VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

• Qualifying as an Electrical Fitter Mechanic

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
• Qualifying as a Technical Service Person
The purpose of this Standard Work Practice (SWP) is to provide
guidelines for testing methods for Capacitive and Inductive • Practicing as an RPEQ Electrical Engineer
Voltage Transformers. These methods can be used for new and • Training in the safe use of relevant test equipment.
refurbished transformers, maintenance testing or condition
assessment testing. Requirement for all live work:

Refer to the following locations for specific testing regimes: • Refer to Live Parts Safe Work Method Statement

• For new or refurbished construction’s, refer to the All resources are required to:
Construction and Commissioning Tools. • Have appropriate Switching and Access authorisations for
• For standard maintenance testing, refer to the JAMIT job the roles they are required to perform and have the ability
cards and the Standard for Free Standing Instrument to assess and maintain relevant exclusion zones from
Transformers. exposed live electrical apparatus.

• For CVT Condition Assessment testing, refer to CVT • Hold current licences for any vehicles and equipment they
Diagnostic Testing Reference may be required to operate.

• For all other Condition Assessment testing, discuss with Required Training
Engineering Field Support. Non-standard testing requires Staff must be current in all Regulatory Training relevant for the
appropriate RPEQ approval. task.
The requirements for Revenue Metering applications are not Current certification Working Safely On or Near Electrical Network
included in this SWP. Infrastructure - 2941492.
Specialist testing for ferro-resonance or harmonic response is not Contractors must have completed Ergon Energy's Generic
included in this SWP. Contractor Worker Induction.

2. STAFFING RESOURCES 3. DOCUMENTATION

Adequate staffing resources with the competencies to safely Construction Tool – Voltage Transformer
complete the required tasks as per 2597616 - 8 Level Field Test
Competency. CVT Diagnostic Testing Reference

These competencies can be gained from, but not limited to any or Doble DLA Testing
all of the following: HazChat - On-Site Hazard Assessment

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2902800 Substation Primary Plant and Secondary Systems Field SAHV Operating Equipment: PEDs, Live Line Tester, Class 0
Testing SWP gloves. All equipment is to be inspected and confirmed in good
working condition and within test date prior to use.
2909674 (P53) Operate the Network Enterprise Process
Standard PPE: Full-length high visibility protective cotton clothing,
2928929 Standard for Maintenance Acceptance Criteria (MAC)
safety footwear and helmet.
2947196 - Commissioning Tool Voltage Transformer
Additional PPE as required: Leather work gloves, class 00 gloves,
3061890 - Standard for Minimum Commissioning Test hearing protection, safety eyewear. All PPE is to be inspected
Requirements and confirmed in good working condition and within test date
6503074 - Electrical Safety Rules 2022 (where applicable) prior to use.
Sun protection to be used when working outdoors.

AS 1243-1982 – Voltage transformers for measurement and 5. WORK PRACTICE STEPS

protection
5.1. Carry Out an Onsite Risk Assessment
AS 60044.2-2007 – Instrument transformers – Inductive voltage
transformer Prior to performing this activity any hazards associated with
prerequisite tasks at the worksite shall be identified and assessed
AS 60044.3-2004 – Instrument transformers – Combined with appropriate control measures implemented and documented
transformers in accordance with HazChat on-site risk assessment.
AS 60044.5-2004 – Instrument transformers – Capacitive voltage If any risks cannot be managed or reduced to an acceptable level,
transformers do not proceed with the task and seek assistance from your
Test Equipment Manuals supervisor.
Voltage Transformer Manual / Manufacturer’s Drawings. 5.2. All Work to be done with Voltage Transformer De-Energised
All of the tests described in this SWP should be carried out with
4. KEY TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT the VT de-energised from the network and appropriate control
Test Equipment within calibration date, tested and tagged: measures in place (eg barriers, matting) to prevent inadvertent
Insulation Resistance tester, Micro-ohmmeter, High Voltage test contact with adjacent live plant or breaching exclusion zones.
set, Digital Voltmeter, CVT test set, Ratiometer or Primary Furthermore, the Electrical Safety Rules 2022 - 6503074 is
Injection Voltage source, Phase Angle meter and Ohmmeter, applicable at all times for isolation and earthing where the VT
Omicron Votano and VB02. forms part of the network. A Test Permit will be required for most
testing to allow removal of earths and injection of lethal voltages /
Safety Barriers and warning signs. currents.

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Where a VT is not part of the electrical network (e.g. greenfield or

workshop testing), sufficient safety measures must be applied to 5.4. Record Identification Details
ensure no person can contact plant during testing and all plant is
earthed after HV testing prior to person’s contacting the plant. Identification details are to be recorded in the Construction /
Commissioning Tools, JAMIT job cards, etc. as required. These
As described in Substation Primary Plant and Secondary Systems details are critical to ensure traceability of test results against
Field Testing SWP particular safety risks applicable to bus plant and correct asset details in corporate databases which
assemblies including: generate maintenance service tasks.
• Contact with high voltage at VT primary connections. Some typical details to confirm are:
• High fault current at VT primary connections. • Manufacturer’s name, manufacturer’s type description and
• High fault current at VT secondary terminals, particularly manufacturer’s serial number.
unfused wiring between secondary terminals and • Plant/Asset number.
marshalling box / secondary fuses.
• Description, ie. Magnetic, Capacitive etc.
• Unearthed VT secondary winding.
• Rated transformation ratios (multiple secondary cores).
• Open DLA test terminal.
• Classification of all ratios.
• A1 terminal of Primary winding not earthed correctly.
• Rated burden.
• Induced voltages and currents from nearby energised /
loaded plant. • Rated voltage level and insulation level.

