9/5/23, 9:36 PM 300+ TOP Analog Communication Lab VIVA Questions & Answers

Analog Communication VIVA Questions :-

Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique
in which information signal is transmitted in analog nature.
This always utilizes continuous signals to transmit data which
may obtained from audio, image, video etc. An Analog signal
is a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude. To
produce modulated signal inside the transmitter in Analog
Communication, analog signal modulates the high carrier
frequency. Than this modulated signal is transmitted with the
help of antenna. All AM, FM audio transmission and T.V.
transmission are the most preferable examples of analog
communication. Analog communication is very important
topic for the students preparing for GATE Exam(Electronics)
Following questions will help to learn the basics concepts of
analog communication.

1. Define Pam And Write Down Its Drawbacks?

Pulse Amplitude Modulation is the process by which the

amplitude of the regularly spaced pulses varies according to
the the amplitude of the modulating signal.

The drawbacks are:

Since the amplitude of the pulses varies therefore the

peak power of the modulating s/g is much greater.
The bandwidth required for transmitting is greater since
the amplitude varies.

2. How Can Be Aliasing Be Avoided?

Aliasing can be avoided if:

1. Sampling frequency must be greater than the frequency

of the modulating signal.
2. The frequency should be band limited to maximum
frequency of the signal(fm) Htz.
3. If prealias filter is used.
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3. State The Advantages Of Super Heterodyning?

The advantages are:

High selectivity and sensitivity.

No change in Bandwidth that is bandwidth remains
same all over the operating range.
High adjacent channel rejection.

4. What Do You Mean By Fm And Classify Fm?

Frequency Modulation can be defined as the frequency of the

carrier (wc) is varied acc. to the modulating signal about an
unmodulated frequency.

FM are of 2 types:

1. Narrowband FM
2. Wideband FM

5. What Do You Mean By Nyquist Rate?

In case of Nyquist rate, the sampling frequency is equal to the

maximum frequency of the signal and therefore the successive
cycles of the spectrum does not overlap.

6. What Is Amplitude Modulation?

Amplitude Modulation is defined as the process in which the

instantaneous value of the amplitude of the carrier is varied
according to the amplitude of the modulating or base band
signal.

7. What Is Modulation? What Happens In Over

Modulation?

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Modulation is defined as the process in which some

characteristics of the signal called carrier is varied according
to the modulating or baseband signal. For example –
Amplitude Modulation, Phase Modulation, Frequency
Modulation.

In case of over modulation, the modulation index is greater

than one and envelope distortion occurs.

8. What Is Multiplexing? Name The Types Of

Multiplexing?

Multiplexing is defined as the process in which a number of

message signals are combined together to form composite
signals so that they can be transmitted through the common
channel.

The two types of multiplexing are:

Frequency Division Multiplexing: In this

technique, fixed frequency bands are allotted to every
user in the complete channel bandwidth. Such frequency
is allotted to user on a continuous basis.
Time Division Multiplexing: When the pulse is
present for the short time duration and most of the time
their is no signal present inbetween them than this free
space between the two pulses can occupied by the pulses
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from other channels. This is known as Time Division

Multiplexing.

9. What Is Sampling? What Is Sampling Theorem?

Sampling is defined as the process in which an analog signals

are converted into digital signals. It means that a continuous
time signal is converted into a discrete time signal.

Sampling Theorem is defined as : ’The continuous time

signal that can be represented in its samples and recovered
back if the sampling frequency (fs) is greater than the
maximum frequency of the signal (fm) that is fs >2fm’.

10. What Is Under Sampling?

Under sampling is also known as aliasing effect in which the

the sampling frequency is less than the maximum frequency of
the signal and therefore the successive cycles of the spectrum
overlap.

11. What is amplitude modulation?

Ans: The process of amplitude modulation consists of varying

the peak amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier wave in proportion
to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation signal.

12. What is modulation?

Ans: Modulation may be defined as the process by which some

parameters of a high freuency signal termed as carrier, is varie
in accordance with the signal to be transmitted.

13. What are the different types of analog

modulation?

Ans:
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1. Amplitude modulation
2. angle modulation.

14. What si the need for modulation?

Ans: Consider, for example, picture signal of a T.V camera. It

has freuency spectra of DC to 5.5MHz.such a wide band of
freuency can’t be propagated through ionosphere. However, if
this signal is modulated with a carrier in VHF and UHF range,
the percentage bandwidth becomes very small and the signal
become suitable for transmission through atmosphere.

