RXN Chapter # 1#

HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Reaction Engineering I
Lecture 1
Lecturer Belete T.(M.Sc.)
Date 28-Jan-20
Introduction to Chemical Reaction
The conversion process of any raw materials to products could pass

through a number of steps.
For illustration see the following schematic approach:

The steps of conversion can be stated as:
Step 1. Physical preparation of raw materials (Purification, Grinding
etc.).
Step 2. Chemical process with partial conversion
Step 3. Separation of non-converted raw material.
Step 4. Separation of unwanted and wanted products.
In the above processes, the steps 1, 3 and 4 are physical treatments and
are mainly carried out in unit operations.
 The steps of a chemical process can be simple or complex:

 Depending upon the purity of the raw material,
 The desired quality of the products etc
 Reactors performance are described mainly by material balance
equation and the rate equation.
The subject of Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE)
 Is the field that studies the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions
and the design of the reactors in which they take place
 Is concerned with the rational design and/or analysis of performance

of chemical reactors.
 A means to determine something about the reactor: size, flow and

thermal configuration, product distribution, etc
 Does not provide all the information required for the reactor design,
and other rate processes are involved in designating a reactor.
 Among them are included: fluid mechanics and mixing,
heat transfer, and diffusion and mass transfer.
Classification of Reactions
 There is no specific guideline to classify reactions due to the complexity of the
nature of the reactions.
 In general, reaction can be classified as follows:
• According to the number of phases involved in the reactions,
- Homogeneous Reaction
- Heterogeneous Reaction
• According to the type of reaction
- Reversible
- Irreversible
• According to the no. of rate or stoichiometric equations
- Simple
- Complex
• According to the relation ship b/n stoichiometric &rate
equation
-Elementary reaction
-Non elementary reaction
• According to the process nature of the reaction
- Catalyzed
- Non-catalyzed
• According to the conditions of the process of reactions

- Isothermal
- Non-isothermal
- Adiabatic
 However, it should be well understood that one reaction may

simultaneously belong to classifications stated above.
 Example of reaction may be homogenous, simple, irreversible

etc.
Fig1. Schematic presentation of classification of reaction
• Elementary reactions are reactions in which the rate equation corresponds
to a stoichiometric equation
• Non elementary reactions: when there is no direct correspondence between

stoichiometry and rate equations
• A reaction is homogeneous if it takes place in one phase alone
• Heterogeneous reactions involve more than one phase (gas-liquid, gas-
solid, liquid-solid, and gas-liquid-solid)
 It is more complicated than homogeneous reactions due to interaction
between physical and chemical processes; that is, reactants in one phase
have to be transported (physical process) to the other phase, containing
other reactants where the reactions take place
• Irreversible reaction- the reactants react to form the products, which
cannot revert back in to reactants.
• A reversible reaction-reactants react with other reactants to form products
,the products are reacting with other products to form reactants
 is one in which conversion of reactants to products is incomplete at
equilibrium because of an increasing influence of the reverse reaction
as the forward reaction approaches equilibrium
• Single reaction: when a single stoichiometric equation and single rate
equation are chosen to represent the progress of the reaction
• Multiple reaction: when more than one stoichiometric equation is chosen to
represent the observed changes, then more than one kinetic expression is needed
to follow the changing composition of all the reaction components
• Multiple reactions may be classified as:
1. Series reactions
2. Parallel reactions
3. More complicated reactions
• Reaction proceeds in parallel with respect to B, but in series with

respect to A, R, and S
Selectivity and Yield
Yield
• Instantaneous fractional yield: the fraction of A disappearing at any instant
which is transformed into desired product R.
• Overall fractional yield: mean of the instantaneous fractional yields at

all points within the reactor.
• Selectivity and Yield Summary
A chemical Reactor
• Is the “heart” of an overall chemical or biochemical process
• Is a device in which change in composition of matter occurs by
chemical reaction.
• Design includes determining the type, size, configuration, cost,
and operating conditions of the device.
Reactor Design
To ensure good designing of a reactor in a chemical process it
needs:
 Knowledge from the different sciences such as fluid mechanics,
heat transfer, mass transfer, economics etc.
 Thermodynamics and Kinetics are needed to answer the following
questions respectively.
 What changes can we expect to occur?
 How quickly will they take place
Thermodynamics in Chemical Process
 A chemical reaction cannot be made to produce a conversion beyond
that of chemical equilibrium due to the application of the Second
law of thermodynamics,
∆GR = 0
where ∆GR, Gibbs free energy of the reaction
 Thermodynamics in chemical process is concerned with two main
aspects:
• the heat liberated (or absorbed) during reaction (heat of reaction)
• the maximum attainable conversion
Heat of Reaction
 Chemical reactions are invariably accompanied by the liberation or
absorption of heat; such type of reaction is demonstrated as
where ∆HR heat of reaction; ( + ) for endothermic and ( - ) for
exothermic
 Handling of this heat is a major concern in a chemical process and
therefore, the magnitude of ∆HR must be known for proper
design of chemical process.
Maximum conversion
 Thermodynamics also allows calculation of the equilibrium
constant, K from the well known standard free energies ∆G0R
equation of the reacting material.
 With the equilibrium constant known, the expected maximum
conversion of the reactant and/or the yield of the product of
reaction can be estimated.

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HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The conversion process of any raw materials to products could pass

For illustration see the following schematic approach:

 The steps of a chemical process can be simple or complex:

 Is concerned with the rational design and/or analysis of performance

 A means to determine something about the reactor: size, flow and

• According to the conditions of the process of reactions

 However, it should be well understood that one reaction may

 Example of reaction may be homogenous, simple, irreversible

• Non elementary reactions: when there is no direct correspondence between

3. More complicated reactions

• Reaction proceeds in parallel with respect to B, but in series with

• Overall fractional yield: mean of the instantaneous fractional yields at

reaction can be estimated.

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