanoes abound because the country is in the
Pacific Ring of Fire. The Philippines also absorbs
the full strength of typhoons that develop in the
Pacific Ocean.
 Why do we need to give
importance to disasters?
Aside from natural causes, the Philippines also
experiences human‐induced disasters.
Hazards become disasters only if vulnerable
people and resources are exposed to them.
 PARADIGM SHIFT: FROM EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT TO DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
• The post war humanitarian work that prevailed in 1940s to
1960s were emergency management services whose
purpose was to alleviate the sufferings brought about by
disasters, wars, and other emergency situations.
• It also followed the linear model that equates disaster (D)
with hazard (H). There is disaster because there is hazard.
• The way to manage the impact of disaster or losses is
through emergency management (Luna 2010).
• Without discounting the relevance of this approach in saving
lives and alleviating sufferings, an improvement in the
approach was instituted through the concept of disaster
preparedness.

• This was the concept espoused by Presidential Decree 1566:

Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Control, Capability and
Establishing the National Program on Community Disaster
Preparedness issued in 1978. The legal mandate that governed
the Philippine disaster management system - purpose,
structure, strategies, and resources.
 What is the DRRM Act?
Republic Act No. 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (DRRM Act) is a
new law which transforms the Philippines’ disaster management
system from disaster relief and response towards disaster risk
reduction (DRR). It was approved on May 27, 2010. It repealed
Presidential Decree No. 1566 which was enacted way back in
1978.
• Disaster preparedness are measures geared to safeguard the
lives and assets of at-risk people and communities from an
imminent threat or disaster (ISDR, 2007).

• Vulnerability is "the condition determined by physical, social,

economic, and environmental factors or processes that increase
the susceptibility of a community to the impact of disasters"

• Capacity as " a combination of all the strengths and resources

available within a community, society or organization that can
reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster"
With the inclusion of vulnerability, exposure, and capacity as factors affecting
the responses, an approach is now conceptualized as a cyclical model that
features prevention, mitigation, preparedness, disaster response (formerly
emergency response), recovery, and development. This is called disaster
management.

Disaster
Impact
Preparedness Response

Disaster
Prevention & Management Cycle Recovery
Mitigation
Development
Citizenry-Based and Development-Oriented
Disaster Response (CBDO-DR)
• formulated by the Citizen Disaster Response
Center and its partners in 1987.
• "aims to contribute to pro-people development
for the general improvement of the well-being
and quality of life for the majority of the Filipinos
 Six main distinguishing features
that are interrelated:
1.It raises a question of vulnerability when it comes to
disasters.
2.It recognizes people's existing capacities and aims to
strengthen them.
3.It contributes to addressing the roots of
vulnerabilities and to transforming or removing the
structures generating inequity and
underdevelopment.
 Six main distinguishing features
that are interrelated:
4. It considers people's participation essential to disaster
management.
5. It puts a premium on the organizational capacity of the
vulnerable sectors through the formation of grassroots
disaster response organization.
6. It mobilizes the less vulnerable sectors into partnerships
with the vulnerable sectors in disaster management and
development work (Heijmans and Victoria 2001: 10-14).
The new framework is disaster risk reduction
and the process is disaster risk
management. This strategy focuses on the
underlying conditions of risk generated by
unsustainable development which leads to
disaster occurrence. Its objective is to increase
capacity to manage and reduce risks.
• Disaster risk management refers to the "systematic process of
using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills
and capacities to implement policies, strategies, and coping
mechanisms of the society and communities to lessen the impact
of natural hazards and related environmental and technological
disasters.