• Stored energy in capacitive dividers. • Rated frequency.

5.3. Assessment Criteria 5.5. Visual Inspection of Voltage Transformer Condition

Unless otherwise stated, refer to Standard for Maintenance Prior to any electrical testing, complete a visual inspection on the
Acceptance Criteria for applied test voltages and currents as well voltage transformer, its structure, earthing, etc. to confirm it is fit
as acceptance test results for each test. Standard values may for testing. Refer to the specific construction / commissioning tool
also be defined in the Construction and Commissioning Tools, or JAMIT job cards for specific checks.
JAMIT job cards or Operational Updates. For any conflicts, If the VT is a new installation, confirm that all construction items
consult Engineering Field Support. outlined in the Construction Tool and manufacturer installation
Variations of test voltages, currents and acceptable test result instructions have been completed.
values can only be made with appropriate RPEQ approval. Some basic inspections include:

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• Ensure external surfaces are clean, dry and damage free. If the A1 terminal is left disconnected when the VT/CVT is
energised, high voltage will be apparent on this terminal which
• Look for external oil leaks, leaks into secondary poses a serious safety risk to staff.
connection boxes or EMU cases. Note that an oil leak in
some CVTs can cause oil to transfer between the
capacitive stack and the EMU without an external leak
being visible.
• Confirm oil/gas levels are acceptable.
• Confirm primary and secondary connections are correct,
tight and correctly (new) / adequately (existing) labelled.
• Confirm any DLA tap covers are in place.
• Confirm primary and secondary earthing is in place and
correct. For CVT’s, ensure the primary earth is either
directly connected to earth or connected via power line
carrier communication equipment.
• Confirm structure earthing is in place and correct.
• Confirm if there are any external short from primary to
earth (fuse wire is commonly used on CVT’s during
transport and installation to prevent charging capacitor
A1 terminal inadvertently left disconnected
stack)
CAUTION – A1 Terminal Earthing is critical
5.6. Oil / Gas Tests and Samples
Before beginning any testing, particularly primary voltage
injection, it is important to ensure that the A1 terminal on the Testing the insulating oil or gas medium is required to ensure the
primary winding has been earthed. For CVTs, the A1 terminal insulation performs as intended by the manufacturer. If plant is
may be earthed directly or via the carrier line matching unit electrically tested or put into service with unknown insulation
(where fitted). If the A1 terminal is disconnected for testing (eg qualities, permanent damage to the plant can occur either during
insulation resistance measurement) then it must be reconnected testing or while in service. If the plant is put into service with
immediately afterwards. non-satisfactory oil or gas, it could result in explosive failure.

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All oil handling and filling is to be completed as per 2871783 - Installation Oil Gas
Insulating Oil Equipment and Handling process and the
equipment manual. New plant with no filling
No Yes
required at site
Samples are only to be taken if the VT is designed to be sampled.
Confirm with the equipment manual or Engineering Field Support New plant with filling
Yes Yes
if clarification is required. required at site
All SF6 gas handling is to be completed as per 2857761 - SF6 Refurbished / intrusively
Yes (Note 1) Yes (Note 2)
Gas Handling and 2949681 - Standard for Handling of Sulphur maintained plant
Hexafluoride (SF6). Gas samples are required from:
Existing plant with no re-
No No
• Gas in bottle filling at site
• Gas VT shipped with (if sufficient pressure) Existing plant re-filled at Yes (Note 1 and
Yes
site 3)
• Gas in VT after filling
• Gas in VT 24hrs or greater after filling Note 1: For any hermetically sealed units that are no longer
While filling equipment is connected to plant, complete oil or gas sealed or are leaking, consult Engineering Field Support.
alarms and lock out functions which are dependent on gas Note 2: Desiccant’s may also need to be replaced if intrusive
pressure or oil levels. Function check to the terminals of the VT maintenance has been completed on SF6 filled equipment.
relays so further function checking can be completed from this Note 3: If only minor oil level top up, on site oil test not required.
location.
Oil or gas levels are to be re-checked after all oil and gas tests 5.7. Measure Primary and Secondary Winding Insulation
and samples have been taken to confirm still within specifications. Resistance
Oil and gas samples may be required to provide a benchmark for DC Insulation resistance tests (DCIR or IR) are one of the easiest
future testing. and quickest ways to confirm phase to ground and winding to
winding insulation integrity. It helps determine the health of the
Below are typical situations where on site tests may be required insulation between components that are not supposed to be
to confirm the integrity of the oil or gas prior to completing any electrically connected. DCIR does not test the inter-turn
electrical testing. insulation.
A product of DCIR tests is the polarisation index (PI). This is a
ratio of the 10 minute over 1-minute DCIR test results (PI = R10 /
R1). PI helps distinguish between large charging and absorption

