Endocrine system Endocrine glands Secretes hormones Controls and coordinates all

activities in the body

No duct to carry hormones Ductless glands

• Hormones are transported through blood.

• Hormones acts only on specific receptors i.e, TARGET CELLS.
• Each hormone molecule binds with the receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex.

Thyroid Stimulates the activity of thyroid gland.

stimulating
hormone
(TSH)
Adreno Stimulates the activity of adrenal cortex.
Regulate the functions of other endocrine glands.

Cortico
Tropic
Hormone
(ADTH)
Gonado Stimulates the activity of testes in males and ovaries in females.
Tropic hormones

Tropic
Anterior lobe

Hormone
(GTH)
Increases Gigantism
Promotes growth of the body

during
growth
Growth hormone

phase
(Somatotropin)

Decreases Dwarfism
PITUITARY GLAND
Below the hypothalamus

during
growth
phase.
Excessive acromegaly Growth of bones on the face, jaws and
production fingers.
after growth
phase
Prolactin Production of milk
Facilitates child birth by stimulating the contraction of smooth muscles in the uterine
Oxytocin
Stores hormones from hypothalamus and release

wall.
Facilitates lactation.

Decreases the
increases

increases
Vasopressin (Anti Diuretic Hormone)

Water

Urine

Vasopressin reabsorption of Winter and rainy

Maintain level of water in blood

decreases water in the season

Posterior lobe

when required

kidneys
Increases the Summer season
decreases

decreases

(water loss is
Water

Urine

Vasopressin reabsorption of
ADH

increases water in the excessive through

kidneys sweat.
Production of vasopressin decreases – reabsorption of water in the
kidney decreases – excess amount of urine eliminated – DIABETES
INSIPIDUS.
 • Stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary and secretes
HYPOTHALAMUS

tropic hormone. i.e, TSH, ACTH, GTH

Prime controller Releasing hormone

• Inhibits the production of tropic hormones in the

Inhibitory hormone
anterior lobe of the pituitary
❖ Special neuro secretory cells produce Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Centre of the • High at night Maintain the rhythm of daily

PINEAL GLAND Melatonin
brain. • Low at day activities.

• Increases energy Deficiency during Hinders physical and

production. foetal stage or mental development.
Thyroxine decreases

Hypothyroidism

• Raises the rate of infancy.

metabolism. Cretinism
Thyroxine
Front of throat, below the larynx.

Low metabolic rate, Prolonged

• Accelerates the
Sluggishness, Increase in deficiency in
growth and body weight, adults.
development of the Myxoedema Hypertension,
brain in the foetal Inflammation in body
THYROID

stage and infancy. tissues.

• Regulates the growth Thyroxine High metabolic rate, Rise in body temperature,
in children. increases excessive sweating, Increased heartbeat, Weight
Hyperthyroidism loss, Emotional imbalance

• Prevents the process of When

Calcitonin

mixing of calcium from increases

bones to blood.
Regulates the level of calcium.

• Stores the excess calcium

from blood to bones.
Normal level of calcium in blood
is 9-11mg/100ml.
• Reabsorbs calcium from When
PARATHYROID
Behind the thyroid

The action of calcitonin and

Parathormone

kidneys to blood. decreases

parathormone is antagonistic.
• Prevents storage of calcium
in bones.
 Behind
Very active during Thymosin Control the activities and maturation
THYMUS infancy. (Youth of T lymphocytes which help to
sternum
Constricts at puberty. hormone) impart immunity.
Inner medulla Epinephrine • Acts along with sympathetic
(Adrenaline) system during emergency.
Norepinephrine • Acts along with epinephrine
ADRENAL GLAND

(Noradrenaline)
Outer cortex Cortisol • Synthesis of glucose from protein
Top of kidneys

and fat.
• Slows down the action of defense
cells.
• Controls inflammation and
allergy.
Aldosterone • Maintains salt-water level.
• Maintains blood pressure.
Sex hormones • Controls the development and
function of sex organs.
➢ Glucose Destruction of beta cells
• Converts the increases - decreased production
Alpha cells

Level of glucose in Blood is (70-110ml/100ml)

Glucagon
Connected to duodenum, continuation of

glycogen ➢ Glycogen
of Insulin – raises the
stored in the decreases
Glucose decreases level of glucose in blood,
Regulation of blood glucose level

liver to Glycogen increases excess glucose excreted

glucose. through urine –
• Synthesizes DIABETES (glucose
PANCREAS

glucose from level is above

stomach

amino acids. 126mg/100ml)

Symptoms: increased
• Cellular ➢ Glucose
(Islets of Langerhans)

increases appetite, thirst, frequent

uptake of
Beta cells

➢ Insulin urination.
Insulin

glucose. increases Benedict test -to detect

• Converts Glucose decreases the presence of glucose
glucose into Insulin decreases in urine.
glycogen in
the liver and
muscles.

• Control secondary sexual characters (change in voice, growth

TESTIS

of hair, development of reproductive organs)

Testosterone
• Sperm production
Sex hormone

• Controls secondary sexual characters, ovulation, menstrual

Estrogen cycle
OVARY

• Controls ovulation, menstrual cycle, implantation of embryo in

Progesterone the uterus
 ❖ Chemical substances secreted by animals : PHEROMONES – To facilitate communication,
attracting mates, informing the availability of food, determining the path of travel, signalling
dangers, to live in colonies.
Musk Muscone
deer Artificial pheromones used for pest control

Civet cat Civetone

Female bombykol
silk worm
moth

Plant Artificial plant

Function Function
hormones hormones
• Increasing fruit size
• Break down of stored
in grapes and apple.
food in the seed
Gibberellin (germination)
• Preventing ripening Gibberellin
of fruits to assist
• Sprouting of leaves.
marketing.

• Used for harvesting

• Control the
Abscisic acid dormancy
fruits at the same
time.
Abscisic acid
• Cell growth
• To prevent dropping
• Cell elongation
of premature fruits,
Auxin • Growth of terminal
for sprouting of roots Auxin
buds
• weedicide
• Fruit formation

• Cell growth
Cytokinin • Cell division - -
• Cell differentiation
• Flowering of
pineapple plants at a
Ethylene time.
• For ripening of Ethylene
• Ripening of leaves
(gaseous and fruits
tomato, lemon,
orange etc.
form) • Used in rubber trees Ethyphon
to increase the
production of latex. (liquid form)

Hormones are chemical messages that help to maintain the homeostasis of body activities.