• Disaster risk reduction is "the conceptual framework of

elements considered with the possibilities to minimize
vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid
(prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse
impact of hazards within the broad context of sustainable
development (ISDR 2007)."
 THE HYOGO FRAMEWORK
FOR ACTION 2005-2015
• During the World Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) held in Kobe, Hyogo prefecture,
Japan on January 18 to 22, 2005, the Hyogo
Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 was
adopted by 168 countries including the Philippines.
 THE HYOGO FRAMEWORK
FOR ACTION 2005-2015
• It is "a comprehensive, action-oriented response to
international concern about the growing impacts of
disasters on individuals, communities and national
development. The HFA emphasizes that disaster risk
reduction is a central issue for development policies, in
addition to being of interest to various science,
humanitarian, and environmental fields." (ISDR 2007)
the HFA recognizes a set of guiding principles in facilitating
disaster risk reduction:
1.States are primarily responsible for implementing measures to reduce disaster
risk. Disaster risk reduction needs to be an essential part of a state's investment
in sustainable development.
2.DRR must be integrated into development activities. Disasters cause destruction
of lives and livelihood and trap people in poverty. To respond, the states can
integrate disaster risk reduction measures in the development planning and in
allocating resources for managing disasters.
3.A multi-hazard approach can improve effectiveness. It involves translating and
linking knowledge of the full range of hazards with disaster and risk management,
political strategies, professional assessments and technical analysis, and
operational capabilities and public understanding leading to greater effectiveness
and cost efficiency.
the HFA recognizes a set of guiding principles in facilitating
disaster risk reduction:
4. Capacity development is a central strategy for reducing disaster risk. Capacity
development is needed to build and maintain the ability of people, organizations,
and societies to manage their risks successfully by themselves.
5. Decentralize responsibility for disaster risk reduction. Many disaster risk
reduction activities need to be implemented at provincial, municipal and local
levels, as the hazards faced and the population exposed are specific to particular
geographic areas.
6.Effective disaster risk reduction requires community participation. The
involvement of the communities in the design and implementation of activities
helps ensure that they are well tailored to the actual vulnerabilities and to the
needs of the affected people.
the HFA recognizes a set of guiding principles in facilitating
disaster risk reduction:
7. Gender is a core factor in disaster risk and in the implementation of disaster
risk reduction. Gender is a central organizing principle in all societies, and
therefore women and men are differently at risk from disasters.
8. Public-private partnerships are an important tool for disaster risk reduction.
Public-private partnerships are voluntarily joint associations formed to address
shared objectives through collaborative actions.
9. Disaster risk reduction needs to be customized to particular settings. States
vary greatly in their political, socio-economic, cultural, environmental and hazard
circumstances. Measures that succeed in reducing risks in one setting may not
work in others.
The HFA expects a substantial reduction of disaster losses
in investment, in lives, and in social, economic, and
environmental assets of communities and countries. The
three goals are the 1) integration of DRR into
sustainable development policies and planning, 2)
development and strengthening of institutions,
mechanisms, and capabilities to build resilience to
hazards, and 3) systematic incorporation of risk
reduction approaches into the implementation of
emergency preparedness, response and recovery
programs.
The following are five priority actions:
1.ensure that DRR is a national and a local priority
with strong institutional basis for implementation;
2.identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and
enhance early warning;
3.use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a
culture of safety and resilience at all levels;
4.reduce the underlying risk factors; and
5.strengthen disaster preparedness for effective
response at all levels.
In September 2009, Typhoon Ondoy
affected Metro Manila and adjacent provinces.
This disaster served as a wake-up call for the
government to pass a new law on disaster risk
reduction and management. The new law took
the HFA into consideration.
SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION 2015-2030
• Following the end of the HFA in 2015, the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-
2030 (Sendai Framework) was endorsed by the UN
General Assembly during the 2015 Third UN
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
(WCDRR). It has seven targets and four
priorities for action.
SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION 2015-2030
• This framework aims to reduce global mortality, number of
affected people, and economic loss; increase the number of
countries with disaster risk reduction strategies and the
availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning
systems and disaster risk information and assessments to
the people; and enhance international cooperation among
developing countries.
 SEven global targets
1. Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030,
aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality rate in
the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015.

2. Substantially reduce the number of affected people

globally by 2030, aiming to lower average global figure per
100,000 in the decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period
2005-2015.
3. Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical
infrastructure and prevent the disruption of basic services such
as health and education by developing resilience by 2030.
 SEven global targets
4. Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical
infrastructure and prevent the disruption of basic services such
as health and education by developing resilience by 2030.

5. Substantially increase the number of countries with national

and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020.

6. Substantially enhance international cooperation among

developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to
complement their national actions for implementation of this
Framework by 2030.
7. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-
hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and
assessments to the people by 2030.
 The Four Priorities for Action
• Priority 1. Understanding disaster risk
Disaster risk management should be based on an understanding of
disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of
persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment. Such
knowledge can be used for risk assessment, prevention, mitigation,
preparedness and response.