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currents (non-destructive) with leakage currents (likely The test voltage used during IR testing depends on the voltage
destructive). As PI is a ratio, it is also not temperature dependant rating of the neutral bushing. If the insulation can be confirmed to
whereas a single DCIR reading is. PI is typically only completed be uniform (i.e. from the nameplate or equipment manual) or the
on HV insulation due to the larger charging and absorption rated voltage is low enough, then system voltages are to be used
currents that can be expected. As such, most HV insulation to determine the test voltage as per 2928929. If a 3 phase VT has
requires a 1 minute and 10-minute DCIR reading. A 5-minute a floating star point which is not accessible, for the purpose of IR
reading can also be helpful in trending the DCIR increase over testing the star point can be considered to be rated at the voltage
time. PI is not relevant when DCIR values are high as the factors of the primary terminals.
such as temperature and leakage currents are not greatly
If the voltage rating of the neutral bushing cannot be determined
affecting readings.
or is known to have an earthed primary neutral, then for the
DC insulation tests are to be carried out between all windings of purpose of IR testing the VT should be considered as non-
the VT and earth. Winding terminals are to be shorted together to uniformly insulated with a normally earthed neutral. Refer to
ensure the whole winding is at the correct voltage. Applied 2928929 for reduced voltage limits.
voltages and allowable limits are specified in 2928929 Standard
In some cases, a DCIR test set may not be able to apply the
for Maintenance Acceptance Criteria (see note below on test
specified test voltage (e.g. test set can test at 500V, 1kV, 2.5kV
voltages based on neutral bushing voltage rating).
and 5kV but test voltage specified as 2kV or 3kV). In these cases,
Test arrangements include: consult Engineering Field Support for clarification. Typically, if a
2kV or 3kV test voltage is specified and the options available are
• HV to all Secondaries and Earth (guard halfway down
2.5kV or 5kV, a 2.5kV test will be specified.
insulator).
If the VT is installed as part of a larger apparatus (e.g. inside
• Each Secondary to all other Secondaries and HV and transformer or metal clad switchboard), it is to be disconnected as
Earth (no guard). much as practical. If required, parts of the other apparatus can be
• For CVT’s, EMU Earth to Primary and all Secondaries and included in the IR test but this must be commented on in the test
Carrier and Earth. report.
IR testing often requires lifting of primary and secondary earths. All 1, 5 and 10 minute DCIR measurements are to be recorded on
All earths are to be replaced immediately after testing is the appropriate test form. Where required, PI values should be
completed and confirmed correctly in place. calculated. Results are to be evaluated against 2928929 criteria.
If IR testing of the primary winding cannot be carried out because
the neutral / star point is permanently connected to earth, then an 5.8. Measure Primary and Secondary Winding Resistance
alternate high voltage insulation assessment must be carried out. Measurement of the winding resistance helps identify any high
This will be preferably a separate source partial discharge test. resistance joints that may be present in the circuit. This could

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identify internal or external issues with wiring, crimps, terminals or For a new capacitive VT or when doing condition assessments,
connectors. High resistance joints can create inaccuracies in VT the preferred method is to use an Omicron Votano which will
measurements, hot spots, be an indication of loose wiring calculate a secondary winding resistance from the various tests it
(internal or external) or be a sign of poor manufacturing. It can runs. A high precision ohmmeter can also be used if a Votano is
also be used as a comparison against similar windings to gain not available or if measurements are for standard maintenance. A
confidence in the materials and manufacturing techniques used primary winding resistance is not applicable to CVT’s.
as quality products and manufacturing should produce similar Winding resistances are considered acceptable if they match
results. manufacturer test results and are similar between phases and
The winding resistance measurements can also be used to other VT’s of the same make and model. The VT ratio error and
calculate the voltage drop across the winding when a full burden rated burden can be used to calculate an upper limit of the
is attached. As such, the winding resistance test can also confirm allowable secondary winding resistance. Requirements are
the ratio of the VT at full burden assuming negligible change in specified in 2928929.
magnetising current from the test voltage to the full rated voltage.
This assumption is valid if the ratio test voltage is >5% of the 5.9. Measure Ratio and Phase Displacement
rated voltage for protection class VT’s or >80% for metering class
The accuracy of a VT is paramount to its performance within the
VT’s.
network. Inaccuracies can result inaccuracies in protection or
Record the temperature and lead resistance at time of testing so metering devices which can lead to unsafe situations or incorrect
that actual winding resistance at 75°C can be calculated. If charges applied to customers. Accuracy limits for the ratio and
measurements are taken at the VT marshalling box, the size of phase displacements are defined in the IEC and AS standards.
the secondary wiring and an approximate length of the cabling There are additional requirements for revenue metering VT’s
between the VT and marshalling box should be recorded. within industry requirements but these are outside the scope of
this document.
Preference is to measure phase to earth winding resistances.
However, if it is not possible (e.g. delta winding, no earth Ratio tests are completed to ensure plant is within the allowable
reference on star point) measure the phase to phase winding limits for the intent of the VT. Incorrect ratios can be due to issues
resistance. A comment on the test report shall be made that this such as poor manufacturing, inappropriate materials or inter-turn
was the test method. winding faults. The phase displacement is the result of errors
introduced from the magnetic circuit of the VT.
The preferred method for an inductive VT is to use a high
precision ohmmeter to measure the resistance of the primary and Ratio tests are preferred to be completed as phase to ground
secondary windings. For multiple secondary cores, all cores measurements. If testing a 3-phase device with a delta winding or
should be tested. Omicron Votano’s can be used for IVT’s but this no access to the neutral, a phase to phase measurement is to be
is not the preferred option. completed. This is to be noted on the test report.

