ANSI SQL through MySQL

1. DDL (Data Defini on Language)

SQL
Statement Explanation Syntax Example
CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE Employees
Creates a new table_name (column1 (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
database object datatype, column2 FirstName VARCHAR(50), LastName
CREATE (e.g., table, index) datatype, ...); VARCHAR(50));
Modifies the
structure of an ALTER TABLE
existing database table_name ADD ALTER TABLE Employees ADD
ALTER object column_name datatype; Email VARCHAR(100);
Deletes an existing DROP TABLE
DROP database object table_name; DROP TABLE Employees;
Removes all data TRUNCATE TABLE
TRUNCATE from a table table_name; TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;
Changes the name
of an existing ALTER TABLE old_name ALTER TABLE Employees RENAME
RENAME database object RENAME TO new_name; TO Staff;

2. DML(Data manipula on language)

SQL
Statement Explanation Syntax Example
SELECT column1,
Retrieves data column2 FROM
from one or more table_name WHERE SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM
SELECT tables condition; Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1;
INSERT INTO
table_name (column1, INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID,
Adds new data column2) VALUES FirstName, LastName) VALUES (1,
INSERT into a table (value1, value2); 'John', 'Doe');
UPDATE table_name UPDATE Employees SET Email =
Modifies existing SET column1 = value1 'john.doe@example.com' WHERE
UPDATE data in a table WHERE condition; EmployeeID = 1;
DELETE FROM
Removes data table_name WHERE DELETE FROM Employees WHERE
DELETE from a table condition; EmployeeID = 1;
 3. DCL (Data Control Language)
SQL
Statement Explanation Syntax Example
Gives specific GRANT privilege_name ON GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON
GRANT privileges to a user object_name TO user; Employees TO 'user'@'localhost';
REVOKE privilege_name REVOKE INSERT ON
Removes specific ON object_name FROM Employees FROM
REVOKE privileges from a user user; 'user'@'localhost';

4. Transac on Control Language

SQL Statement Explanation Syntax Example
BEGIN; UPDATE Accounts
Saves the transaction SET Balance = Balance - 100
COMMIT permanently COMMIT; WHERE ID = 1; COMMIT;
BEGIN; UPDATE Accounts
Undoes the current SET Balance = Balance - 100
ROLLBACK transaction ROLLBACK; WHERE ID = 1; ROLLBACK;
Creates a point within
a transaction to SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT ROLLBACK to savepoint_name; SAVEPOINT sp1;
Specifies SET TRANSACTION
SET characteristics for the [READ ONLY/READ SET TRANSACTION READ
TRANSACTION transaction WRITE]; ONLY;
 5. Constraints
Constraint Explanation Syntax Example
Uniquely
identifies each column_name datatype EmployeeID INT PRIMARY
PRIMARY KEY record in a table PRIMARY KEY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
(column_name) FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID)
Links two tables REFERENCES REFERENCES
FOREIGN KEY together other_table(column_name) Departments(DepartmentID)
Ensures all
values in a
column are column_name datatype Email VARCHAR(100)
UNIQUE different UNIQUE UNIQUE
Ensures a column
cannot have a column_name datatype NOT FirstName VARCHAR(50) NOT
NOT NULL NULL value NULL NULL
Ensures all
values in a
column satisfy a
CHECK specific condition CHECK (condition) CHECK (Age >= 18)
Sets a default
value for a column_name datatype HireDate DATE DEFAULT
DEFAULT column DEFAULT default_value CURRENT_DATE

6. SQL Operators
Operator
Type Operators Explanation Example
Perform mathematical SELECT Price, Price * 1.1 AS
Arithmetic +, -, *, /, % operations PriceWithTax FROM Products;
=, <>, !=, >, <, SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE
Comparison >=, <= Compare two values TotalAmount > 1000;
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE
Combine multiple Department = 'Sales' AND Salary >
Logical AND, OR, NOT conditions 50000;
Check if a value is within SELECT * FROM Products WHERE Price
BETWEEN BETWEEN a range BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
Pattern matching with SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE
LIKE LIKE wildcard characters LastName LIKE 'S%';
Specify multiple values in SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Status
IN IN a WHERE clause IN ('Shipped', 'Delivered');
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE
IS NULL IS NULL Check for null values Phone IS NULL;
 7. SQL Func ons
Function
Type Examples Explanation Example Usage
CONCAT(), SELECT CONCAT(FirstName, ' ',
String SUBSTRING(), UPPER(), Manipulate string LastName) AS FullName FROM
Functions LOWER() data Employees;
Perform
Numeric ROUND(), ABS(), CEIL(), operations on SELECT ROUND(Price, 2) AS
Functions FLOOR() numeric data RoundedPrice FROM Products;
NOW(), CURDATE(), SELECT OrderID,
Date DATEDIFF(), Manipulate date DATEDIFF(CURDATE(), OrderDate)
Functions DATE_FORMAT() and time data AS DaysSinceOrder FROM Orders;
Perform
Aggregate COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), calculations on a SELECT AVG(Salary) AS
Functions MAX(), MIN() set of values AverageSalary FROM Employees;