• Priority 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to

manage disaster risk
Disaster risk governance at the national, regional, and global levels is
very important for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response,
recovery, and rehabilitation. It fosters collaboration and partnership.
 The Four Priorities for Action
• Priority 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for
resilience
Public and private investment in disaster risk prevention and
reduction through structural and non-structural measures are
essential to enhance the economic, social, health and cultural
resilience of persons, communities, countries and their assets, as
well as the environment.

• Priority 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective

response and to "Build Back Better" in recovery,
rehabilitation, and reconstruction
 Disaster Risk
Management Processes
PREVENTION

Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of

hazards and means to minimize related environmental,
technological and biological disasters. Depending on social and
technical feasibility and cost-benefit considerations, investing in
measures is justified in areas frequently affected by disasters. In
the context of public awareness and education related to disaster
risk reduction, changing attitudes and behaviour contribute to
promoting a "culture of prevention."
MITIGATION
Structural and non-structural measures are undertaken to limit the adverse
impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation, and technological
hazards. Examples of structural measures are engineering works and hazard-
resistant construction, while non-structural measures include awareness
raising, knowledge development, policies and land use and resource
management, and facilities' operating practices.
PREPAREDNESS
Pre-disaster activities are undertaken within the context of disaster risk
management and are based on sound risk analysis. These include the
development/enhancement of an overall preparedness strategy, policy,
institutional structures, warning and forecasting capabilities, and plans that
define measures geared to helping at-risk communities safeguard their lives and
assets by being alert to hazards and taking appropriate action in the face of an
imminent threat or an actual disaster.
RELIEF/RESPONSE
The provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately
after a disaster to meet life preservation and to meet basic
subsistence needs of those people affected. It can be an immediate,
short- term, or protracted duration.
RECOVERY
Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or
improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken community, while
encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk.
Recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction) affords an opportunity to develop
and apply disaster risk reduction measures.
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
Proactive actions that allow national, sectoral, regional, or local government
and its partners to support and engage the intellectual, physical, and economic
resources to chart a course toward a desired future of development related on
each level.
 MORE INFORMATION
Risk-development:

Risk-informed development ensures that disaster risks are considered in all aspects of development
planning. Infrastructure projects, for example, need to consider risks such as earthquakes or floods, so
that development efforts don’t inadvertently increase vulnerability.

Psychosocial Support in DRRM:

Disasters often cause severe psychological trauma. DRRM also includes providing psychosocial support,
and helping survivors cope with the mental health impacts of disasters. This involves counseling
services, community support systems, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) management
programs.

Investment in DRRM:

Funding DRRM initiatives is critical for building resilience. Studies show that every dollar invested in
DRRM can save up to seven dollars in disaster response and recovery costs. The World Bank and other
international agencies stress the importance of risk-informed financing .
Global Examples:

of the world leaders in DRRM, particularly in dealing with earthquakes and tsunamis. Their
meticulous urban planning and early warning systems have helped mitigate large-scale
disasters.

Bangladesh has drastically reduced cyclone-related deaths through early warning systems,
cyclone shelters, and community education programs.

International Collaboration:

Global initiatives such as the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
coordinate global efforts to share best practices, standardize early warning systems, and
track progress toward risk reduction goals. International cooperation is crucial, especially
for small and vulnerable countries with fewer resources to manage disaster risks .
 Importance of DRRM:
• Reducing Loss of Life: By preparing in advance, communities can save
lives and protect property.

• Sustainability: Effective DRRM contributes to sustainable development,

ensuring that communities can recover without long-term negative impacts.

• Community Empowerment: DRRM emphasizes local knowledge and

participation in reducing disaster risks.
• Disaster risk is an indicator of poor development, so reducing disaster
risk requires integrating DRR policy and DRM practice into sustainable
development goals.

• DRR is a part of sustainable development, so it must involve every part

of society, government, non-governmental organizations and the
professional and private sector. It therefore requires a people-centred
and multi-sector approach, building resilience to multiple, cascading and
interacting hazards and creating a culture of prevention and resilience.
Consequently DRM includes strategies designed
to:
• Avoid the construction of new risks

• Address pre-existing risks

• Share and spread risk to prevent disaster losses being

absorbed by other development outcomes and creating
additional poverty.
Thank you ◡̈