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The preferred method of measuring the ratio of an IVT is with a a verification of ratio only and do not demonstrate compliance
high precision ratiometer. Votano’s can be used however are not with composite error designation.
preferred. Results are considered acceptable if they are within the
The preferred method of measuring the ratio of a new CVT or specifications of the VT nameplate.
during condition assessments is with an Omicron Votano. A high
precision ratiometer can be used if a Votano is not available or if 5.10. Carry out Separate Source Power Frequency Withstand
the test is completed for standard maintenance. Testing
The Votano may be unsuitable for VTs with high excitation current This test is not typically required for normal commissioning of
(eg Koncar VPU-72.5 VT due to an air gap in the magnetic voltage transformers in Ergon. This test is typically carried out at
circuit). In these cases, a Votano is not to be used. the manufacturer’s works and no on-site assembly of the
insulating component is required. Refer to 3061890 - Standard
Ratio testing must be completed with the IVT or CVT intact as
for Minimum Commissioning Test Requirements or contact
supplied. No components are to be removed for testing (e.g.
Engineering Field Support for more information.
EMU’s and damping circuits must be included). The exception to
this is if required for detailed condition assessments. HV withstand tests are completed to confirm the phase to ground
and primary to secondary insulation with respect to the primary
When completing this test there should be no secondary burden
insulation. This is a pass / fail test to give confidence the primary
connected to the VT apart from the burden applied by the
insulation can handle any expected transients on the network
measuring instrument itself.
cause from high voltages and switching transients.
Generally, more accurate results are obtained as a higher voltage
A HV withstand test does not test the inter-turn insulation or basic
is applied to the primary winding. Although 100V or 240V is a
insulation level / lightning impulse withstand voltage.
common ratiometer output voltage, it may be necessary to apply
several thousand volts to obtain an accurate ratio measurement. Secondary system withstand tests are also specified in the
The voltage applied is to be greater than 5% of rated primary IEC / AS standards however are not completed by Ergon as they
voltage to get an accurate assessment. are deemed not required. This test should be completed on new
plant by the manufacturer and are a low risk for existing plant that
For example, a protection class CVT has a specified accuracy at
is refurbished.
2% applied HV voltage which is twice the error compared to 5%
applied HV voltage ie a 132kV VT may need 3.8kV applied to the A VT shall withstand a power-frequency test voltage applied for 1
HV side to obtain an accurate ratio result. minute between all primary terminals connected together and
earth. All secondary winding terminals, core (if there is a special
Note: Due to field test equipment limitations it will often not be
earth terminal), frame, case (if any) should be earthed during this
possible to apply sufficient voltage to the VT as specified in
test. Three phase devices are to have all phases connected
AS 1243 / AS 60044, in these cases use a primary voltage as
high as practicable but be aware that the test results obtained are

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together and tested as one. Single phase devices are be tested withstand test must be limited to a voltage of 3 kV for new
individually. equipment or 2.5 kV for aged equipment. If unsure, Engineering
Field Support is to be consulted.
Primary to Secondary plus earth insulation resistance
measurement are to be completed both before and after any HV Where a HV withstand test is required but only a limited voltage
withstand testing to confirm insulation integrity and detect any can be applied, an induced voltage test is required. Partial
changes as a result of the testing. It is expected these results discharge testing may be an alternative however this will not
should be similar. Any large reductions in DCIR should be raised apply the same voltage stresses on the VT and is not the
with Engineering Field Support. preferred option, consult Engineering Field Support if partial
discharge is proposed to be used as an alternative.
All earths are to be replaced immediately after testing is
completed and confirmed correctly in place. Utest
URated
Power-frequency withstand tests are required on site as 100% 80%
described below:
3.6kV 10kV 8kV
a) Where no power frequency withstand testing has been
carried out at the manufacturer’s works – Apply 100% test 7.2kV 20kV 16kV
levels.
12kV 28kV 22.4kV
b) If the VT is aged, refurbished or subsequent assembly of
the HV chamber / bushings is required on site - Apply 80% 24kV 50kV 40kV
test levels. 36kV 70kV 56kV
c) Where power frequency withstand testing has been
72.5kV 140kV 112kV
carried out at the manufacturer’s works and no on-site
assembly of the insulating component is required – No
power frequency withstand test is required.
Where the test set is limited with the voltage it can apply (typically
Refer to the table below for power frequency withstand test 50 kV test set where 56 kV needed or 100 kV test set where
voltage values up to UR = 72.5 kV. Where UR >72.5 kV, refer to 112 kV is needed), then a reduced voltage, prolonged time test
AS 60044.2 Table 4 for applicable test values. may be applied as per AS 2067-1984 Table 11. Engineering Field
For VTs with an earthed star point or earthed neutral on the HV Support is to be consulted prior to any reduced
winding, it is necessary to disconnect the earthed end of the voltage / prolonged time tests are completed.
primary winding before carrying out a power frequency withstand Leakage currents during the withstand test are to be recorded for
test. Ensure that the entire winding including the neutral end information purposes and comparison. The requirements of the
bushing is rated for the test voltage to be used, otherwise the