8. SQL CLAUSES
Clause Explanation Syntax Example

SELECT * FROM Employees

Filters records based SELECT column1, column2 FROM WHERE Department =
WHERE on a condition table_name WHERE condition; 'Sales';

SELECT Department,
SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM
GROUP Groups rows that have aggregate_function(column2) FROM Employees GROUP BY
BY the same values table_name GROUP BY column1; Department;

SELECT Department,
SELECT column1, AVG(Salary) FROM
aggregate_function(column2) FROM Employees GROUP BY
Specifies a search table_name GROUP BY column1 HAVING Department HAVING
HAVING condition for a group condition; AVG(Salary) > 50000;

SELECT column1, column2 FROM

ORDER table_name ORDER BY column1 SELECT * FROM Employees
BY Sorts the result set [ASC/DESC]; ORDER BY LastName ASC;

Specifies the maximum SELECT * FROM Products

number of records to SELECT column1, column2 FROM ORDER BY Price DESC
LIMIT return table_name LIMIT number; LIMIT 10;

SELECT DISTINCT
Returns only distinct SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2 Department FROM
DISTINCT (different) values FROM table_name; Employees;
 9. JOIN
Join
Type Explanation Syntax Example

SELECT * FROM
table1 INNER JOIN
Returns records that table2 ON SELECT o.OrderID, c.CustomerName
INNER have matching values table1.column = FROM Orders o INNER JOIN Customers c
JOIN in both tables table2.column; ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID;

SELECT * FROM
Returns all records table1 LEFT JOIN SELECT e.EmployeeID,
from the left table, table2 ON d.DepartmentName FROM Employees e
LEFT and matched records table1.column = LEFT JOIN Departments d ON
JOIN from the right table table2.column; e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID;

SELECT * FROM
Returns all records table1 RIGHT JOIN
from the right table, table2 ON SELECT o.OrderID, p.ProductName
RIGHT and matched records table1.column = FROM Orders o RIGHT JOIN Products p
JOIN from the left table table2.column; ON o.ProductID = p.ProductID;

SELECT * FROM
Returns all records table1 FULL JOIN SELECT * FROM Employees FULL JOIN
when there's a match table2 ON Departments ON
FULL in either left or right table1.column = Employees.DepartmentID =
JOIN table table2.column; Departments.DepartmentID;

SELECT * FROM SELECT e.FirstName, d.DepartmentName

CROSS Returns the Cartesian table1 CROSS JOIN FROM Employees e CROSS JOIN
JOIN product of both tables table2; Departments d;
 10. SUBQUERY
Subquery
Location Explanation Example

Used to return a single SELECT OrderID, (SELECT CustomerName FROM

In SELECT value to be used in the Customers WHERE Customers.CustomerID =
clause outer SELECT statement Orders.CustomerID) AS CustomerName FROM Orders;

Used to return a virtual SELECT AVG(OrderTotal) FROM (SELECT CustomerID,

In FROM table to be used in the SUM(TotalAmount) AS OrderTotal FROM Orders
clause outer query GROUP BY CustomerID) AS CustomerOrderTotals;

Used to return data that will SELECT ProductName FROM Products WHERE
In WHERE be used in the WHERE ProductID NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT ProductID FROM
clause condition OrderDetails);

Used with aggregate SELECT DepartmentID, AVG(Salary) FROM Employees

In HAVING functions in a GROUP BY GROUP BY DepartmentID HAVING AVG(Salary) >
clause clause (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees);

11. VIEWS
Operation Explanation Syntax Example

CREATE VIEW
HighValueCustomers AS
CREATE VIEW view_name SELECT CustomerID,
Creates a virtual table AS SELECT column1, CustomerName FROM
based on the result of a column2 FROM table_name Customers WHERE
CREATE VIEW SELECT statement WHERE condition; TotalOrders > 10000;

Uses a view like a SELECT * FROM

USE VIEW regular table SELECT * FROM view_name; HighValueCustomers;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW CREATE OR REPLACE

Updates a view (if it's view_name AS SELECT VIEW cust AS SELECT
UPDATE VIEW updatable) column name from table; name from customer;

DROP VIEW
DROP VIEW Deletes a view DROP VIEW view_name; HighValueCustomers;
 12. INDICES
Operation Explanation Syntax Example

CREATE INDEX index_name

CREATE Creates an index ON table_name (column1, CREATE INDEX idx_lastname
INDEX on a table column2, ...); ON Employees(LastName);

CREATE CREATE UNIQUE INDEX

UNIQUE Creates a unique index_name ON table_name CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
INDEX index on a table (column1, column2, ...); idx_email ON Employees(Email);

Removes an DROP INDEX index_name DROP INDEX idx_lastname ON

DROP INDEX index from a table ON table_name; Employees;

Displays the SHOW INDEX FROM SHOW INDEX FROM

SHOW INDEX indexes on a table table_name; Employees;