15. What are the objectives met by modulation?

Ans: Length of antenna is shortened, signal loss is reduced,

ease of radiation, adjustment of bandwidth, shifting signal
freuency of the assigned value.

16. What are the advantage of PAM and PWM?

Ans: PWM system gives a greater signal to noise ratio as

compared to PAM but reuires a larger bandwidth to achieve
this.

17. What is Pulse position modulation?

Ans: Pulse position modulation (PPM) is the process in which

the position of a standard pulse is varied as a function of the
amplitude of the sampled signal.

18. What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and

PAM?

Ans: The phase deviation are usually small. The noise

produces a smaller disturbing effect on the time position of
the modulating pulse train and as a result, PPM waves have a
better performance with respect to signal to noise ratio in
comparison to PAM and PWM systems.
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19. What are the applications of pulse position

modulation?

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Ans: It is primarily useful for optical communication systems,

where there tends to be little or no multipath interference.
Narrowband RF (Radio freuency) channels with low power
and long wavelength (i.e., low freuency) are affected primarily
by flat fading, and PPM is better suited.

20. What is the purpose of using differential pulse

position modulation?

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Ans: It is possible to limit the propagation of errors to

adjacent symbols, so that an error in measuring the
differential delay of one pulse will affect only two symbols,
instead of effecting all successive measurements.

21. What are the advantage of PPM?

Ans: One of the principle advantages of pulse position

modulation is that it is an M-ary modulation techniue that can
be implemented non-coherently, such that the receiver does
not need to use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to track the phase
of the carrier. This makes it a suitable candidate for optical
communications systems, where coherent phase modulation
and detecting are difficult and extremely expensive. The only
other common M-ary non-coherent modulation techniue is M-
ary freuency shift keying, which is the freuency domain dual to
PPM.
The other advantages of pulse position modulation
are:

The amplitude is held constant thus less noise

interference.
Signal and noise separation is very easy.
Due to constant pulse widths and amplitudes,
transmission power for each pulse is same.

22. What are the application of PPM?

Ans: PPM is employed in narrowband RF channel systems,

with the position of each pulse representing the angular
position of an analogue control on the transmitter, or possible
states of binary switch. The number of pulse per frame gives
the number of controllable channels available. The advantage
of using PPM for this type of application is that the electronics
reuired to decode the signal are extremely simple, which leads
to small, light-weight receiver/decoder units. (Model aircraft
reuire parts that are as lightweight as possible).
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23. Explain the principle of PPM?

Ans: The amplitude and the width of the pulse is kept constant
in this system, while the position of each pulse, in relation to
the position of a recurrent reference pulse is varied by each
instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. This
means that the transmitter must send synchronizing pulses to
operate timing circuits in the receiver. The PPM has the
advantage of reuiring constant transmitter power output, but
the disadvantage of depending on transmitter-receiver
synchronization.

24. What is the puprpose of PPM?

Ans: PPM may be used to transmit analog information, such

as continuous speech or data.

25. What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM &

PWM?

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Ans: PAM is similar to AM; PPM and PWM is similar to angle

modulation.

26. What is Freuency modulation (FM)?

Ans: Freuency modulation is the process of varying the

freuency of a carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous
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amplitude of the modulating signal without any variation in

the amplitude of the carrier wave.

27. What is PWM or Pulse length modulation or pilse

duration modulation?

Ans: In PWM, the pulse amplitude is kept constant but the

leading edge, trailing edge or both may be varied as a function
of the amplitude of the sampled signal and care must be taken
to ensure that the pulse don’t overlap in a TDM system.

28. What are the disadvantages of PWM?

Ans: PWM, in general, reuires a greater average power than

PAM systems. Also, the PWM system reuires a greater
bandwidth than PAM.

29. Explain the principle of PWM?

Ans: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) of a signal or power

source involves the modulation of its duty cycle, to either
convey information over a communication channel or control
the amount of power sent to a load. PWM uses a suare wave
whose pulse width is modulated resulting in the variation of
the average value of the waveform is directly dependent on the
duty cycle D.

30. Mention the applications of PWM.

Ans: PWM can be used to reduce the total amount of power

delivered to a load without losses normally incurred when a
power source is limited by resistive means. This is because the
average power delivered is proportional to the modulation
duty cycle. With a sufficiently high modulation rate, passive
electronic filters can be used to smooth the pulse train and
recover an average analog waveform.

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