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test are satisfied if no disruptive discharge occurs (i.e. anything Induced over voltage tests typically increase the frequency of the
that causes total breakdown of the insulation). applied voltage to avoid saturation of the core and reduce
secondary currents. Due to the higher frequency, the test time
can also be reduced. As a rule of thumb, limit the short term
5.11. Carry out Induced Voltage Withstand Testing secondary current to no more than 3 x the current in the
This test is not required for normal commissioning of voltage secondary when carrying rated burden. For example, a 100 VA
transformers in Ergon refer to 3061890 - Standard for Minimum 63.5 V winding should not be subjected to more than 3 x 100/63.5
Commissioning Test Requirements. = 4.7 Amps. Typical alternative frequency and times are as per
the table below. The preferred frequency is 400 Hz to have the
Induced voltage withstand tests are used to test the primary most reduction in secondary currents.
inter-turn insulation as well as the phase to ground and primary to
Duration
secondary winding insulation where HV withstand tests cannot be Test Voltage Frequency
(sec)
completed. Just like HV withstand tests, this is a pass / fail test.
50 Hz 60
The test is completed by back energising the secondary terminals
to induce the required power frequency withstand voltage on the 100 Hz 60
primary terminals. The VT is to be connected as it will in normal
service condition. This is very important with regards to earthing 200 Hz 30
on the primary and secondary side which is to be as it would in 400 Hz 15
normal operating conditions. The frame, case (if any), core (if
there is a special earth terminal) shall be earthed during this test.
For a 3 phase VT, all three phases are to be energised from a 3 Leakage currents during the induced voltage test are to be
phase source to induce normal electrical fields and not overstress recorded for information purposes and comparison. The
neutral connections. Single phase VT’s are to be tested requirements of the test are satisfied if no disruptive discharge
separately. occurs (i.e. anything that causes total breakdown of the
insulation).
During testing, the voltage is to be measured from the primary
terminals. Measuring voltages on the secondary and scaling up
as per the VT ratio is not acceptable due to voltage drop across 5.12. Partial Discharge Testing
the windings and inaccuracies in measurements being amplified.
If testing a 3 phase device, it is preferable to have identical loads 3061890 - Standard for Minimum Commissioning Test
on the primary side to ensure equal voltage drop across the Requirements requires this test to be done on some VT types.
windings. Partial discharge (PD) testing is used to find a number of defects
within the device such as voids in insulation, loose connections,
loose nuts and bolts, poor earthing and many other defects.

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Voltages are typically applied to the primary conductors however • 1.0 UR - Test 2: This is the most realistic operating
this can identify defects within the secondary and earthing scenario for plant. If any PD occurs within this test voltage,
systems. Likewise, in some cases induced voltage (secondary it can be expected it is present when the plant is in
injection) methods are used. This can still identify issues with the service.
primary insulation (although PD measurements must always be
IEC / AS 60044.2 and 60044.3 2007 actually specify PD test
taken on the primary winding).
voltages as 1.2 UR or 1.2 UR / √3. These voltages will typically
It is important to note that all applied values are based on the only be requested if there are contractual issues, normally on new
plant MAXIMUM or RATED value and NOT the nominal value. plant.
For example, 11 kV nominal apparatus will actually have a 12 kV
At times, there may be issues achieving the required test voltages
rated voltage. All applied voltages for PD testing are to be based
based on the test set available. An example might be if you have
off the 12 kV value.
a 50 kV test set and a 72.5 kV single phase device. The prestress
Partial discharge testing is to be completed with the plant in its requirement is 1.3 x 72.5 kV / 1.732 = 54.4 kV. This means the
final service condition. This is especially important for the earthing test set cannot apply the full prestress voltage. Another example
of both the primary and secondary windings and the device itself is having a 22 kV single phase VT requiring a 16.5 kV prestress
and support structures. All secondary loads are to be but only having a 15 kV test set. In these cases, consult
disconnected and it is preferable to disconnect as much of the Engineering Field Support to determine if it’s suitable to accept
primary circuit as possible. It is preferable for VT’s inside metal reduced prestress voltages or if alternative test sets are to be
clad switchboards to be tested in position to identify any sourced.
surrounding sources of PD not directly connected to the VT (e.g.
For higher rated equipment, typically greater than 72.5 kV, it can
isolator arms, switchboard cladding).
become quite costly to complete partial discharge testing. If Ergon
Testing requires the application of a number of different voltages. does not have the equipment to complete testing due to the high
These are: voltages required, consult Engineering Field Support.
• 1.3 UR - Prestress: This overstresses the insulation to A full understanding of partial discharge testing is outside the
initiate any PD that may have an inception voltage close to scope of this document. For further information on partial
the rated voltage but an extinction voltage below nominal discharge testing consult Engineering Field Support.
voltage.
Single phase VT’s
• 1.1 UR - Test 1: This is the typically applied test voltage to Single phase devices are always tested at UR/√3 values as there
ensure safety margins for any PD activity expected in is no need to test phase to phase insulation. Testing is completed
operation. This slightly over stresses the insulation to by energising the phase under test with all other phases earthed
provide a safety margin and indicate future performance. (unless sufficient air clearances as per AS 2067). Secondaries
This may not align to IEC standards for individual devices are to be open circuit with one terminal earthed.
but is the most common overall test (e.g. AS 62271.200).

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1. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading Option 1: Three Phase Primary Voltages. Apply a 3-phase
source, 120 degrees apart to the primary side of the VT. PD
2. 10 sec at 1.3 UR/sqrt(3) for prestress
measurements can be either taken singularly or on all phases at
3. 30 sec at 1.1 UR/sqrt(3) for Test 1 once.
4. 30 sec at 1.0 UR/sqrt(3) for Test 2 All voltages below are phase to phase values. Individual test sets
5. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading will likely inject phase to ground voltages 120 deg apart to
produce the required values. Measuring capacitors are to be
While induced voltage (secondary injection) test methods are connected phase to ground with all ground connections to a
possible for single phase devices, the fact all measurements are common point.
required on the primary winding makes it highly unlikely that a
crew will have a rated PD measuring capacitor but not a rated 1. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
primary voltage injection source. As such, induced voltage PD 2. 10 sec at 1.3 UR for prestress
testing is not the preferred option for single phase devices.
3. 30 sec at 1.1 UR for Test 1
Three phase VTs
4. 30 sec at 1.0 UR for Test 2
3 phase VT’s require both the phase to phase and phase to earth
5. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
insulation tested. It is impractical to apply 1.1UR to a single phase
as this saturates the cores and may risk damage to the It is recognised that in a substation environment Option 1 will
neutral / star point insulation. Also, during PD testing the voltage normally not be practical
distribution in the VT winding should be representative of the
Option 2: Two Phase Primary Voltages. If a sufficient 3 phase
voltage distribution seen in service as far as possible. As such, a
source is not available or impractical, use 2 phase testing to
number of options are available for testing 3 phase VT’s.
confirm both the phase to earth and phase to phase insulation.
In some cases, what appears to be a 3 phase VT may actually be The phase under test is energised at full phase to ground
three single phase VT’s in a common compartment (e.g. voltages with another energised at a reduced voltage, 180
Areva / Schneider WSA switchboard VT’s). If it can be proven that degrees from the test phase to produce the correct phase to
the VT’s actually have no common insulation, they can be treated phase stress while not overstressing the neutral. 1 The third phase
as single phase VT’s.

1 If the HV neutral is normally earthed, then it should be left earthed for this
test and will not be overstressed. If the HV neutral is un-earthed and cannot
be earthed for testing, then the asymmetric 2 phase test voltage will subject
the neutral to a voltage displacement. For Ur of 24 kV (or less) this
displacement is within the voltage rating of the neutral end. For Ur = 36 kV,
this displacement is 3.06 kV (for test 1) and is considered acceptable. Note

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is left floating. PD measurements are to be taken on the phase Measurement A phase B phase C phase
under full phase to ground stress. Test
Phase voltage voltage voltage
All voltages below are phase to ground values unless stated
otherwise. 1.1
1.1
A1 A UR/sqrt(3) x Floating
1. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading (both phases) UR/sqrt(3)
0.732
2. 10 sec at 1.3 UR (phase to phase) for prestress 1.0
1.0
a. Phase under test at 1.3 UR/sqrt(3) A2 A UR/sqrt(3) x Floating
UR/sqrt(3)
0.732
b. Second phase at 1.3 UR/sqrt(3) x 0.732
1.1
3. 30 sec at 1.1 UR (phase to phase) for Test 1 1.1
B1 B Floating UR/sqrt(3) x
UR/sqrt(3)
a. Phase under test at 1.1 UR/sqrt(3) 0.732
b. Second phase at 1.1 UR/sqrt(3) x 0.732 1.0
1.0
B2 B Floating UR/sqrt(3) x
4. 30 sec at 1.0 UR (phase to phase) for Test 2 UR/sqrt(3)
0.732
a. Phase under test at 1.0 UR/sqrt(3) 1.1
1.1
b. Second phase at 1.0 UR/sqrt(3) x 0.732 C1 C UR/sqrt(3) x Floating
UR/sqrt(3)
0.732
5. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
1.0
Measurements required are: 1.0
C2 C UR/sqrt(3) x Floating
UR/sqrt(3)
0.732

Option 2 is normally the most practical option in a substation

environment
Option 3: 3 Phase Back Energisation. It is possible to back
energise the VT as per the induced voltage test method to
perform partial discharge testing. Voltages are to be at 50 Hz.
Identical loads must be place on the primary terminal (i.e. 3
coupling capacitors) to ensure identical voltage drop across the
that overstressing the neutral during testing could cause partial discharge windings and no neutral displacement. All PD and voltage
which could be mistaken as a VT fault rather than a test method limitation.

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measurements are to be taken on the primary winding. Voltages also provides a capacitive and resistive value on the insulation
applied to the secondary are to produce voltages on the primary that can be used for further comparison and evaluation. Other
as required. names for this test include Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) and
Power Factor (PF).
All test voltages and durations on the primary winding are to be as
per 3 phase testing Option 1. By taking a number of different measurements and grounding,
guarding or un-grounding certain section, it is possible to measure
Note that a PD free LV source is required – Doble F6150’s are
the integrity of a number of sections of the VT.
unsuitable as a back energisation source.
As with all high voltage testing of VT’s, applied voltage levels are
Subject to Engineering Field Support approval and on a case-by-
to be limited to the rating of the insulation. If it is uniformly
case basis, where three or two phase energisation of a three
insulated, apply voltages as appropriate to the rated voltage. If the
phase VT is not possible, single phase testing may be completed
insulation is non-uniformly wound (refer to the nameplate or
by energising each phase in turn with the other two phases and
equipment manual), then limit any applied voltages to 3 kV for
neutral (where accessible) earthed. Where the star point / neutral
new plant or 2.5 kV for aged plant.
can be earthed, this will test the phase to earth insulation of the
winding and the HV bushing. Where the star point / neutral is not Where possible, measurements are to be taken at a number of
earthed, this will only test the HV bushing. If the star point is not voltage to look for inception of partial discharge or “tip up”. This
earthed, the star point / neutral may float beyond its rated voltage will typically be tested at 2 kV steps until the test voltage is
and produce PD that may not be a genuine fault in service reached. This is only required on the CH reading.
condition. This test method may also damage the insulation at this
11 kV equipment is currently expected to be tested at 10 kV
location. Phase to phase insulation is never fully stressed under
phase to ground as per 2928929 section 4.2 depending on the
this test method.
bottom end bushing. While this puts the phase to ground
All partial discharge testing is considered acceptable as per limits insulation under considerably greater stress than normal
defined in 2928929 during Test 1 values. Any discharges that operating conditions, history has shown that it is not detrimental to
occur during Test 2 values is considered a defect. Diagnostic and the health of the insulation and provides earlier indicators to
identification of partial discharge patterns may be required to insulation failure on Ergon’s most common voltage.
determine if any observed patterns are destructive or not however
The Doble M4000 and Omicron TD1/12 User Manuals provide
it is expected that no discharges should occur regardless.
very good information about DLA theory, test set up and what is
being tested. This level of information is beyond the scope of this
document. It is expected anyone completing DLA testing use
5.13. Dielectric Loss Angle and Capacitance Testing
these manuals to ensure correct testing. The Doble DLA Testing
Dielectric Loss Angle Testing (DLA) is a high voltage test document also contains information about DLA testing and
measurement that is used to assess the condition of insulation by processes.
measuring the losses and angles associated with the insulation. It

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CH is the most useful indicator of insulation quality in oil filled VTs. criteria for acceptable DLA values. 2928929 however does
CHL is normally low because the windings are not concentrically provide criteria however it is expected any results should be
wound, and/or there is a screen between the HV and LV compared against results for similar devices. This might require
windings. CH + CHL should be measured as a cross check of CH. input from Doble or Omicron who will have a larger database of
CL is not required since this insulation is LV only. test results.
If a DLA tap is present on the insulation (typically 66 kV
equipment and above), it is possible to take C1 and C2 DLA
5.14. Omicron Votano
readings of the primary insulation. The C1 reading is essential for
detecting deterioration of the primary insulation and associated The Omicron Votano is a manufacturer specific test device that
grading foils, whereas the C2 reading provides an early warning runs a series of diagnostic tests on voltage transformers to build a
indicator or deterioration and moisture ingress mathematical model of the device. These tests can produce
things like ratio, winding resistance, excitation and short circuit
Typical DLA readings for a VT include:
impedance measurement test results.
• CH GST There are a number of common issue and limitations with the
• CH + CHL GST Omicron Votano that have associated risks with them. This
includes the disconnection of a number of wires in the VT to
• C1 UST (If DLA tap present) complete the suite of tests and a number of devices that cannot
• C2 GST Guard (If DLA tap present) be tested with the Votano.
Capacitance and DLA tests are carried out as routine test for Votano’s are primarily used on CVT’s for both new installations
CVT’s, however stack capacitance / DLA can only be properly and condition assessments on aged CVT’s. There are a number
measured if the EMU can be disconnected. This means it is not of benefits the Omicron Votano provide including assessing the
practical to complete this test once CVT’s are fully assembled. As health of the capacitance stacks offers which is why they are the
a result, measurement of the stack capacitance is not a preferred test option.
commissioning or maintenance test. Refer to manufacturer manuals for more details on how to use the
Any test results produced by the Omicron TD1 are to be sent to Omicron Votano.
the email address OmicronTestResults@ergon.com.au. They are Any test results produced by the Omicron Voltano are to be sent
also to be uploaded to the Omicron Primary Test Manager to the email address OmicronTestResults@ergon.com.au. They
Servers as per the required process. are also to be uploaded to the Omicron Primary Test Manager
Similarly, any test results produced by the Doble M4000 are to be Servers as per the required process.
sent to the email address DobleTestResults@ergon.com.au. DLA
test results of VTs is highly dependent on the design and
construction of the VT. As such, it is difficult to have generic

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Test results are acceptable if they are within the limits defined by 5.16. Online PD Testing
2928929 or if no limits are provided, consult Engineering Field
Online partial discharge testing is a non-intrusive, in-service test
Support.
method that can be used for early detection of faults. There are a
number of techniques such as EA Technology’s UltraTEV+,
Doble’s AIA/DFA100, PDS100 and DFA300 and others. Testing
5.15. Omicron DIRANA
can be completed on both indoor and outdoor equipment of any
DIRANA testing can be completed on oil filled VT’s to determine insulation type although an appropriate test method is to be used.
the moisture content of internal components such as oil, paper
Online PD testing is often used on hermetically sealed VT’s that
and pressboard. It can also measure capacitances within the
cannot have oil samples taken. This test is specified for new oil
device and provide DLA readings however these are typically not
filled equipment that cannot have oil samples taken. It is expected
used by themselves for diagnostics and are more used for
all SF6 gas filled equipment will be capable of testing the gas and
confirmation of other test results.
as such, online PD testing is not a suitable substitute for gas
DIRARNA tests are normally only instigated following poor oil tests.
results or for condition assessments. DIRANA testing can be
Specific instructions for online PD testing for maintenance or
helpful when a wet VT has had an oil replacement and it is
condition assessments are outside the scope of this SWP. Follow
desired to see how much moisture is in other components.
the various Online PD testing references and guides for safe
DIRANA testing is very useful for hermetically sealed units that online PD testing or Engineering Field Support. Some guidance
should not be oil sampled. is provided below.
Refer to Omicron manuals for the correct connection and Indoor VT’s
operation of the DIRANA test device.
• Use UltraTEV+ in TEV mode against metal clad
Any test results produced by the Omicron DIRANA are to be sent switchboard
to the email address OmicronTestResults@ergon.com.au. They
are also to be uploaded to the Omicron Primary Test Manager • Use UltraTEV+ in Ultrasonic mode with magnetic coupler
Servers as per the required process. attached against metal clad switchboard.

Test results are acceptable if they are within the limits defined by • Use Doble AIA/DFA100 or DFA300 with the appropriate
2928929 or if no limits are provided, consult Engineering Field sensor fitted against metal clad switchboard.
Support. o R3a Oil filled sensor for oil filled VT’s
o R15a SF6 sensor for all SF6 gas VT’s
o R6a General sensor for everything else

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Outdoor VT’s Oil insulated inductive VTs:

• Use PDS100/DFA300 in close proximity to VT’s - Online Partial Discharge
• Use Doble AIA/DFA100 or DFA300 with the appropriate - Insulation Resistance
sensor fitted against bottom of the VT tank. - Offline Partial Discharge
o R3a Oil filled sensor for oil filled VT’s - Dirana
o R15a SF6 sensor for all SF6 gas VT’s - Oil Test (if not hermetically sealed)
o R6a General sensor for everything else
Epoxy/resin insulated inductive VTs:
• Use Doble AIA/DFA100 or DFA300 with the appropriate
- Online Partial Discharge
sensor fitted and wave guides (up to 66kV plant only)
attached on the primary conductors of the. - Insulation Resistance
o R6a General sensor for everything - Partial Discharge
Test results are acceptable if they are within the limits defined by CVTs:
2928929 or if no limits are provided, consult Engineering Field
Support. For guidance on the use of other online PD - Online Partial Discharge
measurement equipment contact Engineering Field Support. - Insulation Resistance
- Oil Test of EMU (if not hermetically sealed) 2
5.17. Insulation Condition Assessment of VTs - Offline Partial Discharge
Below are some generally preferred condition assessment - Omicron Votano Tests
methods for certain VT’s for fault finding. For guidance on which
tests are required for a specific maintenance task refer to JAMIT
job cards. 5.18. Complete Pre-commissioning Checklist
A requirement for a voltage transformer being placed in service
for the first time, after refurbishment or after any wiring has been
disturbed is that all checklists nominated in the Voltage

2 Oil testing of EMU is particularly useful for CVTs that have systemic sealing

issues and moisture ingress is suspected. In most cases discoloured oil in

the sight glass correlates to low IR readings of the EMU

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Transformer Construction and Commissioning Tools have been • Any amendments to databases have been forwarded to
completed. the Asset Maintenance Officer to capture.

6. FINALISATION
Prior to finalisation of testing, ensure that:
1) Any primary or secondary connections disturbed during testing
have been reinstated to the correct configuration.
2) All test leads have been disconnected.
3) HV, LV and structure earthing are as per design.
4) Site conditions have been left in an appropriate condition.

7. POST ENERGISATION TASKS

Following energisation of new or refurbished plant, it is expected
the following tests will be required:
• On-line PD test. These tests can detect gross insulation
defects as well as faults in the neutral terminal earthing
and EMU’s. This requirement is particularly important for
oil filled plant where samples are not possible (e.g.
hermetically sealed with no allowance for sampling).
• If required, phase out the VT secondaries with any existing
VT’s
• Complete on load checks for any protection or metering
devices supplied by the VT.
NOTE: Any directional protection devices are
expected to have non-directional or unit protection
elements in place until on loads confirm correct
directionality of the protection device.
• That all test results / data has been stored as required.

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